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1
Chelaru, Carmen. "History – Culture – Music in the Romanian Eighteenth Century." Artes. Journal of Musicology 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajm-2021-0001.
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Abstract Recently, I made a few forays in the history of the society, culture and music of the people in the Carpathian-Danubian space, without the intention and claim of unlocking doors thrown widely open before me by established researchers such as Lucian Boia, Theodor T. Burada, Gheorghe Ciobanu, Octavian Lazăr Cosma, Neagu Djuvara, Costin Moisil and many others. I did it especially in order to try to tear myself away from the old spread-eagle patterns, from prejudice. Thus, I ascertained that, in the flow of time, of events, of facts, the European eighteenth century constitutes a page about which I do not know enough yet; I felt at the same time that it represents a stage that can bring (to me) additional understanding of the following two hundred years (the 19th and 20th centuries). Therefore, I let myself be overcome by curiosity, beginning by undertaking a reconnaissance survey “over” the 18th century of European history. I continued by approaching the European socio-political and cultural configuration and dynamics of the same period. Finally, I tried to understand – keeping, at the same time, a comprehensive perspective – the Romanian socio-cultural and musical phenomenon of the 18th century, with the intention of integrating it with the logic of historical progress and with that of territorial connections.
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Sokolov, Sergei V. "Between Barbarism and Progress: Enlightenment Historical Writings on a Major Conflict in Russian History." Changing Societies & Personalities 3, no. 4 (January 6, 2020): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/csp.2019.3.4.084.
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The dichotomy of barbarism and progress has long been a focal point for the discussions about Russia’s past and present. The discourse on Russian barbarism had been known in Europe since at least 16th century, but Enlightenment thinkers gave it a new shape by juxtaposing the ancient conception of barbarism with the rather modern idea of progress. In this article, Enlightenment historical writings are examined; the focus is on the question of how Russian history was studied in order to find signs of barbarism and the different guises of progress. The primary sources for the article are mainly Russian historical writings; however, relations and interactions between Russian and European intellectuals, as well as intellectual exchange and influence, are also noted. As there were no word “civilization” in 18th-century Russian, enlightenment was deemed by Russian thinkers as the antipode to barbarism. It is concluded that most Enlightenment writers saw Christianization as a step forward from barbarism in Russian history. Parallels between Russia and Scandinavia as they were drawn by August Schlözer are also analyzed. The article shows how the idea of conflict between barbarism and progress altered the understanding of Russian history in the Enlightenment.
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Gluchman, Vasil. "Leibniz’s and Herder’s philosophy of optimism." Ethics & Bioethics 11, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ebce-2021-0006.
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Abstract The author studies Leibniz’s views of vindicating God for the existence of evil in the world, as well as the idea of the best of all possible worlds, including the past and present criticism. Following Leibniz, he opted for the presentation of Herder’s philosophy of history as one of the most significant forms of philosophical optimism that influenced the first half of the 19th century, including contemporary debates on and critiques of the topic. He defines Herder’s concept as the philosophy of historical progress, which also significantly influenced Slovak philosophy of the given period. The main goal of the article is to present Leibniz’s and Herder’s views as a starting point for the Slovak philosophy of optimism and historical progress of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century.
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Harvey, Colin E. "The History of Veterinary Dentistry Part One: From the Earliest Record to the End of the 18th Century." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 11, no. 4 (December 1994): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875649401100401.
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Dental procedures have been performed on animals, particularly horses, since earliest recorded history. In the absence of anesthesia and an understanding of physiology and pathology, treatment often was unnecessary, inappropriate or barbaric. Progress was made very slowly.
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Beveridge, Allan. "Reading about … the history of psychiatry." British Journal of Psychiatry 200, no. 5 (May 2012): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107565.
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In recent decades ideological battles have raged over how the history of psychiatry should be interpreted. Should the emergence of psychiatry in the late 18th century be seen as the triumph of the Enlightenment, ushering in a rational approach to mental illness and overturning the primitive and often barbaric ideas of previous eras? Or should the rise of psychiatry be seen in a more sinister light? Does it represent the extension of the state into the lives of its citizens, controlling and policing the disaffected and discontented? Are psychiatrists benign humanitarians or agents of oppression? Should the historical narrative be one of progress, as psychiatry steadily extends its knowledge of mental illness and develops more and more effective therapy? Or is the reverse true: has the advent of psychiatry been a calamity for the mad?
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Terletsky, Vitali. "Historiography in the History of Philosophy: the German Context and Experience." Sententiae 41, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/sent41.03.56.
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The paper aims to disclosure of key points in the development of the German tradition of historiography of philosophy after the 90s of the 18th century. The starting point was the so-called «dispute about the method» of historiography, which erupted in the last decade of the 18th century not without the influence of Kant’s «critical philosophy». Its participants (Reinhold, Fülleborn, Goess, Grohmann, Tennemann, and others) put forward different theses, but they agreed that it is Kant’s philosophy that makes it possible to create a «philosophical history of philosophy». A type of historiography was formed, which was based on the criterion of «progress of philosophy» and Kant’s position was considered as a standard for any historiography. Subsequently, other types of historiography were formed, which followed either the opposite criterion of «regress» or «decadence», or tried to combine both of these criteria (Hegel). In the second half of the 19th century «history of problems» becomes widespread as a principle of research and presentation of the history of philosophy, its main representatives were W. Windelband, N. Hartmann, H. Heimsoeth. Instead, in the second half of the 20th century the dominant type of historiography is the «history of concepts», which finds linguistic and philosophical justification in Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics. In recent decades, the German tradition of historiography has been enriched by K. Flasсh’s project «historical philosophy» and by D. Henrich program «constellation research». In both of these projects, there is a noticeable attraction to microhistory, going beyond the «classic» texts, discovering hitherto unknown figures and sources that significantly expand the established practice of the historiography of philosophy.
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Slozhenikina, Yulia V., and Andrey V. Rastyagaev. "The dispute on the language norm in A.P. Sumarokov’s article “To typographers”." Russian Language Studies 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2020-18-4-469-480.
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The actuality of the undertaken research is conditioned by the necessity to study the role of Russian literature and journalism, separate linguistic programs of the middle of the 18th century in assertion of the main characteristics of the literary standard, which began to take shape in 80 years of this century. The aim of the scientific study is to analyze the similarities and differences between the linguistic theories of A. Sumarokov and V. Trediakovsky, to establish the place of this polemic in the history of Russian literary language of the 18th century, its significance for the formation of the literary standard. The language material is the original text of Sumarokov's article To typographers (K tipografskim naborshhikam), published in the May issue of the journal Trudolyubivaya pchela (1759). The system of views of scholars and writers of the mid-18th century on the Russian language are presented by means of descriptive and comparative methods with revealing the specifics of each language concept. An integral part of the methodology was the observation of the word usage in the texts by A. Sumarokov and V. Trediakovsky. The use of methods of linguoculturology made it possible to present linguistic polemics as a phenomenon of Russian culture. The extra-linguistic method and the method of reconstruction from historical sources were used to establish the phenomena of extra-linguistic reality that influenced the problems of the philological discussion. The results of the research showed that the extra-linguistic reason for writing the article was determined, the tradition of the writers' appealing to the typesetters in the history of domestic printing of the first half of the 18th century was traced, the group of works with which Sumarokov-philologist enters polemics was determined, the main concepts of the article were identified, the position of Sumarokov from the point of view of normalization of graphic, morphological, orthographic practice in the middle of the 18th century was fixed; the article by Sumarokov was considered in accordance with the concept of metatextual unity in the world. The prospects of the research relate to the fundamental theoretical development of the role of 18th century Russian literature in the formation of the Russian literary language standard.
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Feodorov, Ionana. "Rumanian Pioneers of Oriental Studies in the 18th Century: Dimitrie Cantemir and Ianache Văcărescu." Chronos 28 (March 21, 2019): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v28i0.397.
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Due to their geographical position, the Rumanian lands have acted as a bridge between the Near East and Central Europe since time immemorial. Located on the fringes of the Greek-Orthodox world, they were part of the "Byzantine Commonwealth' '2, embracing the same spiritual values and political designs. Entering the Turkish area of influence in the 15th century contributed to their role as a territory of interchange between civilizations. Although absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, the Rumanians developed a different relationship to the Sublime Porte than that of the Western Europeans, which was mostly based on fear and suspicion. Capable of adapting to hardships while harbouring hopes for freedom, Rumanians embraced those customs that did not require renouncing their Christian faith, their language, and their customs3. Because of close contacts with the Ottoman political and cultural élite, Rumanian ruling families and court officials were in a position to observe and spread knowledge about Muslim history and contemporary life. With the Rumanians, Oriental studies were not born as a branch of science, but were generated by the necessity for survival and progress under Ottoman authority.
