Journal articles on the topic 'Project Bond'
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Oke, Ayodeji Emmanuel. "Effect of bond administration on construction project delivery." Organization, Technology and Management in Construction: an International Journal 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 1390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/otmcj-2016-0001.
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Abstract Construction bond administration involves management of bond issues from inception of obtaining bond from guarantor to the point of release of contractor by the client. This process has posted a lot of challenges to construction stakeholders; it is therefore, necessary to examine the relationship between bond administration and project success. Archival data of completed bonded building projects were gathered through a pro forma developed for this purpose. Using Pearson product moment of correlation, it was revealed that the cost of securing a construction bond has a positive and significant effect on the initial and final costs of the project, while the number of days needed to secure a construction bond has no significant effect on the initial and final durations of the construction project. In order to establish the relationship between project delivery indices of cost and time and the construction bond administration variables, iteration of linear regression was adopted to arrive at the best-fit equation. Factors affecting the cost of securing construction bonds from guarantors should be identified and given adequate attention by construction stakeholders in order to minimize the effect of construction bond administration on project delivery.
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Oke, Ayodeji Emmanuel, and Deji Rufus Ogunsemi. "Structural equation modelling of construction bond administration." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 21, no. 3 (November 7, 2016): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-02-2016-0008.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine construction bonds, which is a risk management tool for ensuring that projects are delivered successfully, with emphasis on the influence of stakeholders, project characteristics and bonding decision factors. Design/methodology/approach Using case study of completed public building projects, questionnaires were administered on stakeholders that participated in the projects to solicit information on identified issues. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to examine relationship among identified factors, and various model selection and validation tests were carried out to arrive at the best-fit model. Findings The final model revealed that type of bond, stakeholders’ influence, project characteristics, risks of bonded projects and bonding decision factors have significant effect on success of bonded construction projects. Of the stakeholders, guarantors and contractors have greater influence on effective administration of bonds. Research limitations/implications The study was limited to Lagos and Ondo states, Nigeria. Data were gathered from clients of public projects, banks and insurance companies (guarantors), as well as contracting, quantity surveying and architectural firms registered with the state governments. This is because of the fact that only such firms can be engaged on projects emanating from the governments. Practical implications To enhance project success, there is a need to adopt construction bond for both public and private projects as against the current practice where it is only mandated for public projects. Originality/value Using SEM, this research examined administration of construction bonds with a view to ascertaining their effects on projects success, thereby providing relevant empirical information for stakeholders for effective administration of construction bond.
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Muhammed, Usman, Emmanuel Chididebere Eze, John Abel Tsado, and Blessing Okokun. "Assessment of bonds utilisation in the Nigerian construction industry." Independent Journal of Management & Production 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v10i5.925.
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Default by contractors in meeting the time and cost performance of a project is usually counterproductive. Considering safety from the high financial burden of construction projects, clients are compelled to seek a level of guarantee in bonds to safeguard them from financial problems and provide incentive for proper and timely completion of the project by the contractor, thereby minimising failures and risks. Therefore, the study assessed the level of bond utilization in Nigerian construction industry, with a view to examining the benefits of its utilisation in construction projects. Survey method was adopted in which questionnaires were used to collect data from respondents. With a response rate of 45.30% (164 of 362), the collected data were analysed using descriptive and analytical scientific method. It was found that the level of bond utilisation in construction contract is high, with performance bond and Advance payment bond being most commonly used construction bond types. Assurance of performance and financial security are the major benefits of bond utilisation. The study recommends that there is need for more enlightenment of construction participants on the various types bond used in construction contracts
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Hutchison, Norman, Graham Squires, Alastair Adair, Jim Berry, Daniel Lo, Stanley McGreal, and Sam Organ. "Financing infrastructure development: time to unshackle the bonds?" Journal of Property Investment & Finance 34, no. 3 (April 4, 2016): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-07-2015-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the merits of using projects bonds to finance infrastructure investment projects and considers the pricing of such bonds and the level of risk premium demanded by the market. Design/methodology/approach – The research used a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods with desk-based study and interviews. Interviews were held with policy makers, local authority staff, planners, developers, investors, fund managers and academics. Infrastructure bond data were obtained from the Bloomberg database on all project bonds issued in four Asian countries – Malaysia, China, Taiwan and India – over the period 2003-2014. Findings – The analysis indicates investor appetite for project bonds and suggests that a risk premium of between 150 and 300 basis points over the comparable government bond is appropriate depending on the sector and the degree of government involvement in underwriting the issue. Practical implications – The paper argues that the introduction of project bonds would be an important innovation, assisting the financing of infrastructure investment at a time when bank lending is likely to remain fragile. The current conditions in the sovereign debt market, where strong demand has forced down yields, has opened up the opportunity to introduce project bonds offering a higher yield to satisfy institutional investment demand for long term fixed income products. Originality/value – The originality of this paper stems from the analysis of the merits of using projects bonds to finance infrastructure investment projects, the pricing of such bonds and the level of risk premium demanded by the market.
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Kim, Soon-Yang. "Policy Suggestions to Improve Social Impact Bond(SIB) in Korea." Korean Association of Governance Studies 32, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 33–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26847/mspa.2022.32.4.33.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the contemporary situations and underlying problems of the SIB project in Korea, which is in the early stages of implementation, and to suggest the success requirements of the SIB project in the provision of social services. To the end, this article first examined the backgrounds, operation structure, and advantages and limitations of the SIB project, and established the analytical framework to conduct an empirical study. The next chapter delved into the contemporary situations and underlying problems the SIB projects in Korea, with reference to the first SIB project of Seoul Metropolitan City. The first SIB project showed not a few limitations throughout the whole processes of the SIB project enactment. In addition, the UK's Peterborough Prison SIB project, the world's first SIB project, was analyzed to derive some appropriate implications. Finally, based on the implications of the SIB projects in Seoul and Peterborough Prison, this article suggested the requirements for successful introduction of SIB projects in Korea, in line with the eight variables of the analytical framework.
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Смирнов, Сергей, and Андрей Булгаков. "The Efficiency of Environmental Project Financing with Green Bonds in the Energy Sector: Evidence from EU Countries." Journal of Corporate Finance Research / Корпоративные Финансы | ISSN: 2073-0438 16, no. 3 (December 14, 2022): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/j.jcfr.2073-0438.16.3.2022.63-70.
