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1
Teimouri, Mahdi, and Saralees Nadarajah. "Bias corrected MLEs under progressive type-II censoring scheme." Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 86, no. 14 (January 8, 2016): 2714–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2015.1123709.
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CHASLOT, GUILLAUME M. J.-B., MARK H. M. WINANDS, H. JAAP VAN DEN HERIK, JOS W. H. M. UITERWIJK, and BRUNO BOUZY. "PROGRESSIVE STRATEGIES FOR MONTE-CARLO TREE SEARCH." New Mathematics and Natural Computation 04, no. 03 (November 2008): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793005708001094.
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Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a new best-first search guided by the results of Monte-Carlo simulations. In this article, we introduce two progressive strategies for MCTS, called progressive bias and progressive unpruning. They enable the use of relatively time-expensive heuristic knowledge without speed reduction. Progressive bias directs the search according to heuristic knowledge. Progressive unpruning first reduces the branching factor, and then increases it gradually again. Experiments assess that the two progressive strategies significantly improve the level of our Go program Mango. Moreover, we see that the combination of both strategies performs even better on larger board sizes.
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Dawson, Julie K., Edmond Quah, Ben Earnshaw, Constanta Amoasii, Tareg Mudawi, and Lisa G. Spencer. "Does methotrexate cause progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease? A systematic review." Rheumatology International 41, no. 6 (January 29, 2021): 1055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04773-4.
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AbstractThe aim is to evaluate the published evidence on whether methotrexate (MTX) use causes progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease (fILD). This PRISMA-compliant systematic review has been registered electronically with PROSPERO 2018 ID CRD42018087838, Centre of review and dissemination at the University of York. A total of 29 articles met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen articles were found to support the claim that MTX causes fILD. They all had a low Downs and Black quality score (< 6/27). Their ‘risk of bias’ assessment scores indicated serious to critical risk of bias. The 16 articles rejecting the claim that MTX causes fILD were of higher quality as indicated by their Downs and Black score. Their ‘risk of bias’ assessment scores suggested only a low to moderate risk of bias. This systematic literature review supports the finding that MTX does not cause fILD in humans. Three studies suggest that MTX treatment may actually improve outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) associated fILD by slowing down ILD progression.
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Swank, Ann M., Alissa Moore, Daniel C. Funk, Lynne Steinel, Robert J. Robertson, and John T. Manire. "Evaluation of Anticipation Bias for RPE during Progressive Exercise Testing." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 3 (June 2005): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3.841-850.
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This study evaluated a possible anticipation bias when ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were obtained during submaximal progressive exercise testing. Perceptual estimates were obtained using the CR-10 category-ratio scale. 13 subjects, 7 men and 6 women ( M age = 26.8 ± 6.4 yr., height = 2.7 ± .17 m, weight = 73.0 ± 18.2 kg, VO2 peak = 46.7 ± 5.6 ml · kg−1 · min−1 for men and 47.8 ± 7.3 ml · kg−1 · min.−1 for women) recruited from the university student population participated. Each subject underwent two submaximal progressive exercise tests separated by at least 48 hr. using the cycle as test mode and the YMCA protocol. Power outputs established during the first test were presented in random order during the second test. Differentiated RPE for the Peripheral, Respiratory-Metabolic, and the undifferentiated signals, and heart rate, were measured during the last 15 sec. of each of the four stages of exercise. In comparing responses between the two tests, significant differences were observed for both heart rate and the Respiratory-Metabolic signal during power output 4, using repeated-measures analysis of variance. However, a 95% limit of agreement test was significant only for heart rate as the 95% confidence interval for the Respiratory-Metabolic signal overlapped zero and thus was not significantly different. No significant differences were found for the undifferentiated or peripheral signals between the two tests. Results indicate that both undifferentiated and differentiated RPE are given without significant anticipation bias during submaximal progressive cycle exercise.
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Briones-Robinson, Rhissa, Ràchael A. Powers, and Kelly M. Socia. "Sexual Orientation Bias Crimes." Criminal Justice and Behavior 43, no. 12 (July 28, 2016): 1688–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816660583.
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LGBT hate crimes are typically more violent and involve greater victim injury as compared to other victimizations, but they are substantially underreported. Victim reluctance to contact law enforcement may arise from perceptions of police bias. This study explores victim–police interactions, specifically reporting to the police, perceived police bias among victims who did not report, and differential police behavior among victims who reported. Using multiple years of National Crime Victimization Survey data, sexual orientation bias victimizations are compared with other forms of victimization. Logit regression models are examined before and after the Matthew Shepard Act. The pattern of results indicate that in the years following progressive policy reforms, LGBT bias victims continue to perceive the police as biased. Results do not significantly differ between sexual orientation bias victims and victims of other types of crime regarding police reporting and differential police response. Implications for policing efforts with the LGBT community are discussed.
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Abad, Francisco J., Roberto Colom, Irene Rebollo, and Sergio Escorial. "Sex differential item functioning in the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices: evidence for bias." Personality and Individual Differences 36, no. 6 (April 2004): 1459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00241-1.
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Mlađenović, Nikola. "The Bias of Mediatization: Utopia in Charlottesville." Mediatization Studies 3 (October 16, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ms.2019.3.69-81.
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<p>The paper reconstructs Harold innis’ idea of media’s bias. It is argued that media construct a view of the future in line with temporalized Platonism that excludes people that belong to the past. The clash of statues and media in Charlottesville presented mediatization as a progressive but not dialectical force. Statues and media did not check each other’s biases. Media embody the confrontation of authority and publicity (Habermas) or the Enlightenment and Absolutism (Koselleck). After the neoliberal commercialization, the Enlightenment acquired the form of utopian future that confronts the media logic against conservative forces. The truth is constructed according to the prescribed future. Trump blamed all, in accordance with the Absolutist principle. Commercial media professionalism stood by its Enlightenment origins and accused Trump of revitalizing forces of the past. Because most citizens were against taking down the statues, commercialized media logic was less receiver steering than the public service media.</p>
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Zhao, Linna, Peihong Yu, Zixiang Guo, Dawei Yan, Hao Zhou, Jinbo Wu, Zhiqiang Cui, Huarui Sun, and Xiaofeng Gu. "Progressive current degradation and breakdown behavior in GaN LEDs under high reverse bias stress." Chinese Physics B 26, no. 8 (August 2017): 087308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/26/8/087308.
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Bora, E. "A neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity-based framework for early intervention in psychotic disorders." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 3 (August 11, 2017): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717002045.
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In recent years there has been growing interest in early intervention in psychotic disorders and a number of clinical and research programmes have been developed. The clinical staging model has been an essential part of early intervention as it provides the rationale of existing programmes. In medicine, clinical staging is a valuable approach in disorders where primary pathology is progressive in nature. However, the clinical staging model of psychosis has been proposed without establishing first that schizophrenia is a primarily progressive disorder. In reviewing existing evidence, this current paper argues that cross-sectional data interpreted as supportive of clinical staging data does not consider the effects of sampling bias, problems in reliability in assessing ‘soft symptoms’, or false positives. Longitudinal neurobiological studies do not provide a convincing case for primarily progressive pathology in schizophrenia. Clinical progression in schizophrenia can be better conceptualised as neuroplastic changes in response to interaction between core developmental pathology and environmental stimuli. An alternative rationale for early and continuous intervention targeting neurodevelopmental abnormality and neuroplastic changes, as well as medical and psychological comorbidities, is proposed in this paper.