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SPIELMAN, R. B., and J. S. DE GROOT. "Z pinches—A historical view." Laser and Particle Beams 19, no. 4 (October 2001): 509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034601194012.
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Z pinches have a long and varied history. Beginning in the 18th century, z pinches have been used to heat plasmas very efficiently. Early in the nuclear fusion program, it was realized that modest currents are required to confine plasma that could produce energy gain. The instability of the confined plasma was convincingly demonstrated in experiments in the 1950s that were performed around the world. These uniformly negative results led to z pinches being dropped as a fusion concept. Recent progress in fast z pinches has reinvigorated the field. We review the field and highlight the recent advances that point the way to a bright future for z pinches.
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Panchenko, Alexey B. "Supranationalism in the Era of Nationalism: Civilizational Approach From N.Ya. Danilevsky To V.I. Lamansky." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (October 1, 2020): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-3-121-134.
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he notion of «civilization» entered the public discourse in the 18th century and changed significantly in the next century. In Western Europe, outlined the process of nationalization of that concept, as the result of which the idea of civilization began to be associated with particular countries. In Russia the idea of civilization as a universal level of progress that could be reached only through the joint efforts of all mankind was preserved for a long time. However, after the defeat in the Crimean War, there appeared the idea that Russia was not a part of Europe, which made it impossible to apply there the European notions about the level of progress. Biologist N.Ya. Danilevsky formulated the main principles of the new approach to studying history, which made the subject of historical process not mankind but local civilizations consisting of several nations. At the same time, there were certain contradictions between civilization and private nationalism. Later Danilevsky's ideas were further developed by K.N. Leontiev and V.I. Lamansky, who supplemented the concept of civilization with ethno-cultural and geographical content.
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Mokyr, Joel, Chris Vickers, and Nicolas L. Ziebarth. "The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 29, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.3.31.
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Technology is widely considered the main source of economic progress, but it has also generated cultural anxiety throughout history. The developed world is now suffering from another bout of such angst. Anxieties over technology can take on several forms, and we focus on three of the most prominent concerns. First, there is the concern that technological progress will cause widespread substitution of machines for labor, which in turn could lead to technological unemployment and a further increase in inequality in the short run, even if the long-run effects are beneficial. Second, there has been anxiety over the moral implications of technological process for human welfare, broadly defined. While, during the Industrial Revolution, the worry was about the dehumanizing effects of work, in modern times, perhaps the greater fear is a world where the elimination of work itself is the source of dehumanization. A third concern cuts in the opposite direction, suggesting that the epoch of major technological progress is behind us. Understanding the history of technological anxiety provides perspective on whether this time is truly different. We consider the role of these three anxieties among economists, primarily focusing on the historical period from the late 18th to the early 20th century, and then compare the historical and current manifestations of these three concerns.
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Fitzgerald, Timothy. "Japan, Religion, History, Nation." Religions 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13060490.
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I connect the invention of Japanese ‘religion’ since the Meiji era (1868–1912) with the invention of other modern imaginaries, particularly the Japanese Nation State and Japanese History. The invention of these powerful fictions in Japan was a specific, localised example of a global process. The real significance of this idea that religion has always existed in all times and places is that it normalises the idea of the non-religious secular as the arena of universal reason and progress. The invention of Japanese ‘religion’ had—and still has—a significant function in the wider, global context of colonial capital and the continual search for new ‘investment’ opportunities. Meiji Japan illustrates, in fascinating detail, a process of cognitive hegemony, and the way a globalising discourse on ‘progress’ transformed the plunder of colonial sites into a civilising mission. The idea that there is a universal type of practice, belief or institution called ‘religion’ as distinct from government, ‘politics’ or ‘science’ was not only new to Japan. It hardly existed in England or more widely in Protestant Europe and North America until the eighteenth or even 19th century. The idea of a secular constitutional nation state was only emergent in the late 18th century with the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. Most of Europe—including the colonial powers England and France—were still Christian confessional church states through most of the 19th century. The franchise was granted only to Christian men of substantial property, and denied to women, servants, wage labour, colonised subjects, and slaves. This critical, deconstructive narrative helps us to see more clearly the ideological function of the generic category of religion in the wider configuration of modern secular categories such as constitutional nation state, political economy, nature, history, and science. I also discuss the relation between History as a secular academic science, and the invention of ‘the Past’ in universal Time. I argue here that the invention of the Past by professional Historians has a significant role in transforming modern inventions such as ‘religion’ and the secular categories into the inherent and universal order of things, as though they have always been everywhere. I reveal this on-going process of ideological reproduction by close readings of some recent ‘histories of Japan’ and the way they uncritically construct ‘the Past’ in the terms of contemporary configurations.
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Carrillo Martínez, José Ignacio. "The Manufacture of Leather as an Applied Art in the Modernisme: the Factory-Workshop of Miguel Fargas y Vilaseca." Res Mobilis 10, no. 13-2 (June 14, 2021): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/rm.10.13-2.2021.204-222.
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This study intends to examine leather craft, an applied art that has not well studied in the context of Catalan Modernisme as well as raise awareness about its use for production and design of Modernista furniture and interior decoration. This handicraft, that had been in decline in the Catalan sphere since the 18th century, reappeared in Barcelona in the last quarter of the 19th century, due to the Modernista movement and the renaissance of medieval crafts. Thus, new workshops were created and their processes were modernized according to industrial progress.
We will highlight the Miguel Fargas and Vilaseca Factory, which will manage to industrialize this handricraft, becoming one of the few internationally known manufacturers. We will try to illustrate the history of this office by analyzing this case study, since it reveals an interesting part of the panorama of decorative arts in Modernista Barcelona.
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Schröder, W. "The First International Polar Year (1882-1883) and International Geophysical Cooperation." Earth Sciences History 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1991): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.10.2.lw7605573v36911w.
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As a part of the historiography of individual scientific disciplines, the present paper provides a brief history of the development of Polar geophysics. Among important factors are expeditions and international cooperation (Magnetic Association of Göttingen; First International Polar Year, Berlin Atmospheric Programme, etc,). The history of observations and scientific expeditions is reviewed. The sources of data, beginning with the 18th century, as well as the scientists and institutions involved in these programs are noted.
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Maksimovic, Jovan, and Marko Maksimovic. "From history of proctology." Archive of Oncology 21, no. 1 (2013): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo1301028m.
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The authors of this paper presented the key moments in the development of proctology, a medical discipline which is an integral part of surgery, whose development path was inseparable from the historical development of operational medicine. Even in the ancient Egypt, proctology was an important branch of medicine. Out of eight of so far known medical papyri in the history of proctology, the most important one is the Beatty`s (Chester Beatty) papyrus from the 13th century BC, which is actually a short monograph on diseases of the anus and their treatment. In the ancient period, operative proctology reached the highest level in the time of Hippocrates. In detail, and with special care, the operative procedures of the large intestine, primarily perianal fistula and hemorrhoids were described in the Hippocratic writings. One of the most famous Roman medical writers, Celsus (Cornelius Celsus Asullus) described the surgery of hemorrhoids by their ligature and the surgery of anorectal fistula in two ways: ligation of the fistula channel by string of raw flax and fistula incision through the probe placed through the fistula channel. Doctors of the 18th and the 19th century introduced into practice some more complicated surgical procedures in the treatment of anorectal diseases. The French surgeons were the leaders. In 1710, Littr? performed, for the first time, anus praeter naturalis and Jacques Lisfranc (1790-1847) pioneered the method of perineal resection of the rectum for cancer. The first rectoscope was constructed in 1895 and in 1903 it was introduced into practice by Kelly (Kelly Howard Atwood). A sudden progress in the diagnosis and treatment of anorectal diseases occurred after the Second World War and the trend has continued to this day.
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Burmistrov, Konstantin. "Mystical vision and its evaluation in the Russian freemasonry of the late 18th — early 19th century." St. Tikhons' University Review 102 (August 31, 2022): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022102.73-86.