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This paper investigates whether the issue of green bonds by energy companies allows lowering the cost of funding for their environmental projects. We use empirical data on green bond placement in the energy sector and comparable conventional bond yield curves to prove the existence of the green bond yield discount. The sample includes 37 plain vanilla green bond issues and comparable yield curves of EU energy companies for 2017–2020 with total volume EUR 25 bn. We demonstrate that green bonds have a 4.7 bps lower average yield compared to conventional bonds. This green bond discount is statistically significant at a 5% level and does not depend on issue size or debut status of the issue. We draw three main conclusions: (1) energy companies may lower cost of funding by issuing green bonds, making environmental projects more economically attractive, (2) the green bond discount is present for both inaugural and subsequent green bond issues, which makes it reasonable to finance all environmental projects with green bonds, (3) the green bond discount does not depend on the issue size, which makes green bonds an appropriate choice for financing capital-intensive projects.
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Gabor, Daniela, and Jakob Vestergaard. "Chasing unicorns: The European single safe asset project." Competition & Change 22, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529418759638.
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For the past 20 years, Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) institutions have sought to engineer a single safe asset that would provide a credible store of value for capital market participants. Before 2008, the European Central Bank used shadow banking to create a single safe asset that we term shadow money, and in doing so also erased borders between Euro area government bond markets. Lacking appropriate ECB support, shadow euros could not withstand the pressures of the global financial crisis and brought down several periphery euro government bonds with them. Two new plans, the Capital Markets Union and the Sovereign Bond-Backed Securities, again turn to shadow banking, this time by using securitization to generate an entirely private safe asset or a public–private safe asset. Such plans cannot solve the enduring predicament of EMU’s bond markets architecture: that Member States have competed for investors (liquidity) since the introduction of the euro, betraying a deep hostility towards collective political solutions to the single safe asset problem. Technocratic-led, market-based initiatives need to persuade EMU states that there is little threat to their ability to issue debt in liquid markets. Without ECB interventions, market-based engineering of single safe assets runs the danger of repeatedly destabilizing national bond markets.
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Liana, Vega, and Yusrizal Yusrizal. "Analisis Proses Underwriting pada Produk Kafalah Pembiayaan Surety Bond di PT Penjaminan Jamkrindo Syariah Cabang Medan." El-Mal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam 4, no. 1 (August 20, 2022): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/elmal.v4i2.1390.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the Underwriting Process for the Surety Bond Financing Kafalah Product at PT Penjamina Jamkrindo Syariah Medan.This creates a healthy competitive environment between contractors and prevents the emergence of an unfair competition climate, such as monopoly, which may be carried out by principals/contractors with very large sums of money. Equitable regional development across Indonesia may result in a just and successful society, and it is inextricably linked to development projects. In Indonesia, a presidential edict stipulates that any development project procurement must not only satisfy administrative requirements, but also give assurances. PT. Jamkrindo Syariah is one of the insurance businesses that may provide surety bonds. To get a surety bond guarantee, the principal must submit the required papers to PT. Jamkrindo Syariah, which must then go through an underwriting procedure to assess whether the project is feasible. If possible, a policy will be given; otherwise, PT. Jamkrindo Syariah will send the principal a refusal letter.
Keywords : Surety Bond, Underwriting
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Tan, Amy, and Yong Shan Juan. "The Bond Project to Promote Family Ties." Journal of Intergenerational Relationships 8, no. 4 (November 24, 2010): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2010.521079.
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Alonso-Conde, Ana-Belén, and Javier Rojo-Suárez. "On the Effect of Green Bonds on the Profitability and Credit Quality of Project Financing." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 6695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166695.
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The relatively recent green bond market is increasingly attracting interest at the technical, regulatory, and academic research levels. Although a considerable body of research on green bonds focuses on the investor’s perspective, this study takes the perspective of a project finance sponsor to analyze whether there is a direct financial incentive for issuing green bonds in contrast to other types of financing. In order to measure the impact of green bond financing on the profitability and solvency of environmentally friendly investments, we study the sensitivity of the financial performance of a well-established project finance investment—the Sagunto regasification plant—to shifts in its financial structure. In particular, we develop a base case that allows us to study the impact of green financing compared to other financial structures typically used in project finance, under different scenarios. Our results show that in all cases, the internal rate of return (IRR) for shareholders is higher when green bonds instead of bank loans are issued to finance investments. Additionally, in the vast majority of the scenarios, green bond financing results in higher average debt service coverage ratios. Consequently, our results suggest that green bond financing constitutes a strong financial incentive for sponsors, which can help align their objectives with those of public authorities.
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Abbott, Wendy Anne. "Persuasive Evidence: Improving Customer Service through Evidence Based Librarianship." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2006): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8h59j.
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Objective - To demonstrate how evidence based practice has contributed to informing decisions and resolving issues of concern in service delivery at Bond University Library.
Methods - The paper critically analyses three evidence based research projects conducted at Bond University Library. Each project combined a range of research methods including surveys, literature reviews and the analysis of internal performance data to find solutions to problems in Library service delivery. The first research project investigated library opening hours and the feasibility of twenty-four hour opening. Another project researched questions about the management of a collection of feature films on DVD and video. The third project investigated issues surrounding the teaching of EndNote to undergraduate students.
Results - Despite some deficiencies in the methodologies used, each evidence based research project had positive outcomes. One of the highlights and an essential feature of the process at Bond University Library was the involvement of stakeholders. The ability to build consensus and agree action plans with stakeholders was an important outcome of that process.
Conclusion - Drawing on the experience of these research projects, the paper illustrates the benefits of evidence based information practice to stimulate innovation and improve library services. Librarians, like most professionals, need to continue to develop the skills and a culture to effectively carry out evidence based practice.
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Di Maddaloni, Francesco, and Roya Derakhshan. "A Leap from Negative to Positive Bond. A Step towards Project Sustainability." Administrative Sciences 9, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci9020041.
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Departing from the normative formulation of stakeholder theory and building upon the current body of knowledge, this study aims to advance understandings on the benefits and challenges towards a more holistic approach to stakeholder management at the local level of major public infrastructure and construction projects (MPIC). Major construction projects, project managers, and the local community stakeholder are deemed to operate within a ‘negative bond’. This interaction is elucidated through the attribution theory lens, which shape the conceptual framework of the study. This paper illustrates that a broader inclusiveness of stakeholder views into managerial decisions can initiate to break this negative bond and shift it towards positive relationships. An organization’s conscious approach towards transparent communication with the local community stakeholder might help to shape a long-term perspective for better project benefits realization either at the national, regional, or local level. By ‘exceeding stakeholders needs and expectations’, project managers and local communities can better collaborate in order to achieve sustainable development over time.
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Salem, Leila, Emily Reichert, Julianne Siegfriedt, Taylor Hall, and Stephanie W. Hartwell. "Boston Offender Needs Delivery Project." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 11 (November 14, 2017): 3485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17741807.
