Academic literature on the topic 'Pronouns'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pronouns"
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BEN ARBIA, Achraf. "PRONOMS PERSONNELS COMPLÉMENTS DISJOINTS ET PRONOMS ADVERBIAUX EN ET Y : FONCTIONNEMENT SÉMANTIQUE ET MODE DE DONATION DU RÉFÉRENT." FRANCISOLA 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/francisola.v1i2.5548.
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RÉSUMÉ. Notre objectif consistera à étudier, d’un point de vue contrastif, le fonctionnement référentiel des pronoms adverbiaux en et y et des pronoms personnels compléments disjoints en français classique et en français moderne. Cette étude opposera le mode de donation référentielle des pronoms adverbiaux et des pronoms personnels disjoints. Autrement dit, nous mettrons l’accent sur les propriétés inhérentes à l’emploi de ces pronoms dans leur acception anaphorique. Ces propriétés sont en rapport direct avec leur fonctionnement sémantique au sein des textes de la période classique par rapport à leur fonctionnement en français moderne. Nous passerons en revue la nature sémantique de l’antécédent de ces pronoms anaphoriques tout en faisant ressortir les confusions en termes de traits sémantiques [Humain] vs [Non-humain] ou [animé] vs [inanimé]. Nous essaierons également de démontrer que ces confusions dans l’emploi des pronoms adverbiaux et des pronoms personnels constituent une source d’ambiguïté référentielle au sein des textes classiques et entravent la résolution de certains rapports anaphoriques en termes de rattachement du pronom à l’antécédent approprié.Mots-clés : ambiguïté référentielle, cohérence textuelle, confusion sémantique, pronoms, adverbiaux, pronoms personnels disjoints, trait sémantique. ABSTRACT. This paper aims to study, from a contrastive point of view, the repository operation pronouns and adverbial in there and disjointed personal pronouns in classic French and modern French. This study will oppose the mode of donation referential pronouns and adverbial personal pronouns disjoint. In other words, we will focus on the properties inherent in the use of these pronouns in their anaphoric sense. These properties are directly related to their semantic operation in the texts of the classical period in relation to their functioning in modern French. We will review the semantic nature of the antecedent of the pronoun anaphoric while highlighting the confusion in terms of semantic features [Human] vs [Not Human] or [animate] vs [inanimate]. We will also try to show that these confusions in the use of adverbial pronouns and personal pronouns are a source of referential ambiguity in classical texts and impede the resolution of certain anaphoric relations in terms of attachment of the appropriate pronoun antecedent.Keywords: adverbial pronouns, disjunctive personal pronouns, semantic feature, semantic confusion, referential ambiguity, textual coherence.
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Saragih, Dhea, and Maria Magdalena Situmorang. "Analysis of Pronoun in “Cinderella” Story by Disney." International Journal Corner of Educational Research 1, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54012/ijcer.v1i3.164.
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This research aims to analyze pronouns used in a story with title “Cinderella” by Disney. Researchers chose descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data in order to show pronouns that appeared in the story of Cinderella. There were several steps that researchers conducted to collect data, including read the story, then identified the pronouns, and finally analyzed each pronoun from the story descriptively. This research found that there were 15 pronouns used in the story of Cinderella with six types of pronoun. These pronouns include 5 personal pronouns as subject (They, She, It, He, and I), 2 personal pronouns as object (her and them), 3 possessive adjectives (her, his, and their), 2 relative pronouns (whose and who), 2 demonstrative pronouns (this and that), and 1 indefinite pronoun (everyone). In addition, the pronoun that appeared the most was “her” as much as 22.92%, and conversely, pronoun that appeared the least were “their, this, whose, I, everyone, and who”, which each of them only appeared 1 time in the story (2.08% for each pronoun).
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Rachman Hadi, Arief, and Sri Rahayu. "Analisis Penggunaan Pronomina dalam Tajuk Rencana Koran Harian Riau Pos." J-LELC: Journal of Language Education, Linguistics, and Culture 1, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/j-lelc.2021.6139.
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A pronoun is a pronoun that serves to replace a person, thing or something that is differentiated, pronouns are distinguished by personal pronouns. The problems in this research are (1) How to use personal pronoun pronouns in the editorial plan of the Riau Pos Daily Newspaper, (2) How to use directive pronouns in the editorial plan of the Riau Pos Daily Newspaper, (3) How to use their own pronoun pronouns in the editorial plan of the Riau Pos Daily Newspaper, (4) How do you use the pronoun pronoun in the editorial plan of the Riau Pos Daily Newspaper, (5) How is the use of conjunctive pronouns in the editorial plan of the Riau Pos Daily Newspaper and (6) How do you use indefinite pronouns in the editorial plan of the Riau Pos Daily Newspape. The purpose of this study was to collect data and information about the analysis of pronouns in the Riau Pos Daily newspaper editorial. The theory used in analyzing the problem of this research is pronouns according to H. Guntur T (2009). The method used in this research is descriptive method, this research approach uses a qualitative approach. This type of research includes literature study, as well as data collection techniques using documentation and hermeneutic techniques. The data in this study are in the form of the Riau Pos 2020 daily newspaper editorial, which consists of 26 editions. From the data analysis in this study, the authors conclude that the editorial plan of the Riau Pos daily newspaper uses the pronoun form of the self-pronoun, the directive pronoun, the owner's pronoun, the pen pronoun, the liaison and indefinite pronouns in presenting news and information to society.
Keywords: pronouns and editorials
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Rai, Krishna Bahadur. "Chamling and English Possessive Pronouns: A Contrastive Analysis." DMC Journal 8, no. 7 (December 31, 2023): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dmcj.v8i7.62438.