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In the richest manuscript heritage of Russian freemasons, who lived two centuries ago, there are numerous descriptions of various mystical experiences. These are visions and mystical dreams in which beings from the other world appeared, as well as deliberately evoked mystical states by which an adept attempts to penetrate into the other world. For censorship reasons, this aspect of the activities of Russian brothers practically did not go beyond the narrow circle of initiates. The article will attempt to present the main types of mystical experience reflected in the manuscripts of Russian freemasons – mostly diaries and correspondence. The most valuable information of this kind is contained in so-called “Masonic dreams”. These stories constitute a special genre of Masonic literature and preserved in a significant number of manuscripts. They were based on the idea of a special inner, spiritual vision, which has an adept and which allows him to achieve clairvoyance. Masonic dreams contain a significant amount of details related both to the Masonic ritual and symbolic decoration of the premises of Masonic lodges, and to those practices of moral self-improvement that are important for the Masonic path. Russian freemasons paid considerable attention to the problem of evaluating such experience – is it a gift from the divine essences or a temptation sent by demonic forces? The question of the significance of such an experience was also important: is it an accidental consequence of Masonic work, a hindrance on the way, or, on the contrary, a kind of confirmation of progress in following the Masonic path? The Orthodox Church, to which the Russian freemasons belonged, is extremely negative about such forms of mysticism. Therefore, they were forced to seek explanations for such phenomena in Catholic and Protestant mysticism, as well as in the European esoteric tradition. The article attempts to answer these questions, based on the analysis of a wide range of Masonic manuscripts of the 18th - early 19th centuries, preserved in the families of Russian Masons and today located in the Moscow archives.
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Zhuravleva, Victoriya. "The Study of the History of US-Russia Relations in the 21st Century on Both Sides of the Atlantic: Research Approaches and Methods." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640021033-4.
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The article is devoted to the contemporary trends in studying the history of Russian-American relations from the 18th century until today. The author focuses her attention on the key books within this scholarly field as well as on a variety of genres and methodological frames represented in the U.S. and Russian historiographies in the 21st century. She also discusses prospects in studying and teaching the historical past of the bilateral relations in correlation with the different methods of engaging in dialogue with it. The author argues that in modern historical scholarship, these forms of dialogue along with new primary sources create a new kind of knowledge. It is author’s belief that American scholars made greater progress than their Russian counterparts in tackling the multiplicity of questions addressed to the past of bilateral relations, even though Russian researches did produce individual innovative works and can boast general achievements. This is why it is so important for the two countries’ scholars to continue the exchange of ideas and to keep on working on joint projects and collective monographs that could summarize the achievements of national historiographic schools found both in books and in articles and outline the prospects of further studies. This article can and should be seen as an invitation to such a dialogue.
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Mironov, Boris. "Saint Petersburg at the Forefront of Demographic Transition in Russia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 3 (2022): 709–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.303.
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In post-reform Russia, a demographic transition began — a replacement of the traditional type of population reproduction with the modern one. A significant part of the population had rationalized demographic behavior; demographic indicators had improved; the efficiency of population reproduction had increased; intra-family relations had been humanized; and individual birth control had been developed — mainly in cities. The demographic transition began earlier than is commonly thought — among the townspeople of the Saint Petersburg province, where obvious signs of birth control and a decrease in mortality and marriage were already revealed in the first half of the 19th century. The province was in the lead because it was the most urbanized and one of the most cosmopolitan, and Saint Petersburg was the most cosmopolitan city in Russia, which had intensive economic and cultural ties with the West, where demographic transition had already begun at the end of the 18th century in France. In the second half of the 19th century, it spread among the entire urban population, and at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries — among the entire rural population of Russia, but to varying degrees in individual provinces. Demographic indicators had improved because of the progress of medicine and sanitation, the expansion of free medical care, an increase in the cultural level of the population, a change in demographic mentality, and the beginning of birth control, as well as due to an increase in the standard of living of the general population.
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Hronček, Pavel, Bohuslava Gregorová, Dana Tometzová, and Miloš Jesenský. "Scientific journeys to one of the oldest copper cementation sites in Central Europe (Smolník, Slovakia)." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 12, no. 2 (October 14, 2021): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-179-2021.
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Abstract. The process of copper cementation has already been known since the period of antiquity in Europe. Nevertheless, the first historically relevant reports come from the 14th century from the mining town of Smolník in Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia), which makes this site the oldest place of the commercial production of copper using cementation in Europe. It is one of the oldest known sites in the world after China, where this process has been used since the 11th century. The cementation copper from Smolník was considered to be a high-quality copper in the period between the 14th and 19th century and was an important export product of Hungary. The study processes the history of cementation and discusses the production process of the artificial cementation water, as well as its subsequent mining and sedimentation. A detailed description of the technological progress of cementation from the earliest times up to the first half of the 19th century is given. The study is based upon the historical works of medieval alchemists and the first miners and naturalists, which were published as early scientific books in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century. These findings are complemented by original archival research.
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Gagan, Rosemary R. "Mortality Patterns and Public Health in Hamilton, Canada, 1900–14." Articles 17, no. 3 (August 5, 2013): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017629ar.
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In recent years a wide-ranging debate has focused on the origins and extent of the decline in mortality rates in Britain in the 18th century and in North America during the closing decades of the 19th century. Some historians suggest that the decrease was tied to a general improvement in living standards and in particular to better nutrition while others point to municipal public health measures carried out by vigilant medical health officers. This paper examines the experience of Hamilton, Ont., during a period of extreme urban and industrial expansion, 1900-14. The evidence, both qualitative and quantitative, suggests that these years were not a ''golden age" of public health: the health of Hamiltonians did not improve, and, in fact, mortality rates increased. Moreover, infants and children of the working class were the most obvious casualties of an inhospitable environment that hurt those least able to exert any degree of control over their circumstances. Public health was not a popular cause in the city, and as a consequence, much of the minimal progress that did occur was either fortuitous or the result of the exertions of one man, Dr James Roberts, the crusading medical health officer.
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Pezda, Jan. "Tourism. Retrotopian Time-Travel (part one)." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 19, no. 2 (2021): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2021.2.9.
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The study historicizes the phenomenon of the tourism as a purely modern variety of the mobility of which inner morphology began to take form at the turn of the 19th century. First, the study draws on the innovative approach of Hasso Spode, historian of mentality, who has a profound influence over contemporary research of the history of tourism in German historiography. Using his theoretical framing, the study discloses how a travel that, from the late 18th century, had a diverse set of motives, experiences, ideas and practices, started to be cemented by a psychomental foundation: the tourist gaze. Then, the study interprets tourism as the product of spatialization of time and temporalization of space. Finally, the article, using Zygmunt Bauman´s theoretical conception of “retrotopia“, clips today´s form of tourism together with its primordial form and leads to the conclusion that tourism as a controversial phenomenon of modern times is endowed with human nostalgia, romance, a never-ending desire for authenticity as well as an eternal obsession with the idea of “progress” encompassing also utopian notions.
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Romaschko, Sergej A. "Sprachwissenschaft, Ästhetik und Naturforschung Der Goethe-Zeit." Historiographia Linguistica 18, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1991): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.18.2-3.04rom.
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Summary In the emergence of comparative grammar at the beginning of the 19th century, Sanskrit played a crucial role. The manner in which Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829) characterized the grammatical structure of this language in his Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier of 1808 was of great importance for the early phases of development of Indo-European linguistics. As is shown in this paper, the characteristics attributed to Sanskrit derived not only from F. Schlegel’s romantic views on language and literature, but were also influenced by his general philosophical and natural-science views which largely reflected the intellectual climate of the late 18th and early 19th century in Germany. During this period biology, physiology, and comparative anatomy experienced rapid progress, and the ‘organic’ concept of nature they espoused provided cognitive models for other disciplines, notably philosophy (cf. Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft of 1790), aesthetics, poetics, and linguistics. These natural-science concepts proved particularly fruitful within the romantic movement; they convinced F. Schlegel to see in Sanskrit a language whose organization resembled most perfectly the ideal Ursprache of Indo-European.
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Strelko, Oleh, and Oksana Pylypchuk. "Characteristics of unpaved roads in the late 18th century – early 19th century, and the design of the first wooden trackway as a forerunner to the Bukovyna railways." History of science and technology 11, no. 2 (December 12, 2021): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-2-437-452.
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In the history of Bukovinian social life in the 1840–1850s, an important role is played by the fierce struggle for the introduction of rail transport. This struggle took place in the deepening crisis of the feudal system and the development of capitalism in the Austrian Empire. Primitive medieval methods of transporting goods and passengers by waterways and unpaved roads, which for centuries met the needs of feudal Bukovyna, became a brake on the economic, social and political progress of the Bukovyna region. The beginning of the transport revolution in England had a huge public response in Austria-Hungary. The rapidly developing relationship between scientists and engineers from Austria, Western Europe and America in this period made a large contribution to the process, as the newest means of transportation were spreading in the early 19th century, first of all, in the industrialized regions of Europe. These regions had enough funds for the construction of roads because they could develop different methods of production. Today we are mostly interested in the projects of construction of typical means of transportation on agricultural lands with practically no industry. In the early 19th century, Bukovyna was one of them. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. The government's attention to Bukovyna's roads was explained by their military, economic and political significance for the Austrian Empire by the end of the 18th – early 19th century. There was a number of state trackways built on the territory of Bukovyna which crossed the region and ensured the military interconnection of two Austrian provinces named – Galicia and Transylvania, as well as approached the borders of the Russian Empire and the Danube principalities. At the same time, they helped to restore the suspended trade flow in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway. It is evident that such an idea played a significant role in shaping the development strategy of the region in the minds of Austrian and Bukovinian officials, and became a forerunner for main and regional railways in Bukovyna.
