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1
CASCARANO, APOLLONIA. "ORDINE PUBBLICO ECONOMICO TRA PROGRESSO ECONOMICO E SVILUPPO SOCIALE." Doctoral thesis, UNIVERSITà DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO BICOCCA, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/64775.
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Nella ricerca si mostra l’esistenza di una dimensione costituzionale europea di principi e valori comprendenti la CEDU e le costituzioni statali fondanti la presenza di un ordine pubblico europeo evidenziando l’emersione di un sistema europeo costituzionale. La ricerca unisce elementi e sistemi per prospettare l’esistenza di un’integrazione europea a livello giuridico tutelando il cd. pluralismo giuridico europeo, dando risalto agli strumenti di identità degli ordinamenti, creando unione tra il processo di integrazione e la tutela del pluralismo ordinamentale, evidenziando la situazione di giuridicità non perfetta relativa alla tutela dei diritti fondamentali. Da qui il ricorso al concetto di ordine pubblico che afferma l’unità degli ordinamenti giuridici definendo il concetto di pluralismo costituzionale europeo con il mutuo riconoscimento e l’affermazione di una dimensione costituzionale. Tra il concetto di costituzione formale ed il concetto di costituzione reale, si preferisce il concetto di Verfassung, costituzione reale. Il concetto di ordine pubblico conserva e valorizza le diversità ed i conflitti e diviene il risultato del conflitto tra conservazione e promozione dei valori e principi fondamentali. Si inserisce il concetto di ordine pubblico economico come categoria variabile che segna la nascita di un nuovo diritto tendente a prevenire e regolare i conflitti sociali. L’ordine pubblico economico si oppone all’astrattezza delle vecchie disposizioni con una legislazione di categorie sociali dove il contratto è sottoposto a regole dettate dalla tipologia contrattuale ed dalla personalità delle parti. La novità concettuale che porta alla distinzione tra i due concetti di ordine pubblico ed ordine pubblico economico è la base statuale: distanziandosi dallo Stato liberale, il concetto di ordine pubblico economico si fonda nelle forme di Stato sociale dove il sociale giustifica l’intervento statale in economia divenendo nozione giuridica di politica economica e sociale. Il rapporto tra diritto ed economia appare importante per poter meglio capire la portata della categoria dell’ordine pubblico economico: si segnala la necessità di creare concezioni non astratte ma reali dell’ordinamento recuperando l’esperienza dei rapporti umani e il fenomeno della comunicazione interpersonale. La proposta di una teoria generale in ambito economico rileva le deficienze di un metodo astratto in unione alla necessità di una "nuova antropologia" su cui si basa il concetto sussidiario. La nuova antropologia valorizza l'autonomia e la capacità dei singoli figlia dello spontaneo autoregolarsi della persona umana. Da ciò deriva l'analisi del rapporto tra ordine economico e ordinamento giuridico: la naturalità delle norme sociali si unisce con il ruolo sussidiario delle istituzioni che sopperiscono alle deficienze dei regolamenti. Esiste una comunicazione tra soggetti tramite la quale si ridà centralità al concetto di comunicazione ipotizzando un ordinamento intersoggettivo, sul quale si basa l'intervento sussidiario delle istituzioni con funzione di orientamento per il benessere della vita comunitaria. Il nuovo concetto di ordine pubblico economico diventa categoria che media le interrelazioni tra i principi dell’ordinamento comunitario e le regole del mercato comunitario. Lo sviluppo economico ed il progresso sociale sono i due cardini fondamentali della categoria, tendente sempre ad un bilanciamento tra le due finalità, riconosciuti a livello europeo come valori fondamentali ed intrepretati dalla giurisprudenza della Corte come fondamentali per le sue decisioni. Si sottolinea la realizzazione del concetto in ambito comunitario, dove all’esigenza di protezione delle libertà economiche si è riusciti ad associare la tutela di altri valori. L’equilibrio per il raggiungimento dell’ordine pubblico economico manca in tante aeree del diritto internazionale dove è prevalente il concetto di free trade rispetto ai valori sociali e della persona umana.The study shows the existence of an European constitutional dimension of values and principles including the CEDU and the national constitutions, establishing the presence of an European public order underlining the display of a constitutional European system. The research tries to prospect the existence of an European integration at juridical level, granting the European juridical pluralism, highlighting the identity of each system, unifying the process of integration and the defense of pluralism, showing a defective juridical situation related to the granting of fundamental rights. The study appeals to the concept of public order that states the unity of juridical systems defining the concept of European constitutional pluralism through the mutual acknowledgment and achievement of a constitutional dimension. Among both the concepts of formal constitution and real constitution, it is preferred that of Verfassung ,real constitution. The concept of public order retains and gives values to the differences and conflicts and becomes the result of the conflict between the retention and promotion of values and fundamental principles. It is added the concept of public economic order as a variable category that marks the beginning of a new law that prevents and settle social conflicts. The public economic order oppose the abstract nature of old orders through the legislation of social categories where the contract is subject to rules of contractual typology and to the legal entity of the parts. The conceptual innovation that brings to the distinction between the two concept of public order and public economic order is the statuale base : the concept of public economic order is based on the forms of social State where the social justifies the public intervention in economy, becoming a legal notion of political and social economy. The relationship between law and economy appears important to better understand the meaning of the category of public and economic order: it is marked the need to create real and non-abstract conceptions of the system and to recover the experience of human relationships and that of the interpersonal communication. The proposal of a general theory in an economic setting reveals the deficiencies of an abstract method together with the need of a “new anthropology” upon which the subsidiary concept is based. The new typology gives value to the autonomy and to the ability of the individual and it is consequence of the natural auto govern of the human person. An analysis of the relationship between the economic order and the juridical system follows: social rules join the subsidiary role of institutions that provide for the deficiencies of procedures. There is a communication between the two subjects through which the concept of communication gains importance, thus supposing a system upon which the subsidiary intervention of institutions that work for the welfare of community life is based. The new concept of public economic order becomes a category that mediate the interrelations among the principles of the Community system and the rules of the Community market. The economic development and the social progress are the two cornerstones of the category, always tending towards a balance between the two purposes , identified at European levels as fundamental values and interpreted from the law of the Court as basic for its decisions. It is underlined the fulfillment of the concept in the Community setting in which the need of defending economic freedom has been associated to the protection of other values. The balance for the achievement of the public economic order lacks in many areas of international law where the concept of free trade prevails over social values and human person.
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CASCARANO, APOLLONIA. "L'ordine pubblico economico tra progresso economico e sviluppo sociale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/65881.
Full textAbstract:
Nella ricerca si mostra l’esistenza di una dimensione costituzionale europea di principi e valori comprendenti la CEDU e le costituzioni statali fondanti la presenza di un ordine pubblico europeo evidenziando l’emersione di un sistema europeo costituzionale. La ricerca unisce elementi e sistemi per prospettare l’esistenza di un’integrazione europea a livello giuridico tutelando il cd. pluralismo giuridico europeo, dando risalto agli strumenti di identità degli ordinamenti, creando unione tra il processo di integrazione e la tutela del pluralismo ordinamentale, evidenziando la situazione di giuridicità non perfetta relativa alla tutela dei diritti fondamentali. Da qui il ricorso al concetto di ordine pubblico che afferma l’unità degli ordinamenti giuridici definendo il concetto di pluralismo costituzionale europeo con il mutuo riconoscimento e l’affermazione di una dimensione costituzionale. Tra il concetto di costituzione formale ed il concetto di costituzione reale, si preferisce il concetto di Verfassung, costituzione reale. Il concetto di ordine pubblico conserva e valorizza le diversità ed i conflitti e diviene il risultato del conflitto tra conservazione e promozione dei valori e principi fondamentali. Si inserisce il concetto di ordine pubblico economico come categoria variabile che segna la nascita di un nuovo diritto tendente a prevenire e regolare i conflitti sociali. L’ordine pubblico economico si oppone all’astrattezza delle vecchie disposizioni con una legislazione di categorie sociali dove il contratto è sottoposto a regole dettate dalla tipologia contrattuale ed dalla personalità delle parti. La novità concettuale che porta alla distinzione tra i due concetti di ordine pubblico ed ordine pubblico economico è la base statuale: distanziandosi dallo Stato liberale, il concetto di ordine pubblico economico si fonda nelle forme di Stato sociale dove il sociale giustifica l’intervento statale in economia divenendo nozione giuridica di politica economica e sociale. Il rapporto tra diritto ed economia appare importante per poter meglio capire la portata della categoria dell’ordine pubblico economico: si segnala la necessità di creare concezioni non astratte ma reali dell’ordinamento recuperando l’esperienza dei rapporti umani e il fenomeno della comunicazione interpersonale. La proposta di una teoria generale in ambito economico rileva le deficienze di un metodo astratto in unione alla necessità di una "nuova antropologia" su cui si basa il concetto sussidiario. La nuova antropologia valorizza l'autonomia e la capacità dei singoli figlia dello spontaneo autoregolarsi della persona umana. Da ciò deriva l'analisi del rapporto tra ordine economico e ordinamento giuridico: la naturalità delle norme sociali si unisce con il ruolo sussidiario delle istituzioni che sopperiscono alle deficienze dei regolamenti. Esiste una comunicazione tra soggetti tramite la quale si ridà centralità al concetto di comunicazione ipotizzando un ordinamento intersoggettivo, sul quale si basa l'intervento sussidiario delle istituzioni con funzione di orientamento per il benessere della vita comunitaria. Il nuovo concetto di ordine pubblico economico diventa categoria che media le interrelazioni tra i principi dell’ordinamento comunitario e le regole del mercato comunitario. Lo sviluppo economico ed il progresso sociale sono i due cardini fondamentali della categoria, tendente sempre ad un bilanciamento tra le due finalità, riconosciuti a livello europeo come valori fondamentali ed intrepretati dalla giurisprudenza della Corte come fondamentali per le sue decisioni. Si sottolinea la realizzazione del concetto in ambito comunitario, dove all’esigenza di protezione delle libertà economiche si è riusciti ad associare la tutela di altri valori. L’equilibrio per il raggiungimento dell’ordine pubblico economico manca in tante aeree del diritto internazionale dove è prevalente il concetto di free trade rispetto ai valori sociali e della persona umana.The study shows the existence of an European constitutional dimension of values and principles including the CEDU and the national constitutions, establishing the presence of an European public order underlining the display of a constitutional European system. The research tries to prospect the existence of an European integration at juridical level, granting the European juridical pluralism, highlighting the identity of each system, unifying the process of integration and the defense of pluralism, showing a defective juridical situation related to the granting of fundamental rights. The study appeals to the concept of public order that states the unity of juridical systems defining the concept of European constitutional pluralism through the mutual acknowledgment and achievement of a constitutional dimension. Among both the concepts of formal constitution and real constitution, it is preferred that of Verfassung ,real constitution. The concept of public order retains and gives values to the differences and conflicts and becomes the result of the conflict between the retention and promotion of values and fundamental principles. It is added the concept of public economic order as a variable category that marks the beginning of a new law that prevents and settle social conflicts. The public economic order oppose the abstract nature of old orders through the legislation of social categories where the contract is subject to rules of contractual typology and to the legal entity of the parts. The conceptual innovation that brings to the distinction between the two concept of public order and public economic order is the statuale base : the concept of public economic order is based on the forms of social State where the social justifies the public intervention in economy, becoming a legal notion of political and social economy. The relationship between law and economy appears important to better understand the meaning of the category of public and economic order: it is marked the need to create real and non-abstract conceptions of the system and to recover the experience of human relationships and that of the interpersonal communication. The proposal of a general theory in an economic setting reveals the deficiencies of an abstract method together with the need of a “new anthropology” upon which the subsidiary concept is based. The new typology gives value to the autonomy and to the ability of the individual and it is consequence of the natural auto govern of the human person. An analysis of the relationship between the economic order and the juridical system follows: social rules join the subsidiary role of institutions that provide for the deficiencies of procedures. There is a communication between the two subjects through which the concept of communication gains importance, thus supposing a system upon which the subsidiary intervention of institutions that work for the welfare of community life is based. The new concept of public economic order becomes a category that mediate the interrelations among the principles of the Community system and the rules of the Community market. The economic development and the social progress are the two cornerstones of the category, always tending towards a balance between the two purposes , identified at European levels as fundamental values and interpreted from the law of the Court as basic for its decisions. It is underlined the fulfillment of the concept in the Community setting in which the need of defending economic freedom has been associated to the protection of other values. The balance for the achievement of the public economic order lacks in many areas of international law where the concept of free trade prevails over social values and human person.