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This study aims to explore and compare the Chamling possessive pronouns with English possessive pronouns. Data on possessive pronouns in the Chamling language were collected from seven native speakers and compared to English possessive pronouns gathered from secondary sources. The contrastive analysis of Chamling and English possessive pronouns reveals differences in number, position, and gender. Chamling possessive pronoun consists of inclusive, and exclusive systems, according to the involvement of the addressees, whereas the English possessive pronoun does not have such a system. In addition, the Chamling possessive pronoun comprises singular, dual, and plural forms, however, the English possessive pronoun consists of only singular and plural systems. The number of Chamling possessive pronouns is more than that of English, with ten and six respectively. English pronouns are used in the initial position as the subject and the final position as the object of the sentences, whereas Chamling possessive pronouns never occur in these positions. In English, the third-person singular possessive pronoun has gender distinctions with "his" for masculine and "hers" for feminine. However, Chamling's possessive pronoun does not have such distinctions.
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Deswita, Isra, Agustina Agustina, and Novia Juita. "PRONOMINA PERSONA DALAM ANTOLOGI CERPEN GONJONG 2: POTRET KELUARGA." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 5, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/896000.
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The purpose of this study is (1) describes the types of pronouns, (2) describes the categorization of pronouns with nouns, and (3) describes the nature of the reconciliation of pronouns in the short story anthology Gonjong 2: Family Portrait. The data of this research are sentences in which there is pronoun. The type and method used in this research is qualitative research with descriptive method. The source of this research data is the written source of the short story anthology Gonjong 2: Family Portrait. The data in this study were collected through the following steps: (1) reading all the short stories that are the source of the data, (2) mark the sentences in which there is pronouns, and (3) records to the data inventory format. Based on data analysis found three research results. First, found three types of pronouns, that is (1) the first single pronoun me, me, my-, me, me and your second pronouns we, us, (2) second single pronouns you, you, lu, you, you and the pronouns of both plural, you and (3) single third pronouns he, he, his, her and pronomina third plural they. Second, found two types of pronoun categorization relationships with nouns, that is (1) pronoun takrif me, me, me, you, you, you, you, you, he, he, his, his, they and (2) pronoun taktakrif who, respectively, and own. Third, two pronominal reference properties are found, that is (1) intrathexual pronouns and (2) extratectual pronouns.Keywords: pronouns, defined, not defined, intratextual, extratextual
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Foyn, Camilla Hellum, Mila Vulchanova, and Randi Alice Nilsen. "The interpretation of focused pronouns in Norwegian children and adults." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 3–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586518000021.
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Earlier research states that if an unaccented pronoun refers to the subject of the preceding sentence, a focally accented pronoun will refer to the object. In the current study, we tested whether Norwegian adults select the intended pronoun referent in this context. Our study is also the first one to use eye-tracking to investigate children's developing sensitivity to intonational cues in pronoun resolution, and consequently the first one where Norwegian is the object language. The participants were monolingual 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old children, and a group of adults. They listened to the Norwegian version of utterances like ‘Sarai hugged Mariaj. Then shei/SHEj hugged her own teddy bear’, while watching two corresponding figures on a screen. This was followed by the question, in Norwegian, ‘Who hugged her own teddybear?’ When answering the question, the adults selected the subject referent (Sara) after unaccented pronouns, and the object referent (Maria) after focally accented pronouns. Eye-tracking data revealed that the 7-year-olds initially looked towards the object referent after hearing the pronoun, and then switched to look at the subject referent, regardless of the pronoun's intonation. The 5-year-olds answered the question by selecting the intended referent more often after a focally accented pronoun than after an unaccented one. Finally, the 3-year-olds showed no clear preferences. These results suggest that Norwegian children under the age of seven are still not adult-like when resolving accented and unaccented pronouns.
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Ying, Yi. "Analysis Comparative of Chinese and Indonesia Pronouns." Humaniora 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2011): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v2i1.3096.
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Personal pronouns in communication plays a significant role. Proper use of personal pronouns, communication can proceed smoothly. Misuse of personal pronouns, or failure of communication will be blocked, or even make the communication between two sides break up. Therefore, understanding the language of the two personal pronouns is very important. This study analyzes the Chinese and India and usage of the classification of personal pronouns. Conclusion of the study hope to promote cross-cultural language communication, in particular, help to learn Chinese or learn Bahasa Indonesia in different occasions to use the correct pronouns. The results: (1) Chinese and Bahasa first person pronoun "I" have in common is in the sentence can be a subject and attribute; (2) Bahasa first person pronoun "aku" can not be used in some situations such as: official occasions, and older than themselves, respect for people or strangers or people who speak; (3) Chinese third-person plural pronouns, written language, "they" said that men and women is not the same guy, same use of Bahasa Indonesia kami; (4) Bahasa Indonesia are changes in the form of personal pronouns, while the Chinese personal pronouns do not; (5) the third person pronoun to differentiate between Chinese men and women, and things, but Bahasa Indonesia is no difference between the third person pronoun gender and things; (6) Bahasa Indonesia the personal pronoun is not gender distinction.
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Muhammad, Hatem Walia, and Zana Majid Karim. "The Pronoun in Kurdish and Arabic Languages: A Contrastive Study." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 5, no. 1 (January 23, 2022): 595–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.5.1.37.
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This contrastive study aims at ferreting out the differences and similarities between the Kurdish languages and the Arabic in term of the pronoun. The study is considered of high importance since pronopuns which consred one of the most misleading element to the language learners. The research will be under the farme work of (Contrastive study). The study revealed that there are some areas of differences and other areas of similarities between these two languages in the pronouns. The research aims to study the contrasting between the two languages with specific attempts at reviewing the use of pronouns and in a bid to draw on the differences. The study consists of introduction and four chapters. In the first chapter, we have briefly explained the aspects of the contrastive study. In second chapter; we have studied the pronouns of the Kurdish language, in third chapter; we have studied the pronouns of the Arabic language. In fourth chapter, we have shown the similarities and differences in the subject of pronouns between the two languages. Conclusion, the research ends with a result of the material of chapters been shown in the research.