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Srinivasan, Visish M., Brent R. O'Neill, Diana Jho, Donald M. Whiting, and Michael Y. Oh. "The history of external ventricular drainage." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 1 (January 2014): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.6.jns121577.
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External ventricular drainage (EVD) is one of the most commonly performed neurosurgical procedures. It was first performed as early as 1744 by Claude-Nicholas Le Cat. Since then, there have been numerous changes in technique, materials used, indications for the procedure, and safety. The history of EVD is best appreciated in 4 eras of progress: development of the technique (1850–1908), technological advancements (1927–1950), expansion of indications (1960–1995), and accuracy, training, and infection control (1995–present). While EVD was first attempted in the 18th century, it was not until 1890 that the first thorough report of EVD technique and outcomes was published by William Williams Keen. He was followed by H. Tillmanns, who described the technique that would be used for many years. Following this, many improvements were made to the EVD apparatus itself, including the addition of manometry by Adson and Lillie in 1927, and continued experimentation in cannulation/drainage materials. Technological advancements allowed a great expansion of indications for EVD, sparked by Nils Lundberg, who published a thorough analysis of the use of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in patients with brain tumors in 1960. This led to the application of EVD and ICP monitoring in subarachnoid hemorrhage, Reye syndrome, and traumatic brain injury. Recent research in EVD has focused on improving the overall safety of the procedure, which has included the development of guidance-based systems, virtual reality simulators for trainees, and antibiotic-impregnated catheters.
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Giron, Javier. "SEEING THE INVISIBLE. ANALYTICAL DRAWINGS BY CONSTRUCTION HISTORY PIONEERS. RESEARCH FIELD OVERVIEW." Architecture and Engineering 6, no. 1 (2021): 03–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-1-03-18.
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Introduction: The history of construction is a discipline that began to take shape in the mid-18th century and throughout the 19th century. We as researchers need to pay particular attention to how drawing facilitated progress during this period. This article attempts to provide an overview of the above, which is currently lacking. Methods: In this study, two lines of investigation intersect: the history of construction and the history of drawing, specifically drawing for scientific and technical representation. The main goal is to identify the sources (authors, lines of investigation) relevant to this field, as well as to characterize the role of drawing in the authors’ work, and to describe the spread of drawing as nonverbal thinking. Results: We have identified a number of relevant authors, described their lines of research, and listed the functions fulfilled by drawing in each case. The functions include: hypothesizing about hidden structures, visualizing the construction processes, and providing a virtual definition for elements that make up a vault. We also review how some drawings acted as a visual model of the constructive reality, or how parallel drawings served as a reflection of the different buildings’ size and scale. Discussion: This overview adjusts some points of reference for a general picture. For having a complete understanding of the subject, it will be necessary to identify more sources and to extend the geographical scope of this search in the future. There is still much research to be done on the spread of the drawings in question.
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Hamam, H. "Principle of conservation of energy and modern theories." Physics Essays 33, no. 4 (December 13, 2020): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-33.4.444.
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The famous quote of Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier (18th century) “Nothing is lost, nothing is created: everything is transformed” illustrates a principle that has marked minds throughout modern history. It deals with the principle of energy conservation. In our minds, energy is conserved in our world (in our dimensions). If part of the energy drifts out of our dimensions, this will contradict the statement “Nothing is lost.” If some energy penetrates our dimensions, this will contradict the statement “Nothing is created.” Everything is transformed within our dimensions. This article discusses the latest attempts through cosmic theories, still unverified, that have tried to explain the start and development of the universe even at the cost of concepts and principles unanimously agreed to date by the scientific community through the history, such as the principle of conservation of energy. This article raises some questions that we scientists must answer before we move forward. We must from time to time take a step back and have a critical look at our scientific progress before we branch off into a web of various theories.
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Khvorik, Dimitrij. "History of syphilis and dermatologic and venereal care in Grodno." Medical Science Pulse 14, SUPPLEMENT 1 (April 15, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6949.
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The article provides historical data on the development of dermatological-venereal aid in Grodno region over the last centuries. the authors describe the history, epidemiology and risk factors of syphilis in Grodno. the data present the history of treatment and prevention of sexually transmitted infections from the beginnings of the 18th century until the end of the 20th century. the information has been collected on the basis of medical documents stored by the Grodno national archives. the article comprises unique facts of the treatment provided for the infected in various historical periods. Special attention was paid to the prevention of the disease among soldiers and peasants and the actions undertaken by the police against prostitution. the informative programs which were implemented among factory workers have also been presented. to ensure proper health care, new clinics with the preventive units were opened in nowogródek along with the venereal clinic. the authors include short history of the dermatological and venereal units as well as the Dermatological and venereal Departments in the medical academy in Grodno. the doctors and scientists who contributed to dermatological and venereal treatment in Grodno Region were mentioned. Key words: syphilis, history, dermatological and venereal care, Grodno.
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Metioui, Abdeljalil. "Brief Historical Review about Magnetism: From the Ancient Greeks up the Beginning of the XXth Century." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 3, no. 9 (October 2022): 1101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1561.
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Magnetism is omnipresent in multiple natural and constructed phenomena we interact with daily. However, few students knew about the different explanations advanced relative to this mysterious magnetic force imperceptible by our senses before the advent of the discovery of the atomic and molecular aspects of matter. Unfortunately, the concepts associated with the study of magnetism presented in many textbooks do not consider the conceptual difficulties encountered by scientists and the false theories developed and abandoned following new experiments and theories. Towards the end of the 18th century, with the developments of classical physics, among others in mechanics, electrostatic, electricity, and measuring instruments, scientists pierced the secret of the magnet stone and the compass used in navigation for several centuries BC. On the other hand, the progress made in studying matter at the atomic scale at the beginning of the 20th century made it possible to explore the phenomenon of magnetism in greater depth and give it a quantum interpretation. It is impossible to present all the conceptual complexity concerning the development of magnetism in a few pages. Thus, we will limit to synthesizing the most discoveries related to magnetism from the ancient time, five centuries before Jesus Christ, to the beginning of the 20th century. Thus, we will mainly focus on the erroneous theories developed throughout history by renowned scientists and the conceptual difficulties related to the study of magnetism.
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Agratina, Elena E. "Jean-Honoré Fragonard: The New in the Notions of “Sketchiness” and “Completeness”." Observatory of Culture 18, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2021-18-2-174-185.
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The second half of the 18th century was a time of active changes in the perception of art, rethinking many concepts and phenomena. One of them was the pictorial sketch, which transformed from a preparatory stadium work into an independent, complete piece of art. Many art theorists and critics, as well as painters themselves had contributed to this rethinking. Many young artists, bored of historical painting and indifferent to all the academic principles, were searching for new media of expressiveness, using the sketch-like pictorial manner to give their works a new dynamism and an impression of “easy production”. The article is dedicated to J.-H. Fragonard (1732—1806), an artist in whose works the “sketchiness” became a conscious artistic method used in small-format pieces, in large-scale canvases, and even in panels. The use of such a technique in grand scale works is considered to be an extreme unconventionality, which, however, was not appreciated by Fragonard’s contemporaries and even by scholars of the next two centuries. Fragonard’s series of ‘Fantasy Portraits’ attracted enough investigators’ attention, but his series ‘Progress of Love’ has only recently begun to be recognized by researchers as an unusual and bold for that time artistic experience. Based on the analysis of the artist’s selected works, the author builds her original research, designed to highlight Fragonard’s special role in the evolution of art on the way from the Modern Period to Contemporary History. The relevance of the present article is caused by too little examination of this topic: minimal in Russia and relatively small in France. Besides consultation with research literature, this required the author to constantly directly refer to the 18th-century sources, such as treatises by art connoisseurs and scholars, art criticism, and catalogues of exhibitions arranged by the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture or the Académie de Saint-Luc.
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Quataert, Donald. "Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720–1829." International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 3 (August 1997): 403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800064837.
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In 1826, Sultan Mahmud II orchestrated the slaughter of 6,000–7,000 janissaries and, in order to incinerate any janissary remnants that had taken refuge there, burned the Belgrade Forest outside Istanbul. During his reign (1808–39), the sultan attacked many of the other bases of the ancien régime, such as the timar system, the lifetime tax farms, and the political autonomy of provincial notables. He also centralized the pious foundations, brought them under a special ministry, and expropriated their revenues. Such stories of Sultan Mahmud's dramatic and violent policies, as well as their 18th-century origins and their 19th-century legacies, are familiar ones in Ottoman and Middle Eastern history. It is a commonplace that Sultan Mahmud aimed to dismantle the power of the military and religious classes in favor of a new bureaucracy of administrators and scribes. And it is also known that his efforts had a major impact on the subsequent evolution of the Tanzimat reform programs during the later 19th century.
