Academic literature on the topic 'Prohibition of stay'

This study intends to analyze the hadith about the prohibition of staying up late as immunity maintenance. This study uses a qualitative approach that emphasizes literature study through the takhrij and syarah hadith methods by applying contemporary analysis in the medical field. The results of the research and discussion show that the hadith regarding the prohibition of staying up late is of authentic quality based on the takhrij review so that it can be accepted as an Islamic argument. As for the syarah of this hadith, it shows that staying up late is a behavior that the Messenger of Allah hated, the attitude of the Apostle can be understood, that he forbade his people to stay up late, while this prohibition is only makruh and not haram. The conclusion in this study is that the hadith narrated by Imam Ahmad no. 18945 is maqbul for efforts to increase immunity by prohibiting staying up late.

This research represents the concept of prohibiting "approaching adultery" and efforts to stay away from it, according to the perception of Generation Z (often shortened to Gen Z), colloquially known as Zoomers. Currently, there is a proliferation of relationships between men and women who have feelings of love but without marital status. This research uses qualitative methods with the type of field research or field research with data collection techniques carried out using interviews and questionnaires. This research was conducted by several respondents in various areas in Sidoarjo, including Sidoarjo, Sukodono, and Prambon subdistricts. The statements used during the interview show that Generation Z has different views regarding the prohibition on approaching adultery. Generation Z, who are firm in their stance with the thoughts and knowledge gained in Islamic Boarding Schools and a supportive environment, will not influence their views regarding the prohibition of adultery, even though Generation Z is developing in a world of technology that is developing rapidly, most of them have a circle that builds a good identity. On the other hand, Generation Z, who have a non-Islamic boarding school background, feel that behavior approaching adultery is normal.

The purpose of this study is to explain the sufism thoughts of Sheikh Nawawi al-Jawi in the book marăqil 'ubūdiyah. This type of research is library research. The uniqueness of his sufism thought is related to three fundamental things, namely: first, a sălik when he first enters the world of tasawuf he must strengthen his shari'ah teachings, because according to sheikh Nawai shari'a are some of God's laws ordered by the Messenger to mankind originating from God in the form of obligatory laws, sunnah, haram, makruh and mubah; second, sălik carry out various obligations, traditions, leave various prohibitions, stay away from excessive things that are permissible, carry out caution such as: wara', riyadhah in the form of literacy, hunger and silence; third, understanding the essence of everything, such as witnessing Allah's names (names), Allah's attributes, witnessing the Essence and secrets of the Qur'an, the secrets of prohibition, permissibility, and some unseen knowledge that cannot be obtained from a person. teacher, but the knowledge is understood from God. In the end, it is hoped that this article will provide readers with a deeper understanding of Sheikh Nawawi sl-Jawi's taswuf thoughts which combine sharia, tariqat and the essence of Islam.

Nonpharmaceutical Interventions (NPI) consist of compulsory (isolation, quarantine, stay-at-home orders, banning public gatherings, nonessential business closures, school closures), and voluntary (social distancing, handwashing, respiratory etiquette, and universal mask wearing) measures. The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the different forms of NPI and their effectiveness in combating the pandemic. Isolation can be indicated for symptomatic and asymptomatic infected people at home or at hospitals depending on the patient’s clinical picture. Quarantine is a social distancing intervention in asymptomatic uninfected people who had contact with SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Stay-at-home orders refer to statewide mandates imposing nonessential business closures, prohibition of public events and gatherings, and travel restrictions. Studies have suggested that stay-at-home orders may be associated with a reduction in the incidence of COVID-19 in some countries. Mask wearing decreases the risk of COVID-19 in the community, especially when the surgical masks are used for vulnerable people. N-95 respirators protect health workers from COVID-19. NPI may be helpful to curb the COVID-19 pandemic while mass vaccination worldwide is not attainable, and the threat of SARS-COV-2 variants remain on the horizon.

Abstract Considering the reality that criminal proceedings suffer unwarranted delay due to spatial of antics habitually utilized by litigants to delay proceedings, this paper explores the judgment of the Supreme Court in Methu v FRN to determine whether, or not, exclusion of stay of proceedings is constitutional. The authors employed mainly doctrinal method, thus library based. It is established that antics and technicalities often employ by litigants/counsel in corruption cases constitute impediment to speedy trial of indicted individual in courts. The judgment under review validates the constitutionality of proscription of stay of proceedings and remedied the unwholesome attitude of litigants/counsel to deliberately delay/frustrate criminal proceedings. Similarly, the risk of denying the state of its synergy to fight corruption vide delay in securing expeditious hearing and trial of cases is extinguished and constitutional right of the accused, the victim of crime and the state to fair hearing within reasonable time reaffirmed. It is concluded that the innovative insertion of prohibition on stay of proceedings in the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) and Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) Act mechanisms put in place to check delay in prosecuting crime of corruption, and therefore, does not infringe on the fundamental right of an accused person to fair hearing.

This paper aims to elaborate on the psychosocial support provided by the supervisors and managers of the orphanage to 50 children living in the Social Institution for Children and Adolescents of the Social Service for Southeast Sulawesi Province. This qualitative descriptive study focuses on studying children who experience psychological disorders after undergoing long quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods of data collection through observation, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussion. The results of the study show that: First, 50 children have undergone self-quarantine for months in the home. Due to long-term quarantine, the children experience mental and social (psychosocial) disorders in the form of boredom, boredom, and stress. Second, the causes of psychosocial disorders in children are not only caused by the length of quarantine in the orphanage, the prohibition on going to school and the prohibition on visiting other important public places due to the implementation of social distancing and stay at home policies, as well as the difficulty of children understanding the subject matter. online while undergoing online learning at home. Finally, providing psychosocial support to children in difficult times like now is very necessary, considering that the closest people to the child (parents, supervisors, and institution managers) are people who know exactly about the problems and solutions faced by children for healing mental health, social, and child psychology.