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MASOERO, Alberto. "La coscienza del progresso. Problemi e visioni dello sviluppo negli economisti dell'Università di Mosca sotto Alessandro II." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Torino, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10278/22337.
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Toyoshima, Silvia Harumi. "Progresso tecnico, desemprego tecnologico e crescimento economico : janelas de oportunidades para a economia brasileira no final da decada de 90." [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286034.
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Orientador: Wilson SuziganTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T20:05:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Toyoshima_SilviaHarumi_D.pdf: 6320042 bytes, checksum: 7099a922c126220e2d0aeb5481e734c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997
Resumo: Não informado
Abstract: Not informed.
Doutorado
Doutor em Economia
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Zaleski, Neto João. "Formação e desenvolvimento de redes flexíveis no contexto do progresso regional." Florianópolis, SC, 2000. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/79240.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-18T00:52:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 175582.pdf: 453132 bytes, checksum: c010577b1d5c2a04ee26106840ee7787 (MD5)
A pesquisa tem como cerne a elaboração de metodologias para implantação e desenvolvimento de Redes Flexíveis, que serão instrumentos de promoção de progresso regional. Perscrutando as futuras tendências gerais do Ambiente, o estudo verifica se tal sistema produtivo é adequado a essas tendências ou se é apenas uma moda passageira. Também são levantadas as ações e políticas que animam as Redes Flexíveis e promovem um arcabouço institucional capaz de sustentar essas redes. Para alcançar os objetivos do trabalho, fez-se uma ampla revisão da literatura e, em seguida, empregou-se o Método Delphi. O painel de exercício Delphi sobre Redes Flexíveis foi formado por consultores de reputação internacional, de países como: Estados Unidos, Canadá, Itália, Austrália, Dinamarca e Brasil. Os resultados que as Redes Flexíveis são adequadas ás tendências, já presentes no Ambiente, de aumento do Dinamismo, Complexidade e Hostilidade. Dentre os métodos possíveis para a formação de redes, destaca-se os programas de governo que se baseiam ou no Modelo Puxado pela Demanda. O exercício Delphi também foi utilizado para o levantamento de ações que incentivam o comportamento cooperativo através da promoção de redes Flexíveis. A pesquisa é original na medida em que apresenta as Redes Flexíveis como um sistema produtivo adequado às tendências que predominarão no início do século XXI. O trabalho acrescenta ao estado d'arte para a formação de Redes Flexíveis, uma proposta par enriquecimento do Campo de Potencial, que significa, dentre outras coisas, a promoção de um arcabouço institucional que apóia e estimula as Redes Flexíveis. Enfim, esta dissertação representa o que há de mais avançado para a formação e desenvolvimento de Redes Flexíveis e seu potencial de alavancagem do progresso regional.
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GARBELLINI, NADIA. "Saggi sulla Teoria della Dinamica Economica Strutturale - crescita, progresso tecnico, e domanda effettiva." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/960.
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La presente tesi ha due scopi paralleli.
In primo luogo, intende essere una rilettura concettuale attraverso di `Structural Change and Economic Growth' (Pasinetti 1981), alla luce del chiarimento di alcune questioni sia metodologiche che concettuali, e della contestualizzazione dell'opera all'interno dell'intero percorso intellettuale che, dal 1962 al 1988, ha condotto Pasinetti alla definizione esplicita e rigorosa del concetto di settore verticalmente iper-integrato.
In secondo luogo, fornisce una generalizzazione dell'intero schema teorico sviluppato da Pasinetti (1981), attraverso la reintroduzione dell'intero insieme delle relazioni inter-industriali, la riformulazione per mezzo di matrici partizionate, e la presentazione dei sistemi dei prezzi e delle quantità in termini di ricerca di autovalori e autovettori. La parte dinamica dell'analisi è stata generalizzata con la discretizzazione del tempo, originariamente continuo, e l'introduzione di saggi di crescita non stabili delle variabili esogene.
Il primo e l'ultimo capitolo sono dedicati al raggiungimento del primo obiettivo; il secondo e il terzo a quello del secondo.The present dissertation has two parallel aims. First of all, it intends to provide a conceptual excursus through Pasinetti's `Structural Change and Economic Growth', in the light of the clarification of some methodological and conceptual issues, and of the contextualisation of the book within the whole intellectual path, going from 1962 to 1988, which led Pasinetti to the completion of the explicit and rigorous definition of the concept of vertically hyper-integrated sector. Secondly, it performs a generalisation of the whole theoretical framework put forward by Pasinetti (1981), through the re-introduction of the whole set of inter-industry relations, the reformulation by means of partitioned matrices, and the restatement of the price and quantity systems as eigenproblems. The dynamic part of the analysis is generalised by the introduction of discrete, rather than continuous, time, and of non-steady rates of change of the exogenous variables. The first and the last chapters are devoted to the achievement of the first task; the second and the third to that of the second.
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PIERSANTI, FABIO MASSIMO. "Essays on Investment-Specific Technology Progress and Endogenous Market Structure in DSGE Models." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241297.
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L’attività di ricerca oggetto della mia tesi di dottorato è volta ad investigare, in un contesto macroeconomico ed in riferimento ad una modellistica Dinamico-Stocastica di Equilibrio Generale (DSGE) multisettoriale, il ruolo del progresso tecnico nella produzione dei beni di investimento (IST Shock) come fattore principale dietro le variazioni cicliche del Prodotto Interno Lordo (PIL) degli USA. Nel modello economico da me sviluppato la diffusione di tale progresso tecnico è potenziata dalla struttura di mercato che governa l’industria dei beni di investimento per mezzo di meccanismi endogeni di entrata/uscita dei produttori di tali beni e di emulazione tecnologica da parte delle imprese già attive nel mercato (incumbents) nei confronti delle imprese innovative che hanno appena avuto accesso al mercato (new entrants). La particolare struttura di mercato dell’industria produttrice di beni d’investimento permette di replicare, condizionatamente alla realizzazione di un avanzamento tecnologico nella produzione dei beni d’investimento, in maniera originale importanti regolarità empiriche relative agli Stati Uniti come la correlazione negativa tra le variazioni cicliche del PIL e del prezzo relativo dei beni di investimento.
Nel corso della ricerca da me condotta si investiga anche l’impatto dell’introduzione nel modello economico precedentemente esposto di un settore bancario con vincoli endogeni di leva finanziaria alla concessione di prestiti ai produttori di beni finali da parte degli intermediari creditizi. Ciò che emerge è che l’interazione tra la struttura di mercato vigente nell’industria produttrice di beni di investimento e il settore finanziario di cui sopra rallenta la diffusione del progresso tecnologico all’interno del sistema economico in quanto riduce il valore delle attività finanziarie in possesso delle banche commerciali. Infine la formulazione di tale modello, con l’aggiunta del settore finanziario di cui sopra, è in grado di contribuire dal puntoWe develop a stylized two-sector DSGE model with creative destruction and knowledge spillovers from endogenous firms entry/exit. A permanent IST shock affects volatility both at low and high frequencies. We interpret the IST shock as a sudden unexpected improvement of the new K-sector producers technology frontier, which then gradually spreads through incumbents. In addition, the endogeneity of the relative price of investment goods generates a feedback from the installation of investment into the stock of capital to the transformation of consumption- into investment goods. This mechanism potentialy invalidates the relevant contribution of the MEI shock as major business cycle driver in favor of the permanent IST shock. Further, we consider the role of financial intermediaries in a multi-sector DSGE model. We dig into the interactions between a financial friction and a stylized I-sector characterized by endogenous firm dynamics and technology spillovers. We find that the non-trivial banking frictions dampen the effect of an expansionary IST shock. In addition, the recovery from a banking crisis episode is substantialy weaker because the crisis dramatically reduces the inflow of new, more productive firms. These effects occur in consequence of the interactions between endogneous firms dynamics and banks profitability which, in turn, determines credit conditions.
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Turon, i. Dols Pau. "Firm, stakeholders, value dynamics and social economic progress. The case of the Spanish pharmaceutical industry." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/323098.
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La manera en que l’empresa crea valor és la primera etapa d’un cicle de dues fases. La segona és la distribució (apropiació) del valor creat a mans dels stakeholders. Com a conseqüència, les dinàmiques de valor són un eix central per comprendre com canvien les relacions entre l’empresa i els stakeholders amb el pas del temps, i com aquestes relacions condicionen el progrés econòmic i social de la societat. La teoria dels stakeholders no ha posat el focus en les dinàmiques de valor.
Per estudiar les dinàmiques de valor ens hem centrat en el sector sanitari espanyol i la industria farmacèutica que hi opera. El treball ha sigut enfocat a comprendre l’efecte del sector públic espanyol que hem considerat el stakeholder principal. En el periode estudiat, el sector públic espanyol ha capturat una part significativa del valor creat per les empreses, fent ús del poder i capacitat d’influència que li atorga exercir el rol de regulador i client simultàniament. Aquest fet ha canviat la dinàmica de valor. En el segon capítol han estat analitzades en profunditat, en un estudi “pin factory”, les relacions entre una empresa multinacional que opera en el sector i els stakeholders implicats. Les característiques particulars dels stakeholders que intercanvien valor amb l’empresa permeten l’estudi de les dinàmiques de valor amb un nivell de detall que, fins a on arriba el nostre coneixement, no s’havia arribat fins el moment.
Les dinàmiques d’influencia entre empresa i stakeholders també han sigut estudiades prenent com a referència el model de Frooman (1999) i les quatre proposicions que el conformen. Amb l’objectiu de contrastar el model, s’ha desenvolupat una nova metodologia basada en una aproximació econòmica que permet l’ús d’informació quantitativa. S’han formulat cinc hipòtesi que han estat contrastades estadísticament amb dades que provenen de la industria farmacèutica espanyola. Com a resultat, s’ha trobat un suport empíric significatiu pel model d’influències de Frooman.
Finalment, en el quart capítol es tracta el concepte de progrés economic i social. Tal com van concloure els guanyadors del Premi Nobel, Joseph Stiglitz i Amartya Sen i el professor Jean-Paul Fitoussi (Stiglitz, Sen i Fitoussi 2009), les mesures de progrés social sovint es confonen amb mesures d’activitat econòmica, com ara el Producte Interior Brut (PIB). L’objectiu d’aquest capítol és desenvolupar un concepte i una mesura de progrés econòmic i social que integri ambdós, els aspectes econòmics i els aspectes socials. El concepte s’inspira en Davis (1947), precursor de la teoria dels stakeholders. Com a resultat, s’ha desenvolupat un marc analític on els factors econòmics i socials són mesurats conjuntament. En aquest context es té en consideració la responsabilitat social de l’empresa i la seva sostenibilitat.Stakeholder theory has scarcely dealt with value dynamics. The way the firm creates value is the first step of a two phase cycle. The second step is the distribution (appropiation) of the created value to the stakeholders. As a consequence the value dynamics is a central factor in order to understand the relationship between firm and stakeholders through time and how these relationships condition the social economic progress of society. The Spanish Health care sector has been used as a framework for the study of these dynamics, particularly putting the focus on the effect of the main stakeholder, the Spanish public sector, in its role of customer and regulator simultaneously. Using its power and its capacity of influence it has been able to change the value dynamics capturing a significant part of the value created by the firms. In the second chapter we have analyzed in depth the relationships between firm and stakeholder in a pin factory study focusing the attention on a multinational firm that operates in this market. The particular characteristics of the stakeholders involved allow the study of the value dynamics at a level of detail that has not been achieved in the past, to our knowledge. The dynamics of influences between firm and stakeholders have also been studied, taking as a reference Frooman’s model (1999) and its four propositions. A new methodology has been developed through an economic approach. It can be applied using quantitative data. Five hypotheses have been formulated and contrasted statistically with data coming from the Spanish pharmaceutical industry. We find strong empirical support for Frooman’s model. Finally, the fourth chapter is about social economic progress. As the Nobel Prize winners Joseph Stiglitz and Amartya Sen and Professor Jean-Paul Fitoussi (Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi 2009) concluded, measures of social progress are often confused with measures of economic performance, such as GDP. The purpose of this chapter is to develop a concept and a measure of social economic progress that integrates the economic and social aspects. The concept is inspired by Davis (1947), an early precursor of stakeholder theory. We develop an analytical framework where social economic progress and its components can be measured together with the social responsibility of the firm and its sustainability.
