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Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 July 2024

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1

Guénard, C., and P. Velluet. "Réparation des revêtements de convertisseurs par projection à travers une flamme." Revue de Métallurgie 82, no. 7 (July 1985): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/198582070535.

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2

Younes, Rassim, Mohand Amokrane Bradai, Abdelhamid Sadeddine, Youcef Mouadji, and Abderrahim Benabbas. "Influence des post-traitements sur la résistance à l’usure des dépôts en superalliage Ni-Cr-Al-Mo obtenus par projection thermique." Matériaux & Techniques 106, no. 6 (2018): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2019003.

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Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation microstructurale, structurale et mécanique des dépôts métalliques à base Nickel déposés sous forme de poudres par la technique de projection thermique flamme-poudre sur un substrat type E335. Pour améliorer les propriétés de ces dépôts, des traitements thermiques sont préconisés en vue d’homogénéiser ces derniers et permettre d’obtenir de meilleures propriétés mécaniques. Ces post-traitements ont été réalisés à différentes températures 400, 600 et 800 °C avec un temps de maintien d’une heure et un refroidissement à l’air. La caractérisation structurale et microstructurale de la poudre et des dépôts est obtenue en utilisant le microscope électronique à balayage (MEB) et la diffraction X (DRX). Des relevés de micro duretés Vickers ont été également réalisés sur la surface de ces dépôts. Les essais tribologiques ont été réalisés avec une configuration pion-disque à différentes charges avec deux vitesses de glissement en vue de déterminer le taux d’usure. Les observations microstructurales ont montré que les traitements effectués aux températures de 400 et 600 °C ont réduit les porosités en rendant les microstructures plus homogènes et plus denses par le phénomène de colmatage. Par contre, le traitement à 800 °C a présenté un délaminage au niveau de l’interface substrat/dépôt. Les résultats d’usure ont révélé que la vitesse de glissement et la pression de contact appliquée influent sur la variation du taux d’usure et que les dépôts traités à 400 °C présentent une meilleure résistance à l’usure que ceux traités à 600 et 800 °C.

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3

Santoyo, Héctor Hugo Rodríguez, José Martin Medina Flores, and Arturo Barba Pingarrón. "Flame Spray Projection of a Bioactive Hidroxyapatite Coating on Ti6Al4V for Biomedical Applications." Advanced Materials Research 716 (July 2013): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.716.291.

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This work consisted in the development and characterization of a bioactive coating on Ti6Al4V samples by flame spray projection. A synthetichidroxyapatite powder was used to form the coatings. Oxygen and acetylene gas were used as combustible, and the metallic substrate was Ti6Al4V with a roughness of 0.4 and 2.3 μm. The time process varied from 5 to 60 seconds. The projection distance was of 22 cm.The spray coatings were mechanical tested; in all cases, the results indicated that the coatings were well adhered to the metallic surfaces and the metallic subtracts did not present any degradation of the mechanical properties. In addition, the coatings were immersed in simulated body fluids for 21 days in physiological conditions to evaluate the bioactivity. The results demonstrated that the coatings are potentially bioactive through the formation of a dense and homogeneous apatite layer similar to the bone. Results of X-ray diffraction exhibited evidence of a hidroxyapatite layer and by energy dispersive spectroscopy, a Ca/P ratio of 1.57 was obtained. This is an indication of that the use of flame spray projection to coat Ti6Al4V substrates do not decompose the original hidroxyapatite powder. Compositional analysis of the remnant fluids, made by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, showed that nonmetallic ions were present in the coatings.

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4

García-Manso, Angélica. "El borrado en la pintura conceptual. De la iconografía de Dánae a la de Sémele en Hilario Bravo." ACCADERE. Revista de Historia del Arte, no. 2 (2021): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.histarte.2021.02.03.