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Ostergaard, Arne L., William C. Heindel, and Jane S. Paulsen. "The biasing effect of verbal labels on memory for ambiguous figures in patients with progressive dementia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1, no. 3 (May 1995): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700000266.
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AbstractThis experiment investigated the effects of verbal labels on recognition memory for ambiguous visual figures in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), patients with Huntington's disease (HD), and matched normal control subjects. The study employed ambiguous figures that could be interpreted in two different ways. During the study phase each figure was presented together with a verbal label that corresponded to one interpretation of the figure. After a 30-min retention interval a recognition memory test was given during which the study figures and distractor figures were presented one at a time without verbal labels. For each study figure two distractor figures were employed, each corresponding to a different interpretation of the study figure. The patients' overall recognition memory performance was severely impaired compared to control subjects. However, all subject groups tended to produce responses and response latencies to distractor items that were consistent with the verbal labels presented during the study phase. This bias effect occurred in the AD patients despite the fact that their recognition memory performance was at chance level. Indeed, there was no significant difference in the bias evidenced by the AD and HD patients and their respective matched control subjects. The bias effects were obtained in an explicit memory task, and the findings are discussed in terms of unconscious influences on explicit memory processes. (JINS, 1995, I, 271–280.)
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Robertson, David Brian. "The Bias of American Federalism: The Limits of Welfare-State Development in the Progressive Era." Journal of Policy History 1, no. 3 (July 1989): 261–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600003523.
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Welfare state programs developed later in the United States than in other nations. Today, American programs are less widely accessible, less uniform, and often less generous than programs abroad. Explanations for this relative conservatism usually focus on the lack of a socialist movement or a socialist ideological tradition in the United States. Yet during the Progressive Era, when the gap between the American and European welfare states widened significantly enough for contemporaries to acknowledge it, the forces for social reform had never been stronger in the United States. In many ways these forces resembled those in England, which at the time was laying the foundations for a model welfare state.
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Ghoshani, Maral, Morteza Mozaafari, Peter S. Normile, Jose A. De Toro, and Abdulrahman Al-Nabhani. "Core Size and Interface Impact on the Exchange Bias of Cobalt/Cobalt Oxide Nanostructures." Magnetochemistry 7, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry7030040.
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Two series of Co/Co-oxide nanostructures have been synthesized by the co-precipitation method followed by different reduction and oxidation processes in an attempt to optimize their exchange bias (EB) properties. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) magnetometry. The two series differ with respect to their average Co core grain sizes: in one (the l-series), the size is ≈100 nm, and in the other (the s-series, obtained using lower synthesis temperatures than the l-series), it is ≈10 nm. In the l-series, progressive oxidation yields an increase in the EB field together with a reduction in Co core size. In contrast, progressive oxidation in the s-series results in growth of the Co-oxide fraction at the expense of the Co core upon oxidation, which is accompanied by a decrease in the EB effect that is attributed to an ordering of the ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic interface and therefore a reduction of uncompensated spins density. These results illustrate how the interface details become relevant only for small enough ferromagnetic cores.
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Giraud, Edmond. "Observed Distortions (From Linearity) of the Hubble Flow and Bias in the Data." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 130 (1988): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900137131.
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Several tests can be made to get a rough idea of the Malmquist effect in a given set of galaxies. They are : (1) The progressive loss of late types pirals (Scd or later), of low luminosity classes, of objects with small rotation velocity, or small internal dispersion, as we go to larger distances. (2) The variation of the slope of the Tully-Fisher relation, of the Faber-Jackson relation or of the Λ index with distance (differential bias).
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Cougle, Jesse R., Natalie L. Wilver, Taylor N. Day, Berta J. Summers, Sarah A. Okey, and Corinne N. Carlton. "Interpretation Bias Modification Versus Progressive Muscle Relaxation for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Web-Based Controlled Trial." Behavior Therapy 51, no. 1 (January 2020): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.009.
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Pakyari, Reza. "Inference for the Geometric Extreme Exponential Distribution under Progressive Type II Censoring." ISRN Probability and Statistics 2012 (September 11, 2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/292384.
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Geometric extreme exponential (GE-exponential) is one of the nonnegative right-skewed distribution that is suitable for analyzing lifetime data. It is well known that the maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) of the parameters lead to likelihood equations that have to be solved numerically. In this paper, we provide explicit estimators through an approximation of the likelihood equations based on progressively Type-II-censored samples. The approximate estimators are then used as starting values to find the MLEs numerically. The bias and variances of the MLEs are calculated for a wide range of sample sizes and different progressive censoring schemes through a Monte Carlo simulation study. Moreover, formulas for the observed Fisher information are given which could be used to construct asymptotic confidence intervals. The coverage probabilities of the confidence intervals and the percentage points of pivotal quantities associated with the MLEs are also calculated. A real dataset has been studied for illustrative purposes.
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Christofides, Nicos D., Ewan Wilkinson, Mary Stoddart, David C. Ray, and Geoff J. Beckett. "Assessment of Serum Thyroxine Binding Capacity-dependent Biases in Free Thyroxine Assays." Clinical Chemistry 45, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/45.4.520.
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Abstract Background: Free thyroxine (FT4) assays may exhibit biases that are related to serum T4 binding capacity (sBC). We describe two tests that can be used to assess the presence and magnitude of sBC-dependent biases in FT4 assays. Methods: We used a direct equilibrium dialysis FT4 assay as the reference method and compared the results obtained with those of the FT4 assays under investigation, in patient sera having a wide range of sBC. We then compared the expected and observed FT4 results for sera diluted with an inert buffer. Because serum dilution causes a predictable decrease in sBC, an increasingly negative bias on progressive dilution is indicative of a sBC-dependent bias. Results: The automated FT4 assay investigated (Vitros FT4) showed no demonstrable sBC-dependent bias by either test. Conclusion: These two tests can be used to screen for sBC-dependent biases in FT4 assays.
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Jun Koo, Se, Ye Jin Kim, Eunchong Seo, Hye Yoon Park, Jee Eun Min, Minji Bang, Eun Lee, and Suk Kyoon An. "S73. RELATIONSHIP OF COGNITIVE ABILITY AND PERSONALITY TRAITS WITH HOSTILE ATTRIBUTION BIAS IN NONCLINICAL SUBJECTS: THEORY OF MIND AS A MEDIATOR." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.139.
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Abstract Background Hostile attribution bias has been reported to be common from nonclinical population to serious mental illness such as schizophrenia and is known to be closely related to social cognition. The aims of this study was to investigate whether theory of mind (ToM) skills mediate the relationship between cognitive ability and personality traits and attribution bias by using the Korean version of Reading the Minds in the eyes test (K-RMET). Methods One hundred ninety-six (101 females) nonclinical youths were recruited. To assess general cognitive ability and ToM skills, participants were asked to complete the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and the K-RMET. For personality traits, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (psychoticism) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (perspective taking) were administered. To evaluate the hostile attribution bias, the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire was also administered. Path analysis and the bias-corrected percentile bootstrap method were performed to estimate the parameters of mediating effects. Results Based on Akaike Information Criterion(AIC) the best model characterized 1) two direct pathways from psychoticism and the K-RMET to hostility attribution bias and 2) four indirect pathways, wherein SPM, perspective taking and psychoticism influence hostile attribution bias through the K-RMET. The K-RMET fully mediated the association between SPM (p=.028), perspective taking (p=.027), psychoticism (p=.041) and hostile attribution bias. Discussion The main findings suggested that ToM skill such as the RMET plays an important role in explaining the relationship between cognitive ability and personality traits and hostile attribution bias. The development of remediation strategy of theory of mind skills may be needed to balance the enhanced hostility bias which is underlying the paranoia.
