Journal articles: 'Programmable controllers Design and construction'

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Flórez-Ruiz, Juan Fernando, Jorge Guillermo Díaz-Rodríguez, Alexander Ramírez-Dueñes, and Félix Antonio Pérez-Rondón. "Design, simulation and construction of a pellets transportation laboratory." ITECKNE 16, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15332/iteckne.v16i2.2352.

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The article presents how three scaled down industrial machinery models were designed and built as an educational tool to present the transport of particulate material. The literature review showed calculation models for equipment at industrial level, not for laboratory level. There were chosen the most representative means of commercial transport for particulate materials: a conveyor screw, a conveyor belt and a bucket elevator. These three machines were calculated and built in polycarbonate to allow visualization of their internal functioning. The three devices are controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC) and connected to each other by a SCADA network. The equipment is modular so as not to alter the order of operation, being able to obtain different work sequences. In addition, a man-machine graphic interface (HMI) was developed to supervise and to control the designed equipment. The results of particulate material mass flow obtained are approximately coincident with those estimated, validating the use of calculation models for much lower levels of work. Finally, it is emphasized that the system obtained is an environment for students to implement control techniques using the sensors and motors used in the designs.

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Amponsah-Abu, E. O., B. J. B. Nyarko, and R. Edziah. "Design and Construction of Pneumatic Transfer System Controller Unit for Ghana MNSR." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2019 (August 1, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6450987.

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Pneumatic Transfer System (PTS) is an auxiliary system of Ghana Research Reactor-1 (GHARR-1) used to transfer sample capsule in and out of the reactor irradiation sites. The PTS’ controller unit design and construction were carried out because the original transfer system was not designed to operate in cyclic NAA. To address these situations, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) has been used to design and construct a control unit to facilitate a cyclic neutron activation analysis (CNAA) application for GHARR-1. The design has been simulated successfully using a LOGO Soft Comfort software, version 8. The constructed control unit has been tested experimentally using 220 AC volts electric bulbs to represent solenoid valves. The results show that the sample-IN and sample-OUT bulbs come ON and go OFF to represent the solenoid valves opening and closing for sample transfer. The study has shown that the computer based PLC controller unit for PTS is capable of facilitating both cyclic and conventional NAA application for the GHARR-1.

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Cheng, Ning Zi, Yao Hua Li, Qiong Xuan Ge, Rui Hua Zhang, and Ke Wang. "Research and Design of Network System for LIM Rail Transit Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 2086–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.2086.

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The new linear induction motor (LIM) driven urban rail transit system is favored for more rapidly and reliability, cost-effective and environmental friendly. As the core of the LIM vehicle, network system is proposed in this paper. The scheme of network system is given by using Beckhoff programmable logical controller and its sub-modules, and CANopen protocol is applied in network communication. The performance of the network system is demonstrated by the experiment results. The research and design can be a useful guidance to engineering application for future LIM urban rail transit construction in China.

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Gao, Kun. "Design of OTA-C Gaussian Function Generator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.690.

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A novel method for analogue VLSI implementation of programmable Gaussian function generator is proposed in this paper, in which the Gaussian function is approximated by the OTA-C filter whose frequency response is Gaussian-shaped. OTA-C circuit is very suitable for this application since the programmability can be controlled by the transconductance of OTA precisely and easily. Based on the probability argument, the OTA-C biquadratic filters and OTA-C integrator which have the cascade connection are used as the building block. To elaborate the construction procedure, a seventh-order OTA-C Gaussian function generator is selected as an example. The simulation results verify the feasibility of the presented approach.

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Włodarczak, Sylwia, Marek Ochowiak, Michał Doligalski, Bartosz Kwapisz, Andżelika Krupińska, Marcin Mrugalski, and Magdalena Matuszak. "Flow Rate Control by Means of Flow Meter and PLC Controller." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 6153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186153.