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"Within the conceptual approaches that define the aesthetics of the painter Hilario Bravo, the transformation of a work is a standard response in 20th-century art. On a few occasions, however, the radical nature of the transmutation causes the work to change its title and meaning completely. This is the case with Flammae, a work from 2014 in a series dedicated to the relationship between flame, thought and the act of creation, which in 2017 is transformed into Semele, at a time when the artist’s main concern is the search for cathasterism as the ultimate projection of fire. This has key hermeneutical implications, both from a mythological perspective and from the iconography of the Christian tradition, but, above all, it fulfils the meaning of the work: a painting about the creative process that leads to a reflection on the immanence of the work."

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5

Wan, Minggang, and Jihui Zhuang. "Projection model for flame chemiluminescence tomography based on lens imaging." Optical Engineering 57, no. 04 (April 17, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.4.043106.

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6

Xie, Kai, Xingqi Qiu, Yunjing Cui, and Jianxin Wang. "Experimental study on the effect of spray cone angle on the characteristics of horizontal jet spray flame under sub-atmospheric pressure." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part A (2020): 2941–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci181106014x.

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The burning state of a plateau environment is attracting more and more attention. In this paper, in order to have a deeper scientific understanding of diesel spray combustion and the characteristics of a flame under different spray cone angles in a plateau environment, experiments were carried out in a low pressure chamber. The flame morphology was recorded by a high speed video instrument, and the temperature change was recorded by a thermal imager and thermocouples. The MATLAB programming was used to process the video image of the flame, and the probability of its binarization was calculated. The results indicate that the flame becomes longer and wider under different pressures with the same spray angle. The variation is more pronounced at a smaller spray taper angle. The flame uplifted height characteristic is mainly negatively related to the atmospheric pressure. According to the normalized flame temperature and the dimensionless horizontal projection, the length can be divided into three regions. In the region of buoyancy flame, the dimensionless temperature varies with sub-atmospheric pressure more than with normal pressure. In addition, under different spray cone angle conditions, the law of variation in the normalized flame temperature under sub-atmospheric pressure is exactly opposite to that under normal pressure. This study is of great significance to the scientific research on flames in a low pressure environment, and the design of different fuel nozzles for application in a plateau environment.

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7

Seabra, Eurico, Luís Silva, Fuad Aliew, and Joana Morais Sarmento. "Adhesion strength of flame sprayed ceramic coatings obtained by robotic projection." Millenium - Journal of Education, Technologies, and Health, no. 9 (May 30, 2019): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29352/mill0209.01.00177.

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8

Zhang, Xiaolei, Longhua Hu, Xiaochun Zhang, Fei Tang, Yong Jiang, and Yujie Lin. "Flame projection distance of horizontally oriented buoyant turbulent rectangular jet fires." Combustion and Flame 176 (February 2017): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.10.016.

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9

Zhu, Shu Xian, Xue Li Zhu, and Yong Jun Zhu. "A New Method of Flame Image Segmentation." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 1365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.1365.

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Separating flame image from background is a precondition and necessary link for identification for recognition algorithm. In current application, the Otsu method is a simple, effective and threshold value selection method suitable for real time processing, but the limitation of this method is it depends too much on the image pattern of “double peak histogram”. To overcome the weakness and shortcoming of Otsu method, this paper puts forward a new method based on grayscale integral projection, for flame image segmentation and positioning. Experiments have proved that this method not only can separate a flame image from background correctly, but also can position the center of a flame image quickly so as to provide the important criterion for dynamic recognition of flame image.

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10

Laclos, Laurent. "Flamme Flamme." Vertigo 39, no. 1 (2011): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ver.039.0110.

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11

Li, Man, Zihe Gao, Jie Ji, Kaiyuan Li, and Jinhua Sun. "Wind effects on flame projection probability from a compartment with opposing openings." Fire Safety Journal 91 (July 2017): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.037.

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12

Zhao, Jinfei, Jiahao Liu, Haihang Li, and Jian Wang. "Flame projection lengths of horizontally oriented buoyant jet fires under different air pressures." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 27 (October 2021): 101327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101327.

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13

Forero-Duran, M., H. J. Dulce-Moreno, M. Ferrer-Pacheco, and F. Vargas-Galvis. "Wear and corrosion behaviour of Al2O3-TiO2 coatings produced by flame thermal projection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 935 (December 2017): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/935/1/012021.