Covid-19 is a contagious disease that causes emergencies in the world including Indonesia. This situation causes all activities to be hampered, especially in terms of mobility that is needed to carry out activities. Transportation is an important tool in this regard. The government is demanding that as soon as possible take steps to prevent and control the spread of Covid-19, so a rule or regulation is needed. The spread of Covid-19 in Indonesia, which began in March 2020, continued until the Eid 1441 H took place. It has become a culture and tradition in Indonesia when Eid is to stay in touch with relatives and return to their hometown or usually called mudik. This of course requires a mode of transportation. To prevent the acceleration of the spread of the virus, the government issued a regulation on the prohibition of mudik through Permenhub No. 25/2020. The issuance of this regulation is a government preventive measure in handling Covid-19. However, this causes losses to prospective passengers who have already bought tickets for going home and those who hope to meet with their families. Regarding this, regulation must not only contain regulatory matters such as prohibitions and sanctions for those who violate them but also provide solutions to unwanted things such as compensation as a form of liability. However, whether law enforcement and the application of this regulation are effective according to government directives or not.

Introduction: Safety concerns surrounding the coronavirus 2019 pandemic led to the prohibition of student rotations outside their home institutions. This resulted in emergency medicine (EM)-bound students having less specialty experience and exposure to outside programs and practice environments, and fewer opportunities to gain additional Standardized Letters of Evaluation, a cornerstone of the EM residency application. We filled this void by implementing a virtual clerkship. Methods: We created a two-week virtual, fourth-year visiting clerkship focused on advanced medical knowledge topics, social determinants of health, professional development, and professional identity formation. Students completed asynchronous assignments and participated in small group-facilitated didactic sessions. We evaluated the virtual clerkship with pre- and post-medical knowledge tests and evaluative surveys. Results: We hosted 26 senior medical students over two administrations of the same two-week virtual clerkship. Students had a statistically significant improvement on the medical knowledge post-tests compared to pre-tests (71.7% [21.5/30] to 76.3% [22.9/30]). Students reported being exposed to social determinants of health concepts they had not previously been exposed to. Students appreciated the interactive nature of the sessions; networking with other students, residents, and faculty; introduction to novel content regarding social determinants of health; and exposure to future career opportunities. Screen time, technological issues, and mismatch between volume of content and time allotted were identified as potential challenges and areas for improvement. Conclusion: We demonstrate that a virtual EM visiting clerkship is feasible to implement, supports knowledge acquisition, and is perceived as valuable by participants. The benefits seen and challenges faced in the development and implementation of our clerkship can serve to inform future virtual clerkships, which we feel is a complement to traditional visiting clerkships even though in-person clerkships have been re-established.

Abstract. This verse explains the command of Allah SWT to stay away from major sins among the sins that are prohibited from doing it, and Allah SWT has promised his servant that if he avoids major sins he will be entered into a glorious place, namely heaven. Targhib values appear in this verse, namely promises accompanied by persuasion and seduction to postpone the mere benefit of delicacy and enjoyment. This study used a descriptive-analytical collection technique, namely the library (library reasearch) by examining in depth various interpretations and books related to the subject matter of the research. The results of the study suggest that the essence of educational values from the Al-Qur'an Surah An-Nisa verse 31 concerning targhib and tarhib is: Allah SWT forbids his servants to commit grave sins and promises enjoyment for his servants. Allah SWT orders his servants to stay away from big sins, namely every sin that Allah threatens with hell fire, wrath, curse and punishment, and Allah SWT promises pleasure to his servant if he stays away from the prohibitions that Allah SWT has given. The targhib values contained in the Al-Qur'an letter An-Nisa verse 31 are, as Muslims must understand and know about what are the commands and prohibitions that Allah SWT has set, such as the prohibition of committing major sins and the obligation to carry out worship and always believe in Allah SWT. Allah SWT has promised His servants who stay away from major sins and will be sent to a noble place, namely heaven. Abstrak. Ayat ini menerangkan tentang perintah Allah Swt untuk menjauhi dosa-dosa besar di antara dosa-dosa yang dilarang mengerjakannya, dan Allah Swt telah menjanjikan kepada hambanya jika menjauhi dosa-dosa besar makan akan dimasukkan ke tempat yang mulia yaitu surga. Munculah nilai-nilai targhib dalam ayat ini yaitu janji yang disertai bujukan dan rayuan untuk menunda kemaslahatan kelezatan dan kenikmatan semata. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif-analitis teknik pengumpulan yaitu kepustakaan (library reasearch) dengan mengkaji secara mendalam berbagai tafsir dan buku yang berhubungan dengan pokok masalah penelitian. Hasil penelitian mengemukakan bahwa esensi dari nilai-nilai pendidikan dari Al-Qur’an surat An-Nisa ayat 31 tentang targhib dan tarhib adalah : Allah Swt melarang hambanya untuk melakukan perbuatan dosa besar dan menjanjikan kenikmatan bagi hambanya. Allah Swt memerintahkan hambanya untuk menjauhi dosa-dosa besar, yaitu setiap dosa yang diancam Allah Swt dengan api neraka, kemurkaan, laknat dan adzab, dan Allah Swt menjanjikan kenikmatan kepada hambanya jika menjauhi larangan-larangan yang telah Allah Swt berikan. Nilai-nilai targhib yang terkandung dalam Al-Qur’an surat An-Nisa ayat 31 ialah, sebagai umat muslim harus memahami dan mengetahui tentang apa saja perintah dan larangan yang telah Allah Swt tetapkan, seperti larangan melakukan perbuatan dosa besar dan wajib menjalankan ibadah dan selalu beriman kepada Allah Swt. Allah Swt telah menjanjikan kepada hambanya yang menjauhi perbuatan dosa besar makan akan dimasukkan ke tempat yang mulia yaitu surga.