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This paper presents a design of a flow meter based on a programmable logic controller (PLC). The new construction of a flow meter controlled by PLC increases the possibilities for the control and automation of fluid flow. Additionally, the didactic potential of the use of simple automation in the form of a programmable logic controller was considered. A device enabling the measurement of fluid flow rate based on a PLC controller was designed, constructed, and tested. The choice of device was the Gems Sensors FT-210 series turbine flow sensor, which is characterized by low purchase and maintenance costs. The properties and the chemical resistance of polyamide-12, the material the sensor is made of, make it possible to test the flow of various types of fluids. As part of the work, an algorithm and a program controlling the device was developed based on the APB Soft software, enabling the accurate reading of the number of impulses sent by the turbine flow sensor. The results of the designed flow meter were compared with the results obtained for the Krohne VA-40 high accuracy rotameter.

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Mahmod, Masrul Nizam, Mastura Ramli, and Ahmad Daud Om. "Development of CENTS-RAS system using PLC improve water quality." International Journal of Technology, Innovation and Humanities 1, no. 1 (October 21, 2020): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29210/881301.

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Cheap Efficient Nursery Tank System - Recirculating Aquaculture System (CENTS-RAS) is an alternative hatchery system used in most places in Tanjung Demong Terengganu. Waste trap (Wastrap) is a system on CENTS-RAS to dispose of sewage and needs to be opened according to schedule to ensure water quality is at a good level. This requires employees to open the wastrap manually and in an orderly manner. Problems occur when the frequency does not occur regularly. Design and construction smart wastewater controlled by Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) to output electrical actuator ball valve fit in inlet water and wastrap installed in CENTS-RAS for maintaining good water quality. Disposal of dirty water as well as conversion with clean livestock water is systematically controlled based on the programmed time. Previously using manual methods for wastrap opening, fish survival and growth probably limit the production potential is around 78% -85%. After construction with smart system automatically regular scheduling with 4 time interval methods that have been set will work 24 hours a day for 50 days to ensure the conversion rate and life is high. Effectiveness water quality control were higher by implementing new design using automated methods.

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Cedeño Rogger, Andrade. "Módulo didáctico para controlar nivel y caudal de agua, mediante sistema SCADA, PLC y algoritmo PID." Revista de Investigaciones en Energía, Medio Ambiente y Tecnología: RIEMAT ISSN: 2588-0721 4, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/riemat.v4i2.2196.

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In this project, design and construction of an educational module has been carry out, allowing understand in a practical way, the concepts related to: control system, instrumentation, actuator, programmable logic controller, SCADA system and control algorithm. Module’s principal components are main tank, reserve tank, piping system, fittings, differential pressure transducer, turbine flowmeter, rotameter, control valve, solenoid valves, servovalve, centrifugal pump, PLC and a personal computer (PC). With this, automatic flow and water level control were achieve, through the implementation of a PID control algorithm. In the end, operation tests have been perform, generating changes in set point, and generating disturbances, to observe the response of the process and assess the control system. Keywords — control system, instrumentation, flow control, level control, PLC, SCADA, PID controller

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Xia, Yuzhen, Hangwei Lei, Xiaojun Wu, Guilin Hu, Hao Pan, and Baizeng Fang. "Design of New Test System for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020833.

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A comprehensive test system for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is designed and developed for monitoring and controlling the inlet and outlet parameters and safety issues of fuel cells. The data acquisition and output instruction rely on the connection between PLC (programmable logic controller) and OPC (object linking and embedding for process control). Based on Siemens S7-200 series PLC and PID (proportion integration differentiation) technology, the margin of error in relative humidity of inlet air is controlled at less than 0.7%. Furthermore, a hydrogen recycling system and an alarm module are introduced, considering the hydrogen or nitrogen solenoid valve power failure, cooling fan power failure, temperature anomaly, and hydrogen leakage. This developed test system is evaluated by the experimental investigation of PEMFC performance. The results show that the test system has very good test and control performances. At a cell temperature of 40 °C, enhanced performance in the polarization tests is depicted at a high humidification temperature of 60 °C.