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14

An, Weiguang, Qingxuan Meng, Rongliang Pan, and Hongya Zhu. "Influence of horizontal projection on upward flame spread over XPS thermal insulation material." Fire and Materials 42, no. 5 (December 11, 2017): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.2497.

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15

FURUKAWA, JUNICHI, YOSHIKI NOGUCHI, TOSHISUKE HIRANO, and FORMAN A. WILLIAMS. "Anisotropic enhancement of turbulence in large-scale, low-intensity turbulent premixed propane–air flames." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 462 (July 10, 2002): 209–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112002008650.

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The density change across premixed flames propagating in turbulent flows modifies the turbulence. The nature of that modification depends on the regime of turbulent combustion, the burner design, the orientation of the turbulent flame and the position within the flame. The present study addresses statistically stationary turbulent combustion in the flame-sheet regime, in which the laminar-flame thickness is less than the Kolmogorov scale, for flames stabilized on a vertically oriented cylindrical burner having fully developed upward turbulent pipe flow upstream from the exit. Under these conditions, rapidly moving wrinkled laminar flamelets form the axisymmetric turbulent flame brush that is attached to the burner exit. Predictions have been made of changes in turbulence properties across laminar flamelets in such situations, but very few measurements have been performed to test the predictions. The present work measures individual velocity changes and changes in turbulence across flamelets at different positions in the turbulent flame brush for three different equivalence ratios, for comparison with theory.The measurements employ a three-element electrostatic probe (EP) and a two-component laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV). The LDV measures axial and radial components of the local gas velocity, while the EP, whose three sensors are located in a vertical plane that passes through the burner axis, containing the plane of the LDV velocity components, measures arrival times of flamelets at three points in that plane. From the arrival times, the projection of flamelet orientation and velocity on the plane are obtained. All of the EP and LDV sensors are located within a fixed volume element of about 1 mm diameter to provide local, time-resolved information. The technique has the EP advantages of rapid response and good sensitivity and the EP disadvantages of intrusiveness and complexity of interpretation, but it is well suited to the type of data sought here.Theory predicts that the component of velocity tangent to the surface of a locally planar flamelet remains constant in passing through the flamelet. The data are consistent with this prediction, within the accuracy of the measurement. The data also indicate that the component of velocity normal to the flamelet, measured with respect to the flamelet, tends to increase in passing through the flamelet, as expected. The flamelets thereby can generate anisotropy in initially isotropic turbulence. They also produce differences in turbulent spectra conditioned on unburnt or burnt gas. Local modifications of turbulence by flamelets thus are demonstrated experimentally. The modifications are quantitatively different at different locations in the turbulent flame brush but qualitatively similar in that the turbulence is enhanced more strongly in the radial direction than in the axial direction at all positions in these flames.

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16

Arnold-Medabalimi, Nicholas, Cheng Huang, and Karthik Duraisamy. "Large-eddy simulation and challenges for projection-based reduced-order modeling of a gas turbine model combustor." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 14, no. 1-2 (March 2022): 153–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17568277221100650.

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Computationally efficient modeling of gas turbine combustion is challenging due to the chaotic multi-scale physics and the complex non-linear interactions between acoustic, hydrodynamic, and chemical processes. A large-eddy simulation, referred to as the full order model (FOM), is performed for a gas turbine model combustor with turbulent combustion effects modeled using a flamelet-based method. Modal analysis reveals a high degree of correlation with averaged and instantaneous high-frequency particle image velocimetry fields. The dynamics of the precessing vortex core is quantitatively characterized using dynamic mode decomposition. The governing equations of the FOM are projected onto a low-dimensional linear manifold to construct a reduced-order model (ROM). A discretely-consistent least squares projection is used to guarantee global stability. The ROM provides an accurate reconstruction of the combustion dynamics within the training region, but faces a significant challenge in future state predictions. This limitation is mainly due to the increased projection error, which in turn is a direct consequence of the highly chaotic nature of the flow field, involving a wide range of dispersed coherent structures. This shortcoming is overcome using an adaptive basis method which yields accurate predictions of dynamics beyond the training region consistent with the FOM. Formal projection-based ROMs have not been applied to a problem of this scale and complexity, and achieving accurate and efficient ROMs is a grand challenge problem. A production-ready ROM method will significantly decrease the computational cost of the flame dynamics as well as the portability of this prediction to smaller-scale computers.