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Pozdniakova, Viktoria А., and Yekaterina S. Aplonova. "Pronouns in Ginyanga." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 2 (2022): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.206.
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The paper presents a tentative overview of pronouns in Ginyanga, an understudied Kwa language spoken in Togo and Ghana; in particular, personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstratives, and quantifiers. There are no subject pronouns in Ginyanga. We define two personal pronoun series with a designated pronoun for each noun class: basic (emphatic and possessive) and object. The basic set of pronouns is used in independent and possessive contexts, as well as in reflexive constructions. The overview of Guang pronoun systems shows that Ginyanga falls into the typical Guang pattern. Possessive pronouns of the 1st (human) class exhibit some irregularities when used with kinship terms. In some cases, the morphological agreement pattern between a noun and its coreferential object pronoun can be violated on a semantic basis, e. g. human referents of non-human noun classes. Additionally, there is some variation in usage of object pronoun series by different consultants of different age groups, which may be an indication of language change. There are two demonstratives, -balɪ “this” and -bʊnʊ “that”, also subject to class agreement. In contrast to -balɪ, the demonstrative -bʊnʊ is also used in relative clauses and can be anaphoric. The majority of quantifiers demonstrate no class agreement. The only exceptions in our data are -kʊ “one” and kpɛkpɛ “each”.
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Heidinger, Steffen. "Humanness, pronoun types, and orphan prepositions in French." Romanistisches Jahrbuch 74, no. 1 (November 14, 2023): 43–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roja-2023-0004.
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Abstract This paper is about the distribution of null and strong pronouns in French prepositional phrases in relation to the humanness of the preposition’s complement. The existing literature suggests that the mapping between pronoun type and humanness is characterized by soft complementarity, linking human complements to strong pronouns, and non-human complements to null pronouns. In the empirical coverage of the phenomenon experimental studies are still underrepresented: so far, no data on pronoun choice is available, and regarding interpretation data, the only existing study does not include null pronouns. Two experiments were conducted with the goal to fill this research gap. The results show that soft complementarity only applies to pronoun choice: human complements are typically referred to by strong pronouns, and non-human complements by null pronouns. As related to interpretation, however, both strong and null pronouns are preferably interpreted as human. We account for this asymmetry based on the general preference of pronouns to be interpreted as human unless prevented by strong constraints (as in the case of Engl. it).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pronouns"
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Vicente, Nicolás Stindt. "Spanish subject pronouns." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16919.
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Die Dissertation präsentiert und diskutiert eine Reihe von Experimenten über Diskursanaphora im chilenischen Spanischen. Die Experimente zeigen wie Erwachsene und Kinder Subjektpersonalpronomen in verschiedenen Diskurskontexten interpretieren und generieren. Auf Spanisch können Subjektpronome entweder sichtbar (overt) oder unsichtbar (null) sein. Beide Formen werden im anaphorischen Diskurs gebraucht. Gegenstand der Dissertation ist es zu untersuchen, welche Unterschiede in der Bedeutung damit verbunden sind. Zunächst präsentiert die Arbeit einen generellen Standpunkt. Demzufolge besitzen die zwei Arten von Pronomen komplementäre anaphorische Präferenzen. Dies bedeutet, dass beim Vorhandensein von zwei möglichen Antezedenten zu erwarten ist, dass jede Form einen anderen Antezedenten wählt. Drei verschiedene Arten, Komplementarität zu konzipieren werden in Betracht gezogen. Im Verlauf der Dissertation werden ihre Vorhersagen in verschiedenen Interpretations- und Produktions-Experimenten getestet. Die Ergebnisse sprechen klar gegen die Idee von Komplimentarität. Im Anschluss wird in der Dissertation ein alternativer Standpunkt aufgezeigt welcher auf den rhetorischen Relationen zwischen den Sätzen eines Diskurses basiert. Entsprechend dieser Vorstellung kann die Pronomenauflösung als ein Nebeneffekt des Erschließens (Inferenz) dieser Relationen angesehen werden. Der Unterschied in der Verwendung von overt und null Pronomen würde dann nicht zuvor erschlossenen anaphorischen Präferenzen folgen, sondern wäre direkt abhängig von der Herstellung der Diskurskohärenz. In diesem Rahmen wird es möglich das Verhalten von Erwachsenen und Kindern in den Experimenten sinnhaft zu deuten.This dissertation presents and discusses a series of experiments concerning how monolingual adult and child speakers of Chilean Spanish interpret and produce anaphoric subject personal pronouns in discourse. In Spanish, subject pronouns can be either overt or covert. Both forms are used in discourse anaphora. The dissertation investigates what difference in meaning they express. It begins by presenting a common general view, according to which the two kinds of pronouns have complementary anaphoric preferences. This means that, under the presence of two possible antecedents, each kind of pronoun is expected to pick out a different one. Three possible forms of conceiving complementarity are taken into account. Throughout the dissertation, their predictions are tested in different comprehension and production experiments. The results present strong evidence against the idea of complementarity. The dissertation considers then an alternative line of explanation, based on how the sentences of a discourse are related through rhetorical (coherence) relations. According to it, the resolution of pronouns can be seen as a by-product of inferring these relations. The difference between using overt and covert subject pronouns would not obey pre-determined anaphoric preferences (for subject and object antecedents, for instance), but depend on how pronouns contribute to the establishment of coherence in the discourse. Within this frame, better sense can be made of both adults’ and children’s performance in the experiments.
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Thiago, Irene Soares. "Da tradução ou não de pronomes e partículas pronominais do Italiano ao Português: algumas escolhas feitas por dois tradutores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8148/tde-16052016-150714/.