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Campetti, Pedro Henrique de Morais. "Avaliação do progresso das nações: uma aplicação na América do Sul, Costa Rica e México." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2014. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4650.
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Em diversos países do mundo tem ocorrido uma busca por novos modelos de avaliação do progresso econômico e social. Apesar de o crescimento econômico ser importante, novas prioridades são necessárias para as sociedades atingirem níveis mais elevados de bem-estar. Este estudo insere-se neste contexto e objetiva propor uma medida de progresso multidimensional para ser utilizada na América do Sul, Costa Rica e México. Para isto, foram analisados 50 estudos de diferentes centros de pesquisa, que tinham objetivos similares em diferentes regiões, dos quais foram selecionados 14. Estes serviram de referência para a construção de um quadro referencial (framework), o qual forneceu uma abordagem conceitual e uma estrutura lógica com os domínios e dimensões necessários para avaliação o progresso. A partir deste framework foram elencados 50 indicadores, fornecidos por 12 bases de dados diferentes, os quais foram utilizados para uma avaliação abrangente do progresso e bem-estar ao longo do tempo, considerando por período de análise a primeira década do século XXI, e levando em conta fatores econômicos, sociais, ambientais, subjetivos, dentre outros. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se no método de escore-z, para tratamento dos dados, e no método estrutural-diferencial, para análise e ranking dos países. Os resultados encontrados apontaram que as dimensões Economia e Emprego são aquelas que mais contribuíram para o progresso dos países, enquanto Meio Ambiente é dimensão que causo maior regresso. Outrossim, foi estabelecido um ranking do progresso, o qual é encabeçado pelo Uruguai, seguido pelo Chile, Costa Rica, Argentina, Brasil, México, Venezuela, Colômbia, Paraguai, Peru, Equador e, em último lugar, a Bolívia. Em relação aos países que mais progrediram no período, verificou-se o Brasil em primeiro lugar e o México em último.
Worldwide, there is a search for new models to assess the societal progress. Economic growth has its value, but new priorities are needed if societies are to achieve higher levels of wellbeing. This paper aims to propose a multidimensional measure of progress to be used in South America, Costa Rica and Mexico. For this, it was analyzed 50 studies from different research centers that have similar objectives as this study and 14 were selected to be used as reference to construct a framework, that provides a conceptual approach and a logical structure with the domains and dimensions needed to evaluate progress. Through this framework, 50 indicators from 12 different databases were listed, which were used for a broad review of the progress and well-being, considering the period of analysis as the first decade of the XXI century, and that take into account economic, social, environmental, subjective, and other factors. The research methodology used was based on the z-scores method, to normalization of the data, and shift-share method, to analyze and rank the countries. The results indicate that Economy and Employment dimensions are those that contributed more to the countries' progress, while the Environment dimension caused the higher regress. Moreover, it was established a ranking of the progress, headed by Uruguay and followed by Chile, Costa Rica, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Ecuador and, in the last position, Bolivia. Finally, Brazil was the country that has most progressed over the period, and Mexico has less progressed.
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Zaratiegui, Labiano Jesús María. "¿Cómo se mide el progreso en economía?" Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/114829.
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How do we measure progress in economics? Can theory change be interpreted as progress, and how? There are various possible answers that are not necessarily mutually exclusive; the question might be seeking the answer to several puzzles, each one of which needs to be answered differently. Perhaps the starting point should be to think about in parallel how the same task has been carried on in natural sciences, the model that inspired the birth and further development of economics all along. How it has been analyzed, understood and explained.La crisis económica mundial ha puesto, de nuevo, sobre la mesa el viejo tema de la capacidad explicativa de la cienciaeconómica. La visión convencional nos habla de un progreso lineal y progresivo en el tiempo, pero está claro que la economía presenta aún muchas limitaciones. ¿Cómo podemos medir ese progreso real o ficticio de la ciencia? ¿Se pueden considerar progreso los cambios en la teoría, y cómo? Hay diversas respuestas que no tienen por qué ser excluyentes. E este artículo, usamos el método de examinar cómo se ha respondido a las mismas preguntas en las ciencias naturales, el modelo que inspiró el nacimiento y posterior desarrollo de la economía. Además, se analiza cómo ha sido analizado, entendido y explicado el progreso en unas y otra. La claridad de los criterios de progreso en las ciencias naturales puede arrojar alguna luz sobre la misma cuestión en la ciencia económica.
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Re, Henrique Antonio. "Progresso e utopia no pensamento antiescravagista de Joaquim Nabuco : influencias da economia politica francesa e das teorias racialistas." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281079.
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Orientador:Fernando Antonio LourençoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Este trabalho é um estudo sobre as ações e o pensamento de Joaquim Nabuco. O objetivo foi mostrar como suas propostas antiescravistas estavam relacionadas com a Economia Política do século XIX, e eram amparadas ainda pelo discurso ideológico das idéias de progresso e utopia, que foram mobilizadas para se contrapor à sociedade escravista e "atrasada". Este trabalho também procurou destacar as influências que as teorias raciais exerceram sobre Nabuco, em especial, como a noção de hierarquia entre as raças contribuiu para a elaboração de suas estratégias de campanha contra a escravidão e para o ordenamento da sociedade baseada no trabalho livre. Esse enfoque permitiu esclarecer algumas dificuldades historiográficas, pois mostrou que os escritos e os pontos-de-vista apresentados por Nabuco após a abolição estavam em perfeita sintonia com o plano que ele traçara durante a campanha abolicionista na década de 1880. Ademais, permitiu ainda que se reconsiderasse a visão historiográfica que via Nabuco como um político e um pensador radical ou até mesmo revolucionário, pois mostrou que suas propostas antiescravistas apresentavam um caráter predominantemente conservador.
Abstract: This work is a study of Joaquim Nabuco's actions and thinking. The aim was to show the way his proposals were related to the nineteenth century anti-slavery political economy and how they were also supported by the ideological discourse of ideas of progress and utopia, which were mobilized to oppose to the "backward" slavery society. This study also sought to highlight the influences that racial theories had on Nabuco, in particular, how the notion of hierarchy between the races helped to plan his strategy of campaigning against slavery and for the organization of a society based on free labor. This approach enabled the clarification of historiographic difficulties, because it showed that the writings and points of view presented by Nabuco after abolition were in perfect harmony with the plan he had drawn during the abolitionist campaign in the 1880s. Moreover, it allowed to reconsider the historiographic view according to which Nabuco was a radical or even revolutionary politician and thinker, because it showed that his anti-slavery proposals had a predominantly conservative character.
Doutorado
Doutor em Sociologia
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Okada, Toshihiro. "Economic growth and endogenous technological change." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271660.
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Lopes, Francisco Luís. "Factores de produtividade em Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1729.
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Mestrado em Ciências EconómicasEste trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal, o estudo de alguns factores que determinam a produtividade. Foram considerados os seguintes factores: Recursos humanos, progresso tecnológico inovação e qualidade/segurança no trabalho, sobre os quais se conclui que há áreas cientificas e tecnológicas mais estratégicas, que outras, nas quais Portugal com o apoio de políticas públicas adequadas, pode proporcionar aumentos na produtividade económica. Apesar do sector privado ser o actor mais relevante no que se refere, ao financiamento da I&D e do progresso tecnológico, no entanto o governo português deve constituir modelos de prioridades estratégicas, para o crescimento da economia. A implementação de um modelo de prioridades estratégicas no âmbito da política económica e orçamental em CTI pode contribuir para a confiança dos investidores, aumentando a competitividade e o crescimento económico.
The primary aim of this research is to study certain factors that determine productivity. The following factors have been taken into consideration: Human Resources, technological progress, innovation and quality/safety in the workplace, which apparently seem to have scientific and technological areas that are more relevant than others. It is within these areas that Portugal may increase its economic productivity together with the support of adequate public policies. Although the private sector plays the most important role in financing R&D and technological progress, the Portuguese Government must conceive strategic priority models for the growth of the economy. The establishment of a strategic priority model applied to CTI economical and budget making policies may contribute towards a rise in the trust levels of investors, thereby increasing competitiveness and economic growth.
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Bairam, Erkin. "Returns to scale, technical progress and industrial growth in the USSR and Eastern Europe : An empirical study, 1961-75." Thesis, University of Hull, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376232.
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Hachichou, Julia Maria. "How has technical progress contributed to the economic development of countries? - Are these countries converging or diverging away from each other, economically? : Global economic growth: A study on how technical progress contributes to economic growth." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-36286.
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The question of economic growth is one of the most fascinating concepts the development economics department is experiencing. It has been proven that some theories of economic growth can explain the course of development at an accumulated degree in this paper I’m going to investigate if the countries technical progress contributes to its economic growth. Another interesting thing to look at is how growth emerges in different places at different times. This big change in GDP first started to appear in Britain and then in the United States. In countries like Brazil and Japan the standards of living started to rise in the past century and in China GDP growth started just a few decades ago. GDP have exploded in the most recent two or three centuries. Standard of living has been very low thru most of history. This thesis investigates the relationship between economic growth and the level of technology, and how ever the countries are converging or diverging away from each other. With the help of secondary collected data and a cross country regression model. The results showed similar results according to previous studies, that technical progress contribute to economic growth, some evidence indicating economic convergence were also found.
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Chanaa', Linda <1989>. "Startup: progresso tecnologico, innovazione e successo." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3575.
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Negli ultimi anni si sono viste nascere sempre più startup. Purtroppo, come molte statistiche dimostrano, non tutte le nuove imprese appena sviluppate hanno ottenuto il giusto successo per poter continuare il proprio business. Generalmente dopo solo tre anni una startup dichiara il fallimento e non esistono delle motivazioni che permettono di individuare le motivazioni di tale fallimento. Probabilmente una startup, per capire se può avere successo o meno all’interno di un determinato mercato, è necessario che utilizzi la giusta funzione di produzione per avere un indicatore di quanto buono può essere ritenuto il proprio business in un futuro prossimo. Allora, per una qualsiasi nuova realtà, potrebbe risultare necessario interfacciarsi con un modello economico all’interno del quale si può trovare il progresso tecnologico e l’innovazione. Può essere così possibile rivalutare la propria funzione aggregata di produzione, grazie alla quale un’impresa può comprendere se la propria business idea può essere considerata di successo. Sono da tenere in considerazione anche le componenti di rischio, le quali potrebbero mettere in difficoltà i decision makers riguardo le possibili scelte da intraprendere nel caso in cui ci siano più alternative con differenti distribuzioni di probabilità. Sono stati individuati due esempi che spiegano cosa vuol dire avere successo o meno già da quando si è startup: Amazon e Tiscali, due società, note al mondo intero, che nonostante abbiano avuto una partenza molto simile (entrambe sconosciute al mercato, con un business completamente nuovo ed innovativo), l’epilogo è stato completamente diverso.
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MALPEDE, MICHELE MAURIZIO. "Three Essays on Technological Progress and Economic Growth." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/274682.