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17

Brekhova, K. A., I. D. Simonov-Emel'yanov, and A. A. Pykhtin. "Projection of structure and compositions of resistance to burning polymer composite materials with flame retardants based on magnesium hydroxide." Fine Chemical Technologies 18, no. 2 (May 27, 2023): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2023-18-2-109-122.

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Objectives. To identify general principles for the design of dispersed-filled polymer composite materials (DFPCMs) with different generalized and reduced parameters, as well as types of disperse structure with high fire resistance; to develop an algorithm for the creation of non-combustible polymer composites with flame-retardant fillers.Methods. Scanning electron microscopy and laser diffraction were used to assess the shape, size, and particle size distribution of flame retardants. According to the presented classification of DFPCMs by structural principle, standard bar samples were obtained to determine the oxygen index (OI) and the fire resistance category.Results. For the MFS-2 (medium filled system) and HFS (high filled system) structure types, the maximum resistance to burning (category V-0) is achieved with a generalized parameter of ® ≤ 0.40 volume fractions; the OI value increases in 2 times (up to ~40%) in relation to the polymer matrix.Conclusions. In order to obtain a flame retardant DFPCMs (OI = 40%, category V-0) based on ethylene vinyl acetate with OI = 20% and magnesium hydroxide (brucite), the amount of water vapor released during the decomposition of the flame-retardant filler should be at least ~250 mL/g with a coke residue ~32%. A developed algorithm for calculating compositions and generalized parameters for the creation of DFPCMs having a predetermined type of disperse structure and high resistance to burning is presented.

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18

Zhao, Cong, Dong Yang, Fei Tang, and Yaqiang Jiang. "Buoyant opening spill flame behaviors beneath a horizontal projection induced by a compartment fire." Experimental Heat Transfer 32, no. 3 (November 8, 2018): 284–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2018.1505788.

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19

Saucedo-Salazar, E. M., Y. A. Perera-Mercado, F. R. Rodríguez-Ruiz, and A. Arauza-Villarreal. "Production of glass spheres from blast furnace slags by a thermal flame projection process." Ceramics International 40, no. 1 (January 2014): 1177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.07.002.

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20

Tang, Yining, Zhaofeng Tian, Xiao Chen, Brigitta Suendermann, Grant Gamble, and Zefeng Huang. "Wind Effect on External Fire Spread through Openings under the Protection of Horizontal Projections or Vertical Spandrels—A Numerical Study." Fire 7, no. 3 (February 25, 2024): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7030066.

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A numerical investigation has been conducted to analyse the effect of wind on the vertical spread of fire through a front opening in a building’s external walls. The study utilises a building geometry established from previous experimental work conducted by the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC). A horizontal projection or a vertical spandrel is introduced above the opening of the compartment of fire origin. The purpose of the projection or spandrel is to inhibit the vertical spread of the fire, following the relevant requirements in the Australian National Construction Code (NCC). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package for fire-driven fluid flow, namely the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), is employed to simulate the fire behaviour. The FDS model is validated against the NRCC’s experimental results, and a good agreement is achieved. Winds from three horizontal directions (front wind is normal to the opening, side wind is parallel to the opening, and back wind is from behind the building) have been investigated, with speeds ranging up to 10 m/s for each wind direction. Front wind speeds below 1 m/s are found to slightly enhance the vertical spread of the fire, while speeds exceeding 1 m/s are inclined to promote horizontal spread. The impact of side wind on the vertical fire spread was also found to vary with wind speed. The increase in the speed of back wind influences flame buoyancy, resulting in an augmented vertical fire spread. Furthermore, the numerical results reveal that a vertical spandrel of 1100 mm height is less effective in preventing vertical fire spread through openings, compared to a 1100 mm deep horizontal projection. The study suggests that the fire safety design in reducing the hazard of vertical fire spread through openings in buildings’ external walls could be further improved if the effect of wind is considered.