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Naunton, Josh, Gabrielle Street, Chris Littlewood, Terrence Haines, and Peter Malliaras. "Effectiveness of progressive and resisted and non-progressive or non-resisted exercise in rotator cuff related shoulder pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." Clinical Rehabilitation 34, no. 9 (June 22, 2020): 1198–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215520934147.
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Objective: Synthesize evidence regarding effectiveness of progressive and resisted or non-progressive and non-resisted exercise compared with placebo or no treatment, in rotator cuff related pain. Data sources: English articles, searched in Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases up until May 19, 2020. Methods: Randomized controlled trials in people with rotator cuff related pain comparing either progressive and resisted exercise or non-progressive and non-resisted exercise, with placebo or no treatment were included. Data extracted independently by two authors. Risk of bias appraised with the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Results: Seven trials (468 participants) were included, four trials (271 participants) included progressive and resisted exercise and three trials (197 participants) included non-progressive or non-resisted exercise. There was uncertain clinical benefit for composite pain and function (15 point difference, 95% CI 9 to 21, 100-point scale) and pain outcomes at >6 weeks to 6 months with progressive and resisted exercise compared to placebo or no treatment (comparison 1). For non-progressive or non-resisted exercise there was no significant benefit for composite pain and function (4 point difference, 95% CI −2 to 9, 100-point scale) and pain outcomes at >6 weeks to 6 months compared to placebo or no treatment (comparison 2). Adverse events were seldom reported and mild. Conclusions: There is uncertain clinical benefit for all outcomes with progressive and resisted exercise and no significant benefit with non-progressive and non-resisted exercise, versus no treatment or placebo at >6 weeks to 6 months. Findings are low certainty and should be interpreted with caution.
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Seo, Jung-In, Young Eun Jeon, and Suk-Bok Kang. "New Approach for a Weibull Distribution under the Progressive Type-II Censoring Scheme." Mathematics 8, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8101713.
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This paper proposes a new approach based on the regression framework employing a pivotal quantity to estimate unknown parameters of a Weibull distribution under the progressive Type-II censoring scheme, which provides a closed form solution for the shape parameter, unlike its maximum likelihood estimator counterpart. To resolve serious rounding errors for the exact mean and variance of the pivotal quantity, two different types of Taylor series expansion are applied, and the resulting performance is enhanced in terms of the mean square error and bias obtained through the Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, an actual application example, including a simple goodness-of-fit analysis of the actual test data based on the pivotal quantity, proves the feasibility and applicability of the proposed approach.
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Wilver, Natalie L., and Jesse R. Cougle. "An Internet-based controlled trial of interpretation bias modification versus progressive muscle relaxation for body dysmorphic disorder." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 87, no. 3 (March 2019): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000372.
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Heenan, Adam, and Nikolaus F. Troje. "Both Physical Exercise and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Reduce the Facing-the-Viewer Bias in Biological Motion Perception." PLoS ONE 9, no. 7 (July 2, 2014): e99902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099902.
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Gove, Jeffrey H., C. Wayne Martin, Ganapati P. Paul, Dale S. Solomon, and James W. Hornbeck. "Plant species diversity on even-aged harvests at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: 10-year results." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 1800–1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-235.
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Comparisons of plant species diversity were made on two separate watersheds treated by a block clearcut and progressive strip cut in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. Intrinsic diversity profiles were used to make diversity comparisons. A jackknifing technique was used on the diversity profiles for bias correction and to test for intrinsic diversity orderings. Comparisons were made within treatments over time and between treatments at 1 and 10 years after cutting. The results suggest that plant species diversity was lowest the year following treatment on both watersheds, and that it was at its highest 10 years after cutting on the progressive strip cut; however, diversity was found to be decreasing after 10 years on the block clearcut. In addition, the data suggest that the overall diversity of the progressive strip cut was higher than that of the block clearcut both immediately and 10 years after treatment.
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Marchetti, Antonella, Francesca Baglio, Ilaria Castelli, Ludovica Griffanti, Raffaello Nemni, Federica Rossetto, Annalisa Valle, Michela Zanette, and Davide Massaro. "Social Decision Making in Adolescents and Young Adults: Evidence From the Ultimatum Game and Cognitive Biases." Psychological Reports 122, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118755673.
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During adolescence and early adulthood, individuals deal with important developmental changes, especially in the context of complex social interactions. Previous studies demonstrated that those changes have a significant impact on the social decision making process, in terms of a progressive increase of intentionality comprehension of others, of the sensitivity to fairness, and of the impermeability to decisional biases. However, neither adolescents nor adults reach the ideal level of maximization and of rationality of the homo economicus proposed by classical economics theory, thus remaining more close to the model of the “bounded rationality” proposed by cognitive psychology. In the present study, we analyzed two aspects of decision making in 110 participants from early adolescence to young adulthood: the sensitivity to fairness and the permeability to decisional biases (Outcome Bias and Hindsight Bias). To address these questions, we adopted a modified version of the Ultimatum Game task, where participants faced fair, unfair, and hyperfair offers from proposers described as generous, selfish, or neutral. We also administered two behavioral tasks testing the influence of the Outcome Bias and of the Hindsight Bias in the evaluation of the decision. Our behavioral results highlighted that the participants are still partially consequentialist, as the decisional process is influenced by a complex balance between the outcome and the psychological description of the proposer. As regards cognitive biases, the Outcome Bias and the Hindsight Bias are present in the whole sample, with no relevant age differences.
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Nurmila, Nina. "THE CURRENT BATTLES BETWEEN PROGRESSIVE AND CONSERVATIVE MUSLIM WOMEN IN INDONESIA." AGENDA: Jurnal Analisis Gender dan Agama 2, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/agenda.v2i1.2026.
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Perempuan Indonesia telah mampu mengatur diri mereka sejak pra-kemerdekaan. Mereka bersatu untuk meraih kemerdekaan, tetapi mereka juga terbagi berdasarkan agama dan masalah-masalah yang mereka perjuangkan. Dalam masalah poligami, organisasi-organisasi perempuan Kristen dan sekuler cenderung menentangnya, sementara perempuan Islam cenderung setuju menerima poligami sebagai bagian dari syariah Islam yang tidak dapat dilarang. Artikel ini akan membahas tentang perbedaan pendapat antara perempuan muslim progresif dan konservatif, terutama tentang masalah kekerasan seksual, pernikahan anak dan pernikahan poligami. Berbeda dari organisasi perempuan Muslim sebelumnya di tahun 1990-an, terdapat peningkatan jumlah perempuan muslim dengan latar belakang pesantren yang lebih berpendidikan dan kritis terhadap interpretasi Alquran yang bias laki-laki. Mereka menentang kekerasan seksual, pernikahan anak dan pernikahan poligami. Namun, ada juga peningkatan jumlah perempuan berpendidikan dengan latar belakang ilmu sekuler dan ilmu sains murni yang cenderung membaca Al-Qur'an secara harfiah dan tidak setuju terhadap diberlakukannya RUU Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual, mempromosikan pernikahan anak dan pernikahan poligami. Pernikahan poligami dapat disebarluaskan lebih baik di kalangan orang Indonesia dengan menggunakan social media dan fasilitas internet lainnya
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Maltais, F., L. Dinh, Y. Cormier, and F. Series. "Changes in upper airway resistance during progressive normocapnic hypoxia in normal men." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.548.