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Questa tesi esamina come i progressi della medicina, consentendo la cura di particolari malattie, e il progresso tecnologico, come la scoperta di moderne batterie elettriche, influenzano lo sviluppo socio-economico negli Stati Uniti e nell'Africa subsahariana. La tesi combina anche i progressi agricoli, come la scoperta di un nuovo raccolto base con condizioni di salute basse, come la malariaprevalenza per valutare quanti progressi potrebbero essere assorbiti da cattive condizioni ambientali e sanitarie.Il primo capitolo della tesi esamina i progressi tecnologici, come come la creazione di batterie elettriche agli ioni di litio moderne e le loro implicazioni per lo sviluppo socioeconomico. Ammiro il boom delle miniere di cobalto nella Repubblica Democratica del Congo, che si è verificato nel 2007, e che è stato causato dall'avvento di smartphone, PC, tablet e veicoli elettrici moderni sul lavoro minorile, attraverso un ridotto livello di istruzione e successivamente sulle scelte di fertilità dei genitori . Ciò viene raggiunto per primo, combinando i dati georeferenziati sul livello di istruzione e le condizioni di ricchezza degli individui nei diversi villaggi o città con la posizione di tutti i depositi di miniere di cobalto nella RDC in una strategia di differenze nelle differenze. La procedura mette a confronto il raggiungimento dell'istruzione più tardi nella vita di quegli individui che, durante la loro infanzia, vivevano a meno di 10 chilometri da un deposito di cobalto prima e dopo il boom dell'estrazione del cobalto. Inoltre, il primo capitolo del capitolo mostra che l'aumento del lavoro minorile riduce il costo opportunità per i genitori di avere un figlio in più, con un conseguente aumento del tasso di fertilità. Sono anche quantificati gli effetti dell'estrazione del cobalto sulle condizioni di ricchezza, in seguito nella vita. Il secondo capitolo della tesi esamina i progressi in campo medico, come l'eradicazione della malaria e delle relative malattie trasmesse da vettori e le loro implicazioni per lo sviluppo economico storico. Esamino l'eradicazione della malaria avvenuta negli Stati Uniti all'inizio del 1900. Ciò è stato ottenuto confrontando i livelli di produttività agricola delle contee altamente malarie con quelle delle contee malarie innumerevoli prima e dopo l'eradicazione della malaria negli Stati Uniti, che è stata raggiunta come risultato della comprensione che la malaria è stata trasmessa dal morso di specifiche specie di zanzare e a sua volta di recente scoperto farmaci, come il chinino prima e componenti chimici come il DDT in seguito. Utilizzando una stima della differenza nella differenza (DID) confrontando i livelli storici di produttività agricola tra le contee statunitensi che avevano condizioni climatiche più adatte alla trasmissione della malaria con contee che erano meno adatte per una trasmissione stabile della malattia, presentiamo prove causali sulla effetti di una maggiore prevalenza della malaria sulla produttività agricola e sullo sviluppo economicoThis dissertation examines how medical progresses, allowing for the cure of particularly diseases,and technological progress, such as the discovery of modern electric batteries, affect socio-economicdevelopment in the USA and in Sub-Saharan Africa. The dissertation also combines agriculturalprogresses, such as the discovery of a new staple crop with low health conditions, such as malariaprevalence to assess how much of the progress might be absorbed by poor environmental and healthconditions.The first chapter of the dissertation examines technological progresses, such as the creation ofmodern lithium-ion electrical batteries and their implications for socio-economic development. I ex-amine the cobalt mining boom in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which occurred in 2007, andwas caused by the advent of modern smartphones, PCs, tablets, and electric vehicles had on childlabor, through reduced education attainment and subsequently on parental fertility choices. Thisis achieved first, by combining geo-referenced data on education attainment and wealth conditionsof individuals across different villages or towns with the location of all cobalt mine deposits in theDRC in a differences-in-differences strategy. The procedure compares education attainment later inlife of those individuals who, during their childhood, lived within 10 kilometers away from a cobaltmine deposit before and after the cobalt mining boom. Moreover, the first chapter of the thesisshows that the increase in child labor lowers the opportunity cost for parents of having an additionalchild, thus resulting in a higher fertility rate. Effects of cobalt mining on wealth conditions, later inlife are also quantified.The second chapter of the dissertation examines progresses in medical field, such as the eradica-tion of malaria and related vector-borne diseases and their implications for historical economic de-velopment. I examine the eradication of malaria which happened in the US during early 1900s. Thisis achieved by comparing agricultural productivity levels of highly malarious counties with those ofless malarious counties before and after the eradication of malaria in the US which was achieved as aresult of the understanding that malaria was transmitted by the bite of specific species of mosquitoesand in turn of newly discovered drugs, such as quinine first and chemical components such as the DDT later on. Using a difference-in-difference (DID) estimation comparing historical agriculturalproductivity levels between US counties that had climatic conditions more suitable for the trans-mission of malaria with counties that were less suitable for a stable transmission of the disease, Ipresent causal evidence on the effects of higher malaria prevalence on agricultural productivity andeconomic development. Finally, the third chapter of this dissertation builds on the seminal paper of Nunn and Qian(2011) to examine if the positive impacts of the discovery of a new staple crop in the Old World,such as potato, on population and urbanization were partially absorbed by exogenous poor healthconditions. The exogenous variations of weather conditions for the transmission of malaria allowfor the comparison between potato suitable areas which had more or less prevalence of malaria. Weemploy two different estimation strategies. The first estimation entirely relies on that adopted inNunn and Qian (2011). The second estimation procedure allows us to compare population andurbanization levels at a 0.5° latitude by 0.5° longitude level. We find that the presence of weatherconditions suitable for a stable transmission of malaria counteracted the significant benefits onpopulation and urbanization observed during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries due to theintroduction of potato.
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Pereira, Alexandre Giacomoni Viana. "Consolidação bancária e a performance dos bancos pequenos no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11483.
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A indústria bancária brasileira foi transformada nas últimas décadas em meio a um fenômeno conhecido como consolidação, que marca uma concentração do mercado em poucas instituições. O objetivo do trabalho é testar empiricamente quais as causas desse processo no Brasil. As duas hipóteses testadas foram formuladas por Berger, Dick et al. (2007): a hipótese da eficiência indica que avanços tecnológicos melhoram a competitividade dos grandes em relação aos pequenos. Deste modo, os resultados dos pequenos são sacrificados por esse fator. Por outro lado, a hipótese da arrogância afirma que os administradores realizam fusões e aquisições pelos maiores bônus dos grandes conglomerados, mas as deseconomias de escala são superiores aos ganhos competitivos da tecnologia e, com o tempo, os pequenos passam a competir em vantagem. Modelos de dados em painel foram utilizados para testar se houve pressões competitivas durante o processo de consolidação. A conclusão foi de que a hipótese da eficiência explica melhor empiricamente o fenômeno brasileiro, assim como o norte-americano. A pressão para diminuição de receitas financeiras foi o fator determinante para que os bancos pequenos sofressem efeitos deletérios com o aumento do peso dos grandes na indústria.
A phenomenon known as consolidation transformed the Brazilian banking industry in the last decades and resulted in a concentration of the market in few institutions. The main objective of this dissertation is to test empirically the causes of this process. The two hypothesis were described by Berger, Dick et al. (2007). Under the efficiency hypothesis, technological progress improved the competitiveness of the large players, relative to the small, which had its profitability sacrificed. On the other hand, hubris hypothesis states that managers engaged in mergers and acquisitions as a way to earn personal advantages even though the large banks’ performances were affected by scale diseconomies. Panel data models were utilized to test if competitive pressure were important factors in the consolidation process. The conclusion was that the efficiency hypothesis was empirically dominant in the Brazilian market, as well as the findings in the United States. The pressure to reduce financial revenues was the main element that lead to the deleterious effects on the small banks as the large expanded its dominance in the industry.
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Rodigues, Domingos de Gouveia. "Pricing policy, income distribution, economic growth, productivity, technological progress and global competitiveness in the dynamics of the capitalist economies." Thesis, University of York, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357120.
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Saumtally, Anissa. "Economic catching-up, Technological progress and Intellectual property rights." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0829/document.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une réponse à la question: Est-ce que les politiques de renforcement des droits de propriété intellectuelle telles que les TRIPS peuvent être bénéfiques aux pays en développement et leurs perspectives de rattrapage économique.?Pour répondre à cette question, on s’intéresse à la dynamique technologique sous-jacente au processus de rattrapage économique. Le premier chapitre propose une revisite empirique et analytique du modele de “catching-up and falling behind” de Verspagen (1991) qui se focalise sur l’étude du rôle des dynamiques d’innovation et d’imitation dans le processus de rattrapage économique. On trouve que même si la dynamique d’innovation est importante pour le rattrapage, la dynamique d’imitation se révèle nécessaire pour s’assurer que les pays en développement puissent développer leurs capacités qui leur permettront de prospérer. L’efficacité de la dynamique d’imitation est conditionnée par les caractéristiques du pays qui détermine sa capacité d’apprentissage (“Learning Capability”).Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur la compréhension du fonctionnement des transferts de technologie entre les pays développés et les pays en développement. On s’intéresse aux mécanismes derrières les deux canaux de transferts principaux, le commerce international et les IDE, qui sont les canaux les plus étudiés dans la littérature. On déduit de ce chapitre la richesse et la complexité de ces mécanismes.Dans le troisième chapitre, on développe un modèle à base d’agents (ABM) pour représenter ces interactions Nord-Sud et leur complexité, avec une approche évolutionniste. Le modèle de base permet en particulier l’étude du mécanisme de transfert par la mobilité (locale) des travailleurs, un canal très peu étudié dans la littérature. Ceci nous permet d’étudier l’impact que les IDE peuvent avoir sur le développement et le rattrapage. On trouve que si les IDE des pays développés vers les pays en développement peuvent, sous certaines conditions, encourager les transferts de technologie et permettre ainsi le rattrapage, il y a tout de même des effets négatifs potentiels sur les industries locales, en particulier dans les pays les plus en retard.Le dernier chapitre propose une extension du modèle qui introduit les brevets et nous permet ainsi de répondre à la question principale. On observe que si les brevets permettent d’inciter les firmes du Nord à diffuser leur technologie et facilité le rattrapage, ces firmes demanderaient un e parfaite application des lois sur la propriété intellectuelle, ce qui serait trop sévère sur les firmes locales car cela bloquerait les imitations et surtout entraverait les efforts d’innovation de ces firmes, tout en procurant un bénéfice limité pour les firmes du NordThe objective of this thesis is to propose an answer to the question: Can intellectual property rights policies such as TRIPS be beneficial for developing countries and their catching-up process?To answer this question, we first look at the technological dynamics behind the catching-up process. The first chapter thus provides an empirical and analytical update on the catching-up and falling behind model by Verspagen (1991), which focuses on studying the role of the innovation and imitation dynamics in the catching up process. Mainly, we find that while the innovation dynamic is important for the catching-up process, the imitation dynamic is necessary to ensure that countries build solid capabilities that will enable them to prosper. The efficiency of the imitation dynamics is dependent on policy factors that make up the learning capability of firms and ensure firms succeed assimilating knowledge.The second chapter focuses on understanding the way those technological transfers from developed to developing countries can occur, we focus on studying the mechanisms behind two main channels, that is international trade and FDIs, which represent the main form of North-South interactions studied in the literature. From this chapter we conclude that there is a rich diversity of complex mechanisms.In the third chapter, we thus build an agent-based model (ABM) to represent those North-South interactions and their complexities, with an evolutionary economics approach. The model allows us to study a particular mechanism: transfers through the local labour mobility, a channel seldom discussed in the literature. This allows us to study the impact FDI may have on development and catching-up outcomes. We find that while FDI from developed countries can, under the right conditions, encourage technological transfers and thus catching up, there are potential negative effects on local industries, in particular in countries largely behind.The final chapter proposes an extension of the model that introduces patents, in order to answer the main question. We find that while patents help motivate northern firms to disclose their technology and thus facilitate development, those firms would require a perfect level of enforcement that will be too harsh on local firms, block imitations and also severely hinder the southern firms’ innovative efforts, while generating limited gains for northern firms
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Marsiglio, S. "ESSAYS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: TECHNICAL PROGRESS, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/153785.
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This thesis analyzes economic growth and how this is related to diff erent issues, namely technical progress, population change and environment. It studies each of these issues in a separate paper. The choice of these issues has been driven by their growing importance in the analysis of the development process of modern economies. Technological progress, jointly with the accumulation of human capital, is one of the most relevant causes of the consistent growth showed in the last century by industrialized countries; therefore, it is important to understand what are its features in order to promote further technical improvements. Demographic growth has dramatically changed during and after the transition from stagnation (before the industrial revolution) to growth (after that): fertility and mortality rates have dropped and many economies now show a rate of population growth just over the replacement one; studying the implications of population change for economic growth can be really important in order to understand whether population policies can be necessary or not for the economy. The environment is an important source of welfare services to people and just in the last decades such a fact has been widely recognized: this is due to the fact that as the economy reaches a certain level of development, its agents feel the importance of some aspects which in a previous phase they did not care about; human activity is the main source of environment degradation and an increasing need for the policy makers to understand how regulating it has arisen. As it may be clear, these topics are crucially interrelated: population growth a ffects technical progress (through the number of researchers employed in R&D activity) and the environment (through the necessity of satisfying the needs of a larger population, in terms of consumption demand and waste production), while technical progress a ffects the environment (switching from polluting to clean technologies such an e ffect can crucially change).
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Santetti, Márcio. "Dois ensaios sobre progresso técnico e meio ambiente." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7264.