The major purpose of this study is to examine the mayoral years of Leonidas A. Guthrie, from 1905 to 1910. Guthrie (1875-1964), a Muncie, Indiana lawyer, reform leader, and philanthropist, served as mayor during a period when Muncie began to evolve into a modern city. His administration saw a number of changes in Muncie as the city entered the twentieth century, including the first brick streets and the widespread installation of electric street lights. In spite of these advancements, Guthrie, who kept exhaustive notes on every facet of his life, left no chronicle of his mayoral years amidst the large collection of his personal papers housed at Special Collections at Ball State University.Further research discovered that Guthrie's term was marred by controversy surrounding the city fire department and the Great Goddard Fire of 1907, the Interurban Strike of 1908, and the battle between the "wet" and "dry" elements which eventually led to the passage of the local option law and a "dry" vote for Delaware County. Therefore, this dissertation is a, chronological account of Guthrie's administration and an examination of the controversies and political turmoil surrounding Guthrie's mayoral years.
Department of History

La problématique de la déportation ou des déportés d’Afrique de l’Ouest, durant l’ère coloniale, n’est pas assez prise en charge par l’historiographie africaine d’expression française et même anglaise qui s'est davantage appesantie plus sur les guerres, les résistances et leurs différentes formes. Ce faisant, une réalité d’un pan de l’histoire coloniale reste plus ou moins méconnue. C'est pourquoi nous voudrions étudier le thème suivant, qui a été et demeure d’une actualité brûlante: « Les déportés de la Sénégambie et du Soudan : entre résistances et répressions dans un espace colonial de 1840 à 1946 ». Les acteurs de cette histoire des déportés sont des figures emblématiques et/ou de simples anonymes, qui ont voulu défendre la terre de leurs ancêtres, diriger les destinées de leurs peuples, lutter pour le maintien des valeurs et des traditions africaines. L’histoire de « ces soldats du refus » – à savoir les chefs religieux, les combattants au service de l’islam et des valeurs ou croyances ancestrales et les chefs politiques auxquels s’ajoutent les aliénés mentaux, les bandits sociaux et délinquants, les hommes de presse, les partisans et/ou disciples des chefs et même les tirailleurs sénégalais – mérite d’être examinée. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans les questionnements d’une histoire coloniale attentive aux enjeux de la répression et du maintien de l’ordre. Face au refus manifeste des meneurs de troupes ou créateurs d’émotions de se résigner au diktat colonial, la réponse donnée par les autorités coloniales était, entre autres, de les déporter/emprisonner, les assigner en résidence surveillée, leur interdire de séjour, pour leur couper toute forme de communication, tout contact avec leur entourage et les mettre ainsi hors d’état de nuire. Dans de nombreux cas, il s'agissait d'une forme d'emprisonnement, ce qui nous conduit à l'étude du milieu carcéral qui dévoile les formes d’évitement, les conditions de vie des déportés, l’architecture liée aux questions sécuritaires, etc. L’application de cette technique de répression, entrant dans la logique des politiques de sécurité, était une manière de freiner l’élan des chefs et d’anéantir toutes les résistances coloniales. L'étude que nous souhaitons conduire vise surtout à cerner la place déterminante de la déportation dans le dispositif de répression coloniale, dans le maintien de l’ordre sécuritaire, de mainmise politique, de contrôle des hommes et des espaces, pour l’exploitation des colonies. La trame chronologique que ce travail tente d’éclairer va de 1840 à 1946, une période charnière de l’histoire coloniale en Afrique de l’Ouest, particulièrement en Sénégambie et au Soudan, en ce sens qu’elle est marquée par des transformations rapides à tous les niveaux (politique, économique, social et culturel). La déportation était-elle si fondamentale, si nécessaire pour la réalisation du projet colonial, le maintien de l’ordre sécuritaire ? Dans quelle mesure les déportés constituaient-ils un réel obstacle, une entrave à l’implantation et à l’imposition du pouvoir colonial ? Quel a été le rôle des acteurs de l’ordre dans le processus de déportation ? Cette thèse explore des thématiques majeures telles que les contextes de déportation, les abus de pouvoir des administrateurs coloniaux, l’Indigénat et la justice indigène, les motivations de la déportation, les multiples réponses des indigènes, leur arrestation et déportation, la place des agents/acteurs (armée, gendarmerie et police coloniales) dans le maintien, le rétablissement et/ou la protection de la stabilité et les conséquences politico-économiques d’une telle « technique de pouvoir»
The problem of deportation or deportees from West Africa during the colonial era is not sufficiently addressed by French- and even English-speaking African historiography, which has focused more on wars, resistances and their different forms. In doing so, a reality of a part of colonial history remains more or less unknown. That is why we would like to study the following theme, which has been and remains of burning topicality: "The deportees of Senegambia and Sudan: between resistance and repression in a colonial space from 1840 to 1946". The actors in this story of the deportees are emblematic figures and/or simple anonymous, who wanted to defend the land of their ancestors, direct the destinies of their peoples, fight for the maintenance of African values and traditions. The history of "these soldiers of refusal" – namely religious leaders, fighters in the service of Islam and ancestral values or beliefs and political leaders to which are added the mentally insane, social bandits and delinquents, men of the press, supporters and/or followers of leaders and even Senegalese riflemen – deserves to be examined. This thesis is part of the questions of a colonial history attentive to the issues of repression and the maintenance of order. Faced with the manifest refusal of the leaders of troops or creators of emotions to resign themselves to the colonial diktat, the response given by the colonial authorities was, among other things, to deport/imprison them, to house arrest, to prohibit them from staying, to cut them off all forms of communication, any contact with their entourage and thus put them out of harm's way. In many cases, it was a form of imprisonment, which leads us to the study of the prison environment that reveals the forms of avoidance, the living conditions of the deportees, the architecture related to security issues, etc. The application of this technique of repression, part of the logic of security policies, was a way of slowing down the momentum of the leaders and annihilating all colonial resistance. The study we wish to conduct aims above all to identify the decisive place of deportation in the system of colonial repression, in the maintenance of security order, political control, control of people and spaces, for the exploitation of colonies. The chronological framework that this work attempts to illuminate goes from 1840 to 1946, a pivotal period in colonial history in West Africa, particularly in Senegambia and Sudan, in that it is marked by rapid transformations at all levels (political, economic, social and cultural). Was deportation so fundamental, so necessary for the realization of the colonial project, the maintenance of security order? To what extent did the deportees constitute a real obstacle, an obstacle to the establishment and imposition of colonial power? What was the role of law enforcement actors in the deportation process? This thesis explores major themes such as the contexts of deportation, the abuse of power by colonial administrators, indigénat and indigenous justice, the motivations of deportation, the multiple responses of indigenous people, their arrest and deportation, the place of agents/actors (army, gendarmerie and colonial police) in maintaining, restoring and/or protecting stability and the politico-economic consequences of such a "technique of power"