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To bridge a gap in access to community services for releasing state inmates, the Boston Offender Needs Delivery (BOND) project was developed as a longitudinal study (2014-2016) of adult inmates with a history of substance use and co-occurring mental health disorders returning to the community following detention in one of Massachusetts’ State correctional facilities. Pre-release inmates who were wrapping up their sentence (i.e., no community supervision) and presented with mental illness and/or substance use disorder were recruited. Participants were provided substance abuse treatment immediately post-release, as well as a variety of recovery supports for a follow-up period of 6 months. This first manuscript is intended to describe the rationale behind the BOND project, as well as the methods and procedure used to collect the data.
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Chudnovets, A. Yu, and A. S. Plisova. "Applying the savings and credit scheme to finance projects for comprehensive multi-storey development." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 19, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 508–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.19.3.508.
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Subject. We consider the efficiency of comprehensive multi-storey development as an investment project and the main criteria for attracting borrowed funds through bond issue; analyze special features of the two-tier financing scheme for multi-storey development with a detailed calculation of values. Objectives. The study aims to design a universal financing scheme with the possibility to modify parameters for specific investment projects in the construction sector for practical application by construction companies. We focus on developing an effective alternative to escrow accounts enabling better distribution of financial burden on the company over the entire life of investment project. It should ultimately prevent the increase in the price per square meter of residential and non-residential premises and the longer construction period. Methods. We employ methods of analysis, synthesis and modeling of savings and credit scheme of financing. Results. To simplify understanding the application of the bond loan by developers, we prepared a specific investment project for the existing construction company with a step-by-step calculation of the savings and credit financing scheme. Conclusions. Earlier, the bond loan as a borrowing tool has not been detailed and formulated as a clear mechanism for funding company's activities. We offer our own description of the application of savings and credit scheme to finance projects for comprehensive multi-storey development with step-by-step calculations.
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Pidvysotskyi, Yan V. "PROBLEMS OF CONVERTIBLE BONDS VALUATION IN IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS PROJECTS." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 144 (2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2020.144.1.53-61.
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The article analyzes the main approaches to estimating the value of convertible bonds, considering the factors of the event time and investor behavior. In the process of project implementation, there is often a need to finance costs that will ultimately contribute to increased cash flow. For an investor, there is a risk that he may not receive coupon payments or bond denomination on a timely basis or may not receive them partially or at all. For this purpose, a convertible bond offers a mechanism for the acquisition of a portion of the authorized capital of a project company by exchanging a specified number of bonds for the definite number of shares in proportion to the conversion rate. Right, but not obligation, gives the investor the flexibility to make the right strategic decision: get passive coupon revenue or participate in corporate governance. Such a decision should be properly evaluated and mathematically justified as it depends on the level of profitability and risk of the investor.
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Althalet, Fareis, Tira Siya Fajar Rahayu, Hera Hera, Ayu Fil Akhirati, Pingki Pingki, Nirwana Nura, and Angelika Gita Andreana. "Incorporating Blue Bonds as a funding alternative for a sustainable development project." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, no. 5 (August 8, 2021): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i5.1310.
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This study aims to examine Blue Bonds as a guarantee issued by the issuer (government and companies) as alternative financing. Compared to ordinary bonds that are issued only to meet the issuer's funding needs, the transaction results in Blue Bonds will be used to support marine protection, fisheries governance, waste and water pollution management, and the restoration of marine ecosystems. In this study, the author uses the method literature review sourced from journals, books, reports from related ministries, international financial institutions such as the World Bank, and news from national and international media. The results of this study indicate that by issuing Blue Bonds, the government and companies will get more funds from bond investors. Investors will receive a return in the form of a coupon (fixed interest rate) from the issuer and pay according to schedule and the initial principal investment. Not only that, the government and companies will get a good reputation among investors and actively contribute to Indonesia's maritime development.
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Franke, Volker, and Jana Gebauer. "Funktionalisieren von Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunden/Functionalized fiber-reinforced plastic composites." wt Werkstattstechnik online 112, no. 11-12 (2022): 822–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2022-11-12-96.
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Im Projekt „Chimera“ wird zur Gewichtsreduktion im Fahrzeugbau ein faserverstärktes Kunststoffbauteil auf innovative Weise mit metallischen Eigenschaften versehen. Durch die Kombination zweier Teilprozesse, dem Laserstrukturieren und dem thermischen Spritzen, sollen optimale Verbundfestigkeit und Langzeitbeständigkeit hergestellt werden. Demonstrator im Projekt ist ein Gehäusebauteil zur elektromagnetischen Abschirmung in einem Elektrofahrzeug. Within the “Chimera“ project weight reduction for automotive applications is addressed by further development of fiber-reinforced plastic components which are functionalized by means of metallic coatings. By combining two sub-processes, laser structuring and thermal spraying, optimized bond and composite strength as well as long-term durability will be realized. The project demonstrator is a housing component for electromagnetic shielding in an electric vehicle.
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Andrews, Derek, Levi Hill, Hassan Masood, Durgasamanth Pidikiti, Qutaiba Khalid, and Stevan Hunter. "Gold Wirebond on Discolored Bond Pads." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 000295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-tp45.
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An integrated circuit wafer lot having some wafers with discolored bond pads and other wafers with normal bond pads was identified, and wafers with discolored pads were scrapped. The reason for scrap is the expectation of poor bondability or unreliable wirebonds on discolored pads. The cause of discoloration was unknown. We took the opportunity to run a bonding experiment and analysis as a student project, comparing a good wafer with one having the discolored bond pads. Unprobed die from each wafer were wirebonded for mechanical integrity analysis of the bonds. Bonding recipe designed experiments included different ultrasonic generator (USG) current settings within the bonding process window, two bonding forces, and two temperatures, all thermosonic binding 25um gold (Au) wire on AlCu pad metal of 0.7um thickness. 2% non-stick-on pads (NSOP) was found at a higher ultrasonic power settings on the discolored pads, indicating that the discolored pads can indeed be problematic in wirebonding. Analysis of wire pull test and bond shear test results indicate slightly less performance of bonds on the discolored pads. Chemical and physical analysis of the discolored pads reveals the nature of the unknown cause and leads to a hypothesis about what went wrong during the wafer processing.
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Ganbat, Khaliun, Inessa Popova, and Ivan Potravnyy. "Impact Investment of Project Financing: Opportunity for Banks to Participate in Supporting Green Economy." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjreecm-2016-0006.