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Pezda, Jan. "Tourism. Retrotopian Time-Travel (part two)." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 20, no. 3 (2021): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2021.3.1.
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The study historicizes the phenomenon of tourism as a purely modern variety of the mobility of which inner morphology began taking form at the turn of the 19th centuries. First, the study draws on the innovative approach of Hasso Spode, historian of mentality, who has a profound influence over contemporary research of the history of tourism in German historiography. Using his theoretical framing, the study discloses how travel that, from the late 18th century, had been a diverse set of motives, experiences, ideas and practices, started to be cemented by a psychomental foundation: the tourist gaze. Then, the study interprets tourism as the product of spatialization of time and temporalization of space. Finally, the article, using Zygmunt Bauman´s theoretical conception of “retrotopia”, clips today's form of tourism together with its primordial form and leads to a conclusion that the tourism as a controversial phenomenon of modern times is endowed with human nostalgia, romance, a never-ending desire for authenticity as well as an eternal obsession with the idea of “progress” encompassing also utopian notions.
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Witecki, Stanisław. "Theory and Practice of Parochial Preaching in the late 18th-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth." Slovene 6, no. 2 (2017): 597–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2017.6.2.26.
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In the last decades of the 18th century, a few Polish dioceses were governed by representatives of the Catholic Enlightenment. Their pastoral activities focused on the reform of the priesthood and, especially, on the duty of preaching. Despite being perceived as members of a single group, their ideas differed to the point of being mutually contradictory. Interpretation of the ideological differences among these bishops is the preliminary aim of the paper. I examined pastoral letters and preacher handbooks written by four of these bishops: Michał Poniatowski, Ignacy Massalski, Wojciech Skarszewski, and Porfiriusz Skarbek-Ważyński. However, my main concern is the social practice of parochial preachers in their dioceses. I was interested in the methodology of sermonizing, the frequency of preaching topics, and the style and content of homilies delivered by clergy. I based my research on pastoral visitations, especially from the Diocese of Płock, providing information about the printed collections of sermons used by parochial clergy as well as the texts they wrote. The main conclusions are as follows: the clergy adopted to some extent only those reforms which were adjusted to their parochial needs and were supported by administrative pressure. Regardless of theoretical programs, preaching in the Commonwealth was changing in the direction of “Enlightened Tridentine Catholicism.” This means that the clergy accepted an enlightened style and language and a focus on morality, but not models of social and natural worlds. However, by rejecting the latter, they avoided enhancing the process of division between popular and elite.
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Svyrydenko, N. "Music in museum (second half of 20th century, Ukraine)." Musical art in the educological discourse, no. 3 (2018): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2518-766x.2018.3.6165.
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Due to the process of early music revival, started in the USSR from the 60s of the 20th century, there are searches of the appropriate premises, in which early music could be perceived naturally, where one can feel a single style in combination of rooms, music, instrumentation and performance style that would increase the perception of each of the components of the creative process. Such most suitable premises are found out to be the halls of museums — former mansions, or palaces, which serve as museums in our time. The practice of conducting concerts in museums was introduced in Western Europe in the first half of the 20th century as a part of the overall process of early music revival and became an example for other countries including Ukraine.The Museum of Ukrainian Fine Arts was one of the first museums where concerts of early music were held in 1988. The concert programs featured the music of prominent Ukrainian composers of the 16th–18th centuries. Since 1989, the «Concerts in Museum» began to be held at the Museum of Russian Art, where one could hear music from the 18th to the beginning of the 19th century from «The Music Collection of the Razumovsky Family». Since 2003, the door has opened for concerts at the National Museum of History of Ukraine, where, in addition to chamber music, the visitors watched the whole performance — the chamber opera by D. Bortniansky «Sokil». The performance of this opera was also held at other museums of Ukrainian cities, as well as in Poland.Ancient instruments in some museums, that have lost its sound and artistic qualities, attracted attention of the musical experts. In association with scholars and the administration of museums, restoration work was carried out and brought back the old tools to life, which made it possible to hear the true «voice of the past «. This happened from the pianoforte at the Museum of Ukrainian History, the Lesia Ukrainka Museum in the village Kolodyazhny of Kovelsky District in Volyn and the Memorial Museum of Maxim Rylsky in Kyiv. Nowadays many museums in Ukraine have become centres of culture, both visual and musical. Due to this process, contemporaries’ views about the past art have expanded, the recordings of ancient music phonograms initiated film-making.
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Kleinert, Andreas. "Leonhardi Euleri Opera omnia: Editing the works and correspondence of Leonhard Euler." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 14 (May 27, 2015): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23921749pkhn_pau.16.002.5258.
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The paper gives an overview on the history and present state of the edition of the complete works of Leonhard Euler (1707–1783). After several failed initiatives in the 19th century, the project began in 1907 with the edition of Euler’s printed works. The works were divided into three series: I. Mathematics (29 volumes); II. Mechanics and Astronomy (31 volumes); and III. Physics and Miscellaneous (12 volumes). After several ups and downs due to two World Wars and economic problems, the publication of the printed works with a total of 72 volumes is nearly finished. Only two volumes on perturbation theory in astronomy are still missing. The publication of series IV (manuscripts and correspondence) started in 1967 as a joint project of the Swiss and the Soviet academies of sciences. The manuscript edition was postponed, and the project focussed on Euler’s correspondence which contains approximately 3000 letters, 1000 of them written by Euler. The correspondents include famous mathematicians of the 18th century like d’Alembert, Clairaut and the Bernoullis, but also many less-known people with whom Euler corresponded on a great variety of subjects. A major problem is to find and to finance appropriate editors who are able to read French, Latin, and the old German handwriting, and who are acquainted with history, culture and science of the 18th century. During the last 50 years, the editors gathered copies or scans of most of the preserved Euler’s letters. The original letters addressed to Euler were made available to the editorial group in Switzerland by the Russian Academy of Sciences before World War I, and before their restitution in 1947 the editors made fairly good photographs that are now an important part of the material basis of the edition. Each volume of the letter series (VIA) contains Euler’s correspondence with one or more of his contemporaries, presented in a chronological order. Up to the present day, four volumes of the correspondence have been published, in addition to an inventory of all known letters to and from Euler, including short summaries and useful information about the date, language and location of the existing copies, and former publication. Four more volumes are in progress and will be published in 2016 or 2017. The remaining letters that are not intended for publication in the printed volumes are planned to be made available in an online edition.
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Nguyen, Duy Phuong. "Missionary Activity and Civilization of Western Missionaries: a Case of Cochinchina (Vietnam) During the XVI and XVII Centuries." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080010743-4.
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As in many other religions, missionary activity is seen by Catholics as a self-fulfilling mission, a sacred act to expand the scope of God’s kingdom. The geographical discoveries, along with the progress of the maritime industry in the 15th–16th centuries, opened a great prospect for “spreading the Gospel” to faraway lands, including Cochinchina (Vietnam). Along with missionary activities, Western civilization also followed the missionaries, who introduced it into the indigenous social life, contributing to the creation of the West–East connection, and the world integration of this land. Based on the many sources, such as the memoirs and correspondence of the missionaries themselves in Cochinchina and the works on the Catholic history of some Vietnamese and foreign researchers, especially the latest studies of Vietnamese historians, the article focuses on studying about missionary activities along with the introduction of Western civilization by missionaries in Cochinchina from the 16th century to the 18th century. The resusts show that the activities of the missionaries under the encouragement policy of the Cochinchina government are the basic factors promoting the process of spreading Western civilized values in Vietnam. This is an inevitable result of the spread of Catholicism which is an important role in the cultural exchange between East and West in Cochinchina in the 16th and 17th centuries. The paper contributes to clarifying the history of the development of Catholic doctrine in Vietnam and affirm the merits of Western missionaries as a bridge to bring European scientific and technical knowledge to Cochinchina.
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Davydov, S. A. "Development of pre-class society in the evolutionist interpretation." RUDN Journal of Sociology 20, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 655–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2020-20-3-655-668.