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Este estudo é movido pela curiosidade quanto a como se resolvem, nas traduções do italiano para o português, questões de colocação pronominal. Encontramos, normal e frequentemente, na língua italiana, principalmente na língua falada, pronomes cujos equivalentes em português existem em gramáticas normativas da língua portuguesa, mas que, na prática, não são utilizados pelos falantes e escritores brasileiros. Encontramos, também, na língua italiana, um significativo número de verbos pronominais (como esserci, volerci, averne etc.) e um considerável número de verbos pronominais múltiplos (como andarsene, farcela, fregarsene etc.) que, juntamente com esses pronomes, constituem, para os professores brasileiros de italiano língua estrangeira (LE), elementos difíceis de trabalhar na sala de aula. Além disso, tais elementos também podem dificultar o trabalho dos tradutores, que devem fazer determinadas escolhas ao traduzi-los para o português. Como são traduzidos os pronomes combinados do italiano nas versões brasileiras? Será que os portugueses, que possuem, por exemplo, tais pronomes utilizam-nos em todos os casos em que os encontramos nos textos de partida? E as partículas pronominais são simplesmente eliminadas no texto de chegada ou são substituídas? Tais aspectos, se observados e organizados, podem levar a uma melhor compreensão das duas línguas em contato e dar subsídios a estudantes, professores e tradutores. Pensando nessa dificuldade, esta pesquisa buscou e listou alguns autores e obras disponíveis para consulta e analisou um corpus com cento e sessenta e três ocorrências de pronomes no italiano, mais sete acréscimos de pronomes no português brasileiro (PB) e/ou português europeu (PE), partindo do romance Uno, nessuno e centomila de Luigi Pirandello e suas respectivas traduções em PB e PE. Nosso objetivo consiste em encontrar respostas úteis à diminuição do estranhamento, por parte de um italiano, que escuta, de um brasileiro, frases sem pronomes (ainda que o italiano as entenda) e/ou a sensação de inadequação e, até mesmo, de desconforto, por parte de um brasileiro, ao produzir frases com todos os pronomes. No corpus analisado, temos uma amostra das escolhas e respectivas traduções propostas pelos tradutores para casos de pronomes reflexivos, de pronomes pessoais do caso reto, de pronomes pessoais do caso oblíquo, de pronomes combinados e de partículas pronominais ne, ci e vi, com manutenções, omissões, trocas por outros pronomes (possessivos, retos, oblíquos, demonstrativos) e, até mesmo, uma espécie de compensação numérica com a inclusão de palavra inexistente no texto de partida.This study is conducted by the curiosity on how pronoun collocations issues are solved in translations from Italian to Portuguese. We usually and normally find in the Italian, especially in the spoken language, pronouns whose equivalent in are given in normative grammars of the Portuguese language, but that are not used in pratice neither in written nor in the spoken language. We also find in the Italian language, a significant number of pronominal verbs (as esserci, volerci, averne etc.) and a considerable number of multiple pronominal verbs (as andarsene, farcela, fregarsene etc.) which are also difficult to work in the classroom. Furthermore, these elements can also hamper the work of translators, who must make certain choices to translate them into Portuguese. The question then arises, how are Italian combined pronouns rendered in Brazilian and European Portuguese translations? Do European Portuguese speakers, who use such pronouns, use them in all cases in which we find them in source texts? Are combined pronouns simply eliminated in the target text or are they replaced? Such aspects, when observed and organized, can lead to a better understanding of the two languages in contact and give grants to students, teachers and translators. Considering this difficulty, this research sought and listed some authors and available works for consultation and examined a corpus of one hundred sixty-three occurrences of pronouns in Italian, plus seven uses of pronouns in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and/or European Portuguese (EP), based on the novel Uno, nessuno and centomila by Luigi Pirandello and its corresponding translations into PB and PE. Our objective is to find useful answers for the decrease of strangeness of an Italian listening to a Brazilian who is using sentences without pronouns (although the Italian understands them) and/or the feeling of inadequacy and even discomfort of a Brazilian to produce sentences with all the pronouns. In the analyzed corpus, we have a sample of the choices made by translators to translate reflexive, personal subjective pronouns and objective pronouns, combined pronouns and the pronominal particles ne, ci e vi, showing cases of maintenance, omission, exchanges for other pronouns (possessive, subjective, objective, demonstrative) and even a kind of numerical compensation with the inclusion of a full noun not occurring in the source text.
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Oshima-Takane, Yuriko. "The learning of pronouns /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=71959.
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This thesis investigates how children learn the first and the second person pronouns in English. In the first phase two cross sectional studies, which examined production and comprehension in children between 16 months and 36 months of ages, were conducted to determine what types of hypotheses children entertain about the semantic rules of the pronouns. In the second phase an intervention experiment was conducted to determine whether children benefit from observing speech not addressed to them for discovering the correct rules. This hypothesis was evaluated by comparing the effects of two different intervention programs: One providing children with opportunities to observe the shifting reference of personal pronouns in speech addressed to others and the other not providing such opportunities. The results suggest that even children under two years old can learn the correct rules of personal pronouns from speech not addressed to them.
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CRUZ, SYLVIA DE OLIVEIRA E. "IDENTIFYING OBJECTS THROUGH PRONOUNS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4039@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOA necessidade de se conhecer o identificador de um objeto para solicitar seus serviços é uma restrição à utilização de orientação a objetos na construção de sistemas grandes e complexos. Para minimizar esta restrição, foi proposta uma forma de se referenciar a um determinado objeto através de uma identificação genérica, denominada pronome. Pronomes permitem que o programador especifique o envio de uma mensagem sem que o objeto destino seja nominalmente conhecido neste contexto. Com pronomes, a visibilidade de um objeto aumenta sem que regras de encapsulamento e visibilidade sejam quebradas. Desta forma, classes servidoras completamente desacopladas de seus clientes podem ser construídas e utilizadas em diferentes contextos. Neste trabalho, exploram-se pronomes já definidos anteriormente, dando a estes um novo tratamento através de linguagens abertas, e definem-se novos pronomes. O conjunto de pronomes obtido facilita a implementação de arquiteturas e padrões de projeto de relevância, sendo também abrangente no que diz respeito às características dos objetos representados por seus pronomes. Define-se ainda, a partir da experiência adquirida com a implementação dos pronomes, um framework para a definição e implementação de novos pronomes. Este framework é ainda aqui instanciado para dois novos pronomes a fim de validá-lo.