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Abstract The article analyses impact investment of project financing. Companies’ own funds, own funds of the consortium members, the company’s own resources and budget funding, own funds of the company on the basis of a production sharing agreement, borrowed funds; the funds raised by the bond issue are all considered as the project financing sources in the natural resource field. The purpose of this article is to consider various opportunities to support environmentally oriented projects in the framework of project financing, including through attracting funds of banks for the development of “green” economy. The role of banks and the banking sector in supporting environmentally and socially oriented projects is analysed. The experience of banks in Asia, Europe and the United States in terms of “green” economy projects is shown. Moreover, environmental and social risks, and impact of a project, the project compliance with the norms and standards of responsible finance are all considered in this article. Classification of environmental projects with the purpose of project financing is proposed, and also the scheme of interaction between stakeholders is shown, including banks, in the implementation of projects reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, impact investment in financing projects with the participation of banking sector is analysed and justified on the example of such countries as Mongolia, Russia, Japan, the United States and others. Evaluation procedures and the selection of projects for social investment purposes are shown in the article, including the measures of supporting banks for the project implementation in the field of “green” economy. The following research methods are considered: systematic analysis, environmental economic analysis environmental auditing, statistical methods for evaluating the costs and benefits from implementing environmentally oriented projects, methods of assessment of damage from environmental pollution, etc.
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Masoud, Doaa M., Sherif F. Hammad, Galal H. Elgemeie, and Peter G. Jones. "Crystal structure of 4,6-dimethyl-2-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]sulfanyl}nicotinonitrile." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 73, no. 11 (October 20, 2017): 1751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989017015213.
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In the title compound, C14H18N2O5S, the C—S bond lengths are unequal, with S—Cglucose= 1.8016 (15) Å and S—Cpyridyl= 1.7723 (13) Å. The hydrophilic glucose residues lie in the regionsz≃ 0.25 and 0.75. Four classical hydrogen bonds link the molecules to form layers parallel to theabplane, from which the pyridyl rings project; pyridyl ring stacking parallel to theaaxis links adjacent layers.
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BARTZIS, J. G., S. ANDRONOPOULOS, M. KULMALA, B. LARSEN, M. LAZARIDIS, C. LOHSE, P. MIRABEL, and C. PILINIS. "THE BOND PROJECT: THE MARSEILLE AND ATHENS EXPERIMENTAL CAMPAIGN. AN OVERVIEW." Journal of Aerosol Science 35 (July 2004): S1167—S1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(19)30313-1.
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Hannani, Mahomed. "Les garanties contractuelles dans les transactions internationales comportant la fourniture de biens ou de services." Les Cahiers de droit 26, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 633–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042684ar.
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It is common knowledge that liberalizing international exchanges does not eliminate the risks involved in international trade. For indeed, parties to an international commercial transaction are often far distant from one another and naturally know little about their respective financial or industrial situations as well as the laws and customs in force in these countries. It is these circumstances that brought about various advance payment schemes such as the letters of credit. Yet world expansion of commerce that is largely due to hydro-electric projects and other projects linked together on a worldwide basis has given rise to contract guarantees. In this article the author deals with guarantees which mainly concern tender bond, performance bond, instalment reimbursement bond. By means of these guarantees, an importer may demand that a third party whose solvency is recognized will guarantee the economic bond of the exporter. The demand for supplying a contract guarantee may also be required by the international body that finances an economic project or by way of legislation in some countries. After having described the machinery of these guarantees, the author examines the legal nature and validity of them. He then analyses the legal relationship of parties to this institution. He concludes by considering different cases that may prevent the realisation of the guarantee.
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VASSALLO, José Manuel, Thais RANGEL, María de los Ángeles BAEZA, and Paola Carolina BUENO. "The Europe 2020 project bond initiative: an alternative to finance infrastructure in Europe." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 24, no. 1 (September 11, 2015): 229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1209251.
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The economic and financial crisis that struck Europe over the last few years has imposed much stricter capital and liquidity requirements for commercial banks thereby reducing their ability to provide funding to infrastructure projects. To circumvent this problem the European Union has promoted the Europe 2020 Project Bond Initiative (PBI) aimed at using European funds for credit enhancement to increase the appetite of institutional investors – such as pension funds and insurance companies – to boost large-scale infrastructure financing. In this paper we describe the specific constraints and attractiveness of the PBI within Europe using the SWOT methodology to analyse the information coming from both pilot case studies and the responses that institutional investors and other stakeholders provided to the EC public consultation about the PBI. On the basis of this information we found that even though the initiative may contribute to facilitate infrastructure financing in Europe, there are still some challenges to be addressed for its right implementation.
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Atikah, Nurul, Mohd Afendi, Siti Hirmaliza, Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid, Nurul Amira, and Mohd Noor Mazlee. "Strength of Ductile Adhesive Butt Joint Bonded with Dissimilar Adherents: Effect of Surface Roughness." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.366.
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The purpose of this project is to study the influence of the macroscopic state of surface roughness of the dissimilar adherent on the strength of adhesive joint. In this project, several types of sandpaper were used to produce different surface roughness of stainless steel and aluminium alloy adherents. All bonding surfaces were polished with different types of sandpaper. Butt joints of dissimilar adherent specimen were produced using a ductile adhesive (i.e. Araldite®Standard) with same bond thickness. The specimens were tested under static loading condition using universal testing machine (UTM) to investigate the relationship of the surface roughness and bond strength.
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Gvozdkov, Yury Y. "AS AN EXAMPLE OF A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC POLICY OF A MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN CZARIST RUSSIA." Economic History 15, no. 2 (June 29, 2019): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.045.015.201902.176-187.
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Introduction. Nowadays the issue of implementation of city projects in terms of providing public amenities and changing their infrastructure under the conditions of existing insufficient public funds for these purposes is of present relevance for cities of Russia. One of the key ways of resolving this situation is borrowing monetary funds. However, in the history of Russian cities such kind of experience already exists. The submitted material reveals the experience of Simbirsk municipal government concerning the issue of the first bond-secured loan of the city of Simbirsk (the year of 1906). The purpose of this loan was obtaining necessary funds for the city intended for enlarging and improving public water supply system, building slaughter-houses within the scope of jurisdiction of the municipal public administration. The objectives of the undertaken study and subsequent analysis involved identifying the reasons, which caused Simbirsk Municipal Public Administration, lacking any experience, to take on a project implementation of issuing the bond-secured loan, assessing the municipal government actions on preparing and issuing the loan mentioned above, as well as the result of the loan implementation. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the archival records, which contain information on the bond-secured loan in Simbirsk of 1906. Under study of these records, the information archival in them was systematized and analyzed. Such approaches as a systematic approach, a comparative analysis and a logical generalization of the obtained results were used. Study results. The undertaken study specified the reasons for issuing the bond-secured loan by Simbirsk, the stages of the implementation of this project, analyzed and evaluated the commitment of the municipal public administration during each of these stages, as well as rationality of their actions and the result of the bond-secured loan issue, which was successful. Apart from this, new historical facts related to the history of the Simbirsk governorate along with the full and complete information concerning the issue of the indicated bond-secured loan were determined. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained results of the study indicate that the experience of borrowing monetary funds performed by the cities of Czarist Russia can be in demand with a positive outcome by the cities of modern Russia. The implementation of such borrowings of monetary funds by a city (municipal) government will benefit in resolving many city problems, undertaking social projects, which require considerable financial resources, and in the final analysis in improving the quality of life in cities.