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21

Unterberger, A., M. Röder, A. Giese, A. Al-Halbouni, A. Kempf, and K. Mohri. "3D Instantaneous Reconstruction of Turbulent Industrial Flames Using Computed Tomography of Chemiluminescence (CTC)." Journal of Combustion 2018 (October 29, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5373829.

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Computed Tomography of Chemiluminescence (CTC) was used to reconstruct the instantaneous three-dimensional (3D) chemiluminescence field of a high-power industrial flame, which was made optically accessible, for the first time. The reconstruction used 24 projections that were measured simultaneously, in one plane and equiangularly spaced within a total fan angle of 172.5°. The 3D results were examined by plotting both vertical and horizontal slices, revealing highly wrinkled structures with good clarity. The results presented are one of a series of experimental demonstrations of CTC applications to turbulent gaseous flames. The work reveals the potential to use any kind of luminescence measurement, such as emission from heated particles in coal-fired flames, for analysis of the flame shape directly in 3D.

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22

Li, Lin, Fedor Gubarev, and Andrei Mostovshchikov. "Synchronized Two-Camera Laser Monitor for Studying Combusting Powder Systems." Symmetry 14, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14040656.

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In this paper, we offer a laboratory facility for in situ visualization of the combustion of ultrafine metal powders, which combines laser initiation and simultaneous high-speed recording of images of the flame of a burning material and a surface covered by a flame. Visualization of the surface through the flame is realized using a laser monitor—an optical projection system with brightness amplification. The proposed imaging system makes it possible to get more detailed information about the combustion process, in particular, to study the change in the surface through the flame in the area of laser initiation, and the propagation of heating and combustion waves over the sample, as well as to study the change in the surface reflectance during combustion. To study the area of laser initiation, it is proposed to simultaneously record images of a laser monitor with two cameras. The symmetry of the combustion wave front propagation and the combustion products’ formation during laser initiation of the nanoAl + Fe3O4 thermite mixture was demonstrated. The nature of propagation in the form of a ring is a consequence of the symmetry of the properties of the system under study, at the micro and macro levels.

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23

Rodríguez, L., M. Ferrer, F. Vargas, and G. Peña. "Projection parameters for zirconia-alumina-ceria coatings made by flame spraying from results of numerical simulation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 935 (December 2017): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/935/1/012022.

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24

Zhang, Zhixuan, Xu Han, Mingda Wang, Zhengjie Wu, Xiang Sun, and Shaohua Wu. "A hybrid sectional moment projection method for modeling soot particle dynamics in laminar premixed flames." Fuel 331 (January 2023): 125731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125731.

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25

Hirschhorn, Thomas. "Flamme éternelle." Rethinking Marxism 27, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 405–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2015.1049433.

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26

Idesawa, Masanori. "Acquisition of 3-D Optical Information." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 1, no. 4 (December 20, 1989): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1989.p0255.

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In order for a machine to have the capacity to operate flexibly in a 3-D environment, it is indispensable for it to be equipped with space information acquisition capability, and tools for distance measurement are in turn indispensable for obtaining space information. Indeed distance measurement is basic and important not only for a robot, but also for science and technology in general. Many methods have been proposed for obtaining distance information, ranging from the mechanical contact type through optical and acoustic to electric and magnetic methods, and many are in practical use. Among them the optical method permits measurement of distance without contact and from a remote position, advantages which have led to it being widely applied. One of the most important principles for measuring distance is the triangulation principle. This permits determination of the position of an object from the distance between two observation points together with the angles in the triangle formed by these two points and a target point on the object. Based on this principle, the detection of one specific point in each of the two images obtained from two sets of image input equipment installed at two observation points permits determination of coordinate values in 3-D space. However, this extraction of the point in the second image corresponding to a specified point in the first image is a very difficult subject of study, and no universal method has been developed. To cope with this, active methods, which evade the problem by applying projection of laser light on the surface of an object to identify a bright point or bright line, are widely used. The special feature articles on obtaining 3-D optical information in this issue present some principles and new trial applications of distance acquisition methods for 3-D information, the optical method in particular. There are three reports on active method optical systems developed for robots. These include (1) a high speed measurement method applying space encoding which employs a liquid crystal lattice to project light in changing lattice patterns onto an object dynamically; (2) realization of high speed measurement through projecting and processing multiple light spots; (3) development of a visual sensor for disaster prevention use which can detect objects in flames and smoke utilizing projection of a CO2 gas laser. These are nearly at the level of operational use and are expected to become visual sensors for robots.