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The article aims at systematization of approaches to understanding the evolution of pre-class society in historical sociology. The sociological tradition of interpreting the history of pre-class society developed in the late 18th century, when A. Ferguson defined the development of society as a natural process consisting of three stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization. In classic sociology, there were two approaches to understanding the pre-class society evolution. The first approach is presented in the works of H. Spencer, who suggested a natural-scientific interpretation of social evolution but with a more elaborated scale of the development of pre-class societies - as differing by the complexity of their social structure. The second approach is presented in the research of L.H. Morgan, who used Fergusons three-stage periodization as a basis but expanded the list of fundamental criteria for their differentiation (progress in inventions and discoveries, ideas of management, family and property). In the middle of the 20th century, sociology managed to overcome its dependence on psychology and economics by neo-evolutionism that linked social evolution of the archaic society with qualitative changes in its structure. Sociologists proposed schemes for the evolution of pre-class society based on the empirical evidence of its complexity - institutionalization of leadership and increasing social inequality. Moreover, sociologists included the level of labor productivity achieved in the archaic society into the list of criteria for its development, which determined a single scale of progress even for societies with other types of social organization. After debates, sociologists came to the conclusion that the evolution of pre-class societies is determined not only by their development but also by their degradation and even collapse; that all social systems can have analogues with a comparable level of complexity; and that a certain level of social organization can be achieved by different evolutionary paths.
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Willinsky, John. "Popular Literacy and the Roots of the New Writing." Journal of Education 168, no. 2 (April 1986): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205748616800204.
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The place of writing in the curriculum has recently increased in importance under a series of new approaches based on a processing model of how writers write. An overlooked aspect of these new programs in the schools is the degree to which they parallel aspects of an earlier, popular literacy. In a brief recounting of incidents in the history of literacy with a focus on Renaissance Europe, 17th- and 18th-century England, and the 20th-century United States, three historical elements are brought to light which now play a strong part in the new programs. In these programs literacy (a) is sociable, (b) has its roots in nonstandardized language, and (c) places a premium on performance and publication. Insofar as the new writing takes up these aspects of popular literacy, there is reason to feel that it will work to some degree in meeting the current literacy crisis. However, the traditions of popular literacy have both political and social ramifications which warrant our attention. Popular literacy in the past has been entangled in the sensational and subversive and has not always been well received. This history raises questions as to what can be expected and what is desired of this new thrust in writing. The advocates of the new writing programs need to confront the potential of this increased voice, this latest form of popular literacy, which they have begun to encourage.
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Jakuboszczak, Agnieszka. "O życiu rodzinnym i edukacji córek księcia Franciszka Ksawerego de Saxe w świetle dokumentów Archives départemantales de l’Aube." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 28 (January 1, 2019): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2012.28.2.
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Francis Xavier of Saxony, the son of Augustus III, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, left a very extensive correspondence, which has been preserved until our times in the Departmental Archives in Troyes. The collection constitutes a very important source for the history of everyday life and the history of education of aristocracy in the 18th century. A part of the collection is available in the electronic version on the website of the Archives. Numerous children of the Prince, the sons, as well as daughters, obtained the education suitable for the royal family – comprehensive, competent, pursuing the spirit of the Enlightenment. The period of pursuing knowledge by the children of Francis Xavier was not the time of severing the ties with the parents. The relationships between the father and his sons and daughters were lasting and became more intense in the course of time. Carefully selected tutors and governesses were a very important link between the Prince and his wife and the children. Preceptors not only controlled the educational progress, but also every aspect of daily life, especially of the girls. The Prince expected detailed reports which facilitated control over the adolescent boys and girls, for whom best matches for marriage were being arranged. A complex world of relationships of Francis Xavier’s family completes for us the picture of everyday life of the ruling families, so often confined by the tight restraints of the ceremonial.
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Yakushenkov, Serguey N., and Alexander Yu Meshcheryakov. "Gardens of Empire: Imperial Practices and the Construction of a New Imperial Space." Journal of Frontier Studies 7, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 131–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v7i1.373.
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The Empire, as one of the political forms of state systems, existed at all times and on all continents. Its main feature has been the unification of numerous ethnic groups with different cultural, political and economic characteristics under a Center. Usually this unification led to the establishment of domination over the subjugated peoples with the help of imperial practices. One of these is the botanical garden.
The imperial garden idea expressed many concepts of Empire: ideological, political, cultural, educational, etc. This institution was primarily intended to underline the Empire greatness through metaphors of center, paradise, prosperity, unity of different parties, etc. This was evident in the Modern history Empires, which arose because of the West's special interest in plant resources or their accompanying commodities: spices, sugar, silk, cotton, and others. The imperial garden in this time was designed to serve the Metropolis interests and at the same time for the colony development, which was carried out in accordance with the Center interests.
The formation of this institution in Russia took place simultaneously in the Center and on the Frontier. The Astrakhan case shows well how this institution was formed in the region in the 18th century according to national trends. While some regions made progress during this period, the Center exhibited the opposite trend. After the breakthrough in the Petrine era, the development of this institution was not in line with the Empire objectives. In the 19th century, a tendency to realize the importance of this institution appeared again.
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Saavedra Rey, Liliana, and Sneider Saavedra Rey. "Formar maestros desde el devenir conceptual de la pedagogía." Tequio 1, no. 1 (September 2, 2017): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53331/teq.v1i1.8250.
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Ignorance of history and the theoretical debate that you have configured the pedagogical and educational fields have enabled the uncritical inclusion of speeches related to competence, quality and curricular theories of economists bias in the training of teachers and researchers. Such concepts are future “performance indicators” of teachers forming today in programs of undergraduate and master’s degree in education within the framework of an educational system attended from a technical rationality. This paper examines the key moments of this historical development in the West: paideia Greek and Christian, teaching as teaching of the modern school since the 16TH century; and education, formation (bildung), or curriculum between the 18TH and 19TH centuries since European educational traditions. This analysis, arises as an alternative for training of teachers and researchers which deepens the pedagogical and educational fields in order to develop critical judgment
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Adipat, Surattana, Kittisak Laksana, Kanrawee Busayanon, Yasa Mahamarn, Pasuda Pakapol, Alongkorn Ausawasowan, and Boonlit Adipat. "An Overview of Educational Technology for Preservice Teachers in the Digital Age." Shanlax International Journal of Education 9, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/education.v9i4.4088.
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Technological tools, including networking hardware, media, and machines, have been incorporated into education to facilitate learning for many decades. The conveyance of knowledge through technology becomes fast, easy, and enjoyable for the learner while vastly improving the understanding of concepts. Research insights reveal that through the use of technological tools, the participatory capacity of students increases, and interest levels are raised. Education has evolved, over the centuries, in its form, nature, and manner of deliverance. When written communication had not yet developed, word of mouth and observation were the most common means of passing knowledge from one generation to the next. Teaching was mostly verbal, delivered through plays, songs, and poems. Writing as a means of communication only gained significance by the end of the 15th century. The use of chalkboards and blackboards as a method of learning and teaching gained popularity at the end of the 18th century. Still, now in the 21st century, more advanced technological tools play an important role in facilitating learning and teaching. This study examines the effectiveness of educational technology in English teacher education programs, emphasising the development of preservice teachers’ language and pedagogical skills.
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Bozilovic, Nikola. "Social construction of “other” as “primitive”." Filozofija i drustvo 24, no. 2 (2013): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1302193b.
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The author of this paper deals with the problem of cultural difference through the analysis of the relationship ?us? - ?others?. He searches for the answer to the question why the culture of other peoples or individuals are often considered inferior in many societies. This type of treatment leads to the extreme where the position of the ?other? is reduced to the level of ?primitive? (less valuable, lowly, and brutal). In such a context, the author analyzes theoretical concepts of the Enlightenment rationalism of the 18th century and the anthropological evolutionism of the 19th century, believing that the roots of the negative assessment of the ?other? can be found in them. Namely, the majority of these theories conduct a hierarchization of culture according to the time and value principles, from which peoples and cultures can be classified as ?primitive? and ?civilized?. European modernism provided the vision of history as one of linear growth, which led to modern cultures being a priori declared more valuable and culturally more sublime. However, modern cultures are also classified among themselves according to value principles. The differentiation of cultures is performed using various stereotypes, and the idea of progress as rational improvement in the sphere of material culture, science, and technology legitimizes the transformation of the different (other) into primitive. From this prejudice, according to the author, emerges the Eurocentric thought on the exclusiveness of the European culture, which latently justifies colonialism and other negative phenomena coming from the European civilization. Primitivism is being presented as an objective state, while it is, in fact, the case of a social construction which has the aim of proclaiming the ?other? as ?primitive?.
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Puchalski, Jacek. "Przegląd badań nad historią bibliotek i bibliotekarstwa w Polsce z lat 1945–2015." Roczniki Biblioteczne 60 (June 8, 2017): 97–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0080-3626.60.5.