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Richter, Sylvia, Frank Heyde, Andreas Horsch, and Andreas Wünsche. "Determinants of project bond prices – Insights into infrastructure and energy capital markets." Energy Economics 97 (May 2021): 105175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105175.
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Thompson, Samantha, Ellen M. Evans, and Sami Yli-Piipari. "An Exposure-Based Intervention Dismantles College-Aged Females’ Barriers for Resistance Training: Project WONDER Training." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 9, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijpefs2041.
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This study aimed to examine the effects of an exposure-based resistance training (RT) intervention on perceived barriers, benefits, and motives for RT in college-aged females and to assess moderating effects of a trainer-trainee relationship on any intervention outcomes. A sample of 13 (Mage = 20.7 ± 1.3y) physically active, non-resistance training female students completed an 8-week intervention (1hr 45min, twice per week). The intervention was effective in reducing perceived time/effort (t[12] = 5.02, p < 0.001, d = 1.81), physical effect (t[12] = 2.48, p = 0.029, d = 0.86) and social (t[12] = 4.86, p < .001, d = 1.97) RT barriers. A positive change pattern was established in stress management (t[12] = 2.21, p = 0.048, d = 0.62), revitalization (t[12] = 2.71, p = .019, d = 0.95), and enjoyment (t[12] = 3.53, p = .004, d = 1.18). Finally, the analyses showed that goal (β = 0.23[0.02], p < 0001, R2 = 0.979) and bond (β = 0.21[.01], p < 0001, R2 = 0.995) alliances were positive moderators with large-sized effects on changes in physical barriers. For stress management, bond alliance was the only statistically significant, small-sized moderator, with a greater bond increasing the effect on the intervention (β = 0.21[.01], p < 0001, R2 = 0.997). This data suggests that an exposure-based RT intervention is beneficial for reducing perceived RT barriers in physically active, non-resistance training college-aged women and that bond-oriented support from the trainer is especially impactful in reducing some of those perceived barriers.
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Kant, A. "Practical Vitality of Green Bonds and Economic Benefits." Review of Business and Economics Studies 9, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2308-944x-2021-9-1-62-83.
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Climate change is an overarching challenge for achieving sustainable development. “Green” or “Climate” Bonds are often seen as a financial instrument that may help overcome low-carbon investment defiance. This paper explores green bonds’ potential contribution to low-carbon transition and the corporate sector’s benefit following the stock market reaction. This paper focuses on a new and fascinating subject because the green bonds market is under constant scrutiny since the emergence of the first green bond in 2007. Anticipating the significance of action towards climate change is continuously increasing over time. This project can be seen as a supporting argument for investing in green bonds and fighting against climate change. This study investigates the recent developments and challenges in the green bond market. I used matching criteria and performed multivariate OLS regression to test whether the green bond is priced differently than conventional ones. The result finds that green bonds are cheaper than conventional bonds with a 1.93–2.24 per cent premium, consistent with prior studies in this topic. I used a sample of 200 corporate green bonds issued after the Paris Agreement, i. e., from December 2015 to December 2019. I further document that the stock market reacts positively to green bonds’ announcements. For this, I performed the CAR test on a company’s stock price, which gives a statistically significant abnormal return of 0.23 per cent and 1.14 per cent over time windows 10 and 20 days, respectively. Moreover, green bonds’ environmental performance on carbon emission reduction proved to be an insignificant player. For this, I tested a relationship between green bond labels and the firms’ carbon emission. The mixed results suggest that maybe green bonds are performing well economically, but it is still far from achieving its practical goal.
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Ravanshadnia, Mehdi, and Hossein Rajaie. "SEMI-IDEAL BIDDING VIA A FUZZY TOPSIS PROJECT EVALUATION FRAMEWORK IN RISKY ENVIRONMENTS." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 19, Supplement_1 (January 9, 2014): S106—S115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.801884.
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Blind involvement in aimless bids may result the loss of bidding bond expenditures, purchased bidding documents, the cost of human resources engaged in mark-up estimation, and detailed project investigation costs such as site visits. In this research, a risk based fuzzy TOPSIS framework is set up to evaluate and prioritize bidding opportunities. This may help contractors to assign their limited resources to near optimal selected projects. The risks inherent in the nature of every tender, makes systematic risk analysis a prerequisite for any construction company. Proposed framework considers key determining risk factors such as corporate considerations, tender environment, contractual issues, and project specific risks. The methodology implementation has been facilitated by developing a graphical user interface that accepts linguistic terms expressed by main decision groups. A case study demonstrates the applicability of the model.
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Yang, Wei Jun, Jie Yu, and Yan Wang. "Study on the Effect of Bond-Anchoring Factor on Bond Behavior between Deformed Bar and Shale Ceramic Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.444.
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In this paper, the effect of bond-anchoring factor on bond behavior between deformed bar and shale ceramic concrete was analyzed by four groups of pull-out tests with different anchorage length. And three reinforced concrete pull-out tests used for comparative analysis were prepared at the same time. We obtained a series of experimental data and based on these data .A more accurate formula was summed up. This formula has a high value in guiding the practical project to choose the anchorage length.
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Jack Davis, L. "Innovative Financing Techniques in a Volatile Market Require Cooperative Effort." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0085.
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The key to any successful water related project is a successful financing project. This paper deals with the need to develop cooperation and understanding between administrative managers who must select and implement the necessary financing program and the project personnel who plan design and implement the physical program. The paper also examines the various financing vehicles that are available to the governmental managers in a volatile international money market and the need to mesh project implementation to favorable financing schemes. Several methods of financing are discussed with some references to bond rating criteria. The principal theme is the need for flexibility in all phases of project financing.
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Han, JinYoung, and Anat Hovav. "To bridge or to bond? Diverse social connections in an IS project team." International Journal of Project Management 31, no. 3 (April 2013): 378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.09.001.
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Li, Shuai, Dulcy Abraham, and Hubo Cai. "Infrastructure financing with project bond and credit default swap under public-private partnerships." International Journal of Project Management 35, no. 3 (April 2017): 406–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.01.005.