Przedmiotem badań dysertacji doktorskiej jest problematyka prawna dotycząca nałożenia obowiązków nabywców znacznych pakietów akcji na podmioty, które w sposób pośredni lub poprzez kolektywne działanie mogą wywierać wpływ na spółkę publiczną, a mianowicie na podmioty dominujące wobec akcjonariuszy spółek publicznych (które łącznie tworzą grupę kapitałową) i na podmioty, które zawierają prawnie kwalifikowane porozumienia dotyczące spółki publicznej (ang. acting in concert). Analiza obejmuje przede wszystkim przepisy zawarte w ustawie z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o ofercie publicznej i warunkach wprowadzania instrumentów finansowych do zorganizowanego systemu obrotu oraz o spółkach publicznych (tekst jedn.: Dz.U. z 2013 r., poz. 1382 ze zm., dalej jako: „u.o.p.”) ustanawiające obowiązki nabywców znacznych pakietów akcji – to jest obowiązki informacyjne (inaczej: obowiązki w zakresie ujawnienia stanu posiadania) i wezwaniowe oraz – powstającą z tytułu ich naruszenia – cywilnoprawną sankcję zakazu wykonywania prawa głosu. Poddane badaniu obowiązki stanowią w przeważającej mierze implementację unijnego prawa pochodnego oraz wchodzą w skład szczególnych mechanizmów ochronnych na rynku kapitałowym. Mechanizmy te stanowią odpowiedź prawodawcy na zidentyfikowane ryzyko, które może się materializować wobec uczestników rynku, zwłaszcza wobec inwestorów. Ze względu na fakt, że możliwość wywierania wpływu na spółkę publiczną nie musi wiązać się z koniecznością bezpośredniego i samodzielnego posiadania znacznego pakietu akcji, ustawodawca rozszerzył zakres podmiotowy obowiązków również na inne (niż pojedynczy akcjonariusz) podmioty, w tym właśnie na podmioty dominujące i działające w porozumieniu. W u.o.p. za ich naruszenie zostały przewidziane sankcje administracyjne oraz sankcja zakazu wykonywania prawa głosu. Odpowiednio skonstruowane przepisy przewidujące sankcje powinny ustanawiać skuteczny i proporcjonalny mechanizm zabezpieczenia wykonania obowiązków ustawowych.Rozważania skoncentrowano wokół ogólnego problemu badawczego, jakim jest znalezienie optymalnych rozwiązań normatywnych w zakresie nałożenia obowiązków informacyjnych i wezwaniowych na podmioty dominujące oraz działające w porozumieniu – w rozumieniu takim, że umożliwiałyby one osiągnięcie zamierzonych celów oraz jednocześnie nie stwarzałyby zbędnych obciążeń prawnych dla ich adresatów, co może mieć negatywny wpływ na funkcjonowanie rynku kapitałowego. Istotne jest skonstruowanie takich rozwiązań, które uwzględniałyby specyfikę okoliczności ich powstania wobec poszczególnych grup adresatów. Podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na następujące pytanie badawcze: czy obowiązujące w u.o.p. rozwiązania normatywne w zakresie nałożenia obowiązków nabywców znacznych pakietów akcji na podmioty dominujące i działające w porozumieniu oraz ustanowionej sankcji zakazu wykonywania prawa głosu z tytułu ich naruszenia przez wskazane podmioty, stanowią rozwiązania optymalne? Wyprowadzona została ogólna hipoteza badawcza, że nie są one rozwiązaniami optymalnymi i wymagają zmian. Podstawowym celem badawczym było zatem udzielenie odpowiedzi na powyższe pytanie i w konsekwencji weryfikacja wyprowadzonej hipotezy badawczej. Aby zrealizować to zamierzenie, przeprowadzono – co było stadialnym celem badawczym – interpretację przepisów nakładających obowiązki informacyjne i wezwaniowe na podmioty dominujące i działające w porozumieniu oraz ustanawiających sankcję zakazu wykonywania prawa głosu. Pozwoliło to na sformułowanie wniosków de lege lata na tle poszczególnych regulacji, co z kolei stanowiło materiał niezbędny do dokonania ich oceny pod kątem postawionego pytania badawczego. Ostatnim celem badawczym było zaproponowanie postulatów de lege ferenda, których uwzględnienie umożliwiłoby przybliżenie obowiązujących regulacji do rozwiązań optymalnych. Ze względu na założone cele rozważania przeprowadzono w oparciu o dogmatycznoprawną metodę badawczą. Pomocniczo wykorzystana została metoda historyczna oraz prawnoporównawcza. Do analizy wybrano przepisy prawa brytyjskiego oraz niemieckiego.Dysertacja doktorska składa się z czterech rozdziałów, które poprzedza część zatytułowana Wstęp, a wieńczy Zakończenie. Zasadniczo budowa każdego z rozdziałów opiera się na następujących elementach: uwagi wprowadzające, charakterystyka rozwiązań przyjętych w prawie unijnym i wybranych obcych systemach prawnych, ratio legis i geneza określonej regulacji, analiza rozwiązań przyjętych w prawie polskim oraz podsumowanie. Rozdział 1 stanowi ogólne przedstawienie problematyki dotyczącej obowiązków nabywców znacznych pakietów akcji. Rozdział 2 obejmuje analizę przepisów nakładających przedmiotowe obowiązki na podmioty dominujące. Poruszone zostały trzy szczegółowe wątki badawcze. Pierwszy wątek obejmuje przede wszystkim analizę definicji legalnej pojęcia podmiotu dominującego. Ze względu, że pojęcie to wiąże się z pojęciami podmiotu zależnego i grupy kapitałowej, również one zostały syntetycznie scharakteryzowane. Drugi wątek obejmuje analizę przepisów ustanawiających konkretne obowiązki w zakresie okoliczności ich powstania wobec podmiotów dominujących. Trzeci zaś wątek dotyczy analizy zagadnień prawnych pojawiających się na tle sposobu ich wykonywania. W odniesieniu do sposobu wykonania obowiązków informacyjnych badania oscylowały wokół ustalenia treści zawiadomienia składanego przez podmiot dominujący oraz kwestii, czy w przypadku powstania takiego obowiązku wobec podmiotu zależnego zawiadomienie może zostać złożone przez jego podmiot dominujący. W odniesieniu natomiast do sposobu wykonania obowiązków wezwaniowych podjęta została analiza mająca na celu ustalenie, który podmiot – w przypadku powstania obowiązku wezwaniowego wobec więcej niż jednego podmiotu wchodzącego w skład tej samej grupy kapitałowej – powinien ogłosić wezwanie i nabyć akcje w wyniku jego ogłoszenia. Podobną strukturę, tyle że na gruncie nałożenia obowiązków na podmioty działające w porozumieniu, nadano rozdziałowi 3. Pierwszy wątek badawczy obejmuje obszerną analizę definicji działania w porozumieniu. W ramach drugiego wątku badaniu poddano przepisy nakładające konkretne obowiązki w zakresie okoliczności ich powstania wobec podmiotów działających w porozumieniu. Wreszcie trzeci wątek dotyczy analizy zagadnień prawnych pojawiających się na tle sposobu ich wykonywania. W zakresie sposobu wykonania obowiązków informacyjnych rozważania dotyczyły ustalenia treści zawiadomienia oraz który podmiot, będący stroną porozumienia, powinien lub jest uprawniony do jego dokonania. Natomiast w zakresie sposobu wykonania obowiązków wezwaniowych podjęto próbę ustalenia, który podmiot (czy wszystkie), będący stroną porozumienia, powinien ogłosić wezwanie i nabyć akcje w ramach tego wezwania. Rozdział 4 został poświęcony zagadnieniom prawnym pojawiającym się na tle sankcji zakazu wykonywania prawa głosu za naruszenie obowiązków nabywców znacznych pakietów akcji przez podmioty dominujące i działające w porozumieniu. Podstawowym przedmiotem analizy było ustalenie, kiedy naruszenie poszczególnych obowiązków informacyjnych i wezwaniowych przez wspomniane podmioty powoduje powstanie sankcji, w jakim zakresie ona powstaje (które akcje są objęte zakazem), czy może ona objąć akcje nienależące bezpośrednio do podmiotu, który dopuścił się danego naruszenia, oraz czy obowiązuje ona bezterminowo, czy w przypadku „następczego” wykonania obowiązku przestaje obowiązywać. W Zakończeniu została udzielona odpowiedź na postawione pytanie badawcze i tym samym została zweryfikowana hipoteza badawcza. Przedstawiono ponadto najważniejsze wnioski de lege lata oraz postulaty de lege ferenda dotyczące rozwiązań, na tle których pojawiły się znaczne wątpliwości interpretacyjne albo dotyczące wprowadzenia regulacji, których brak w u.o.p.Dysertacja doktorska została przygotowana z uwzględnieniem stanu prawnego obowiązującego na 3 marca 2016 r.