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AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH INTO THE HISTORY OF LIBRARIES AND LIBRARIANSHIP IN POLAND IN 1945–2015The author of the article discusses selected academic and popular publications concerning the history of libraries and librarianship in Poland which appeared in 1945–2015. In that period information about the most important historical resources of various Polish libraries and early book collections was made available; in addition, the period was marked by progress in the study of materials originating before the end of the 18th century. Scholars published a range of methodological studies as well as studies dealing with sources, contributing to the development of scholarship. On the other hand, there were too few editions of source materials.After 1989 scholars intensified their efforts to find sources in foreign collections, especially in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Germany. Polish collections kept abroad are yet to be fully researched and have their inventories and catalogues published.The vast body of literature is uneven when it comes to its focus on the various historical periods, regions, subregions and local centres. It comprises publications dealing with the history of libraries, their function and role in culture with regard to the history of the book, and publications focused on the types of libraries or individual libraries — of different traditions, sizes and stature. Scholars also explored the history of home book collections, reading rooms and libraries as well as biographies of librarians and collectors. The quality of the publications varies. There are gaps in, for example, the history of libraries in the former Polish Eastern Borderlands as well as “blank pages” in the historiography of Polish librarianship after the Second World War. There is a visible shortage of quantification of phenomena from the past of libraries, despite the fact that there are some possibilities in this respect. What is also needed is development in comparative studies, also in an international perspective, although this would require Polish historians to become more interested than before in the history of librarianship in other countries.
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Brazevich, Svyatoslav S. "The genesis of Western European sociological thought in the works of G. V. Plekhanov." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Sociology 14, no. 2 (2021): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu12.2021.205.
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The article presents the results of the analysis by G.V.Plekhanov of the genesis of Western European sociological thought based on the consideration of the social ideas of the French materialists of the 18th century, the rudiments in their philosophical systems of the historical approach to the study of society and understanding the causes of social inequality and injustice as well as overcoming them. The sources and content of the philosophical and historical theories of the French historians of the Restoration period are revealed, those who recognized the struggle of classes as the cornerstone of the social, political and mental development of European society, including the interpretation of the concept of “social environment” as a set of economic relations of classes, which was a contribution to the history of sociology. The analysis of the sociological views of utopian socialists and representatives of German classical philosophy is conducted. It was revealed that a significant contribution to the development of the theory of society were the ideas of social progress and the creation of a new social science that served the cause of social organization, developed by the utopian socialists, as well as the statement that the future of society is decided in the sphere of social and economic relations, and not political and legal ones. It is emphasized that Hegel’s application of dialectics to the analysis of social changes meant undoubted progress in the development of sociological thought, which consisted in the advancement of the idea of the regularity of the social process. The methodological basis of the author’s study of the problem of the genesis of Western European sociological thought in the works of G.V.Plekhanov is made up of dialectical-materialistic and comparative-historical methods, as well as the method of textological analysis and historical-philosophical reconstruction.
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شفیق, ڈاکٹر محمد سعید. "Historical study of Architectural deeds of Muslims." Fahm-i-Islam 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37605/fahm-i-islam.1.1.6.
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The rise of Muslims is not only worthy example for the world among the countless features but it is also a good example of constructive as well as intellectual development. The glorious history of Islamic development of science and arts covers the early stages of Islam and lasts till the 18th century which is the longest period. The popularity of Islamic science and arts and discoveries are spread all over the world. Muslims not only gave first priority to the justice, education and learning during their reign but on other hand they also kept their attention on the intellectual and physical development, science and arts and awesome constructions, that is why in the past the development and progress of medicine and science is exemplary for the world, which is admitted by the experts of art and architecture. After the age of the Companions of Messenger of Allah Ummayyed constructed mosques in Kufa and Damascus, Bannu Abbas constructed Qurtaba’s mosque, bungalow of Khamra and Fatmi rulers built Mahdia and Qahra, which are the most significant and memorable deeds of fine arts. In this article the fantastic contribution of Muslims in the field of arts and architecture will be reviewed which will make it clear that this sector (Arts and Architecture) was also on track for growth and development like other sectors during the rules of Muslims and they performed such a feats in this field that even an advanced man of today is astonished by watching these feats.
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Ilnytska, T. Y., O. V. Sydorenko, Yu S. Yagusevich, and N. M. Leshchenko. "POLESYE HORSE: HISTORY OF ORIGIN AND CURRENT SITUATION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 59 (May 4, 2020): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.59.15.
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Introduction. The world is actively in the process of improving the productive qualities of livestock, including horses to meet the needs of society. At the same time, less competitive aboriginal breeds and populations are being displaced, which are characterized by slightly lower productivity, but are well adapted to environmental conditions. In 2002–2019, breeding herds of agricultural animals of many breeds disappeared in Ukraine, including such genetically “valuable” ones as brown Carpathian cattle, Myrhorod pig breed, Ukrainian meat-wool (Kharkiv type)sheep breed and others [1, 2]. In terms of intensive progress in agriculture, given the great anthropogenic and man-made shocks of the twentieth century (wars, Chernobyl accident), the flora and fauna of Ukraine were threatened by significant reductions, especially forest and swamp ecosystems of Ukrainian Polissya, which formed with large wild and domesticated ungulates. Among them is the Polesye horse, which has been in this area for more than 4.000 years, but is now almost extinct [3, 4, 5]. It is necessary to restore and expand the population of Polesye horses as a basis for biodiversity of Ukrainian Polissya and as part of the cultural heritage of the region.
Materials and methods of research. The materials for the research were archival data, literary and scientific sources that contain information about the origin of the Polesye horse, as well as the results of an expeditionary survey of the horse population of private rural estates of the Polesye horse. The main measurements of the horse's body were determined: height at the withers, oblique length of the body, chest girth, cannon girth. A comparative analysis of measurements of modern horses of Ukrainian Polissya with those bred in this area in the 50s of the last century, as well as with the animal population of the Belarusian part of the region (Western and Eastern Polissya) was conducted.
Research results. According to researchers, the Polesye horse originates from wild ancestors – forest tarpans, who lived in Polissya until the 18th century. For a long time, the Polissya horse was bred "in itself" in the conditions of unsatisfactory feeding and excessive use at work. This has led to a reduction in size, the appearance of exterior-constitutional features (stepping of the hind limbs, low heels of the hooves, the proximity of the hocks). But on the other hand, there are high adaptive qualities, unpretentiousness to the conditions of detention and high efficiency. The main place of distribution of horses is determined by Ukrainian and Belarusian Polissya [5, 7, 8, 9].
In the 40's and 50's of the last century, Polesye horses were actively improved. For this purpose, local mares were crossed with stallions of Russian Heavy Draft and Orlov Trotter [6]. During the 50–60s of the last century, scientists of the Belarusian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry studied and examined more than 1.000 horses of the Polesye population [9]. It is worth paying attention to the experience of Belarusian scientists who, within the framework of the state program of revival and development of Polissya, conduct research and work on the restoration of horses of the Polesye breed. A comprehensive analysis was carried out: basic measurements were taken and the exterior of the horses was assessed, materials on breeding use and productivity were collected. This became the basis for the development of the main directions of selection and breeding work with the population [3, 4, 10, 11].
Until 2019, no work was carried out in Ukraine to assess and restore the population of Polesye horses. In 2019, the first survey of horses in Ukrainian Polissya was conducted in independent Ukraine in order to find typical representatives of the Polesye population. Comparing the exterior of the horses described in the source [6] with those encountered during the expedition, we selected typical representatives of Polesye horses and brought them to the stable "ShcherbatyTsugli" in the Prybirsk village, Ivankiv district, Kyiv region, where the climate and fodder the base is favorable and "native" to these animals. Currently, the herd of horses of the Polesye population consists of 9 mares and 1 stallion. To compare the horses of the modern population with those bred in Belarus, as well as the typical representatives that were described in the last century, we determined the body measurements of selected horses. According to the results of the analysis, the mares of the modern "Ukrainian" population were 2.7 cm taller than the representatives of the Polesye population in 1952, but 2.3 cm inferior to the Polesye horses of Belarus. The oblique length of the mares' torso and the girth of the breasts had the same tendency as the height at the withers. That is, the horses of the Polesye population of Ukraine insignificantly outnumbered the typical representatives of the individuals described in the last century and were similar to the Belarusian population. Given this, we can conclude that despite the use of the method of crossbreeding in the past, the horses of Ukrainian Polissya in general have preserved the exterior-constitutional type of their ancestors. The same opinion is shared by other researchers, who believe that only those horses that had the appropriate size and features of the exterior could adapt to the conditions of Polissya [3, 11].