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The effects of normocapnic progressive hypoxia on nasal and pharyngeal resistances were evaluated in nine normal men. To calculate resistances, upper airway pressures were measured with two low-bias flow catheters; one was placed at the tip of the epiglottis and the other in the posterior nasopharynx, and we measured flow with a Fleish no. 3 pneumotachograph connected to a tightly fitting mask. Both resistances were obtained during a baseline period and during progressive normocapnic hypoxia achieved by a rebreathing method. We collected the breath-by-breath values of upper airway resistances, minute ventilation, O2 and CO2 fractions, arterial O2 saturation (SaO2), and changes in functional residual capacity (inductance vest). The central respiratory drive was evaluated by the mouth occlusion pressure 0.1 s after the onset of inspiration (P0.1), and breath-by-breath P0.1 values were estimated by intrapolation from the linear relationship between P0.1 and SaO2. In each subject both resistances decreased during the hypoxic test. The slope of the decrease in resistance with decreasing SaO2 (%baseline/%SaO2) was steeper for pharyngeal resistance than for nasal resistance [2.67 +/- 0.29 and 1.61 +/- 0.25 (SE), respectively; P less than 0.05]. The slope of the decrease in resistance with increasing P0.1 (%baseline/cmH2O) was -0.24 +/- 0.05 for nasal resistance and -0.39 +/- 0.07 for pharyngeal resistance (P less than 0.05). Functional residual capacity progressively increased during the test, but the decrease in resistance was greater than expected from an isolated increase in lung volume. We conclude that nasal and pharyngeal resistances decrease during progressive normocapnic hypoxia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Margolick, Joseph, Charlotte Dandurand, Katrina Duncan, Wenjia Chen, David C. Evans, Mypinder S. Sekhon, Naisan Garraway, Donald E. G. Griesdale, Peter Gooderham, and S. Morad Hameed. "A Systematic Review of the Risks and Benefits of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Traumatic Brain Injury." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 45, no. 4 (June 13, 2018): 432–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2017.275.
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AbstractBackground:Patients suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, initiation of pharmacological venous thromboprophylaxis (VTEp) may cause further intracranial hemorrhage. We reviewed the literature to determine the postinjury time interval at which VTEp can be administered without risk of TBI evolution and hematoma expansion.Methods:MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched. Inclusion criteria were studies investigating timing and safety of VTEp in TBI patients not previously on oral anticoagulation. Two investigators extracted data and graded the papers’ levels of evidence. Randomized controlled trials were assessed for bias according to the Cochrane Collaboration Tool and Cohort studies were evaluated for bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We performed univariate meta-regression analysis in an attempt to identify a relationship between VTEp timing and hemorrhagic progression and assess study heterogeneity using anI2statistic.Results:Twenty-one studies were included in the systematic review. Eighteen total studies demonstrated that VTEp postinjury in patients with stable head computed tomography scan does not lead to TBI progression. Fourteen studies demonstrated that VTEp administration 24 to 72 hours postinjury is safe in patients with stable injury. Four studies suggested that administering VTEp within 24 hours of injury in patients with stable TBI does not lead to progressive intracranial hemorrhage. Overall, meta-regression analysis demonstrated that there was no relationship between rate of hemorrhagic progression and VTEp timing.Conclusions:Literature suggests that administering VTEp 24 to 48 hours postinjury may be safe for patients with low-hemorrhagic-risk TBIs and stable injury on repeat imaging.
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Huang, Boyin, Wanqiu Wang, Chunying Liu, Viva Banzon, Huai-Min Zhang, and Jay Lawrimore. "Bias Adjustment of AVHRR SST and Its Impacts on Two SST Analyses." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 2 (February 2015): 372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00121.1.
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AbstractSea surface temperature (SST) observations from satellite-based Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument exhibit biases. Adjustments necessary for removing the AVHRR biases have been studied by progressive experiments. These experiments show that the biases are sensitive to various parameters, including the length of the input data window, the base-function empirical orthogonal teleconnections (EOTs), the ship–buoy SST adjustment, and a shift in grid system. The difference in bias adjustments due to these parameters can be as large as 0.3°–0.5°C in the tropical Pacific at the monthly time scale.The AVHRR bias adjustments were designed differently in the daily optimum interpolation SST (DOISST) and the Extended Reconstructed SST datasets that ingest AVHRR SSTs (ERSSTsat). The different AVHRR bias adjustments result in the differences in SST datasets in DOISST and ERSSTsat. Comparisons show that the SST difference between these two datasets results largely from the difference in the AVHRR bias adjustments and little from SST analysis methods in the Niño-3.4 region, as well as in the global oceans. For example, the average difference of the Niño-3.4 SSTs between DOISST and ERSSTsat is approximately 0.12°C due to the bias adjustments and is about 0.01°C due to the analysis methods.This study finds that the DOISST datasets can be improved by using the revised AVHRR bias adjustment of a wider input data window, updated EOTs, and a shifted grid system in DOISST. Improvements can also be made by including a ship–buoy SST adjustment, a zonal SST adjustment, or revised EOTs without damping in the high latitudes in ERSSTsat.
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Obuchowski, Nancy A., Erick M. Remer, Ken Sakaie, Erika Schneider, Robert J. Fox, Kunio Nakamura, Ricardo Avila, and Alexander Guimaraes. "Importance of incorporating quantitative imaging biomarker technical performance characteristics when estimating treatment effects." Clinical Trials 18, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774520981934.
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Background/aims Quantitative imaging biomarkers have the potential to detect change in disease early and noninvasively, providing information about the diagnosis and prognosis of a patient, aiding in monitoring disease, and informing when therapy is effective. In clinical trials testing new therapies, there has been a tendency to ignore the variability and bias in quantitative imaging biomarker measurements. Unfortunately, this can lead to underpowered studies and incorrect estimates of the treatment effect. We illustrate the problem when non-constant measurement bias is ignored and show how treatment effect estimates can be corrected. Methods Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the coverage of 95% confidence intervals for the treatment effect when non-constant bias is ignored versus when the bias is corrected for. Three examples are presented to illustrate the methods: doubling times of lung nodules, rates of change in brain atrophy in progressive multiple sclerosis clinical trials, and changes in proton-density fat fraction in trials for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Results Incorrectly assuming that the measurement bias is constant leads to 95% confidence intervals for the treatment effect with reduced coverage (<95%); the coverage is especially reduced when the quantitative imaging biomarker measurements have good precision and/or there is a large treatment effect. Estimates of the measurement bias from technical performance validation studies can be used to correct the confidence intervals for the treatment effect. Conclusion Technical performance validation studies of quantitative imaging biomarkers are needed to supplement clinical trial data to provide unbiased estimates of the treatment effect.
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Morrison, Hamish D., Dafydd Morgan, Duncan J. McLauchlan, Catherine Clenaghan, and Anne E. Rosser. "Delayed diagnosis of spinal cord injuries in Huntington’s disease." Practical Neurology 21, no. 3 (February 4, 2021): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2020-002854.