The need to know the object identification to request it s services is a estriction in the construction of object oriented system. To reduce this restriction we have proposed a form of generic reference to an object named pronoum. Pronouns allow the programmer to specify how to send a message without knowing the destination object by name. With pronouns, the visibility of an object increases without breaking the rule of encapsulation. With this feature decoupled server classes may be constructed and used in different contexts. This work define some pronouns, show its utilities through of examples and suggest a framework to new pronouns creation.
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Willie, MaryAnn. "Navajo pronouns and obviation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185691.
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In this thesis the nature of argument structure in the Navajo sentence is identified, with particular focus on the complex system of incorporated pronouns, and anaphora and obviation in the language. It is argued that Navajo is a pronominal argument language, where arguments are incorporated pronouns, while nominals are adjuncts. Descriptions of syntactic devices for marking co- and disjoint reference of arguments, within the simple clause, across the clauses in complex sentences, and in discourse contexts are given. These devices include: the yi/bi- alternation, which I identify as a voice contrast confined to sentences with all third person arguments; the "fourth" person, used for obviation and for deference, and the parallel processing convention.
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Tarrés, Larrègola Mònica. "L’Adquisició de les propietats morfosintàctiques i discursives dels pronoms clítics en català L2: un estudi en infants lusòfons i francòfons." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671268.
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Aquesta tesi estudia el coneixement i l’ús de les propietats morfosintàctiques i discursives dels pronoms clítics d’acusatiu (el, la, els, les) i de datiu (li, els) de tercera persona i dels clítics en argumental, en partitiu, hi argumental i hi locatiu, en bilingües seqüencials portuguès-català i francès-català de 9 a 12 anys escolaritzats a Andorra. El portuguès i el francès tenen pronoms clítics com el català però, a diferència del català i del francès, el portuguès no disposa dels clítics en i hi. A més, en les construccions dislocades a l’esquerra, només en català i en francès és obligatori reprendre l’argument amb el clític. A partir de tres experiments de producció (un d’obert i dos de tancats) i una prova de judicis de gramaticalitat, es constata una gradació de dificultat entre els clítics i una omissió d’algunes de les funcions estudiades, en particular, dels clítics hi locatiu i dels oblics en i hi per part dels L2 i també per part dels nadius.This dissertation investigates the acquisition of Catalan morphosyntax and discourse properties of 3rd person accusative (el, la, els, les) and dative (li, els) clitics and oblique en, partitive en, oblique hi and locative hi by 9-to-12 year-old sequential bilinguals whose L1 is French or Portuguese. They are all schooled in Andorra. Portuguese and French have clitic pronouns like Catalan but, unlike Catalan and French, Portuguese does not have the clitics en and hi. Moreover, CLLD is only possible in French and Catalan. The results of three production tasks (two guided and a non-guided one) and a grammaticality judgement task indicate difficulties in clitic acquisition and omission of clitic forms such as locative hi, oblique en and oblique hi in L2 Catalan and in native children.
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Baggaley, Valerie. "The syntactic category of pronouns." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38521.pdf.
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Gustafsson, Sendén Marie. "Personal Pronouns in Evaluative Communication." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-97479.
Full textAbstract:
Personal pronouns represent important social categories; they are among the most common words in communication and are therefore highly interesting in studying psychological perspectives and relations. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether pronouns are used in semantic contexts in a way that reflect psychological biases. Specifically, I have tested whether self-, group-serving- and gender biases occur when pronouns are used in natural language. To study this, I developed a structure for pronouns in social categorization where the pronouns are categorized in a self-inclusive/exclusive, an individual/collective, and a gender dimension. New methods for examining pronouns usage in language were developed in the thesis, for use in experiments and in computerized studies of large data corpora of media news. The results of this thesis showed that self-inclusive pronouns (I, We) consistently were used in more positive contexts than self-exclusive pronouns (He, She, They) by participants who generated messages in the lab (Study I), and by journalists in written media news (Study II). Study I revealed that the evaluative context surrounding I and We varied according to the specific communicative situation. When individuals generated messages individually, more positive contexts were selected for I than We. However in a collaborative setting, We occurred in contexts of similar valence as I. An intergroup setting magnified the differences between self-inclusive and self-exclusive pronouns (e.g., between We and They and between I and He/She). In an analysis of 400 000 news media messages, We occurred in more positive context than I (Study II). In Study III, the contexts of He and She in these media news were examined. The results showed that He occurred nine times more often, and in more positive contexts than She. Moreover, words associated with She included more labels denoting gender, and were more uniform than words associated with He. In sum, this thesis shows that studying the use of pronouns is a fruitful way to investigate social psychology phenomena. The thesis contributes to the understanding of how pronoun use convey knowledge about social cognition, attitudes, gender stereotypes, as well as interpersonal and intergroup relations.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Nikolaeva, Liudmila Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "The secret life of pronouns." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87500.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 140-145).