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27

Liu, Dong, Guodong Zhang, Heng Li, Qiang Fu, Mo Li, Muhammad Abrar Faiz, Shoaib Ali, Tianxiao Li, and Muhammad Imran Khan. "Projection pursuit evaluation model of a regional surface water environment based on an Ameliorative Moth-Flame Optimization algorithm." Ecological Indicators 107 (December 2019): 105674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105674.

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28

Baude, John, Frédéric Busson, Bruno Coquet, Hervé Le, and Frédéric Lerais. "Quand les marchés triomphent : une projection de l'économie mondiale à l'horizon 2002." Revue de l'OFCE 55, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 95–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reof.p1995.55n1.0095.

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Résumé Les années récentes ont été marquées par le triomphe des marchés et la mondialisation croissante des échanges de marchandises et des flux de capitaux. Mais les marchés sont versatiles : leur mimétisme les conduit à des phases d'engouement excessif suivies de replis brutaux. Les gouvernements sont de moins en moins armés devant une instabilité grandissante. Imposant des politiques économiques vertueuses, le triomphe des marchés ne se fera-t-il pas au détriment de la croissance et de l'emploi ? Après la récession des années 1991-93, la plupart des pays de l'OCDE ont retrouvé en 1994-96 une croissance à un rythme de 2,8 à 3%. Toutefois, le déficit de croissancce n'a généralement pas été récupéré. Une croissance plus vigoureuse nécessiterait une forte coordination internationale des politiques budgétaires, monétaires et salariales : celle-ci étant impossible, la plupart des pays doivent se résigner à une croissance trop faible, mais vertueuse. La plupart des pays se trouvent confrontés à un dilemme : accélérer la croissance pour résorber le supplément de chômage ou réduire leur déficit public. Surveillés par les marchés, ils sont vite contraints de choisir des politiques budgétaires restrictives. Les craintes de résurgence de l'inflation, celles des marchés ou celles des Banques centrales, bloquent rapidement toute flambée de croissance. Selon notre projection, la croissance de l'ensemble des pays de l'OCDE serait de l'ordre de 2,8% de 1994 à 1996 ; elle fléchirait à 2,0% en 1997 et 1,2 en 1998, puis remonterait à 2,1 % en 1999 et 2,6 en 2000-2002. Ces fluctuations correspondent à la dynamique de l'investissement productif. Une fois que le taux d'investissement atteindrait un niveau satisfaisant, le rythme de la croissance demeurerait médiocre, en l'absence d'éléments moteurs : les politiques budgétaires resteraient relativement restrictives, le niveau des taux d'intérêt réels à long terme resterait élevé, la consommation des ménages serait bridée par la faiblesse des hausses de salaires; enfin, les importations des zones hors OCDE (Asie peuplée, PECO, CEI, Amérique latine) augmenteraient fortement, mais ces zones exporteraient aussi beaucoup, concurrenceraient les pays développés et n'accumuleraient guère de déficits extérieurs massifs. La croissance des Etats-Unis (2,2 % l'an en moyenne de 1994 à 2002) serait proche de sa croissance potentielle ; le Japon rentrerait dans le rang (2,4 % de croissance annuelle). En Europe, les pays du Sud connaîtraient une croissance plus vigoureuse et plus inflationniste (3,4 % l'an) ; l'Allemagne bénéficierait de l'essor de sa partie orientale (2,9 % de croissance ; 2,3% pour l'Ouest) ; la France, le Royaume-Uni et l'Italie connaîtraient des croissances modérées (2, 1 %). Le taux de chômage européen resterait important, même si sa hausse serait enrayée. Les taux d'inflation restent compris entre 2 et 3% pour la plupart des grands pays de l'OCDE. Les risques d'une forte résurgence de l'inflation dans les grands pays sont très limités, car la croissance est relativement modérée; les pays qui se rapprocheraient du plein-emploi (Etats-Unis, Allemagne) ont des autorités monétaires peu disposées à laisser l'inflation augmenter. L'UEM se ferait en 1999, mais ne regrouperait qu'un noyau dur de pays européens. La plupart des PECO, après avoir connu une chute de production dramatique et touché le fond en 1992 ou 1993, sont en train de remonter la pente à un rythme relativement rapide, et leur taux de croissance devrait atteindre 5 % dans les années à venir. La remontée n'est toutefois pas encore assurée pour la Russie. Au cours des prochaines années, l'essor du commerce international profiterait aux pays du Sud, permettant un rééquilibrage de la croissance à l'échelle mondiale. Mais celle-ci serait encore inégalement répartie entre les différentes régions : l'Asie du sud- est se développerait vivement, tandis que l'Afrique ne parviendrait pas à s'extraire de ses difficultés.