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Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by progressive cognitive, motor and psychiatric symptoms. Patients with advanced disease presenting to emergency medical services can pose a diagnostic and management challenge for physicians unfamiliar with the condition. We describe two patients with Huntington’s disease in whom the diagnosis of traumatic spinal cord injury was delayed, discuss the role that cognitive bias and other factors played in this delay, and the lessons we can learn.
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Allanson, Emma R., Yang Peng, Angela Choi, Sandra Hayes, Monika Janda, and Andreas Obermair. "A systematic review and meta-analysis of sarcopenia as a prognostic factor in gynecological malignancy." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 30, no. 11 (August 2, 2020): 1791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2020-001678.
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IntroductionSarcopenia is a condition described as the progressive generalized loss of muscle mass and strength. While sarcopenia has been linked with poorer outcomes following a variety of malignancies, its relationship with all gynecological cancer clinical outcomes has, to date, not been evaluated. This review interrogates the concept of sarcopenia as a prognostic tool for oncological outcomes and adverse effects of treatments in all primary gynecological malignancies.MethodsThis systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, searching PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL without date or language restriction for studies reporting on sarcopenia and gynecological malignancies. Random effects meta-analysis models were used to determine the effects of sarcopenia on progression-free survival, overall survival, and treatment-related adverse events.ResultsData were analyzed from 13 studies, including 2446 patients (range 60–323) with ovarian cancer (n=1381), endometrial cancer (n=354), or cervical cancer (n=481). Sarcopenia was associated with lower progression-free survival (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.76), overall survival (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.64), and no increase in adverse events (HR 1.28, 95% CI 0.69 to 2.40). The risk of bias of the studies was mostly rated unclear, and Begg’s and Egger’s test revealed a potential publication bias for progression-free survival and overall survval, although the HRs remained significant when adjusting for it.ConclusionSarcopenia is associated with worse progression-free survival and overall survival in gynecological oncology malignancies. Further research is warranted to validate these findings in larger and prospective samples using standardized methodology and to examine if an intervention could reverse its effect in gynecological oncology trials.
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Cassidy, Jim, L. Mark Raab, and Nina A. Kononenko. "Boats, Bones, and Biface Bias: The Early Holocene Mariners of Eel Point, San Clemente Island, California." American Antiquity 69, no. 1 (January 2004): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128350.
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By 8000 B.P., sea-mammal hunting and open-sea voyages were established at Eel Point, San Clemente Island, California. The early inhabitants of Eel Point depended heavily on sea-mammal hunting and shellfish collecting, rather than the intensive fishing that developed during the Late Holocene along the Southern California coast. Eel Point technological capabilities rivaled those of Late Holocene groups such as the Chumash Indians, including the ability to fabricate sophisticated watercraft. These data question traditional models of progressive maritime cultural development in coastal Southern California, and reveal the need for more empirical methods of assessing the seafaring capabilities of ancient maritime populations.
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MOHAN, RAKHI, and MANOJ CHACKO. "Statistical inference for Kumaraswamy-exponential distribution based on progressive Type-II censored data with binomial removals." Journal of Statistical Research 53, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47302/jsr.2019530204.
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In this paper, estimation of parameters of Kumaraswamy-exponential distribution with shape parameters α and β is considered based on a progressively type-II censored sample with binomial removals. Together with the unknown parameters, the removal probability p is also estimated. Bayes estimators are obtained using different loss functions such as squared error, LINEX loss function and entropy loss function. All Bayesian estimates are compared with the corresponding maximum likelihood estimates numerically in terms of their bias and mean square error values and found that Bayes estimators perform better than MLE’s for β and p and MLEs perform better than Bayes estimators for α. A real data set is also used for illustration.
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Koch, M., Y. Zhao, I. Yee, C. Guimond, E. Kingwell, P. Rieckmann, D. Sadovnick, and H. Tremlett. "Disease onset in familial and sporadic primary progressive multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16, no. 6 (April 8, 2010): 694–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510367661.
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The pathophysiology of primary progressive (PP) multiple sclerosis (MS) involves diffuse axonal degeneration which is believed to start early in the disease process, even before the onset of clinical symptoms. Symptomatic onset then occurs when this process reaches a threshold after which the axonal loss can no longer be compensated. A preliminary study showed that patients with familial PPMS had an earlier clinical onset than patients with sporadic disease, suggesting a hereditary component to the disease process of PPMS. In this study, we combined data from two large, population-based, longitudinal MS databases to investigate disease onset in familial and sporadic PPMS. We examined 411 patients with PPMS. There were no differences in gender distribution or onset symptoms between familial and sporadic PPMS. Patients with familial PPMS were significantly younger at disease onset ( n = 84, median age: 37.6 years) than patients with sporadic disease ( n = 327, median age: 42.7, p = 0.007). This difference was due to a greater proportion of familial cases with a disease onset before the age of 30 and a smaller proportion with disease onset between 40 and 50 years of age ( p = 0.002). Gender had no significant effect on the age at disease onset. Further analyses showed that these findings were unlikely to be due to ascertainment bias towards an earlier diagnosis in familial cases. Our findings suggest a hereditary component to the disease process of PPMS. It would be worthwhile to identify patients with familial PPMS for future research on disease modifying genes in MS.
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Liu, Chiung-ju, Michael LaValley, and Nancy K. Latham. "Do Unblinded Assessors Bias Muscle Strength Outcomes in Randomized Controlled Trials of Progressive Resistance Strength Training in Older Adults?" American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 90, no. 3 (March 2011): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phm.0b013e31820174b3.
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Kolb, Jon C., Peter Farran, Stephen R. Norris, David Smith, and Joachim Mester. "Validation of Pulse Oximetry During Progressive Normobaric Hypoxia Utilizing a Portable Chamber." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 29, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h04-001.
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Validation of pulse oximetry in commercially available normobaric hypoxic chambers (NHC) has not been previously reported. The present study examined the validity of pulse oximetry (SpO2) against direct measurements of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) via co-oximetry (AVOXimeter 4000) in 13 young adults age 21.3 ± 0.6 years. Over a period of 2.5 hrs, the inspired fraction of oxygen inside a NHC (Hypoxico, Inc.) was progressively reduced from 20.9% to 11.5%. Measurements of SaO2 at baseline and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min during the hypoxic exposures were compared with SpO2 estimates of oxygen saturation (Nellcor 295) using reflectance (RS-10, temporal) and transmission (D-25, finger) sensors. Regression analysis and methods for assessing agreement (bias, b; precision, p) of SaO2 with SpO2 were similar (R2 = 0.92, 0.89; b = 0.016, −0.47; p = 2.47, 3.03; RS-10 and D-25, respectively). When SaO2 < 85%, RS-10 had greater validity than D-25 (R2 = 0.73, 0.56; b = 1.38, 1.13; p = 2.72, 4.34; RS-10 and D-25, respectively). In light of these findings, caution should be exercised when monitoring individuals with pulse oximetry during desaturation episodes below 85%. When employing frequent NHC exposures, a priori validation of SpO2 utilized to assess blood oxygen status appears warranted. Key words: oxygen saturation, co-oximetry, altitude
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Staeble, Sina, Stephen Kraemer, Jens Langstein, Ruzhica Bogeska, Mark Hartmann, Maximilian Schoenung, Melinda Czeh, et al. "Deconvolution of Hematopoietic Commitment Decisions By Genome-Wide Analysis of Progressive DNA Methylation Changes." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-124429.