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Previous issue date: 2015This dissertation presents two essays on the relationship between technical change and the natural environment. In the first essay, we discuss the view of technical progress to four representatives of Classical Political Economy: William Petty, Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx. This essay analyzes the form they approach the technical progress, characterized by the increasing adoption of machinery in the production process, adding up the view of each author regarding land and natural resources in the growth of nations. While the technical progress concept evolves from the first to the last author, nature’s view is distinct. Petty and Marx define the natural environment as a part of a natural law and as a part of human essence, respectively. Smith and Ricardo reduce natural environment to an input, making it the main economic growth limiter for the latter. In the second essay, we analyze the technical progress and the production of good and bad outputs in Brazilian economy in the 1970-2008 period. We adopt a study system of production and technical progress based on a classical-Marxian perspective, in which the work, capital and energy input combination generates a good output, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and a bad output, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. We divide Brazilian economic growth in four phases, according to the development strategy adopted in each period: 1970-1980, 1980-1989, 1989-2003 and 2003-2008. The predominant pattern of technical progress was Marx-biased and energy-saving. In GDP growth years, the bad output also increased.
Esta dissertação apresenta dois ensaios sobre a relação entre progresso técnico e meio ambiente. No primeiro ensaio, discute-se a visão de progresso técnico e natureza para quatro representantes da Economia Política Clássica: William Petty, Adam Smith, David Ricardo e Karl Marx. O objetivo deste ensaio é analisar a forma como abordam o progresso técnico, caracterizado pela crescente adoção de maquinaria no processo produtivo, somado à visão de cada autor a respeito da terra e dos recursos naturais no crescimento das nações. Enquanto o conceito de progresso técnico evoluiu do primeiro ao último autor, a visão da natureza é distinta. Petty e Marx definem o meio ambiente em uma ordem natural e como parte da essência do ser humano, respectivamente. Smith e Ricardo reduzem o meio ambiente a um insumo, tornando-se o principal limitador do crescimento para este último. No segundo ensaio, analisa-se o progresso técnico e a produção de bons e maus produtos na economia brasileira no período 1970-2008. Adota-se um sistema de estudo de produção e progresso técnico baseado em uma perspectiva clássico-marxiana, em que a combinação dos insumos trabalho, capital e energia geram um bem, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), e um mal, as emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2). Divide-se o crescimento econômico brasileiro em quatro fases, de acordo com a estratégia de desenvolvimento adotada em cada época: 1970-1980, 1980-1989, 1989-2003 e 2003-2008. O padrão de progresso técnico predominante foi Marx-viesado e poupador de energia. Nos anos de crescimento do PIB, o mau produto também aumentou.
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Oliveira, Paulo Rafael Boeira. "Crescimento, progresso técnico e convergência nos BRIC: 1963-03." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/2551.
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Previous issue date: 2009This dissertation analyses the technical change in the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and their caching up with the United States in the period 1963 - 03. The BRICs displayed the Marx-biased technical change in some periods of the capitalist economies. Only China presented this pattern after 1980. Regarding to caching up in labor productivity, Brazil displayed catching up between 1963 and 1980, China and India presented it during all the period of study. Russia showed caching up after 1998. It is also analyzed the differences in capital accumulation and in investment rate between the BRICs and the United States. China and India displayed higher capital accumulation than the USA in most of the period in study. Brazil had higher capital accumulation between 1963 and 1980, while Russia showed lower capital accumulation between 1991 and 2003, the years with data for this country. In relation to the investment rate, Brazil displayed higher numbers than US between 1963 and 1981 and China during all the period in study, while Russia and India showed lower investment rates.
Esta dissertação analisa o progresso técnico nos BRIC (Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China) e verifica a ocorrência do processo de catching-up desses com os Estados Unidos entre 1963 e 2003. A China, a Índia e o Brasil apresentam, em alguns períodos, o progresso técnico Marx-viesado típico das economias capitalistas. Mas, somente a China teve esse padrão após 1980. O Brasil apresentou catching-up na produtividade do trabalho entre 1963 e 1980; a China e a Índia aproximaram-se da produtividade do trabalho norte-americana durante todo o período estudado. A Rússia, por sua vez, apresentou catching-up após 1998. Analisam-se também as diferenças na acumulação de capital e das taxas de investimento dos BRIC em relação aos Estados Unidos. A China e Índia tiveram maior acumulação de capital do que os Estados Unidos na maior parte do período estudado. O Brasil apresentou maior acumulação de capital entre 1963 e 1980, enquanto a Rússia teve menor acumulação de capital entre 1991 e 2003, os anos com informações para esse país. O Brasil teve maior taxa de investimento do que os Estados Unidos entre 1963 a 19981, a China apresentou resultados superiores aos norte-americanos em todo o período em estudo. Por sua vez, a Índia e a Rússia tiveram menores taxas de investimento do que os Estados Unidos.
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Rol, Menno Eugen Gerardus Maria. "Conceptual progress in economics abstraction of social kinds versus idealization /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2007. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/304305677.
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Sonesson, Mikael. "Measuring Sustainability and Welfare at the regional level in Sweden : A Genuine Progress Index (GPI) for Östergötland." Thesis, The Tema Institute, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19981.
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Abstract
In order to address sustainable policies, communities need indicators that can tell them something about the larger social and ecological system, and the relationships between the two. This study attempts to apply an existing indicator of welfare and sustainability, the Genuine Progress Index (GPI), to the regional level in Sweden. The county of Östergötland is used as a case study and the thesis is written in collaboration with Regionförbundet Östsam. The aim of the study is to develop an application of GPI methodology to circumstances of data availability at the regional Swedish level. Developed methodology used to calculate a GPI of Östergötland in 2000-2006. GPI results are put in a context of the Regional Development Program of Östergötland in order to address policy implications regarding the very meaning of growth, development, welfare and sustainability. The results indicate that GPI has increased during the time period. However, a comparison with the Gross Regional Product (GRP) shows that GRP has increased faster than GPI. It is concluded that this could be a possible trend of decreased economic efficiency, where more economic output is not sustainable in the sense that an equivalent amount of welfare is not produced. This effect is mainly an effect of increasing income inequality. It is also suggested that the Regional Development Program should distinguish growth and development as different concepts. In doing so, more sustainable policies can be adopted in the future.
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Karakurt, Atalay. "Economic progress of Uzbekistan and political stability of Central Asia." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA341093.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1997."December 1997." Thesis advisor(s): Robert Edward Looney. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-85). Also available online.
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Lange, Jérôme. "Population growth, the settlement process and economic progress : Adam Smith's theory of demo-economic development." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E039/document.
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La population - en son sens originel de processus de peuplement - est un sujet étonnamment absent de l'énorme volume d’études sur Adam Smith. Ce thème était au centre de la philosophie morale et de l'économie politique du 18e siècle, les deux domaines auxquels les contributions de Smith sont les plus connues. Son importance dans l’œuvre de Smith a été obscurcie au 20e siècle par une focalisation étroite sur les questions économiques dans la littérature secondaire. Pour une analyse intégrale de son œuvre, il est essentiel que la place centrale du peuplement soit révélée. Trois thèmes aujourd'hui considérés comme essentiels au projet de Smith sont ainsi intimement liés à la population : le lien entre division du travail et étendue du marché ; la théorie des quatre stades du progrès de la société ; et le lien entre développement rural et urbain, lui-même au centre du plaidoyer de Smith pour la liberté du commerce. Le marché est un concept aujourd'hui assimilé au fonctionnement du système économique capitaliste ; pour Smith, il décrivait la faculté de commercer, aux vecteurs essentiellement démographiques et géographiques. Le progrès de la société est à la fois cause et effet de la croissance de la population. En son sein se trouve l'interrelation symbiotique entre le développement rural et urbain que Smith appelait le «progrès naturel de l'opulence». Adopter l’optique smithienne plutôt que néo-malthusienne dans l'examen des dynamiques de population et de développement - y compris l'analyse de la transition démographique - conduit alors à une reconsidération fondamentale des interactions causales entre mortalité, fécondité, richesse et variables institutionnellesPopulation - in its original sense of the process of peopling - is a topic surprisingly absent from the huge volume of scholarship on Adam Smith. This topic was central to 18th century moral philosophy and political economy, the two fields Smith most famously contributed to. Its importance in Smith’s work was obscured in the 20th century by a narrow focus on economic matters in the secondary literature. For an undivided analysis of Smith’s oeuvre it is crucial that the central position of the peopling process be brought to light. Three topics that are today recognised as essential to Smith’s project are thus intimately connected to population: the relation between the division of labour and the extent of the market; the stadial theory of progress; and the link between the development of town and country, itself central to Smith’s advocacy of the freedom of trade. The market is a concept read today through an institutional lens linking it to the functioning of the capitalist economic system; Smith conceived of it as facility for trade, with essentially demographic and geographic vectors. The progress of society is both cause and effect of the growth of population. At its core is the symbiotic interrelationship between rural and urban development that Smith called the “natural progress of opulence”. In turn, looking at dynamics of population and development - including the analysis of the demographic transition - through a Smithian rather than a neo-Malthusian lens leads to a fundamental reconsideration of causal interactions between mortality, fertility, wealth and institutional variables
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Santetti, M?rcio. "Dois ensaios sobre progresso t?cnico e meio ambiente." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/5988.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS
This dissertation presents two essays on the relationship between technical change and the natural environment. In the first essay, we discuss the view of technical progress to four representatives of Classical Political Economy: William Petty, Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx. This essay analyzes the form they approach the technical progress, characterized by the increasing adoption of machinery in the production process, adding up the view of each author regarding land and natural resources in the growth of nations. While the technical progress concept evolves from the first to the last author, nature?s view is distinct. Petty and Marx define the natural environment as a part of a natural law and as a part of human essence, respectively. Smith and Ricardo reduce natural environment to an input, making it the main economic growth limiter for the latter. In the second essay, we analyze the technical progress and the production of good and bad outputs in Brazilian economy in the 1970-2008 period. We adopt a study system of production and technical progress based on a classical-Marxian perspective, in which the work, capital and energy input combination generates a good output, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and a bad output, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. We divide Brazilian economic growth in four phases, according to the development strategy adopted in each period: 1970-1980, 1980-1989, 1989-2003 and 2003-2008. The predominant pattern of technical progress was Marx-biased and energy-saving. In GDP growth years, the bad output also increased.
Esta disserta??o apresenta dois ensaios sobre a rela??o entre progresso t?cnico e meio ambiente. No primeiro ensaio, discute-se a vis?o de progresso t?cnico e natureza para quatro representantes da Economia Pol?tica Cl?ssica: William Petty, Adam Smith, David Ricardo e Karl Marx. O objetivo deste ensaio ? analisar a forma como abordam o progresso t?cnico, caracterizado pela crescente ado??o de maquinaria no processo produtivo, somado ? vis?o de cada autor a respeito da terra e dos recursos naturais no crescimento das na??es. Enquanto o conceito de progresso t?cnico evoluiu do primeiro ao ?ltimo autor, a vis?o da natureza ? distinta. Petty e Marx definem o meio ambiente em uma ordem natural e como parte da ess?ncia do ser humano, respectivamente. Smith e Ricardo reduzem o meio ambiente a um insumo, tornando-se o principal limitador do crescimento para este ?ltimo. No segundo ensaio, analisa-se o progresso t?cnico e a produ??o de bons e maus produtos na economia brasileira no per?odo 1970-2008. Adota-se um sistema de estudo de produ??o e progresso t?cnico baseado em uma perspectiva cl?ssico-marxiana, em que a combina??o dos insumos trabalho, capital e energia geram um bem, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), e um mal, as emiss?es de di?xido de carbono (CO2). Divide-se o crescimento econ?mico brasileiro em quatro fases, de acordo com a estrat?gia de desenvolvimento adotada em cada ?poca: 1970-1980, 1980-1989, 1989-2003 e 2003-2008. O padr?o de progresso t?cnico predominante foi Marx-viesado e poupador de energia. Nos anos de crescimento do PIB, o mau produto tamb?m aumentou.
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Reis, Alexandre. "A evolução da produtividade total dos fatores da economia brasileira: 1955 – 2003." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/2621.
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Previous issue date: 2008This thesis analyzes the evolution of the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in the Brazilian economy between 1955 and 2003. The TFP grow 0. 4% per year in the period of study. The period with highest PTF growth was between 1955 and 1973, when its growth rate was 1. 5%. In the period 1974 and 1984, it declined 1. 9% per year; between 1984 and 2003, it expanded at 0. 35% per year. The growth accounting showed that the physical capital was the factor with the highest contribution to the GDP expansion. The GDP growth was 4. 7% per year between 1955 and 2003; 3. 3% is explained by an expansion in the physical capital, 1% by the growth in the labor force and 0. 4 by technical change, measure by the TFP.