The subject of this dissertation are the legal issues concerning the imposition of obligations of purchasers of material blocks of shares in public companies on entities which indirectly or through collective action are in a position to affect the functioning of a public company, namely on the parent entities of shareholders in public companies (which together create the relevant capital group) and those acting in concert. The analysis mostly concerns the provisions of the Act of 29 July 2005 on Public Offering, Conditions Governing the Introduction of Financial Instruments to Organized Trading, and Public Companies (consolidated text: OJ 2013 Item 1382, with amendments, hereinafter referred to as “the Act”) in which are stipulated obligations of purchasers of material blocks of shares, viz. information obligations (disclosure of shareholdings), obligations concerning tender offers, and the civil-law sanction of prohibition of exercise of voting rights which may be imposed on violators of these obligations. The aforementioned provisions implement European Union directives and form part of the special protective mechanisms of the capital market. These mechanisms mark the legislator’s response to identified risks which can materialize with regard to participants of the capital market, investors in particular. Due to the fact that being in a position to exert influence on a public company need not involve direct and independent ownership of a significant block of shares, the legislator extended the scope of the relevant obligations onto parent entities and those acting in concert. The Act provides for administrative sanctions, as well as prohibition of exercise of voting rights for entities violating their information (disclosure) and offer-related obligations. Well-designed sanction provisions should produce an effective and proportionate mechanism safeguarding the performance of those statutory obligations which the sanctions are intended to protect.Discussion focuses on the general research problem of finding optimal normative solutions for imposing obligations on purchasers of material blocks of shares on parent entities and persons acting in concert, with the understanding that any such solutions should achieve their purpose while not creating unnecessary regulatory burdens for the addressee, what could have negative impact on the functioning of the capital market. It is important to design solutions that would take into account the specificity of the circumstances in which the obligations arise for particular groups of addresses. The goal is to answer the following research question: are the Act’s normative solutions concerning the imposition of obligations of purchasers of material blocks of shares on parent entities, those acting in concert, and the sanction of prohibition of exercise of voting rights for violators optimal normative solutions? The dissertation ventured from the general hypothesis that these solutions are not optimal and require changes. The primary goal of the dissertation is therefore to answer the aforementioned research question and, in consequence, verify the hypothesis. To this end, as an intermediate research goal, analysis was carried out of the provisions imposing information and offer-related obligations, as well as provisions establishing the sanction of prohibition of exercise of voting rights. This permitted conclusions de lege lata concerning the various specific provisions, which supplied the necessary material for their assessment in the light of the main research question. The final goal is to propose conclusions de lege ferenda to help create optimal normative solutions. Owing to the research goals discussion follows the dogmatic method. Supplementary discussion follows the historical and comparative law method. For the analysis were selected British and German law.The dissertation consists of four numbered chapters, preceded and followed by sections titled “Introduction” and “Conclusions” respectively. Basically, the construction of each of the chapters is based on the following elements: introductory remarks, the characteristics of the solutions adopted in European Union law and selected foreign legal systems, ratio legis and the genesis of a particular regulation, the analysis of the solutions adopted in the Polish law and a summary. Chapter 1 provides a general overview of obligations of purchasers of material blocks of shares. Chapter 2 proceeds to analysis of the provisions imposing obligations on parent entities, discussing three specific research topics: The first mostly focuses on the legal definition of a parent entity. As this definition is associated with the definitions of a subsidiary and a capital group, those also are synthetically characterized. The second consists in analysis of the provisions imposing obligations in the scope of the circumstances in which the obligations arise for parent entities. The third looks into the manner in which the obligations are to be performed. As regards the performance of information obligations, the focus of the research was to determine the contents of the notification required of the parent entity and whether this obligation, where arising for a subsidiary, may be fulfilled by its parent entity. As regards the performance of obligations concerning tender offers, considered next is which entity – in those cases when such obligations arise for multiple entities belonging to the same capital group – ought to be the one submitting the offer and acquiring shares as a result. Chapter 3 follows the same structure but with regard to the imposition of obligations on persons acting in concert. The first topic deals widely with the definition of those acting in concert. The second consists in analysis of the provisions imposing obligations in the scope of the circumstances in which the obligations arise for those acting in concert. The third looks into the manner in which the obligations are to be performed. The focus is to determine the contents of the notification and who of those acting in concert ought to or may perform the respective obligations (give notification, submit the offer, acquire the shares). Chapter 4 is devoted to issues surrounding the sanction of prohibition of exercise of voting rights for breach of obligations of purchasers of material blocks of shares by parent entities and those acting in concert. The primary purpose of this chapter is to determine when a breach of obligation by a parent entity or one acting in concert triggers the sanction and the extent of that sanction (what shares are affected) and if the sanction may affect the shares which does not directly belong to the entity which breach concrete obligation. The last-mentioned problem concerns the duration of the sanction, i.e. whether the sanction remains in place indefinitely after the breach or ceases with subsequent performance of the obligation breached. The final part of the dissertation, Conclusions, proposes an answer to the main research question and, in consequence, verifies the hypothesis. It also lays out the most important conclusions de lege lata and recommendations de lege ferenda concerning those normative solutions as to which doubts have arisen and appropriate solutions the Act is missing.The dissertation considers the law in force as at 3 March 2016.