This thesis explores the relationship between anaphora and movement on a wide array of data primarily from Russian. I argue that anaphors and pronominals are underlyingly the same syntactic entity, an index, whereas conditions A and B of binding theory should be substituted by principles regulating the spell-out of an anaphoric element as a reflexive or a pronominal. Through cyclic covert movement of an index, accompanied by cyclic evaluation of its phonological form, I account for the constraints against backward anaphora, or cataphora, found in Russian, as well as subject-orientation of anaphors and anti-subject orientation of the pronominals. The proposal derives the systematic complementarity of distribution of anaphors and pronominals in some contexts, as well as systematic lack thereof in others. Finally, I explore the interaction of anaphora with overt movement, scrambling in particular. I conclude that reconstruction effects correlate with case assignment in the way predicted by Wholesale Late Merger theory. Using this conclusion, I provide an argument in favor of existence of Determiners in Russian.
by Liudmila Nikolaeva.
Ph. D.
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Zwane, Nonsikelelo Barbara. "Grammar of the pronouns in SiSwati." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/81031.
Full textAbstract:
The main aim of this investigation is to give a detailed
description of the morphology, the syntax and finally the
semantic function of the different pronouns found in
siSwati. Before this is done (in Chapters 2 - 4) the
modern and traditional views regarding pronominalisation
in the Bantu languages are analyzed and evaluated (in
Chapter 1). It is concluded that the traditional view
which regards the so-called pronouns in the Bantu
languages and in siSwati in particular as words that
replace nouns in sentences is unfounded and that the
basic function of these words is, in fact, that of
nominal determiners and that they become pronouns only
when the nouns have been omitted in discourse.
In chapters 2 - 4 the morphological structure of the
different kinds of pronouns in siSwati is analyzed. In
the case of the demonstratives the conflicting views
concerning the assumed structure of these pronouns are
examined and evaluated. It is concluded that the
assumption that these words are formed by means of noun
class prefixes is unjustified and that they, in fact, are
formed by means of agreement morphemes.
An analysis of the semantic features of the pronouns has
inter alia revealed that the so-called absolute pronouns
have a dual semantic function depending on whether they precede or follow their coreferent noun. When they
appear in post-nominal position they serve to contrast
their coreferent noun whilst they emphasize their
coreferent noun when they appear in pre-nomonal position.
In addition to the morphological and semantic description
of the different kinds of pronouns a detailed description
of their syntactic features is also given.
In the final Chapter the focus falls on the concordial
system in the Bantu languages. The chapter ends with a
brief outline of certain prominent views concerning the
possible historical development of agreement in the case
of subjects, objects and adjectives in the Bantu
languages.Afrikaans: Die vernaamste doel van hierdie ondersoek is om ·n gedetailleerde beskrywing van die morfologie, die sintaksis en laastens die semantiese funksie van die verskillende soorte voornaamwoorde in siSwati te gee. Alvorens dit gedoen word (in hoofstukke 2 - 4), word die tradisionele en moderne beskouings omtrent pronominalisasie in die Bantoetale eers in oenskou geneem en ook geevalueer (hoofstuk 1). Dit word gekonkludeer dat die tradisionele beskouing ingevolge waarvan die sogenaamde voornaamwoorde beskou word as woorde wat naamwoorde in sinne verplaas ongegrond is en dat die basiese funksie van hierdie woorde in feite naamwoordelike bepalers is en dat hulle slegs voornaamwoordelik raak wanneer die naamvoord waarmee hulle korefereer uit die diskoers weggelaat word. In hoofstukke 2 - 4 word die morfologiese struktuur van die verkillende soorte voornaamwoorde in siSwati geanaliseer. In die geval van die demonstratiewe word teenstrydige standpunte omtrent die veronderstelde morfologiese samestelling van hierdie voornaamwoorde ondersoek en geevalueer. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat hierdie woorde nie met behulp van klasprefikse gevorm word soos wat sommige grammatici te kenne gee nie maar met behulp van kongruensie morfeme. Die ontleding van die semantiese kenmerke van die voornaamwoorde het ender meer aan die lig gebring dat die sogenaamde absolute voornaamwoorde ·n dubbele semantiese funksie het afhangende daarvan of hulle die naamwoord waarmee hulle korefereer volg of dit voorafgaan. Wanneer hierdie voornaamwoorde postnominaal optree kontrasteer hulle die betrokke koreferente naamwoord en wanneer hulle prenominaal optree emfatiseer hulle hierdie naamwoord. Bo en behalwe die morfologiese en semantiese beskrywing van die verskillende soorte voornaamwoorde word ook n gedetailleerde beskrywing van hulle sintaktiese kenmerke gegee. In die laaste hoofstuk val die soeklig op die konkordiale sisteem in die Bantoetale en die rol wat dit in die pronominalisasieproses in hierdie tale speel. Daar word gekonkludeer dat die werklike voornaamwoorde in die Bantoetale die kongruensie of sogenaamde konkordiale morfeme is. Die hoofstuk word afgeeindig met 'n bondige uiteensetting van enkele prominente beskouings oor die moontlike historiese ontwikkeling van kongruensie in die Bantoetale met besonder verwysing na die ontwikkeling van onderwerp- en voorwerpkongruensie asook kongruensie in die geval van adjektiewe. Die ontleding van die semantiese kenmerke van die voornaamwoorde het ender meer aan die lig gebring dat die sogenaamde absolute voornaamwoorde ·n dubbele semantiese funksie het afhangende daarvan of hulle die naamwoord waarmee hulle korefereer volg of dit voorafgaan. Wanneer hierdie voornaamwoorde postnominaal optree kontrasteer hulle die betrokke koreferente naamwoord en wanneer hulle prenominaal optree emfatiseer hulle hierdie naamwoord. Bo en behalwe die morfologiese en semantiese beskrywing van die verskillende soorte voornaamwoorde word ook n gedetailleerde beskrywing van hulle sintaktiese kenmerke gegee. In die laaste hoofstuk val die soeklig op die konkordiale sisteem in die Bantoetale en die rol wat dit in die pronominalisasieproses in hierdie tale speel. Daar word gekonkludeer dat die werklike voornaamwoorde in die Bantoetale die kongruensie of sogenaamde konkordiale morfeme is. Die hoofstuk word afgeeindig met 'n bondige uiteensetting van enkele prominente beskouings oor die moontlike historiese ontwikkeling van kongruensie in die Bantoetale met besonder verwysing na die ontwikkeling van onderwerp- en voorwerpkongruensie asook kongruensie in die geval van adjektiewe.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1995.