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29

Izham Izzat Ismail, Norhuda Hidayah Nordin, Muhammad Hanafi Azami, and Nur Azam Abdullah. "Metals and Alloys Additives as Enhancer for Rocket Propulsion: A Review." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 90, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.90.1.19.

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A rocket's engine usually uses fuel and oxygen as propellants to increase the rocket's projection during launch. Nowadays, metallic ingredients are commonly used in the rocket’s operation to increase its performance. Metallic ingredients have a high energy density, flame temperature, and regression rate that are important factors in the propulsion process. There is a wide range of additives have been reported so far as catalysts for rocket propulsion. The studies show that the presence of metal additives improves the regression rate, specific impulse and combustion efficiency. Herein, the common energetic additives for rocket propulsion such as metal and light metals are reviewed. Besides the effect of these energetic particles on the regression behaviors of base (hybrid) fuel has been exclusively discussed. This paper also proposed a new alloy namely high entropy alloys (HEAs) as a new energetic additive that can potentially increase the performance of the rocket propellant system.

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30

Garnier, Jean-Pierre. "Retours de flamme." Espaces et sociétés 128-129, no. 1 (2007): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/esp.128.0215.

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31

Renucci, Clélia. "Retours de flamme." Médium 46-47, no. 1 (2016): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mediu.046.0188.

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32

Coy, Jean-Louis. "La flamme morte." Humanisme N° 299, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/huma.299.0109.

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33

Hage, Kathrin. "Feuer und Flamme." physiopraxis 12, no. 09 (September 12, 2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1390354.

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34

Truckenbrodt, Nicole. "Feuer und Flamme." Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching 16, no. 4 (November 10, 2009): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11613-009-0163-3.

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35

Klettke, Cornelia. "Feuer und Flamme." Deutsches Dante-Jahrbuch 95, no. 1 (September 23, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dante-2020-0002.

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RiassuntoIl contributo prende in esame la poetizzazione dell’elemento ›fuoco‹ nell’aldilà dantesco. Nell’Inferno, l’universo metaforico associato al fuoco fa da contrappunto all’interiorizzazione e alla trascendenza che stanno alla base della concezione del fuoco nel Paradiso, dove esso, in senso astratto, viene trasformato in luce e rappresenta anche l’illuminazione spirituale. Dante mette in scena san Tommaso, presentando nelle varie figure il corpus spirituale, che tuttavia nell’Inferno era stato pervertito e caricato di una connotazione quasi parodistica, se confrontato alla solennità sacrale della luce spirituale nel Paradiso. Nella sua qualità di luce, l’elemento ›fuoco‹ diventa la componente più importante delle sfere del Paradiso. L’idea della permanenza di un regno di Dio è simbolicamente veicolata da un uso virtuosistico della gamma metaforica associata alla luce: la visualizzazione del principio supremo del Divino, come esso si costituisce nella dottrina cristiana, è affidata alla forza suggestiva della travolgente poesia.