This chapter examines the most common aspects of the right of set-off in the United States, focusing on the State of New York. It also considers the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and its implications for the right of set-off. The chapter first considers contractual and statutory set-off outside bankruptcy proceedings and whether set-off can be considered a security interest before discussing set-off against insolvent parties. It explains how the right of set-off is affected by the automatic stay provision in section 362 of the Bankruptcy Code, the prohibition of creditor preferences, and fraudulent transfers. It also analyses choice of law issues arising in cross-border set-off, taking into account the relevant provisions of the New York State law and Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code. Finally, it reviews the applicable rules for non-U.S. parties participating in a debtor's plenary Bankruptcy Code proceeding in the absence of a Chapter 15 ancillary proceeding.

AbstractThe International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a treaty endorsed by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1965. It advocates ending discrimination based on ethnicity and prohibiting the circulation of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred towards ethnic origin. Malaysia is one of the 14 member states that has not ratified ICERD. When the Pakatan Harapan government announced a review of the treaty in October 2018, it sparked a series of protests expressing resentment, predominantly by political and religious leaders, although the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) explained that ratification of ICERD would help to mould a united Malaysia. This chapter aims to unpack how articles in mainstream English language newspapers discursively represent the sentiments of the various parties for and against ICERD. Employing the dialectical relational approach, and premised upon membership categorisation and identity politics, this chapter studies New Straits Times and The Star and unveils the interplay of racial, social, and political voices and the justifications for the positions taken. The findings indicate that ICERD is largely constructed by social actors using the discourses of fear, threat, and discrimination against the Bumiputeras, who seemingly would be undermined by the minorities. These are discursively manifested in hypothetical forms through the use of conditionals and modality as well as overlexicalisation of vocabulary to intensify the tone of extremity. The debates on ICERD employing the discourses of identity politics seem to be for political gains rather than for the interest of equality and human rights for all Malaysians.

This chapter focuses on Article 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which is a very dense provision insofar as it contains several rules and is addressed to different categories of holders. Indeed, it guarantees freedom of movement and circulation, protection against arbitrary and collective expulsion, as well as the prohibition of non-refoulement, and the right to seek and to receive asylum. This provision alone contains several substantive rights that are not always protected as such by other general human rights conventions, with the exception of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. The structure of the provision is based on a balance between the individual rights' approach—the right of the individual in general, the right of the national of the State Party, and the right of the alien—and the prerogatives of the State, including the right to control the entry and stay of individuals on its territory. In order to respect this fragile balance, some of the rights and freedoms protected by Article 22 may be subject to limitations.

This chapter examines the legal battles in Texas over the issue of prosecuting consensual adult sex. In a 1963 revision of the Texas Penal Code, the state legislature liberalized the prohibitions on deviant sexual behavior. Sodomy was decriminalized for heterosexual couples, along with bestiality. Hence, a human could legally have sex with an animal but not with another human of the same sex. In the ensuing years there were halfhearted efforts to repeal and all were unsuccessful. The chapter discusses the 1998 case of John Lawrence, Tyron Garner, and Robert Eubanks relating to the issue of homosexuality, and more specifically, private homosexual conduct. It also considers the adoption of constitutional amendments on same-sex marriage in Texas and other states.

Turkey has been fighting against Coronavirus since March of 2020. During this period, healthcare workers who have been at high risk of becoming infected and transmitting the virus to their relatives were prohibited from resignation and going abroad. In the context of these prohibitions, this study aims to reveal how the stress levels and compulsory citizenship behaviors of healthcare workers were affected during the early stages of pandemic. According to the results of the study, middle-level stress, low-medium compulsory citizenship behavior, and high dissatisfaction with the income level and working conditions have been identified among healthcare workers. In addition to this, intention to quit or stay in job has not been changed during the first three months of the pandemic.

This chapter examines the courts associated with the king’s council and the residuary prerogative jurisdiction of the Crown. Such courts were not supposed to meddle with the law of property, or with matters of life and death, since they did not follow the ‘due process’ required by Magna Carta and its progeny, but they nevertheless developed extensive jurisdictions alongside the courts of law. Their procedure was close to that of the Chancery. The principal conciliar courts were the Star Chamber and the Court of Requests, at Westminster, but there were provincial counterparts in the Marches of Wales and in the North. The extraterritorial jurisdictions of the admiralty and the constable and marshal were similarly derived from the royal prerogative and operated outside the common law. The King’s Bench watched all these jurisdictions carefully and checked excesses by means of prohibition and habeas corpus.