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a evolução da Produtividade Total dos Fatores (PTF) no Brasil no período 1955–2003. A PTF cresceu 0,4% ao ano no período em estudo. O melhor desempenho ocorreu entre 1955 e 1973, com uma taxa de crescimento de 1,5%, o pior resultado foi entre 1974 e 1984, quando houve uma queda da PTF de 1,9%. Entre 1984 e 2003, a PTF cresceu a taxa média anual de 0. 35%. A decomposição do crescimento mostrou que o capital físico foi o fator com maior contribuição ao aumento do PIB. Da expansão de 4,7% do PIB entre 1955 e 2003, 3,3% é explicado pelo aumento do capital físico, 1% pelo aumento do fator trabalho e 0,4% pelo progresso técnico, medido pela PTF.
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Fraser, Jake. "Technological progress and economic growth: An Australian exposition 1965 to 2015." Thesis, Fraser, Jake (2017) Technological progress and economic growth: An Australian exposition 1965 to 2015. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/36109/.
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In the last 25 years or so Australia has experienced one of the longest economic booms in history, as compared with other advanced economies. As a result, Australians are enjoying one of the world’s highest living standards and per capita income. Will Australians continue to enjoy positive economic growth for the next 25 years or so? No one could predict accurately – which is not at all helpful. However, it is possible to shed further light on the long-run sustainability of Australia’s aggregate output growth by quantifying and decomposing it. The primary aim of this dissertation is to quantify the sources of economic growth in Australia covering the period 1965 to 2015. The neoclassical growth analysis (Solow 1956; Swan 1956) will be employed to decompose Australia’s economic growth into three components. The first is due to the growth of capital input, the second is due to the growth of labour input, and the third is due to technological progress as captured by an increase in both the productivity of capital and labour, which is also known in the growth literature as total factor productivity (TFP). The Solow-Swan model not only provides a razor-edge measurement method for technological progress but of more importance, the model demonstrates that technological progress (as captured by TFP) is the engine of long-run sustainable growth (Solow 1956; Swan 1956). A positive TFP value suggests that growth is sustainable and vice versa.
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Oliveira, Paulo Rafael Boeira. "Crescimento, progresso t?cnico e converg?ncia nos BRIC : 1963-03." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/3878.
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Previous issue date: 2009-09-30Esta disserta??o analisa o progresso t?cnico nos BRIC (Brasil, R?ssia, ?ndia e China) e verifica a ocorr?ncia do processo de catching-up desses com os Estados Unidos entre 1963 e 2003. A China, a ?ndia e o Brasil apresentam, em alguns per?odos, o progresso t?cnico Marx-viesado t?pico das economias capitalistas. Mas, somente a China teve esse padr?o ap?s 1980. O Brasil apresentou catching-up na produtividade do trabalho entre 1963 e 1980; a China e a ?ndia aproximaram-se da produtividade do trabalho norte-americana durante todo o per?odo estudado. A R?ssia, por sua vez, apresentou catching-up ap?s 1998. Analisam-se tamb?m as diferen?as na acumula??o de capital e das taxas de investimento dos BRIC em rela??o aos Estados Unidos. A China e ?ndia tiveram maior acumula??o de capital do que os Estados Unidos na maior parte do per?odo estudado. O Brasil apresentou maior acumula??o de capital entre 1963 e 1980, enquanto a R?ssia teve menor acumula??o de capital entre 1991 e 2003, os anos com informa??es para esse pa?s. O Brasil teve maior taxa de investimento do que os Estados Unidos entre 1963 a 19981, a China apresentou resultados superiores aos norte-americanos em todo o per?odo em estudo. Por sua vez, a ?ndia e a R?ssia tiveram menores taxas de investimento do que os Estados Unidos.
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Geddes, Jean. "Women in management : barriers to career progress." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2002. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1428/.
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This study of women in management was initiated to explore, through women managers themselves, the barriers they thought were hindering their progress up the management hierarchies in BT. To facilitate this study the first former utility organisation to be privatised was approached to be the case study. At the time the organisation, which was undergoing a major organisational change programme aimed at taking it from the utility provider it had been to the dynamic private company it wanted to be, was gaining a reputation for enlightened equal opportunity policies. It had a vigorous gender champion and an equal opportunities department that had ensured circulation of the organisation's equal opportunities policies to all members of staff. BT employed a large number of women managers in different functions, working in different locations throughout the UK and in a number of positions in the management hierarchy short of the most senior management or director levels. It therefore presented a unique opportunity to study women in the management pipeline from across a broad spectrum of jobs and backgrounds, women who were not being promoted in the same proportions as their male counterparts. To examine their circumstances a mixed methodology was used drawing on aspects of feminist, positivist and pragmatic models because each offered an essential element of the mix needed to satisfy the requirements for undertaking the study. As the researcher was both a manager employed by the case study organisation and a woman there were elements of feminist methodology that guided involvement and personal interest in the study. The culture of the case study organisation was such that it was driven by the quantitative measures offered by positivism. An implicit element of the agreement between researcher and case study organisation was therefore that elements of the findings should reflect this requirement. Finally, a pragmatic approach to undertaking the study underpinned the dialogue between researcher and case study organisation as ways were explored for carrying out the investigation. While it cannot be assumed that the same barriers to progress for women managers found in the case study organisation exist for women managers in other organisations, the findings of this study have nevertheless highlighted issues beyond the borders of the organisation. Firstly, they confirm the conclusions of previous research that women have been both horizontally and vertically segregated in areas of organisations from which progress into top management positions is more difficult to achieve. Secondly, the study casts new light on the pressures that women face when trying to reconcile the needs of work and caring responsibilities. Women's ambitions are still tempered by their place in the home as carer and partner and many are prepared to subordinate their career opportunities to the needs of their family. Most crucially, the study highlights the extent to which women's aspirations are bounded by their work experiences. It has been assumed that organisational cultures have been becoming more sympathetic towards the inclusion of women managers and more prepared to encourage women to progress but the evidence of this study is that this operates at the level of rhetoric instead of action. The organisational structures and management styles presented barriers that flattened the ambition of women and exposed them to bullying, intimidation and harassment. Nurtured by an uncompromisingly macho company culture underpinned by an old boys' network, the barriers that women encountered served to suppress initiative and detain them at lower levels of management. Many women felt that because of this they were stifled, inhibited from improving their own or the organisation's performance. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the nebulous nature of these insidious discriminatory practices renders them almost impenetrable. Just as BT shares a history and culture similar to several other former utility organisations so it is probable that these practices are mirrored in other organisations. Finally, the assumptive base of some recent analysts question the ways in which women are likely to progress in management. It has been assumed that the excellent educational achievements of women in recent years will automatically translate into increased opportunities for high office in organisations. However the findings of this study show that the organisational climate in which women find themselves has a larger impact on their progress. In this study the women with the highest qualifications were clustered in the lowest ranks in the division of the organisation that showed most resistance to gender diversity. Therefore while education may enhance a woman's opportunities, it does not automatically position her for higher office. The other assumption that women are increasingly limiting their own career opportunities by making positive decisions to remain at the lowest positions in the management pipeline, through positive lifestyle choices, are challenged by the findings here. It was only when women found themselves hampered and unlikely to progress or thought that the harmony of their home lives was threatened that they decided to limit their options. Otherwise, many of them stated, they would have relished the challenge of higher office. As this study shows, it would clearly be a disservice to these women managers to confuse their forfeiture of ambition because of the prevailing hostile organisational climate or for family reasons, with their positively deciding to limit their careers.
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Park, Ghunsu. "Evidence of localized technical progress in East Asia." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text online access from ProQuest databases, 2001. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/pqdiss.pl?3013009.
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Hodges, Mark Hugh. "A progress report on the world bank's 1987 environmental policy reform." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32815.
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Banerjee, Shuvojit. "Structural changes in East Asia : factor accumulation, technological progress and economic geography." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1807/.
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This thesis deals with understanding the rapid industrial change in East Asia between the mid 1970s and the mid 1990s. The countries analysed are South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and China. Patterns of industrial development are studied across the region in depth. We calculate industrial and regional specialisation indices to obtain an idea of the trends being witnessed. A more formal analysis of the mobility which can be observed is then conducted. Measures of mobility and persistence are obtained for the movement of industries in the region. The nature of industrial growth and decline in the region points to the possible importance of a number of theoretical explanations. We subsequently analyse whether the patterns of change in industry seen indicate similarity in paths of development across countries. We investigate the industrial structure of pairs of countries in the region over time. We find that there is similarity in the development paths of industry in East Asian countries, with factor endowment considerations not the sole explanators. We next examine possible theoretical explanations of the industrial change seen. We test for Heckscher-Ohlin and Ricardian effects in a neo-classical frame-work. We find discernible patterns and significance in terms of factor endowment effects. Technology is seen to be less important but still plays a considerable part in explaining manufacturing change. A further theoretical explanation considered is that of economic geography. We analyse various statistics for industrial change related to economic geography. We also test a specification comparing factor endowments and economic geography. The contribution of economic geography to change in the region is measured and seen to be discernible but small and declining in importance when compared to comparative advantage forces.
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Cook, Eli. "The Pricing of Progress: Economic Indicators and the Capitalization of American Life." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11060.
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A history of statistical economic indicators in America, this dissertation uncovers the protracted struggle which took place in the nineteenth century over how economic life should be quantified, how social progress should be valued and how American prosperity should be measured. By revealing the historical origins of contemporary indicators such as Gross Domestic Product, and by uncovering the alternative measures that ended up on the losing side of history, this work denaturalizes the seemingly objective nature of modern economic indicators while offering a fresh take on the rise of American capitalism.
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Cihan, Cengiz. "An Empirical Analysis of Knowledge Production Function: What Differs Among The OECD Countries Including Turkey." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1757.
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Since the 1950s, economic growth has been one of the main topics of economic discipline. In this context, the sources of economic growth have been analysed by different economic theories. These theories can be decomposed into two groups, namely modern neoclassical theory and evolutionary economic theory. In the modern neoclassical economic theory, the technological progress is considered as the main determinant of the long-run economic growth. In this regard, the sources of economic growth differences among countries are analyzed by using various types of models. In the earliest studies, it is assumed that technological progress is exogenous (Solow-Swan model). Constant returns to scale and perfectly competitive market structure assumptions are the main characteristics of these studies. After the developments in the economic theory, technological progress has been taken into account in a different way by a new line of models, namely endogenous growth models. More specifically, technological progress is endogenously determined process in these models. Contrary to the previous models, increasing returns to scale, which stem from externality and the monopolistic market structure, play a significant role in endogenous growth models. We have reached to the conclusion that, although it suffers from some weaknesses, endogenous growth model proposes a more realistic explanation for the economic growth process. In the evolutionary economic theory, technological progress is also considered as the main determinant of economic growth. However, this theory deals with empirical issues by focusing on observed facts instead of constructing theoretical models, and provides both guidance and interpretation regarding technological progress. In this theory, variables and relationships that are considered have many practical implications. In that respect, its structure is very much realistic and it avoids certain logical gaps and inconsistencies. One of the aims of this thesis is to examine developments in economic theory by focusing on technological progress. For this purpose, we compare formal and evolutionary theories. Our theoretical review reveals that both the endogenous growth models in the tradition of modern neoclassical theory, and the important insights of the evolutionary economic theory help to analyze technological progress and/or economic growth. Furthermore, this thesis aims to measure technological progress. The measurement of technological progress is vital for the nations’ development strategies and the firms’ innovation policies. In this regard, we use patent statistics as a proxy of technological progress. The empirical parts of the thesis involve a number of applications of endogenous growth theory by taking into account the propositions of modern neoclassical economic theory. In this regard, the growth rate differences across countries are examined by using the frameworks of both the modern neoclassical and evolutionary theories. The results show that both theories have reasonable power to explain why growth rate differs across countries. In addition, we conclude that patenting activities rather than R&D activities more suitably represent innovative activities. Moreover, this thesis empirically tests the knowledge generation process in the framework of endogenous growth approach. We employ the knowledge production approach for this purpose. It is found that both domestic and international stocks of knowledge as measured by granted patent statistics, R&D activities, human capital and openness measures are significant factors in explaining productivity growth. Furthermore, product variety and quality improvement dimensions of technological progress are empirically analyzed by using patent statistics. It is found that both dimensions of technological progress significantly affect creation of new technologies. Finally, the findings indicate that technological capability of Turkey is far away from other developed countries covered by this study.