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36

Mongo-Mboussa, Boniface. "Double flamme africaine." Africultures 63, no. 2 (2005): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/afcul.063.0005.

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37

Hervieu-Léger, Benoît. "Une flamme durable ?" Revue Projet N° 394, no. 3 (May 16, 2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pro.394.0013.

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38

Eckert, Werner. "Feuer und Flamme." JOT Journal für Oberflächentechnik 43, no. 2 (February 2003): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03251097.

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39

Liu, Yi, Yongqiang Chen, and Sivakumar Kulasegaram. "Projection method with self-adaptive time steps for LES of ignition and extinction in non-premixed jet flames." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 26, no. 9 (August 27, 2010): 1203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1210.

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40

Texter-Bögeholz, Carola. "Reinigung auf kleiner Flamme." Deutsche Heilpraktiker-Zeitschrift 11, no. 05 (August 25, 2015): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1563584.

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41

Roger, Philippe. "Mort d’un porte-flamme." Critique 829-830, no. 6 (2016): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/criti.829.0585.

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42

Szatkowski, Janek. "Une flamme si noir." Peripeti 4, no. 8 (June 8, 2021): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/peri.v4i8.110156.

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Janek Szatkowski methodically examines the relationship between Euripides’ Hippolytos and Racine’s Phèdre, and unearths a significant difference in the principle of rationality that governs the works.

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43

Eckert, Werner. "Corona, Plasma oder Flamme?" JOT Journal für Oberflächentechnik 48, no. 4 (April 2008): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03240243.

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44

Le Corre, Françoise. "Dansante est la flamme." Études Tome 399, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 581–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/etu.996.0581.

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45

Morales, Piamba, and Olaya. "Influence of Gas Pressure on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Cu-Al Coatings Deposited via Thermal Spray." Coatings 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110722.

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We report the results of the influence of the acetylene and oxygen gas pressure on the wear resistance of aluminum–bronze coatings deposited on naval brass substrate by means of the thermal (flame) deposition process. The coatings were characterized by means of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The adhesion was determined with cross-hatching tests, and the mechanical response was assessed by measuring the nanohardness and by three-body and ball-on-disk abrasive wear tests. The results indicate that changes in the pressure and flow of the gas affect the morphology and the mechanical properties of the coatings, and these effects have consequences for the wear behavior of the coatings. Before the projection of the coatings, numerical simulations were carried out using Jets & Poudres software, where the collision speed of the particles was identified as the most significant factor that influences the mechanical properties and the performance of the coating. The gas pressure modified the hardness and the porosity level, which allowed improving the wear resistance.

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46

Harouadi, Farid, and Salim Boulahrouz. "Etude et Analyse de la Combustion Turbulente dans un Moteur Alimenté en Gaz Naturel." Journal of Renewable Energies 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.54966/jreen.v3i2.914.

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L'analyse aérodynamique de la combustion turbulente dans un moteur alimenté en gaz naturel, dépend fortement des caractéristiques de la turbulence et celles des flammes laminaires. La structure de la flamme turbulente à haut régime de fonctionnement du moteur est située entre la flamme plissée pour un mélange relativement riche, et celui de flammelettes avec formation de poches de gaz frais pour un mélange pauvre. Cette structure déchiquetée du front de flamme révèle le caractère instable de la combustion en mélange pauvre, et suggère une forte interaction entre la turbulence et la combustion dans les moteurs alimentés en gaz naturel.

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47

Mayer, Daniel. "Une flamme de vingt ans..." Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps 11, no. 1 (1988): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mat.1988.403872.

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48

Glück, Denise. "Une flamme dans le vent." Les cahiers de médiologie 7, no. 1 (1999): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cdm.007.0229.

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49

Anastassiadis, Anastassios. "L'anathème sur la flamme olympique ?" Archives de sciences sociales des religions, no. 131-132 (December 1, 2005): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/assr.3266.

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50

BERTHOUD, T., M. BENCHEHIDA, and P. MAUCHIEN. "SPECTROSCOPIE OPTOGALVANIQUE DANS LA FLAMME." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 48, no. C7 (December 1987): C7–747—C7–751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19877184.

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