Abstract This chapter introduces cannabis as a case study in legal, moral, and cultural renegotiation. For a century, prohibition has shaped the criminological enterprise in North America and worldwide. In the past decade, jurisdictions have explored and established new regimes established in law and policy to regulate cannabis. However, challenges remain. We introduce some fundamental problems at the intersection of theory and practice. These include racial disparities in cannabis enforcement and the rise in cannabis diversion programs and mandated treatment. Difficulties dismantling illicit markets within jurisdictions that have legalized cannabis have also emerged. We frame these problems based on the work of Stan Cohen. He argued that criminal justice reforms often reproduce what they were intended to disrupt because they fail to understand the nature of the obstacles, making them difficult to dislodge. The chapter concludes by assessing different rights-based frameworks to guide future cannabis reform and outlining the book’s organization.

Utilizing primarily cases from the War of 1812, this Chapter illustrates the power and limitations of the writ in restraining government. Positive examples include state habeas challenges to military enlistments in the period prior to Tarble’s Case and Ableman v. Booth, including one decided in the Massachusetts Supreme Court against General Thomas H. Cushing, and New York Chief Justice James Kent’s order that General Morgan Lewis release alleged spy Samuel Stacy. Negative ones include the defiance of the writ by General Andrew Jackson in the period surrounding the Battle of New Orleans. Events began with the expulsion of French counsel Louis de Tousard. When Louisiana legislator Louis Louailler protested, Jackson had him arrested. Lawyer Pierre L. Morel sought habeas corpus from Louisiana Supreme Court Justice Francois-Xavier Martin (denied) and prohibition and habeas corpus from federal Judge Dominick A. Hall (latter granted). Jackson arrested Hall. When United States Attorney John Dick obtained a state habeas writ Jackson arrested Dick and ordered the judge’s arrest. Jackson was fined by Hall for contempt but ultimately reimbursed by Congress. George Washington respected the writ but it was ever vulnerable to defiance, evasion or legislative suspension. Although valuable, it could not be relied on exclusively.

The shooting star - Hilton Hotels have seen it all, oil boom in Texas, prohibition, the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War, the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the landing on the Moon, the birth of digital age and expansion of social media, and many other events which have contributed not only to the development of business but, actually, influenced people’s lives the world over. It has been the aim of this book to tell the stories of a handful of properties which had to overcome various challenges on the path to the internationalisation of this American company. In all cases these are actually stories of people, those who created the Hilton Hotels, who made it expand, or sometimes, those who made it lose. Stories of struggle, success or defeat are not unique to Hilton, but some of the ways in which Hilton navigated through these challenges are, undeniably, worth remembering. This final chapter focuses on the key solutions employed by Hilton and its people to navigate the stormy waters of international business in the 20th Century. Historical events cannot, however, be studied in isolation from the wider socio-cultural context in which they unravelled, and the internationalisation of Hilton Hotels is no different in this respect. We have looked at the development of some of the most iconic of Hilton’s properties in this company’s early expansion and the destinations which hosted these ‘little Americas’ on their land. Yet, it is crucial to also take into consideration the wider changes which contributed to the internationalisation of other companies in the first half of the 20th Century, hospitality and tourism industry in particular.

The role of technology in neuropsychological practice has expanded dramatically in recent years, and its presence and evolving nature provide both exciting opportunities and sizeable risks that challenge practitioners ethically. Computerized test administration, scoring, and interpretation are now so common that is it hard to imagine a neuropsychologist’s practice that does not incorporate some combination of these technologies. Some of the most commonly used measures have become so complex or offer so many variables to consider that their scoring and interpretation would be extremely difficult, if not prohibitive, without the use of technology. Additionally, assessment of some cognitive constructs, such as sustained attention or response time, typically requires a computer for administration. Without computers for assessing such constructs, the understanding of the test taker’s cognitive abilities would be limited, and the decision to forgo use of such measures would not be consistent with optimal practice. Some referral sources, particularly in forensic contexts, specifically require the use of measures that are computer-administered, scored, and/or interpreted. Finally, computers, or other technologic devices, such as tablets, are now widely used by practitioners for completing and storing reports and other documentation, and telecommunications like email are commonly used for transmitting reports. Thus, technology now permeates the practice of clinical neuropsychology and will likely continue to do so forever. Even practitioners who prefer to limit use of technology must accept that it is here and is here to stay. This is not a bad thing. There are many advantages to the use of digital assessment and data storage. As Wahlstrom (in press) stated: After decades of incremental technological advancements, neuropsychology is beginning to see a rapid expansion of digital applications available to clinicians. In the short-term, these applications promise to replace paper materials and will make testing more efficient, accurate, and engaging for both the examinee and examiner.

Abstract Modeling the effects of the process parameters on the process or product performance is critical for predictive process design and control. While physics-based modeling has long been the path to such predictions, machine learning models are of increasing interest recently. But the data-hungry nature of machine learning entails prohibitive experimental cost, is hindered by large oversimplifications of computationally efficiency analytical models, or is limited by the time and cost of creating and executing more accurate numerical models. The situation becomes worse for newer processes or material for which the underlying coupled physics is often not fully known, thus decelerating process or material deployment. Transfer learning has been proposed as a solution for this problem, but the above issues remain since a source model of sufficient fidelity is still needed. This paper takes a first stab at this issue. We propose a physics-informed transfer learning that combines a large amount of data from an extremely low-fidelity but equally computationally efficient process model based on first principles with a small experimental dataset that represents ground truth. We demonstrate this approach by creating a support vector regression model of printed line width in Fused Filament Fabrication. Orders of magnitude reduction in computational cost and 60% reduction in experimental data needed is achieved, while retaining similar or lower error as compared to naïve learning on a much larger experimental dataset. We demonstrate the importance of the number and location of high-fidelity experimental data points and discuss future work in this context.