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Böttcher, Lars, S. Karaszkiewicz, D. Manessis, Eckart Hoene, and A. Ostmann. "Next Generation High Power Electronic Modules Based on Embedded Power Semiconductors." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, DPC (January 1, 2014): 000694–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2014dpc-tp12.
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The spectrum of conventional power electronics packaging reaches from SMD packages for power chips to large power modules. In most of these packages the power semiconductors are connected by bond wires, resulting in large resistances and parasitic inductances. Power chip packages have to carry semiconductors with increasing current densities. Conventional wire bonds are limiting their performance. Today's power modules are based on DCB (Direct Copper bonded) ceramic substrates. IGBT switches are mounted onto the ceramic and their top side contacts are connected by thick Al wires. This allows one wiring layer only and makes an integration of driver chips very difficult. Additionally bond wires result in a high stray inductance which limits the switching frequency. Especially for the use of ultra-fast switching semiconductors, like SiC and GaN, it is very difficult to realize low inductive packages. The embedding of chips offers a solution for many of the problems in power chip packages and power modules. While chip embedding was an academic exercise a decade ago, it is now an industrial solution. A huge advantage of packaging using PCB technology is the cost-effective processing on large panel. Furthermore embedded packages and modules allow either double-side cooling or 3D assembly of components like capacitors, gate drivers or controllers. The advanced results of research projects will be discussed in the paper. An ultra-low inductance power module with SiC switches at 20 A / 600 V has been realized and characterized. The DC link inductance of the module was 0,8 nH only. These results sparked a huge interest in currently starting follow up projects creating package for fast switches. In a further project power modules for automotive power inverters for motor control are under development. As a project demonstrator, a 10 kW module with IGBTs and diodes at 400 V / 500 A, was manufactured. This demonstrator is based on high power PCB technology and was fully characterized; the results will be presented in detail. Recently started research projects will face the challenges of MW solar inverters at 1000 A and 1000 V, using SiC semiconductors as switches. First concepts will be presented as an outlook.
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Zhang, Shuhua, and Zhuo Yang. "The Valuation of Carbon Bonds Linked with Carbon Price." Computational Methods in Applied Mathematics 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cmam-2016-0001.
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AbstractThe carbon bonds issued by countries or enterprises can solve the problem of funds in low carbon economy growth. Now most of carbon bonds pay fixed interest rates, and a few pay floating rates. The diversity of carbon bonds can attract more investors to participate green energy projects. The London Accord project group proposed the index linked carbon bonds in the World Band Government Borrowers' Forum in May 2009, and pointed out that the interest paid regularly may be linked to carbon price, governments' carbon emission targets, in-country fossil fuel prices or tariff feed-in prices. In this paper, the interests are considered to be linked with carbon prices in the condition of stochastic risk-free interest rate, and a partial differential equation is established for carbon bond interests. Also, a fitted finite volume method is employed to solve the resulting partial differential equation numerically, and on the basis of the valuation for zero-coupon bonds, the price of carbon bonds is obtained. Finally, some data are utilized for the calibration of the parameters in the established pricing models, and some numerical examples are presented and the effects of parameters on solutions are also demonstrated, which can provide references for the issuers of carbon bonds.
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Grijalba Bengoetxea, Julio, and Alberto Grijalba Bengoetxea. "Los tres muros de Paimio." VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 4, no. 1 (April 26, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2017.6989.
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<p>Alvar Aalto´s career has certainly been a complex one and has been reported by official historiography to be divided into some more or less well-defined periods which correspond to unitary in time clusters of projects. Thus, Paimio has come to be for architecture the consolidation of the Modern Finnish Project at its apparently orthodox splendor. Aalto, from the very beginning, was attracted by the possibility of generating his own project message. This may be the reason why he found researching into the evocative power of <em>opposite conciliation<strong> </strong></em>which allowed him to obtain efficient tools to service his project. The peculiar presence of opposing elements in the same project governs the task of defining a new way to conceive architecture. There are truths in Paimio that withstand and refuse to be concealed under the apparent modern uniformity so many times appraised. All this becomes obvious and in many of the project syntax elements, but it is especially evident in the layout of the three walls of the rooms: the modern wall that stand weightless, defined by its immaterial abstraction; the heavy wall, defined by its physic features and bond to the XIX century tradition; and finally, the wall with an immaterial vocation, endowed with almost invisible features, and of deep eastern roots.</p>
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Aguilar, Luis, Juan David González-Ruiz, and Sergio Botero. "Shareholder Option Valuation in Mezzanine Financing Applied to CO2 Reduction in Sustainable Infrastructure Projects: Application to a Tunnel Road in Medellin, Colombia." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 12, 2022): 7199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127199.
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This research uses real options analysis (ROA) to examine a lender’s conversion option in a mezzanine debt for a sustainable infrastructure project. We examine a transport infrastructure case in Medellin, Colombia, called “Tunel del Oriente” (Eastern tunnel), which meets sustainable criteria to allow the access to credit through a sustainable bond. This study proposes a model to evaluate the right to exercise the conversion option by employing ROA with a binomial approach under the concept of a call option. The underlying assets are based on revenues from the forecast of estimated demand and the alternative sales of carbon credits as the sustainable factor. The results indicated that the financial captured value (FCV), with one as the conversion ratio, could be up to 39.10% of the investment when the lender decides to become a shareholder. Furthermore, the FCV can increase by 6% more if the project sells TonCO2e saved by the sustainable factor, highlighting that the tax benefits are approximately 11% of the FCV if the project is sustainable. Additionally, the option value is 39.09% of the debt amount. Finally, this study demonstrates that project finance using mezzanine debt proves to be an effective and attractive method for any lender wanting to boost profit while supporting stakeholders and the environment with sustainable projects and responsible investment.
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Morunova, Galina, Svetlana Kuzmina, and Taisiya Sorvina. "Options for financial support of local issues." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 05058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819305058.
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The search for additional options for financing issues of local importance and the organization of economic activity of municipalities is particularly relevant in the context of the economic crisis and budgetary constraints in Russia. According to the author, the reason for the low activity of municipal-private partnership projects is often explained by the complexity of interaction between business and municipalities. It is obvious that only cooperation and interaction at all levels can ensure the solution of a number of problems, and, as a consequence, municipal development. The tool of such inter-municipal, inter-level, within the municipality cooperation with citizens and business can be a target bond loan for the implementation of a specific project. The author substantiates this hypothesis on the example of foreign practice, as well as considering a specific example of a possible municipality with the use of a bond and possible restrictions on the use of this tool.