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Pollini, Junior Airton Brazil. "A aliança para o progresso versus o consenso de Washington : recomendações dos organismos economicos internacionais." [s.n.], 1999. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285388.
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Orientador: Ligia Maria Osorio SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: A partir de uma perspectiva que leva em conta o contexto histórico e político mundial, este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar as recomendações dos organismos econômicos internacionais mais importantes (Banco Mundial e Fundo Monetário Internacional) formuladas em dois períodos distintos: 1963-1968 e 1993-1997. A primeira parte deste estudo argumenta que a Guerra Fria está na origem das políticas de desenvolvimento da periferia, entendidas como forma de prevenção contra a ameaça comunista. Por outro lado, a segunda parte enfatiza que, na falta da rivalidade políticoideológica anterior, os objetivos econômicos de abertura dos mercados passaram a ser preponderantes. A comparação das recomendações de políticas monetária, cambial, fiscal e comercial, presente na terceira parte, procura demonstrar que o Brasil, assim como os demais países que integram a periferia do sistema capitalista mundial, perdeu grande parte da capacidade de orientar sua política econômica na direção da promoção do seu desenvolvimento econômico
Abstract: From a viewpoint that considers the world historic and politic context, this work mms at the comparison of the recommendations of the most important international economic organizations (the W orld Bank and the International Monetary Fund) conceived in two different periods: 1963-1968 and 1993-1997. The first part of this study argues that the Cold War was in the origin of the periphery' s development policies, regarded as means of prevention against the communist threat. Whereas, the second part emphasizes that, without the previous political-ideological rivalry, the economic goals of market opening became dominant. The comparison of the recommendations of monetary, exchange, fiscal, and commercial policies, present in the third part, seeks to demonstrate that Brazil, as well as the other countries that integrate the periphery of the world capitalist system, lost most of the capacity to direct its economic policy towards the promotion of its economic development
Mestrado
Mestre em História Econômica
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Heller, Claudia. "Oligopólio e progresso técnico no pensamento de Joan Robinson." [s.n.], 1996. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285363.
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Orientador: Tamás SzmrecsányiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Doutorado
Doutor em Economia
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Posner, Stephen. "Estimating the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) for Baltimore, MD." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2010. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/183.
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In order to better manage progress toward improved human welfare, governments and organizations around the world have begun to report on more comprehensive indicators of environmental, social, and economic conditions. The Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) has proven useful as a measure of economic welfare by incorporating changes in environmental conditions, resource stocks, social capital, income distribution, and other non-marketed economic activity. Studies at the local scale have also found the GPI to be an effective tool for informing debate and stimulating questions about the nature of the economic development process. In this study, the GPI methodology is applied to Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and Maryland in order to explore how sustainable economic welfare in the Baltimore region has changed from 1950-2005. A comparison among per capita GPI trends in four US cities shows Baltimore to have the highest average annual growth rate over the study period. Comparisons are made between per capita GPI and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the most widely recognized measure of national economic performance. Analysis of the trends at all three scales show that GDP growth does not correlate well with changes in welfare as measure by GPI. This implies that Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and Maryland could be in a period of uneconomic growth, when the social and environmental costs of further economic growth outweigh the benefits of such growth. However, the underlying methods used in sub-national applications of the GPI inevitably lead toward certain results, giving rise to an indicator framework that favors particular policy and development outcomes. This situation is defined as indicator bias. Since indicator bias can inadvertently lead society toward undesirable conditions, key assumptions that contribute to indicator bias in the GPI are tested for how they influence the final GPI results. The costs of crime, long-term environmental damage, and depletion of non-renewable natural resources categories are explored in more depth. GPI is found to be an imperfect measure of true progress, but it is believed to be an improvement over GDP for guiding modern society towards a more sustainable and desirable future. More work is needed to incorporate uncertainty, fine-tune the underlying GPI methodology, and build broad consensus about how to measure economic performance and social progress. By providing information about social, ecological, and economic conditions of the region, though, the Baltimore GPI does inform citizens and decision-makers about a wide range of impacts resulting from the modern ‘GDP growth’ paradigm
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Day, Frederick George. "Thomas Hodgskin and economic progress : a radical reconstruction of his endogenous growth theory." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2009. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/323627/.
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By means of a close reading of early 19th century economic works, and by reconstructing aspects of Thomas Hodgskin‘s political economy, this thesis presents an exposition of those parts of his work that contributed to his position on growth. Rather than concentrating on his ideas on capital, we have centred on his concept of political economy as a science concerned with labour as the sole creator of wealth. We present his political economy as having labour as its focal point within a hypothetical pure market economy. From here he sought a foundation to economic growth derived from human action rather than capital or other material circumstances. Hodgskin saw human knowledge and the use of technology as the starting point that would, from his perspective, lead inevitably to those economic conditions that produce improvements in economic welfare and by doing so allow for an increase in population. In order to demonstrate his ideas on growth, we reconstruct his concepts of what was natural and artificial to equate to the modern notions of endogenous and exogenous. Improvements to knowledge and technology that stemmed from the very temper of humanity and its tendency to multiply, were the endogenous fount of growth. In this way as Hodgskin stressed - necessity was the mother of invention. We also illustrate how, from Hodgskin‘s perspective, exogenous issues were the non-economic influences such as governments, legal (rather than natural) laws and tithes that tended to act counter-productively to human progress. Our reconstruction also resolves some of the dissonance that has long been associated with Hodgskin‘s economics, by addressing some of the apparent contradictions that otherwise persist.
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Fox, Mairi-Jane Venesky. "Designing for Economic Success: A 50-State Analysis of the Genuine Progress Indicator." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/679.
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The use of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the primary measure of economic progress has arguably led to unintended consequences of environmental degradation and socially skewed outcomes. The Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) was designed to reveal the trade offs associated with conventional economic growth and to assess the broader impact of economic benefits and costs on sustainable human welfare. Although originally designed for use at the national scale, an interest has developed in the United States in a state-level uptake of the GPI to inform and guide policy. However, questions exist about the quality and legitimacy of the GPI as a composite indicator. These questions include concerns about the underlying assumptions, the monetary weights and variables used, statistical rigor, magnitude of data collection required, and lack of a transparent governance mechanism for the metric. This study aims to address these issues and explore the GPI through a design-thinking lens as both a design artifact and intervention.
The leading paper in this dissertation offers the first GPI accounting for all 50 U.S. states. State GPI results are introduced and compared to Gross State Product (GSP). Then an analysis of the components to GPI reveals which drive the differences in outcomes, including examining the sustainability aspects of the state-level results. The second paper investigates the quality of the GPI as a composite indicator by testing its sensitivity to numerical assumptions and relative magnitudes of components, with particular attention to the possible unintended policy consequences of the design. The third paper seeks to answer the question of both efficiency (data parsimony) and effectiveness (comparatively to other indicators) by analysis of correlations between GPI components and with other state-level indicators such as the Gallup Well-Being Indicator, Ecological Footprint, and UN Human Development Index. To garner insight about possible GPI improvements, goals, and governance gaps in the informal U.S GPI network, the final paper dives into processes, outputs, and outcomes from the community of practice as revealed through a facilitated U.S. GPI workshop.
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Castro, Rodrigo Dutra de. "Progresso técnico e o processo de catching up na União Europeia." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7121.
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Previous issue date: 2015The work presents the theory of the integration process in the view of the Hungarian Béla Balassa economist and other authors, commenting on the steps and the reduction of barriers as the integration progresses. It also brings a brief history of the creation of the European Union, described with relevant information to the empirical study. The data from the Penn World Table 8. 0 are used for the analysis of the technical change in countries that joined the European Union until 1995, in the period 1950-2011, adopting the Foley and Michl (1999) representation system, which uses the growth-distribution schedule. It also analyzes the results of the variables: growth rate of capital stock, real average wage and gross profit rate. The study finds a Marx-biased technical change in the member states, common in capitalist economies. Moreover, the results of the evolution of labor productivity and capital intensity show an approximation process in relation to the United States in the period 1970-2011, observing the effects of economic integration. The results of the difference between the growth rates of the capital stock of the EU-15 and the US economy show a downward trend in the same period in almost all regions.
O trabalho apresenta a teoria do processo de integração na visão do economista húngaro Béla Balassa, além de outros autores, comentando sobre as etapas da evolução e a diminuição das barreiras à medida que a integração evolui. Traz também um breve histórico sobre a criação da União Europeia, descrito com informações relevantes para o estudo empírico. Os dados da Penn World Table 8. 0 são utilizados para o estudo do progresso técnico nos países que aderiram à União Europeia até 1995, no período 1950-2011, adotando o sistema de representação de Foley e Michl (1999), que utiliza a relação de distribuição-crescimento. Analisa ainda os resultados das variáveis: taxa de crescimento do estoque de capital, salário médio real e taxa bruta de lucro. Verifica um progresso técnico Marx-viesado nos estados-membros, comum em economias capitalistas. Além disso, analisa os resultados da evolução da produtividade do trabalho e da intensidade do capital dos países europeus, mostrando um processo de aproximação em relação aos Estados Unidos no período 1970-2011, observando os efeitos da integração econômica. Os resultados da diferença entre as taxas de crescimento do estoque de capital dos países da UE-15 e a da economia americana mostram uma tendência de queda no mesmo intervalo em quase todas as regiões.
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Santos, Gilvan dos. "Produtividade do trabalho na indústria de transformação nordestina: qual a importância do capital humano e do progresso tecnológico?" Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2016. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4570.
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A evolução da produtividade do trabalho, particularmente no setor industrial, é um tema que vem sendo bastante discutido na literatura econômica brasileira recente e, nos anos 90, transformando-se em questão de grande interesse, dadas as modificações pelas quais passou a economia brasileira. Alguns estudos, como o de Sabóia e Carvalho (1997), trouxeram uma ampla resenha dos debates e controvérsias sobre o assunto; Bonelli e Fonseca (1998) aprofundaram a questão dos ganhos de produtividade e eficiência na economia brasileira; enquanto o estudo de Rossi Jr. E Ferreira (1999) analisou a evolução da produtividade industrial e sua relação com a abertura comercial nos anos 90. No Brasil, o foco do debate residia na discussão de saber se realmente houve aumento da produtividade da indústria brasileira ou se as taxas de crescimento estavam elevadas em virtude da superestimação dos índices do IBGE. E se houve aumento, quais a causas desse aumento. Nossa investigação objetivou entender o comportamento da produtividade do trabalho na indústria de transformação nordestina, identificar os principais fatores determinantes da sua evolução e a verificação empírica com vistas a checar se as fontes dos incrementos da produtividade do trabalho da indústria brasileira, identificadas pela literatura, também se aplica à indústria de transformação nordestina, enfatizando o papel do capital humano e do progresso tecnológico, além de analisar a contribuição desses fatores isso para o incremento observado. A metodologia consistiu na análise dos dados da PIA-IBGE sobre o comportamento da produtividade do trabalho, bem como a análise dos resultados de uma regressão com dados em painel, utilizando-se o modelo de efeitos aleatórios. Na análise dos resultados o poder explicação da variabilidade da produtividade foi de 70%, demonstrando que a variação entre indivíduos (between) superou a variação da mesma variável ao longo do tempo (within). O capital humano é a variável que melhor explica a variabilidade da produtividade do trabalho, seguida da variável que representou a abertura da economia ao mercado externo (exportações) e a produção. A proxy escolhida para representar o progresso tecnológico obteve resultado não significativo, ainda que a literatura neoclássica assegure a existência de uma relação de causalidade com o crescimento da produtividade do trabalho. Também ficou demostrada a existência de uma associação negativa e significante entre o tamanho da planta em número médio de pessoas ocupadas com a produtividade do trabalho.A evolução da produtividade do trabalho, particularmente no setor industrial, é um tema que vem sendo bastante discutido na literatura econômica brasileira recente e, nos anos 90, transformando-se em questão de grande interesse, dadas as modificações pelas quais passou a economia brasileira. Alguns estudos, como o de Sabóia e Carvalho (1997), trouxeram uma ampla resenha dos debates e controvérsias sobre o assunto; Bonelli e Fonseca (1998) aprofundaram a questão dos ganhos de produtividade e eficiência na economia brasileira; enquanto o estudo de Rossi Jr. E Ferreira (1999) analisou a evolução da produtividade industrial e sua relação com a abertura comercial nos anos 90. No Brasil, o foco do debate residia na discussão de saber se realmente houve aumento da produtividade da indústria brasileira ou se as taxas de crescimento estavam elevadas em virtude da superestimação dos índices do IBGE. E se houve aumento, quais a causas desse aumento. Nossa investigação objetivou entender o comportamento da produtividade do trabalho na indústria de transformação nordestina, identificar os principais fatores determinantes da sua evolução e a verificação empírica com vistas a checar se as fontes dos incrementos da produtividade do trabalho da indústria brasileira, identificadas pela literatura, também se aplica à indústria de transformação nordestina, enfatizando o papel do capital humano e do progresso tecnológico, além de analisar a contribuição desses fatores isso para o incremento observado. A metodologia consistiu na análise dos dados da PIA-IBGE sobre o comportamento da produtividade do trabalho, bem como a análise dos resultados de uma regressão com dados em painel, utilizando-se o modelo de efeitos aleatórios. Na análise dos resultados o poder explicação da variabilidade da produtividade foi de 70%, demonstrando que a variação entre indivíduos (between) superou a variação da mesma variável ao longo do tempo (within). O capital humano é a variável que melhor explica a variabilidade da produtividade do trabalho, seguida da variável que representou a abertura da economia ao mercado externo (exportações) e a produção. A proxy escolhida para representar o progresso tecnológico obteve resultado não significativo, ainda que a literatura neoclássica assegure a existência de uma relação de causalidade com o crescimento da produtividade do trabalho. Também ficou demostrada a existência de uma associação negativa e significante entre o tamanho da planta em número médio de pessoas ocupadas com a produtividade do trabalho.