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Recent advances in single cell transcriptome analyses have resulted in the derivation of new models to describe the hierarchical organization of the mammalian hematopoietic system. While such an approach appears to be effective at discerning the trajectory of differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to a given mature lineage, it remains a challenge to identify definitive points where specific lineage fates become restricted. The characterization of molecular events that correspond to such commitment decisions is critical to our interrogation of the existence and nature of serial bifurcation steps that are hypothesized to underlie the process of hematopoiesis. 5-Methylcytosine is a stable epigenetic modification, whose remodeling at specific CpG residues appears to be integral to the process of enforcing lineage-restricted gene expression programs. We have previously observed that the remodeling of the DNA methylome appears to be both progressive and irreversible during the process of hematopoietic differentiation, suggesting that this modification could be used to unambiguously identify molecular marks of lineage commitment. In order to pursue this concept further, we used tagmentation-based whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to generate a genome-wide DNA methylation map of murine hematopoiesis. This map encompasses 26 different FACS-purified populations, ranging from LT-HSCs through to terminally differentiated blood cell lineages. Across all cell populations studied, we identified 147,232 differentially methylated regions (DMRs). In line with our previous data, hierarchical clustering of these DMRs revealed coordinately regulated regions that show progressive and unidirectional lineage-specific DNA methylation dynamics during hematopoietic differentiation that would be indicative of a molecular mechanism of cell fate restriction. Single cell DNA methylome analysis indicated that methylation programming may be exclusive for a specific lineage within each cell analyzed, supporting the use of this data to establish the discreet points at which lineage commitment occurs. Along these lines, lineage-specific DMRs could already be identified within the early hematopoietic stem and multipotent progenitor compartments, supporting the concept that lineage restriction occurs early during differentiation and providing a potential molecular basis for so called lineage-priming/bias. Indeed, a phylogenetic tree of the entire hematopoietic system could be constructed purely based on methylation remodeling events that took place in the Lin-, Sca-1+, c-Kit+ compartment. To gain further insight into how the DNA methylation programming relates to regulation of gene expression, we generated a comprehensive single cell transcriptome map encompassing the entire hematopoietic component of the bone marrow. Integration of DNA methylation dynamics with single cell gene expression dynamics provided evidence for anti-correlation between the transcriptional program and DNA methylation. However, loss of DNA methylation was not invariably associated with an increase in gene expression, suggesting that DNA methylation has more a permissive rather than an instructive role in regulating gene expression programs. We next applied our data set to the exploration of the phenomenon of myeloid lineage bias that has been described in aged mice, by investigating the methylomes of young and aged HSCs. Compared to young HSCs, we identified 3,275 DMRs in aged HSCs, which were predominantly associated with loss of DNA methylation and affected genes involved in HSC adhesion and migration, such as Vwf and ITGB3. Remarkably, 46 % of aging DMRs overlapped with the methylome programs identified in hematopoietic differentiation and were enriched for genes involved in integrin signaling, platelet activation and aggregation. This data suggests that HSC aging results in remodeling of the DNA methylome in vivo, in a manner that is associated with a differentiation bias towards the megakaryocytic lineage. Together, our work provides a rich resource to investigate DNA methylation changes in normal or diseased hematopoiesis, across a broad range of conditions such as aging. Disclosures Lipka: InfectoPharm GmbH: Employment.
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Lourenco, Pedro, Afsaneh Shirani, Jameelah Saeedi, Joel Oger, William E. Schreiber, and Helen Tremlett. "Oligoclonal bands and cerebrospinal fluid markers in multiple sclerosis: associations with disease course and progression." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 19, no. 5 (September 7, 2012): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458512459684.
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Background: The use of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters are established in the diagnosis of MS, but poorly as markers of disease. Objective: To investigate the role of OCBs in disease course and progression. Methods: CSF data for 1120 patients with MS were analyzed for associations between OCBs and CSF parameters and clinical data (disease course [relapsing-onset MS (ROMS) vs primary-progressive MS (PPMS)]), disability progression (proportion reaching Expanded Disability Status Scale 6 within 10 years of onset and progression index) and ethnicity. Results: Of patients with MS, 72.5% had detectable OCBs. For patients with detectable OCBs, 84.6% had ROMS and 15.4% PPMS versus 89.7% and 10.3%, respectively for those without detectable OCBs ( p=0.04). Total CSF IgG and protein levels were higher in PPMS compared with ROMS ( p<0.001). Disease progression appeared independent of OCB status. Patients with CSF (vs without) data were more likely to be male, older at onset, have PPMS and lack optic neuropathy at onset ( p<0.001). Conclusions: OCB positivity and elevated total CSF IgG and protein were moderately associated with a PPMS disease course, but not disease progression. Patients with atypical clinical presentations were more likely to have had CSF work-up, suggesting a testing bias.
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Shah, Karishma, Xiaotian Yang, Jennifer C. E. Lane, Gary S. Collins, Nigel K. Arden, Dominic Furniss, and Stephanie R. Filbay. "Risk factors for the progression of finger interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis: a systematic review." Rheumatology International 40, no. 11 (August 24, 2020): 1781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04687-1.
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Abstract Progressive hand interphalangeal joint (IPJ) osteoarthritis is associated with pain, reduced function and impaired quality of life. However, the evidence surrounding risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression is unclear. Identifying risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression may inform preventative strategies and early interventions to improve long-term outcomes for individuals at risk of IPJ osteoarthritis progression. The objectives of the study were to describe methods used to measure the progression of IPJ osteoarthritis and identify risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 19th February 2020 (PROSPERO CRD42019121034). Eligible studies assessed potential risk factor/s associated with IPJ osteoarthritis progression. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified QUIPS Tool, and a best evidence synthesis was performed. Of eight eligible studies, all measured osteoarthritis progression radiographically, and none considered symptoms. Eighteen potential risk factors were assessed. Diabetes (adjusted mean difference between 2.06 and 7.78), and larger finger epiphyseal index in males (regression coefficient β = 0.202) and females (β = 0.325) were identified as risk factors (limited evidence). Older age in men and women showed mixed results; 13 variables were not risk factors (all limited evidence). Patients with diabetes and larger finger epiphyseal index might be at higher risk of radiographic IPJ osteoarthritis progression, though evidence is limited and studies are biased. Studies assessing symptomatic IPJ osteoarthritis progression are lacking.
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Alotaibi, Refah, Hoda Rezk, Sanku Dey, and Hassan Okasha. "Bayesian estimation for Dagum distribution based on progressive type I interval censoring." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): e0252556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252556.
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In this paper, we consider Dagum distribution which is capable of modeling various shapes of failure rates and aging criteria. Based on progressively type-I interval censoring data, we first obtain the maximum likelihood estimators and the approximate confidence intervals of the unknown parameters of the Dagum distribution. Next, we obtain the Bayes estimators of the parameters of Dagum distribution under the squared error loss (SEL) and balanced squared error loss (BSEL) functions using independent informative gamma and non informative uniform priors for both scale and two shape parameters. A Monte Carlo simulation study is performed to assess the performance of the proposed Bayes estimators with the maximum likelihood estimators. We also compute credible intervals and symmetric 100(1 − τ)% two-sided Bayes probability intervals under the respective approaches. Besides, based on observed samples, Bayes predictive estimates and intervals are obtained using one-and two-sample schemes. Simulation results reveal that the Bayes estimates based on SEL and BSEL performs better than maximum likelihood estimates in terms of bias and MSEs. Besides, credible intervals have smaller interval lengths than confidence interval. Further, predictive estimates based on SEL with informative prior performs better than non-informative prior for both one and two sample schemes. Further, the optimal censoring scheme has been suggested using a optimality criteria. Finally, we analyze a data set to illustrate the results derived.