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Hall, Christopher J. J., Indi S. Marriott, Kirsten E. Christensen, Aaron J. Day, William R. F. Goundry, and Timothy J. Donohoe. "Extension of hydrogen borrowing alkylation reactions for the total synthesis of (−)-γ-lycorane." Chemical Communications 58, no. 32 (2022): 4966–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2cc01248k.
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The total synthesis of (–)-γ-lycorane (10 steps) was completed from cyclohexenone. This is one of the first examples of hydrogen borrowing C–C bond formation being used as a key step in a total synthesis project.
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Iryna, HANECHKO. "WORLD MARKET OF PROJECT FINANCING: INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 119, no. 6 (December 22, 2021): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2021(119)10.
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Background. The domestic economy remains systemically underfunded due to lack of domestic financial resources and low investment attractiveness for foreign investors. The deepening of this problem is also caused by the situation with COVID-19, which has led to a decrease in global cash flows in the world. Obtaining cross-border investment flows in various sectors of the economy is associated with project financing, the development of co-financing and the use of PPPs. There is a question of research of modern tendencies of development of project financing which change according to present challenges, for the purpose of implementation of experience of foreign countries in the Ukrainian practice of development of investment activity. Analysis of recent research and publications has shown that in the context of abrupt changes, challenges and crises, leading to reduction oflong-term investments, the issue of using large-scale project financing to guarantee future profits (project financing) to develop priority sectors of the economy and individual regions of the country remains relevant. The aim of the work is to study the global industry trends in the development of project financing, taking into account the new socio-economic realities and justification of the feasibility of using world experience in Ukrainian practice. Materials and methods. The research methodology is based on a system of general scientific and special methods, in particular: abstract-logical, analysis, synthesis, comparison, grouping, generalization, graphical method, statistical methods for assessing the dynamics and structure. Legislative documents, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists, statistical information became the information base of this research. Results. The modern tendencies of the global market of project financing, dynamics of its volumes and branch structure are investigated. The directions of project financing by the main sources are analyzed: bank loans and bond loans. The expediency of using international experience in the implementation of large-scale investment projects in various sectors of the economy of Ukraine using schemes and methods of project financing is substantiated. Conclusion. The introduction of experience in the implementation of investment projects using project financing schemes in Ukraine should contribute to the formation of demand for long-term investments, including foreign ones. This practice of project implementation allows to modernize the economy, increase the potential of regional development and integrate into global value chains.
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Mikahere-Hall, Alayne. "Tūhono Māori: A Research Study of Attachment from an Indigenous Māori Perspective." Ata: Journal of Psychotherapy Aotearoa New Zealand 23, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9791/ajpanz.2019.07.
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Tūhono Māori is a qualitative research project that engages with Indigenous Kaupapa Māori methodology and methods. The purpose is to investigate a uniquely Māori approach for understanding the nature in which healthy whānau (family) relationships are fostered within a Māori social system. The research seeks to advance what we understand about healthy attachments through an Indigenous Māori lens, exploring traditional and contemporary notions of attachment in which healthy emotional bonds are fostered and secure whānau attachments promoted. The aim of this research is to develop Māori theory that will shape trauma-informed interventions for Māori children and their whānau. The study is intended to address a knowledge gap in which tūhono (attach/bond) and related concepts such as tūhonotanga (attachment/connectedness) are proposed as a contemporary Māori notion of attachment. This paper discusses the methodology and methods employed in the Tūhono Māori research project.
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Rezvanov, Rinat I. "Implementation of International Sustainable Financing Practices into the National Debt System. Can Infrastructure Loans Become Responsible?" Financial Journal 13, no. 5 (October 2021): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2021-5-62-78.
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The article examines the debt instruments of responsible financing, presented in world practice mainly in the form of green bonds, following the common principles of the International Capital Market Association (ICMA). A brief description of each bond issue model is provided: green bonds, social bonds, sustainability bonds, sustainability-linked bonds, and climate transition bonds. For each of the models for issuing responsible bonds, issuing companies are given as examples, with a brief description of the corresponding target parameters. The article focuses on the special measures of federal monetary support to Russian regions introduced in 2021. Based on the adopted comparative typological research method, these measures are analyzed from the standpoint of correlation with the established principles of sustainable financing and accepted widespread (general) international practice. Moreover, attention is paid both to interbudgetaryfinancial instruments presented in the form of infrastructure loans and new infrastructure projects for the purposes of regional economic development, and to the forthcoming issue of infrastructure bonds by Russian financial development institutions (in particular, Dom.RF). It is emphasized that the states themselves, and not only the corporate sector, are becoming active participants in the markets for sustainable financing, realizing the goals of long-term infrastructure development and the implementation of regional economic policies combined with a sectoral approach based on the principles of green economy (exemplified by Germany). A conclusion is made about the possibility of implementing new federal instruments of regional economic support in the system of target principles of sustainable development (ESG criteria). To achieve such a result, a qualitatively deep structuring of the proposed Russian financial instruments for infrastructure development will be required. Above all, this relates to the inclusion in the responsible debt policy instrument methodology of such four core components of the ICMA’s green bond principles (GBP) as the Use of Proceeds (1), Process for Project Evaluation and Selection (2), Management of Proceeds (3), and Reporting (4).
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Piancastelli, E. M., Aldo G. Magalhães, Fernando José Silva, M. A. P. Rezende, White J. Santos, E. V. M. Carrasco, and J. N. R. Mantilla. "Bond Strength between Old and New Concretes with Focus on the Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Columns - Slant Shear Test versus Double Sleeve Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 864 (April 2017): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.864.324.
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The purpose of this paper is to present the main aspects and results of an experimental study to determine the bond strength between the concrete of a column of an existing structure (old concrete) and the concrete that will be used in its strengthening project (new concrete). For the bond strength tests, a specimen was conceived, called Double Sleeve specimen. The bond strength results obtained from the tests using Double Sleeve specimens, called Double Sleeve Tests, were compared to the results obtained from using the Slant Shear Test. The values for the bond strength between the two concretes, obtained from the Double Sleeve Tests, were either below or above the values obtained from linear regression of the Slant Shear Test results, depending on the sleeve diameter and the ratio of transverse reinforcement used. This fact, enabled concludes that the Double Sleeve Test is the most appropriate test to evaluate the bond strength between concretes of columns strengthened.
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Allen, Lindsay H., Joshua W. Miller, Lisette de Groot, Irwin H. Rosenberg, A. David Smith, Helga Refsum, and Daniel J. Raiten. "Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND): Vitamin B-12 Review." Journal of Nutrition 148, suppl_4 (November 30, 2018): 1995S—2027S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy201.