Ethnographers and historians-reconstructors also take part in studying the population of "Polesye" horses. After all, in addition to biological significance, the Polesye horse, which has long been used in agriculture, has acquired a deep ethnographic significance. Ethnographers have recorded the facts of the use of the horse in rituals, in particular actively in wedding rituals. Thus, the historical and cultural component of the study is an essential complement to this program and provides a comprehensive study of the history of the Polesye horse. Polesye horses can be used for the development of green, ecological, rural andequestrian tourism.
Conclusions. The population of Polesye horses is one of the oldest in Europe and has been on the territory of Ukrainian Polissya for more than 4.000 years, but has now almost disappeared. Expeditionary surveys of Ukrainian Polissya allowed to select typical representatives of Polesye horses and to create a basic herd in the conditions of the farm "ShcherbatyZugli" in the Prybirskvillage, Ivankiv district, Kyiv region. Modern horses of the Polesye breed, which are similar in appearance and size to those described in the 1950s, can serve as a basis for the restoration of the Polesye population. It is important to develop a selection program for the restoration (reconstruction) of the Polesye horse population in order to preserve not only biodiversity, but also the cultural heritage and national heritage of Ukrainian Polissya.
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Stundžienė, Bronė. "Turning to the Beginning of the Lithuanian Folksong Publication." Tautosakos darbai 56 (December 20, 2018): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2018.28475.
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Against certain broader context of discussing the historical reflection of relationship between pre-literate culture and writing, the author of the article pays detailed attention to the unusual transformations in folksong development that are brought about by literacy. We usually rightfully consider literacy as an unmistakable indication of cultural progress. In this regard, subsequent recording and printing of folksongs that started in later periods of literacy also merit positive evaluation. Although both modes of fixation belong to the same period of Lithuanian cultural history, however, from the middle of the 18th century until the beginning of the 19th century, printed publications of folksongs acquired immense importance. Looking from a historical distance – the present times, the author of the article reconsiders and reinterprets the sociocultural surroundings of this new mode of folklore dissemination, taking into account what aims the first folklore publishers had and whether or not they managed to achieve them. Essentially, one particular aspect in the beginning of the written Lithuanian folksong tradition is in the focus of attention – namely, how and why the state of folksong altered in the process of becoming a printed source. In the first chapter, following the historical revisions of medieval culture, the author of the article reconsiders the prehistory of folklore publication as the common European process. She takes into account the sociocultural aspects of this period: namely, creations of the “singing peasantry” – the part of the society belonging to the lower classes and engaged in agriculture, which was essentially banned from writing and ignored by the literate society. Like in the rest of Europe, in the medieval literature of the multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Lithuanian-speaking Eastern Prussia (currently, the Lithuania Minor), contemporary reflection of folk culture was almost entirely absent or obscure until the middle of the 18th century. As noted in the second chapter, the situation of folk poetry started changing in the Lithuania Minor (the early center of the Lithuanian written culture) with Philip Ruhig publishing his linguistic treatise in 1745 and including (for research purposes) three Lithuanian folksongs. Shortly after, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing reprinted two of them in one of his “Literary Letters” (1759). Subsequently, another famous figure of the German pre-Romanticism and its ideologist Johann Gottfried von Herder included as many as eight Lithuanian folksongs translated into German into his international collection “The Voices of Peoples in Songs”. Thus, the history of Lithuanian folksong publication started with altering attitude towards the so-called “third estate”; this shift is currently regarded as a sociocultural turn inspired by pre-Romanticism and clearing the way for the poetic folk creativity allegedly harboring the “national spirit”. These ideas inspired the famous theologian and pedagogue Liudvikas Rėza (Ludwig Rhesa) to edit the first book of Lithuanian folksongs. This bilingual collection (in Lithuanian and German) saw publication in Konigsberg in 1825. However, traces of the former social separation were persistent. As such, one could name the early tendency of folklore recording and publication: to indicate just the publisher (collector), leaving aside the main actors – the folk singers, although currently they stand out as representatives of the people. Folklorists would subsequently correct this situation. The author of the article goes on to discuss the losses suffered by the folk creativity under the new conditions of literacy. Comparison of the first printed folksongs with their mode of existence in the living folksong process of the 18th – beginning of the 19th century reveals clear changes in the folksong identity. The frozen printed variant loses its capacity to change, along with its former vitality granted by the oral culture; as any other product of the written culture, the printed folksong immediately becomes the past event. Besides, transition from the oral transmission to the area of written culture turns the song into some kind of literary work: therefore, the value of the songs would for a long time since be measured by literary means, and publishing of the songs as poems (leaving out the melodies) would become a common practice. The main thing is, nevertheless, that publication of folksongs in writing and their separate reading completely erase the typical folk communication of ritual culture by means of common places of folksongs – shared for many generations in the pre-literate culture. However, the emerging parallel folksong publication opens up entirely new mode of communication. Already at the very beginning of Lithuanian folksong publication, its publisher obviously acquired individual right to edit the folklore at discretion. Selection of materials for publication (including some changes and reconstructions made along the way) followed primarily the actual purposes of publication, which included presenting the folksong image that would be more readily acceptable to the contemporary readership and satisfy the community’s expectations. It is public knowledge that Rėza, the initiator of the first Lithuanian folksong book, following the nice inspiration of his pre-Romantic period (maintaining that national spirit lived in folklore) also aspired to use folksongs in order to reveal the noble and dignified picture of the ancient Lithuanian people. Part of this picture – harmonious family and correspondingly ideal relations between its members – received vivid attention in this collection. The article concludes with interpretation of a couple of folksongs discussing a case of early insignificant corrections of the motives reflecting the ritual purpose of folksongs. So far, the author leaves aside certain prominent tendencies of re-creation that already have received harsh criticism before.
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Hanusiewicz-Lavallee, Mirosława. "Echoes of the 1580 Jesuit Mission to England in Early Modern Poland." Roczniki Humanistyczne 67, no. 2 SELECTED PAPERS IN ENGLISH (October 30, 2019): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh.2019.68.2-2en.
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The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne 61 (2013), issue 2.
The article presents Polish reactions to the famous Jesuit mission in England of 1580, and thus also the beginnings of the formation of the worship of St Edmund Campion in Poland. They are connected with the publication in Kraków (1583) of a translation of Robert Persons’ account entitled De persecutione Anglicana, but also with the position that the history of Campion’s mission took in the work of Piotr Skarga SJ. The Polish writer, showing a lively interest in what was going on with English Catholics and inspiring political interventions in support of Jesuits imprisoned in England (including his subordinate, the Vilnius professor James Bosgrave), in subsequent editions of his very popular hagiographic collection Żywoty świętych [The Lives of Saints] presented Przydatek […] o świętych męczennikach [A Supplement […] on Saint Martyrs] which was modified several times, and in it a paragraph titled O męczennikach w Anglijej [On Martyrs in England]. Its most basic part consisted of—starting with the 1585 edition—the story of St Edmund Campion, St Ralph Sherwin and Alexander Briant’s mission and martyrdom, which was a free adaptation of the narration contained in Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia by John Fenn and John Gibson (1583). Skarga’s interest in the figure of Campion was also reflected in the Polish translation of Rationes decem (1583) that he made at the request of King Stephen Báthory. It may be said that Rationes decem (also published in Latin in 1605) became one of the fundamental apologetic texts in Poland of the early-modern age, and St Edmund Campion, in a sense, became the patron of controversial theology, which would find its confirmation in the 18th century adaptation of Nicholas Sanders and Edward Rishton’s work De origine ac progressu schismatis Anglicani (1748) written by Jan Poszakowski.
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Carroll, Jerome. "William James and 18th-century anthropology." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 3 (May 9, 2018): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118764060.
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This article discusses the common ground between William James and the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Recent commentators on this overlap have characterised philosophical anthropology as combining science (in particular biology and medicine) and Kantian teleology, for instance in Kant’s seminal definition of anthropology as being concerned with what the human being makes of itself, as distinct from what attributes it is given by nature. This article registers the tension between Kantian thinking, which reckons to ground experience in a priori categories, and William James’s psychology, which begins and ends with experience. It explores overlap between James’s approach and the characteristic holism of 18th-century philosophical anthropology, which centres on the idea of understanding and analysing the human as a whole, and presents the main anthropological elements of James’s position, namely his antipathy to separation, his concerns about the binomial terms of traditional philosophy, his preference for experience over substances, his sense that this holist doctrine of experience shows a way out of sterile impasses, a preference for description over causation, and scepticism. It then goes on to register the common ground with key ideas in the work of anthropologists from around 1800, along with some references to anthropologists who come in James’s wake, in particular Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen, in order to reconceptualise the connection between James’s ideas and the tradition of anthropological thinking in German letters since the late 18th-century, beyond its characterisation as a combination of scientific positivism and teleology.
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Marker, Gary. "The Ambiguities of the 18th Century." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2, no. 2 (2001): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2008.0094.
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