African Languages
MA
Unrestricted
Books on the topic "Pronouns"
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Pronouns. Chanhassen, Minn: Child's World, 2004.
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N, Shankara Bhat D. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
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Marsico, Katie. Pronouns. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Cherry Lake Publishing, 2013.
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Pronouns. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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ill, McGeehan Dan, and Moore David ill, eds. Pronouns. Mankato, Minn: The Child's World, 2010.
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Pronouns. New York, NY: Weigl Publishers Inc., 2009.
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Pronouns. Edina, Minn: Abdo Pub., 2001.
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Null pronouns. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011.
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Indefinite pronouns. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
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Nouns and pronouns. New York: Alphabet Soup, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Pronouns"
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Wallwork, Adrian. "Pronouns." In Top 50 Grammar Mistakes, 115–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70984-0_40.
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Byon, Andrew Sangpil. "Pronouns." In Modern Korean Grammar Workbook, 5–6. New York : Routledge-Taylor & Francis Group, [2017] | Series: Routledge Modern Grammars: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315178158-2.
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Kline, Richard A. "Pronouns." In The Fundamentals of Lebanese Grammar, 39–47. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292418-7.
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Xing, Xiangdong. "Pronouns." In Jin Chinese Grammar I, 22–80. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/b23153-2.
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Hutchinson, Amélia P., Janet Lloyd, and Cristina Sousa. "Pronouns." In Portuguese, 43–70. Third edition. | New York, NY ; Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge , 2019. | Series: Routledge essential grammars: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315307190-5.
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Gönczöl, Ramona. "Pronouns." In Romanian, 74–93. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge essential grammars | “First edition published by Routledge 2007”: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315363776-6.
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Künzl-Snodgrass, Annemarie, and Silke Mentchen. "Pronouns." In Speed Up Your German, 55–69. New York: Routledge, 2017. | Series: Speed up your language skills: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315736778-4.
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Byon, Andrew Sangpil. "Pronouns." In Basic Korean, 46–53. Second edition. | [New York] : Routledge, [2020] |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003096597-8.
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Wallwork, Adrian. "PRONOUNS." In User Guides, Manuals, and Technical Writing, 153–58. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1813-3_31.
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Hinchliffe, Ian, and Philip Holmes. "Pronouns." In Swedish, 67–82. Third edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge essential grammars: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315559131-6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Pronouns"
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Fedorkiv, L. A. "Semantics and functions of the indefinite pronoun muta in the Khanty language." In General question of world science. L-Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gq-30-11-2020-13.
Full textAbstract:
Indefinite pronouns, like all pronouns, receive specific meanings in a coherent speech environment and serve as a means of actualizing communication. The functional-semantic features of the indefinite pronouns of the Khanty language were not the subject of special research. A single indefinite pronoun has its own functional-semantic potential. For the first time, the article discusses in detail the features of the functioning of the indefinite pronoun of mŏλti in the Kazym dialect of the Khanty language.
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Iakovleva, Dariia V. "TRANSLATION OF THE NORWEGIAN SECOND PERSON SINGULAR PRONOUN DU INTO RUSSIAN." In Second Scientific readings in memory of Professor V. P. Berkov. St. Petersburg State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288063592.
Full textAbstract:
The article says about translation challenges related to the Norwegian second person singular pronoun du. The research aims to reveal translation alternatives that help to show pronoun usage characteristics in Russian and Norwegian. The point is that, apart from few exceptions, only pronoun du is used for address to one person in Norwegian nowadays, whereas Russian has two pronouns used in such a way. Based on theory and example analysis, translation guidelines have been presented. The general conclusion is that one might use either the pronoun ты, the pronoun вы, or the verb’s infinitive form instead of one of the pronouns, which depends on the situation considered and the text type, for it is important that the option should sound natural given the context.
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Lindemann, Sofiana-Iulia, Stanca Mada, Laura Sasu, and Madalina Matei. "Thematic role and grammatical function affect pronoun production." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0028/000443.
Full textAbstract:
According to different approaches to pronoun processing, in pro-drop languages, null pronouns are interpreted as referring back to the grammatical subject and topical referent, while overt pronouns are usually interpreted as coreferring with a non-subject and non-topical antecedent. The present study investigates whether thematic role and grammatical function impact (overt and null) pronoun production in Romania. Results show that we do not encounter a clear division of labour between the two pronoun forms triggered by syntactic structure alone and that thematic roles matter as well. The findings support a multi-dimensional approach, suggesting that different referential forms are constrained by different factors.
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Krasnoshchekova, Sofia V. "INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS CHTO ‘WHAT’, KTO ‘WHO’, KAKOI ‘WHICH’ AND LINES OF THEIR DERIVATIVES IN THE L1 ACQUISITION." In 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.16.