Recent changes in the global economy have significantly impacted the air separation market. Companies traditionally focused upon initial capital expenditures, have shifted their mindset towards total life cycle costs. As a primary component in the air separation process, the compressor has been recognized as a significant contributor to life cycle costs of an air separation facility. Accordingly, market expectations have shifted towards more efficient compressor designs to reduce the overall power consumption. This paper highlights the development efforts at Cameron’s Compression Systems to design advanced 3D cascade diffusers, leading to the development of compressors with higher aerodynamic efficiencies. While the concept of matching the diffuser design towards the local flow field is not new, the implementation of this concept has been significantly hindered by a lack of understanding with regard to impeller discharge conditions. Furthermore, the tools necessary to explore these specifics either did not exist, or where prohibitive in terms of both cost and time. Over the past 20 years, great advances have been made in the area of computational engineering. The advancements in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools have led to a better understanding of the transitional impeller flow fields. Furthermore, the dramatic progress in cheaper high-end computers has facilitated the design and development of sculpted three-dimensional diffusers within reasonable time frames and at relatively low cost. Recently, Cameron has deployed advanced sculpted 3D diffusers on limited production designs. This process involves a heavy utilization of STAR-CCM+ for performance analyses of centrifugal stages with various diffuser geometries. The CFD analyses vary from relatively simple steady state analyses with single impeller and single diffuser passages using indirect (mixing plane) interfaces to full stage unsteady simulations involving full inlet, impeller, diffuser and volute with a discharge pipe. This paper discusses a range of issues involved in performing CFD analyses for complex diffuser geometries. We show how CFD analyses are used to improve the aerodynamic performance of stages with respect to the regular low solidity cascade 2D diffusers. The paper provides results of comparative studies of the computational analyses with the aerodynamically tested data for the stages using both the regular low solidity 2D diffusers and sculpted non-periodic 3D diffusers. The test results confirm predicted improvements in compressor efficiency using sculpted non-periodic 3D diffusers over regular 2D diffusers by as much as 2% for peak efficiency. The paper discusses stage improvements due to use of 3D sculpted non-periodic diffusers.

Abstract Carbon Dioxide at supercritical state shows particularly favorable thermodynamic properties for closed loop Brayton and Rankine cycles. High density, close to a liquid, and low viscosity, close to a gas, drive to achieve higher energy conversion efficiency with smaller size turbines and components. Since minimizing the sCO2 leakage flows drives to a further increasing of overall efficiency, Dry Gas Seals (DGS) are considered as a key enabling technology for achieving this purpose and for achieving a carbon footprint in line with the increasingly stringent targets. DGSs are gas-lubricated, mechanical, non-contacting, end-face seals, consisting of a mating (rotating) ring and a primary (stationary) ring. The operating equilibrium clearance of the seal is determined by the balance of opening dynamic forces, mainly depending on angular velocity and grooves shape, and closing forces caused by pressure gradients and spring force. Due to high rotational speeds, typical small size sealing gaps (order of magnitude of Micron), high fluid pressure and density, the heat generated by friction through the seal has a large impact on the temperature distribution, therefore a thermal design is needed to stay below the seal allowable temperature; this requirement has been even amplified in the last years with the DGS application to hot turbomachinery. Nowadays, numerical Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) analysis is a good industrial practice to quantify the thermal distribution in turbomachinery components. On the other hand, due to different order of magnitude of secondary flows cavity sizes and DGS seal gaps, simulating the whole fluid domain with 3D Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) calculation could drive to prohibitive computational costs. In this regard, this paper presents a fast numerical iterative procedure based on a commercial one-dimensional flow network modeler (Altair Flow Simulator), with real gas effects included, coupled with a commercial finite element solver (Ansys Mechanical). Additional 3D CFD simulations are carried out to enhance the predictability of the fluid solver in specific critical areas. The proposed procedure is applied and validated in a DGS specific test bench designed, owned and operated by Flowserve. The validation data set has been generated operating the DGS in the test bench at 15 different conditions in terms of angular velocity and housing temperature with sCO2 as working fluid aligned with those expected on the unit. Test rig consists of a rotor and housing where the turbomachine operating condition (pressure, speed, temperature and sealing fluid) are mirrored to verify the seal performance. The rig is equipped with test seal and a plug seal mounted in a back-to-back configuration. Data set used for this comparison is composed by thermocouples on the statoric rings, retainers and housing of each seal, operating at five different angular speeds and three minimum levels of housing temperature (100°C, 210 °C and 250° C). These temperatures are designed to mirror turbomachinery conditions around the seal, and, if friction heat is not enough to guarantee them, a series of 18 × 1kW heating elements circumferentially distributed in the test bench housing, are activated. The nominal operating condition has been considered as the starting point of the model predictions and, there, several sensitivity analyses have been carried out to align the model to test bench measurements; then, the selected configuration has been frozen and used to assess the model performance on other operating conditions. The numerical results have shown a good agreement with experimental data at each operating condition in terms of punctual temperatures previously described and with extremely low computational times.

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) entered into force on 22 January 2021. As part of a project examining NATO obligations and how they interact with nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament law and policy, this paper focuses on what the entry into force of the TPNW should mean for members of the NATO Alliance. NATO has long maintained a strong unified position in opposition to the new treaty, meaning that under current circumstances it is unlikely that any NATO member will join the TPNW. But the reality for NATO, its members and partners is that the TPNW is now here to stay. There is a risk that if the Alliance maintains an intense focus on opposing the TPNW, this may obscure NATO’s broader long-standing commitment to global nuclear disarmament, and may undermine the potential for NATO and supporters of the TPNW to work together to advance the common goal of nuclear disarmament.

Last Fall, the Federal Court declared invalid and unlawful the federal government Order that classified plastic articles as toxic under the Environmental Protection Act. The government quickly appealed the decision and the Federal Court of Appeal granted a stay motion which prevents the Federal court ruling from taking effect while the appeal is ongoing. Therefore, the Single-use Plastics Prohibition Regulations remain in force. Despite an acknowledgement that Canada must fight against plastic pollution, Canadian exports of plastic waste amounted to almost 175 thousand tonnes in 2022, hardly a stellar performance. In light of developments in recent years and the Canadian government’s commitment to the management and use of plastics, the authors draw on available data to give an accounting of Canada’s trade in plastic waste over the last 20 years and point some data gaps.