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Konstantinidou, Sevasti, Colin R. Butler, Benjamin Hartley, and Claire Frauenfelder. "Subglottic ectopic thymus mimicking airway haemangioma." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 5 (May 2021): e241074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-241074.
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Subglottic haemangioma presents as progressive obstruction in the neonatal and infantile airway, with a soft lesion seen during endoscopy. Diagnosis is based on macroscopic findings, biopsy is not usually performed and propranolol is first-line treatment. In contrast, ectopic thymus is a rare differential diagnosis for subglottic mass made by histopathological examination after excision or autopsy. In this article, we present a case of an infant with a subglottic lesion with endoscopic features consistent with haemangioma. After initial clinical response to propranolol, the patient represented with progressive stridor no longer responding to therapy. Open excision of the lesion was performed, and histopathology revealed ectopic thymus tissue. In this case, ectopic thymus tissue mimicked the presentation of subglottic haemangioma, and confirmation bias persisted due to an apparent initial clinical response to treatment with propranolol. In cases of subglottic mass refractory to medical treatment, excision of the lesion should be considered.
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Thiruthuvanathan, Michael, and Balachandran Krishnan. "EMONET: A Cross Database Progressive Deep Network for Facial Expression Recognition." International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems 13, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22266/ijies2020.1231.04.
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Recognizing facial features to detect emotions has always been an interesting topic for research in the field of Computer vision and cognitive emotional analysis. In this research a model to detect and classify emotions is explored, using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN). This model intends to classify the primary emotions (Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happy, Sad, Surprise and Neutral) using progressive learning model for a Facial Expression Recognition (FER) System. The proposed model (EmoNet) is developed based on a linear growing-shrinking filter method that shows prominent extraction of robust features for learning and interprets emotional classification for an improved accuracy. EmoNet incorporates Progressive- Resizing (PR) of images to accommodate improved learning traits from emotional datasets by adding more image data for training and Validation which helped in improving the model’s accuracy by 5%. Cross validations were carried out on the model, this enabled the model to be ready for testing on new data. EmoNet results signifies improved performance with respect to accuracy, precision and recall due to the incorporation of progressive learning Framework, Tuning Hyper parameters of the network, Image Augmentation and moderating generalization and Bias on the images. These parameters are compared with the existing models of Emotional analysis with the various datasets that are prominently available for research. The Methods, Image Data and the Fine-tuned model combinedly contributed in achieving 83.6%, 78.4%, 98.1% and 99.5% on FER2013, IMFDB, CK+ and JAFFE respectively. EmoNet has worked on four different datasets and achieved an overall accuracy of 90%.
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Scheuermann, Manuela. "Das Genderregime als wirkmächtige verborgene Institution in der Friedens- und Sicherheitsarchitektur der Vereinten Nationen." Sicherheit, Militär und Geschlecht 29, no. 1-2020 (May 11, 2020): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/feminapolitica.v29i1.03.
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In dem Beitrag wird die UN- Geschlechterpolitik in der Abteilung für Friedensoperationen vor dem Hintergrund des feministischen Institutionalismus untersucht. Es wird die These entwickelt, dass ein verborgenes und wirkmächtiges Genderregime, das einen ausgeprägten maskulinen Bias aufweist, die Entwicklung einer geschlechtergerechten UN-Friedens- und Sicherheitsarchitektur verhindert. Dieses Genderregime wird evidenzbasiert analysiert. Es werden insbesondere die informellen Geschlechterpraktiken des DPO und die Auswirkungen auf die formelle Geschlechterpolitik in den Fokus genommen. Die jüngsten Entwicklungen in der sicherheitspolitischen UN-Geschlechterpolitik legen nahe, dass progressive Werte das patriarchalische Geschlechterregime und dessen vergeschlechtlichte Logik der Angemessenheit in Frage stellen können.
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Appleby, Joyce. "The Popular Sources of American Capitalism." Studies in American Political Development 9, no. 2 (1995): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00001383.
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Long ago, Louis Hacker noted the anticapitalist bias in American historiography. The tendency of capitalism, particularly marked after the advent of industrialization, to concentrate wealth and to turn that wealth into political power suggests the problem. The Declaration of Independence with its twinned affirmation of equality and liberty provided the ideological underpinnings for national unity. Both seemed threatened during the long transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy as the rich got richer and more and more of America's free citizens were exposed to the unfreedom of the workplace. Progressive historians who systematically analyzed the impact of industrial capitalism in the United States wrote out of sympathy with labor in its struggle for recognition, and no doubt Hacker was thinking of this tendency when he made his remark. This anticapitalist bias in the writing of American history has continued, only now historians decry the steady incursion of commerce and industry out of deference to a traditional way of life.
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Burkett, Paul, and Martin Hart-Landsberg. "Progressive capitalism, crisis, and class struggle: Lessons from Japan's production control and democracy movements, 1945-47." Capital & Class 27, no. 1 (March 2003): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981680307900104.
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Despite the recent upsurge of global economic instability and anti-capitalist protest, many left economists and progressive policy programs continue to draw their main inspiration from the purported equity and efficiency of particular varieties of capitalism. This tendency derives its legitimacy in large part from ‘progressive competitiveness' interpretations of the postwar Japanese experience. Unfortunately, these interpretations and the politics they encourage are based on a faulty understanding of Japanese history. To help correct this bias, we revisit the struggle to reshape the Japanese political-economy immediately after World War II. During this period, Japanese workers —under highly repressive and economically difficult conditions—responded to a severe capital strike by taking direct control over important sectors of production and posing a new vision of worker-community based democracy. We examine the development of this popular effort to remake Japanese society and the causes and consequences of its eventual defeat. We conclude by highlighting lessons from this period for contemporary anti-capitalist struggles.
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Wang, Xinjing, and Wenhao Gui. "Bayesian Estimation of Entropy for Burr Type XII Distribution under Progressive Type-II Censored Data." Mathematics 9, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9040313.
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With the rapid development of statistics, information entropy is proposed as an important indicator used to quantify information uncertainty. In this paper, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods are used to obtain the estimators of the entropy for a two-parameter Burr type XII distribution under progressive type-II censored data. In the part of maximum likelihood estimation, the asymptotic confidence intervals of entropy are calculated. In Bayesian estimation, we consider non-informative and informative priors respectively, and asymmetric and symmetric loss functions are both adopted. Meanwhile, the posterior risk is also calculated to evaluate the performances of the entropy estimators against different loss functions. In a numerical simulation, the Lindley approximation and the Markov chain Monte Carlo method were used to obtain the Bayesian estimates. In turn, the highest posterior density credible intervals of the entropy were derived. Finally, average absolute bias and mean square error were used to evaluate the estimators under different methods, and a real dataset was selected to illustrate the feasibility of the above estimation model.
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Kamiya, Hiroyuki, and Ogee Mer Panlaqui. "A systematic review of the efficacy of direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B–immobilized fibre column to treat rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonia." SAGE Open Medicine 7 (January 2019): 205031211986182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312119861821.