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Machado, Mauricio Marins. "Economias de escala e eficiência na geração de energia elétrica no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2014. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/16615.
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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Economia, Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Contabilidade e Ciência da Informação e Documentação, 2014.Submitted by Ana Cristina Barbosa da Silva (annabds@hotmail.com) on 2014-10-23T17:27:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_MauricioMarinsMachado.pdf: 1837063 bytes, checksum: bd7933de849aa13d0dfeed166888e821 (MD5)
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O estudo do mercado de geração de energia elétrica do Brasil verifica, primeiramente, a existência de economias de escala. Para tanto, estima-se função custo translog por meio do modelo Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). A base de dados é um painel de 21 firmas no período 2001/2010; os outros dois estudos que compõem esta tese amparam-se na mesma base. Os resultados do SUR não rejeitam a hipótese de que as economias de escala são uma característica típica da geração brasileira de eletricidade e, em geral, são esgotadas em níveis elevados de produção. Assim, suporta-se a visão de que indivisibilidades tendem a restringir ganhos de eficiência da livre concorrência, como se supôs na última reforma regulatória do setor. Ademais, durante o período estudado, o progresso técnico reduziu custos pelos efeitos Hicks-neutro e não neutro; a respeito do último, aponta-se que o incremento de gastos com combustível e água prevalece sobre a poupança de capital e trabalho. Os outros dois estudos da tese analisam a eficiência no mercado de geração. Um deles discorre sobre a eficiência de custo por intermédio do modelo de fronteira estocástica com coeficientes variáveis. Os resultados indicam que os desvios das firmas da função custo não representam apenas circunstancias aleatórias, mas perdas sistemáticas e significativas de eficiência. Registre-se ainda que as reduções de custo observadas no período em estudo foram promovidas majoritariamente pelo progresso técnico, e não pela melhoria da eficiência. Por último, encerra a tese a análise da eficiência técnica a partir de metodologia não paramétrica. Trata-se da análise de envoltória de dados (DEA), cujos modelos básico e bootstrap apontam também perdas de eficiência não negligenciáveis. No tocante às características observáveis das firmas, a propriedade e gerência estatal são as que ocasionam perdas de eficiência significativas em todos os testes paramétricos e não-paramétricos aplicados. Quanto à reforma regulatória, o modelo de regressão truncada e os demais testes empíricos não validam qualquer impacto sobre a eficiência técnica ou de escala. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The study of the electric power generation in Brazil begins with the evaluation of the scale economies. Thus, a translog cost function is estimated by the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model. The database is a panel with 21 firms over the period of 2001/2010; the other two studies in this dissertation use the same data. The SUR model does not reject the hypothesis that scale economies are a typical feature of the studied market and, in general, are exhausted at high production levels. This result supports the vision that indivisibilities restrict efficiency gains from free-market competition in the Brazilian electricity generation and most of the last restructuring in the industry regulation was based on this assumption. Furthermore, over the sample period, technological progress led to cost reductions in electric power supply. These technological improvements take the form of both a Hicks-neutral and non-neutral effects; notice that the fuel using prevails over the capital and labor saving technical changes. The other two studies in the dissertation analyze the efficiency in the Brazilian electric power production. One of them examines the cost efficiency using the stochastic frontier model. The results suggest that the firms’ deviations from the cost function do not represent only random circumstances, but systematic and significant efficiency losses as well. In addition, the model shows that most of the reduction costs in the period are driven by the technical progress, instead of the increase in the efficiency. Finally, to conclude the dissertation, the analysis of the technical efficiency is carried out by a non-parametric method. It is the data envelopment analysis (DEA) whose bootstrap models also indicate not negligible efficiency losses. Regarding the observable characteristics of the companies, the state management is the one that causes significant inefficiencies in all the parametric and non-parametric tests. Concerning the last regulation reform, the truncated regression model and other empirical tests do not confirm any impact in the technical and scale efficiencies.
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Vilares, Sofia Nascimento. "Analysis of the progress of lifelong learning strategies of Portuguese Economics and Management Schools." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11819.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsLifelong learning (LLL) is becoming increasingly relevant to today’s society, not only to individuals, but also to higher education institutions (HEIs). This is due to the fact that external forces such as globalization and technological change are pressuring individuals to constantly update their knowledge, and HEIs, to respond to societal and market demands. To engage in LLL strategizing HEIs have to overcome some barriers while at the same time assure the response to labor market and students’ needs. Therefore, more and more HEIs have to engage in strategy making in a way more similar to the one of business world. Portuguese HEIs are facing even greater external forces’ pressure due to the economic crisis the country is going through, which has implied state funding cuts but also low available income to families. The main aim of this master thesis was to study empirically the LLL strategy content and process of Portuguese economics and business schools and departments. This was assessed through semi-structured interviews performed to the schools. Further, there was the aim to understand the perspective over LLL of potential students as it affects the LLL strategy making, and, so, would be valuable in the provision of recommendations to the schools. This was assessed through a survey. The study allowed the conclusion that there is an increasing market-orientation from the schools, and a stakeholder-orientation, with increasing relevance given to corporate partners, Alumni and students’ opinion.
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Coleman, Claudia Jeanne. "Self-Sufficiency or Status Quo: Are the Residents in Hope VI Developments Making Progress Towards Self-Sufficiency?" University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1311271142.
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Amorim, José Francisco Oliveira de. "Dinâmica industrial na agroindústria canavieira brasileira: uma abordagem da mudança industrial via mudança técnica." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1425.
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The evolution within an economic context is the result of the adaptation process of the firms the industrial structure of the sector, these ' adaptations ' correspond to the result of an intense action of search and selection, where the economic imbalance corroborates the existence of this process. Within the notion of technological paradigm established by Dosi (1988), the firm chooses the best alternative, procedures, criteria and rules established ex ante, their actions are derived from the conditions of uncertainty, defined by the basis of information obtained in addition to the accumulation of knowledge - formal and informal - the capacity to acquire technologies and viewing opportunities. Nelson and Winter (1982) show that technical progress is endogenous in nature, this progress can be built from the establishment of patterns of response actions, or rather routines. These routines can be divided into long and short term. As the dynamics of technical progress is endogenous technical change is coming this procedure adaptive routines, from the same are established technological trajectories, which differ from industry to industry, as the dominant technology in an industry is not necessarily put to other. In this context, this dissertation seeks to demonstrate the existence of such a process applied to the sugarcane sector, after it has undergone sweeping changes since the merger and acquisition through foreign capital investment companies or other sectors, corroborating the concentration of productive activity the hands of some economic groups thus are identified characteristics of both technology standards Schumpeter Mark I and Schumpeter Mark II, many firms are in this industry, however, the process of creative destruction promoted by the accumulation of knowledge is intense. The aim was to analyze the industrial dynamics present in the sugarcane industry through models, aiming at a better understanding about the transformation started with Proálcool and heated with deregulation and lastly the impact of the international economic crisis in 2008. For this purpose, we used data collected from the Procana, ANP (National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels) and reports production cost PECEGE (Continuing Education Program in Economics and Business Management) linked to ESALQ. For the analysis, we used statistical and econometric models (Factor Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis and Analysis of Panel Data). How relevant results it is found that: i) the changes occurred may last for a few more years, ii) the endogenous variables of each plants is that they are influencing the intense transformation, since the applied technologies has originated in response patterns, iii) routinization has shown strong impact on industry structure resulting from the process of search and selection, plants are failing to adapt are declaring bankruptcy or being acquired by larger iv) as a result of creative destruction, economic groups are influencing the concentration of industry, this action is a result of the accumulation of capital and better adaptation v) the concentration of capital is taking place in the South Central region of the country, approximately within the ' polygon ' development, highlighted by Breitbach (2004) and expanding around this region.A evolução, dentro de um contexto econômico é resultante do processo de adaptação das firmas a estrutura industrial do setor, essas ‘adaptações’ correspondem ao resultado de uma intensa ação de busca e seleção, onde o desequilíbrio econômico corrobora com a existência desse processo. Dentro da noção de paradigma tecnológico, estabelecido por Dosi (1988), a firma escolhe as melhores alternativas, procedimentos, critérios e regras estabelecidas ex-ante, suas ações derivam das condições de incerteza, definidas pela base de informações obtidas, além da acumulação de conhecimentos – formais e informais –, da capacidade de apropriação de tecnologias e da visualização de oportunidades. Nelson e Winter (1982) evidenciam que o progresso técnico é de natureza endógena, esse progresso pode ser construído a partir do estabelecimento de padrões de ações de respostas, ou melhor, rotinas. Essas podem ser divididas em rotinas de longo e curto prazo. Como a dinâmica do progresso técnico é endógena, a mudança técnica é oriunda desse procedimento de rotinas adaptativas, a partir do mesmo são estabelecidas as trajetórias tecnológicas, as quais diferem de indústria para indústria, pois a tecnologia dominada em um setor não necessariamente está posta para outro. Diante desse contexto, essa dissertação busca evidenciar a existência de tal processo aplicado ao setor canavieiro, afinal este tem passado por intensas transformações, desde fusão e aquisição até o investimento de capital estrangeiro ou de empresas de outros setores, corroborando para a concentração da atividade produtiva nas mãos de alguns grupos econômicos, dessa forma são identificadas características de ambos os padrões tecnológicos de Schumpeter Mark I e Schumpeter Mark II, diversas firmas estão presente no setor, entretanto, o processo de destruição criadora promovido pela acumulação de conhecimento é intenso. O objetivo foi analisar a dinâmica industrial presente no setor canavieiro através de modelos, visando uma melhor compreensão a respeito das transformações iniciadas com o Proálcool e acaloradas com a desregulamentação e por último com o impacto da crise econômica internacional de 2008. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados colhidos junto ao Procana, ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis) e relatórios de custo de produção do PECEGE (Programa de Educação Continuada em Economia e Gestão de Empresas) vinculado a ESALQ. Para a análise, foram utilizados modelos estatístico e econométricos (Análise Fatorial, Análise de Regressão Múltipla e Análise de Dados em Painel). Como resultados relevantes verifica-se que: i) as transformações ocorridas poderão perdurar por mais alguns anos; ii) as variáveis endógenas das usinas estão influenciando a intensa transformação, visto que as tecnologias aplicadas apresentam origem em seus padrões de resposta; iii) a rotinização tem apresentado forte impacto na estrutura do setor, resultante do processo de busca e seleção, as usinas que não estão conseguindo adaptar-se estão declarando falência ou sendo adquiridas por outras maiores; iv) como resultado da destruição criadora, grupos econômicos passam a influenciar na concentração do setor, essa ação é resultado da acumulação de capital e melhor adaptação v) a concentração do capital está ocorrendo na região Centro-Sul do país, aproximadamente dentro do ‘polígono de desenvolvimento’, destacado por Breitbach (2004) e se expandindo ao redor dessa região.
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Romero, João Prates. "Technical progress and structural change : the roles of demand and supply in economic growth." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709440.
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