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AbstractThis report on vitamin B-12 (B12) is part of the Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND) Project, which provides state-of-the art information and advice on the selection, use, and interpretation of biomarkers of nutrient exposure, status, and function. As with the other 5 reports in this series, which focused on iodine, folate, zinc, iron, and vitamin A, this B12 report was developed with the assistance of an expert panel (BOND B12 EP) and other experts who provided information during a consultation. The experts reviewed the existing literature in depth in order to consolidate existing relevant information on the biology of B12, including known and possible effects of insufficiency, and available and potential biomarkers of status. Unlike the situation for the other 5 nutrients reviewed during the BOND project, there has been relatively little previous attention paid to B12 status and its biomarkers, so this report is a landmark in terms of the consolidation and interpretation of the available information on B12 nutrition. Historically, most focus has been on diagnosis and treatment of clinical symptoms of B12 deficiency, which result primarily from pernicious anemia or strict vegetarianism. More recently, we have become aware of the high prevalence of B12 insufficiency in populations consuming low amounts of animal-source foods, which can be detected with ≥1 serum biomarker but presents the new challenge of identifying functional consequences that may require public health interventions.
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Jing, Meng, and Werasak Raongjant. "Durability Test on the Bond Strength between SFRP Layer and Masonry Surface." Materials Science Forum 976 (January 2020): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.976.165.
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The mechanical properties of masonry structural members strengthened by FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) are affected by the bond strength of the reinforcement interface, in addition to the strength of the material FRP itself. This project is aimed at the new technology of Sprayed Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites (SFRP), which is currently attracting attention. The bond strength between SFRP layer and masonry surface under high-humidity condition during strengthening construction and dry-wet cycle conditions after reinforcement were studied by experimental method. Different masonry substrates and different reinforcement methods were set as the test parameters. It is concluded that, compared with the currently used GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) sheets reinforcement method, the SFRP reinforcement method has an significant improvement in the bond strength and the durability.
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Flores, Elsy Y., Jordan Varbel, Craig M. Newtson, and Brad D. Weldon. "Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Shear Keys in Concrete Bridge Superstructures." MATEC Web of Conferences 271 (2019): 07006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927107006.
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Many existing bridges have adjacent girders that utilize grouted shear keys to transfer loads laterally across the superstructure. Cracking and leaking often cause degradation of the shear key and the girder. This work investigates the potential for using non-proprietary ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) as a grouting material for repair of deteriorated shear keys by testing bond strength between UHPC and substrate concrete surfaces that were either formed or scarified by chipping. Bond strengths were adequate for both surface textures even though texture depth was substantially less than recommended by ACI 546. Scanning electron microscopy has also been used to investigate the bonded area. This microscopic scanning has shown fly ash residue remaining on the substrate after bond failure, indicating that the supplementary cementitious materials produce much of the bond. Ongoing work for this project also includes full-scale testing of UHPC shear keys between pre-stressed channel girders.
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Duan, Dan Jun. "Application of Synchronous Chip Seal Course in Large Bridges." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1073.
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The 5.6km long Yellow River Bridge is the control engineering of the Baoshu highway. Design documents indicate that the adhesive layer uses modified emulsified asphalt and the spray waterproof layer is over the adhesive layer. Because the Yellow River Bridge’s single-span is too large the bridge deck is too longer, the design of waterproof bonding layer s can easily lead to the early destruction of deck. Based on the careful analysis and investigation, project and the technical advisory group decided to adopt SBS modified bitumen Synchronous Chip Seal instead of modified asphalt emulsion waterproof bonding layer. And the engineering project controls the construction process to control construction effects. This method effectively solves the phenomenon of sticking wheel. After construction, the synchronization gravel seal bond strength test, the results show that average bond strength is 0.58MPa at 22 °C, greater than the standard specification’s requirement. Construction effect is good of Baoshu highway simultaneous gravel seal.
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Lee, Seong-Sil, and Mi-Hwa Lim. "A Study to Derive the Expected Loss of Real Estate Project Financing by Banks through Information Memorandum." Korean Association of Urban Policies 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21447/jusre.2022.13.2.139.
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Accordingly, this study analyzed the relationship between the EL amount and various real estate PF factors based on the current status of real estate PF handling by A Bank from 2015 to 2020. Comparing with previous studies that simply analyzed delinquency, provision rate, and loan quality-oriented analysis, or only negative loans without distinction from approved loans, this study selected and analyzed the EL amount, which is considered more in terms of risk management, together with the implementation of Basel III. It was analyzed by selecting it as a variable. Even if the loan was executed after the loan term and repayment method were confirmed at the time of the loan agreement, it was confirmed that the term and repayment method are not risk variables because early loan repayment is made through income from pre-sale. In addition, it was confirmed that PF, which is a special finance sector other than general corporate finance, is considering acquiring collateral for stable receivables bond collection.
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Camacho Vásquez, Gonzalo, and Joan Camilo Ovalle. "Video Games: Their Influence on English as a Foreign Language Vocabulary Acquisition." GIST – Education and Learning Research Journal, no. 19 (December 12, 2019): 172–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26817/16925777.707.
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In this particular project, a four-week video game-based activity is proposed, using videogames as main sources to improve participants' vocabulary. Moreover, the data gathered in the project is triangulated by using tests, teacher's journal, and students' journal during the four weeks. The project aims to demonstrate the bond between videogames and vocabulary acquisition as well as breaking the superstition that videogames cannot be helpful in EFL contexts. Besides, during the activity, students are asked to play two games, Scribblenauts and Age of Empires II. Consequently, the research tries to understand and analyze the process and roles students and teachers develop through the usage of videogames in an EFL classroom; reflecting upon experiences from the games.
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Dawood, Eethar Thanon, and Tamara Waleed Ghanim. "Effectiveness of high performance mortar reinforced with fibers as a repair material." Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2017.02.001.
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The present work deals with engineering properties of high performance mortar (HPM) to be used as a repair material. The experimental study was conducted on HPM reinforced with mono steel fibers and hybrid fibers consist of steel and polypropylene fibers. The economical efficiency of the designed mono and hybrid fibers reinforced mortar were presented. The results indicate that the hybridization of 1.8% steel fibers and 0.2% polypropylene fibers is very beneficial to decrease the production cost of fiber reinforced mortar for large scale construction project applications. The combined system of substrate concrete with different mixes of HPM was used to study its bond strength properties. The experimental tests are: two-part bond strength tests in additional to three part-bond strength tests. It was found that HPM reinforced by hybrid fibers has the best performance when two-part bond strength is required. On the other hand, in three parts bonding, the combined system of NC with epoxy has the best bond strength while HPM reinforced fibers show a better failure mode.