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Objectives: Rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonia is a fatal disease with no established therapeutic options. The aim of this systematic review is to clarify the efficacy of interstitial pneumonia treatment utilizing direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B–immobilized fibre column. Methods: All patients with adult-onset rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonia including acute exacerbation of underlying chronic interstitial pneumonia were eligible. Primary studies of any design, which compared outcomes of direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B–immobilized fibre column treatment such as oxygenation and all-cause mortality with those of conventional therapy, were included. Electronic databases such as Medline and EMBASE were searched through October 7, 2018, and ICHUSHI, the largest database for medical articles in Japan, was also searched. Two reviewers independently extracted the relevant data and assessed the risk of bias in individual studies. The results were reported qualitatively due to substantial heterogeneity between studies. Results: Out of 775 records retrieved, 10 reports were eligible and 8 of them were included for further analysis. They were all retrospective studies including a total of 327 patients and contained some risk of bias. There was variation in the administration method of direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B–immobilized fibre column treatment such as the timing, frequency, duration and interval. Multivariate analyses of only two studies with historical controls demonstrated beneficial effects of direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B–immobilized fibre column treatment over conventional therapy with all-cause mortality hazard ratios of 0.345 (95% confidence interval: 0.127–0.936) and 0.505 (95% confidence interval: 0.270–0.904), respectively. A significant difference of an improvement in the ratio of partial arterial oxygen pressure to the fraction of inspired oxygen in-between two treatment groups was also reported in two studies utilizing historical controls with mean differences of 56.8 and 57.5 mmHg, respectively. Conclusions: There is currently insufficient data to support the use of direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B–immobilized fibre column treatment for rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonia. It should be instituted for research purposes only until new evidence is available.
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Almeida, Kleicyane Aguiar Meireles, Aline Pereira Rocha, Nelson Carvas, and Ana Carolina Pereira Nunes Pinto. "Rehabilitation Interventions for Shoulder Dysfunction in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Physical Therapy 100, no. 11 (August 4, 2020): 1997–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa147.
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Abstract Objective Shoulder pain and dysfunction are highly prevalent after neck dissection in the treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC). They can lead to muscle weakness, limited range of motion, and shoulder tilt and pain, which can reduce patient functioning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for shoulder dysfunction in patients with surgically treated HNC. Methods A search of principal databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, LILACS, IBECS, PEDro, and SciELO) was conducted, in addition to hand searches and a search of gray literature, for all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published before February 2020. Two authors independently selected all relevant studies. The 7 RCTs fulfilling all inclusion and exclusion criteria were assessed for risk of bias and certainty of evidence using the Cochrane Collaboration risk-of-bias tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool, respectively. Results Moderate-certainty evidence suggests that progressive resistance training is better than conventional treatment for improving pain and dysfunction in patients with HNC (pooled data from 214 participants; mean difference = −5.92; 95% CI = −11.38 to −0.45). Low-certainty evidence (data from 2 RCTs with 106 participants that could not be combined) suggests that acupuncture seems to be more effective than conventional treatment. Conclusions Progressive resistance training is effective for improving shoulder pain and dysfunction in patients with HNC. Further high-quality RCTs are needed to examine the effectiveness of acupuncture for improving shoulder pain and dysfunction in these patients. Future studies with longer follow-up times are needed to clarify the effects of early postoperative intervention. Impact Clinicians can have confidence that progressive resistance training in patients with surgically treated HNC is effective. Lay Summary These study results show that people with head and neck cancer can benefit from gradually increased resistance training to reduce shoulder pain and improve function. This study will help researchers design clinical trials to determine whether treatments such as acupuncture and early physical therapy also could be effective in treating this population.
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Stevenson, H. Michael. "Ideology and Unstable Party Identification in Canada: Limited Rationality in a Brokerage Party System." Canadian Journal of Political Science 20, no. 4 (December 1987): 813–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900050423.
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AbstractThis article examines changes in individuals' identification with Canadian federal political parties in the period 1977 to 1981. The analysis suggests that differences in class and ideology have a significant, if not very large effect on shifts in partisan identity. There was a slight bias toward more upper-class identification with the Progressive Conservative party and more lower-class identification with the Liberal party. Unstable partisans were at least as ideologically constrained as stable partisans, and partisan instability was more pronounced amongst the more left-wing individuals. Changes in partisanship were more likely among younger respondents, particularly lower-class and more left-wing youth. The largest bloc of unstable partisans was closest ideologically to the more left-wing stable New Democratic party partisans, and shifted only between the New Democratic and Liberal parties. A smaller bloc moved to the Progressive Conservative party and was ideologically closest to its more right-wing stable partisans.
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Porta, Alberto, Tomaso Gnecchi-Ruscone, Eleonora Tobaldini, Stefano Guzzetti, Raffaello Furlan, and Nicola Montano. "Progressive decrease of heart period variability entropy-based complexity during graded head-up tilt." Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 4 (October 2007): 1143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00293.2007.
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Complexity (or its opposite, regularity) of heart period variability has been related to age and disease but never linked to a progressive shift of the sympathovagal balance. We compare several well established estimates of complexity of heart period variability based on entropy rates [i.e., approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SampEn), and correct conditional entropy (CCE)] during an experimental protocol known to produce a gradual shift of the sympathovagal balance toward sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal (i.e., the graded head-up tilt test). Complexity analysis was carried out in 17 healthy subjects over short heart period variability series (∼250 cardiac beats) derived from ECG recordings during head-up tilt with table inclination randomly chosen inside the set {0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90}. We found that 1) ApEn does not change significantly during the protocol; 2) all indices measuring complexity based on entropy rates, including ad hoc corrections of the bias arising from their evaluation over short data sequences (i.e., corrected ApEn, SampEn, CCE), evidence a progressive decrease of complexity as a function of the tilt table inclination, thus indicating that complexity is under control of the autonomic nervous system; 3) corrected ApEn, SampEn, and CCE provide global indices that can be helpful to monitor sympathovagal balance.
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Cataldo, Antonio, Elisa Raffaella Ferrè, Giuseppe di Pellegrino, and Patrick Haggard. "Why the whole is more than the sum of its parts: Salience-driven overestimation in aggregated tactile sensations." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 10 (May 10, 2019): 2509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819847131.
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Experimental psychology often studies perception analytically, reducing its focus to minimal sensory units, such as thresholds or just noticeable differences in a single stimulus. Here, in contrast, we examine a synthetic aspect: how multiple inputs to a sensory system are aggregated into an overall percept. Participants in three experiments judged the total stimulus intensity for simultaneous electrical shocks to two digits. We tested whether the integration of component somatosensory stimuli into a total percept occurs automatically, or rather depends on the ability to consciously perceive discrepancy among components (Experiment 1), whether the discrepancy among these components influences sensitivity or/and perceptual bias in judging totals (Experiment 2), and whether the salience of each individual component stimulus affects perception of total intensity (Experiment 3). Perceptual aggregation of two simultaneous component events occurred both when participants could perceptually discriminate the two intensities, and also when they could not. Further, the actual discrepancy between the stimuli modulated both participants’ sensitivity and perceptual bias: increasing discrepancies produced a systematic and progressive overestimation of total intensity. The degree of this bias depended primarily on the salience of the stronger stimulus in the pair. Overall, our results suggest that important nonlinear mechanisms contribute to sensory aggregation. The mind aggregates component inputs into a coherent and synthetic perceptual experience in a salience-weighted fashion that is not based on simple summation of inputs.