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The article examines the acquisition of pronouns of the lines kto ‘who’, chto ‘what’ and kakoi ‘which’, belonging to the interrogative, indefinite and negative groups, by Russian- speaking children. We have used longitudinal data, those being recordings of the speech of 5 children aged from 2 to 4 years. Analysis of the functional-semantic and morphological-syntactic features of pronouns in the speech of children allowed us to draw the following conclusions: children’s speed and ease of mastering the pronouns depends not only on their frequency in the input, but also on the internal linguistic features of each lexeme. The role is played by the combination of the function of a pronoun in a specific utterance, and the basic meaning of the series: for example, in the chto ‘what’ line such cognitively successful combination is “concreteness + objectivity”, and in the kto ‘who’ line “animacy” refers to the lesser level of “concreteness” (this may be explained by the later appearance of lexemes of this line in children’s speech). The line of kakoi ‘which’ demonstrates association between the attributive meaning and a) pure indefiniteness (including non-concreteness in irrealis) and b) deicticity, when primarily non-deictic interrogative kakoi ‘which’ and indefinite kakoi-to ‘some’ in the speech of children in relative-demonstrative, emphatic, and actualizing contexts approach the demonstrative takoi ‘such’. The development of the morphological and syntactic side of pronouns occurs in children without significant difficulties: there are almost no mistakes in the word formation, although children often follow a strategy close to the strategy of avoidance: children prefer to use only the initial forms of pronouns (including the Gen. forms of negative pronouns), so these pronouns adopt certain adverbial traits in the speech of young children and can be seen as unchangeable. The main syntactic features are the use of pronouns within typical constructions, acquired on the whole, and a large number of interrogative sentences in which the pronoun is not transferred to the beginning. Refs 26.
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Grigoryeva, Yuliana M., Elena A. Gurova, and Aleksandra N. Livanova. "THE GENDER-NEUTRAL THIRD-PERSON PERSONAL PRONOUN HEN IN CONTINENTAL SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES." In Second Scientific readings in memory of Professor V. P. Berkov. St. Petersburg State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288063570.
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The article examines the peculiarities of the use of the new pronoun hen in the three continental Scandinavian languages. Discussions about gender-neutral pronouns originated in the 1960s, when the debates about gender equality and women’s rights were under way in Scandinavia. Different variants of the new gender-neutral pronoun were proposed. Owing to its phonetic resemblance to the original Scandinavian pronouns, the form hen was in favour over other options, but in those years it did not gain wide currency. In the 21st century, owing to the development of gender concepts and a different view on gender identity, the attitude to hen has changed. In 2015, the pronoun hen was incorporated in the 14th edition of the Swedish Academy Dictionary (SAOL), in 2021 it was recorded in the explanatory dictionary of the Swedish language released by the Swedish Academy (Svensk Ordbok), but though already codified, it is far from being accepted by everybody in the Swedish society. In Norway, the pronoun hen was entered into the Norwegian language dictionaries in June 2022, but ever since theologians have been engaged in a heated debate about its eventual use in the Bible. In Denmark, the pronoun hen, still uncodified, is mainly used in relation to non-binary persons, yielding in frequency to the pronoun de in the same function.
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Yin, Qingyu, Weinan Zhang, Yu Zhang, and Ting Liu. "A Deep Neural Network for Chinese Zero Pronoun Resolution." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/464.
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Existing approaches for Chinese zero pronoun resolution overlook semantic information. This is because zero pronouns have no descriptive information, which results in difficulty in explicitly capturing their semantic similarities with antecedents. Moreover, when dealing with candidate antecedents, traditional systems simply take advantage of the local information of a single candidate antecedent while failing to consider the underlying information provided by the other candidates from a global perspective. To address these weaknesses, we propose a novel zero pronoun-specific neural network, which is capable of representing zero pronouns by utilizing the contextual information at the semantic level. In addition, when dealing with candidate antecedents, a two-level candidate encoder is employed to explicitly capture both the local and global information of candidate antecedents. We conduct experiments on the Chinese portion of the OntoNotes 5.0 corpus. Experimental results show that our approach substantially outperforms the state-of-the-art method in various experimental settings.
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Han, Na-Rae. "Korean null pronouns." In the 2004 ACL Workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1608938.1608943.
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Yang, Jingxuan, Jianzhuo Tong, Si Li, Sheng Gao, Jun Guo, and Nianwen Xue. "Recovering dropped pronouns in." In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/n19-1095.
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Finnegan, Elizabeth. "Those Pesky Pronouns: Production and Comprehension of Pronouns in Individuals With Autism." In 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1680320.
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Böttcher, Marlene, and Sabine Zerbian. "Stressed Pronouns in Spontaneous English." In 10th International Conference on Speech Prosody 2020. ISCA: ISCA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/speechprosody.2020-27.
Full textReports on the topic "Pronouns"
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McKoon, Gail, Steven B. Greene, and Roger Ratcliff. Discourse Models, Pronoun Resolution, and the Implicit Causality of Verbs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada259740.
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Pikilnyak, Andrey V., Nadia M. Stetsenko, Volodymyr P. Stetsenko, Tetiana V. Bondarenko, and Halyna V. Tkachuk. Comparative analysis of online dictionaries in the context of the digital transformation of education. [б. в.], June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4431.
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The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of popular online dictionaries and an overview of the main tools of these resources to study a language. The use of dictionaries in learning a foreign language is an important step to understanding the language. The effectiveness of this process increases with the use of online dictionaries, which have a lot of tools for improving the educational process. Based on the Alexa Internet resource it was found the most popular online dictionaries: Cambridge Dictionary, Wordreference, Merriam–Webster, Wiktionary, TheFreeDictionary, Dictionary.com, Glosbe, Collins Dictionary, Longman Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary. As a result of the deep analysis of these online dictionaries, we found out they have the next standard functions like the word explanations, transcription, audio pronounce, semantic connections, and examples of use. In propose dictionaries, we also found out the additional tools of learning foreign languages (mostly English) that can be effective. In general, we described sixteen functions of the online platforms for learning that can be useful in learning a foreign language. We have compiled a comparison table based on the next functions: machine translation, multilingualism, a video of pronunciation, an image of a word, discussion, collaborative edit, the rank of words, hints, learning tools, thesaurus, paid services, sharing content, hyperlinks in a definition, registration, lists of words, mobile version, etc. Based on the additional tools of online dictionaries we created a diagram that shows the functionality of analyzed platforms.
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Do autistic girls talk differently about social groups? ACAMH, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.17470.
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