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Truong, Dinh-Nhon, Mi-Sa Nguyen Thi, Van-Thuyen Ngo, and An-Quoc Hoang. "Development of the Monitoring Program for an Integrated Small-Scale Wind and Solar Systems based on IoT Technology." Journal of Science and Technology: Issue on Information and Communications Technology 19, no. 12.2 (January 25, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31130/ict-ud.2021.139.

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For monitoring the energy supply from the hybrid small-scale wind turbine generator (WTG) and rooftop solar Photovoltage (PV) systems, this paper presents the design of a management program of the studied system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The proposed studied system consists of digital power meters that communicate wirelessly to the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) through the ZigBee communication standard. By using a free cloud platform will greatly facilitate the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) interface design work for a Human Machine Interface (HMI) or mobile phone. This system configuration may be easy to be fitted for collecting electrical information such as voltage, current, power, frequency of the system to be monitored. This is one of the cheap solutions deployed in small-scale hybrid power systems (HPS) or factories because wireless communication is very convenient in construction and installation.

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Leroux, Fabrice, Lionel Ducobu, and Frédéric Milleville. "CAREDAS: a Comprehensive Architecture for a Redundant and Evolutive Data Acquisition System for JHR reactor." EPJ Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125304008.

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A new material testing reactor Jules Horowitz Reactor is under construction at CEA Cadarache. The materials to be irradiated will be placed into experimental devices around the reactor. Process and measurements of experimental devices will be carried out by command control. A data acquisition system having processing performances will be associated to the programmable logic controller. The challenge is to design and realize for twenty experiment devices a high availability data acquisition system architecture for 50 years of sustainability. The real time target will achieve 24/7 data acquisition and real time processing. This scalable architecture could be use as well for JHR experimental devices with high availability as for testbed. This architecture could be run on a standalone station for a measuring bench or deployed on cluster for high availability. CAREDAS’s design is modular and use proven widely used open source solutions. All parts are independent from each other and can be replaced with another technology with the same functionalities. This ensures sustainability and control of software sources.

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Hurski, N. N., Yu A. Skudnyakov, V. S. Artsiushchyk, and A. N. Bezruchko. "Control of Mechatronic System Based on Multilink Robot-Manipulators." Science & Technique 18, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2019-18-4-350-354.

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The task of controlling multi-link robots with manipulators for implementation of high-tech processes in industry has been considered in the paper. The paper presents sequential steps of using computer technology in construction of robotic-manipulators, including mathematical, algorithmic, and hardware and software tools for creating a multi-drive mechatronic system controlled by OMRON industrial microcontroller. A kinematic scheme of a robot manipulator has been described in the paper and it performs the following two types of movements – rotation around the z axis and rectilinear movement of a working element along a turning radius with precise positioning at a given point in the working space. Electromechanical design of the manipulator allows to ensure transportation of production objects in accordance with a given technological process. For designing the technological process of transporting production objects, a software module has been developed that makes it possible to automate description of basic operations for movement of the robot manipulator working body with subsequent automatic generation of a command sequence for a control program ensuring operation of electric drives in manipulator links in real time. To speed up the process of designing trajectory of the working body, a spatial simulation model of a robot-manipulator in the MatLab-Simulink environment has been developed. The paper considers a generalized diagram of a mechatronic control system for a robot-manipulator based on the OMRON programmable logic controller operating under control of a program developed in the programming environment Sysmac Studio Automation. A program for a programmable terminal with interface elements and animation elements has been developed for industrial use of the mechatronic system during adjustment and operation period. The paper provides an appearance of a robot-manipulator prototype. The developed mechatronic system of the robot-manipulator can be technologically oriented towards solving other problems of industrial production.

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Trajkovic, Jelena, Samar Abdi, Gabriela Nicolescu, and Daniel D. Gajski. "Automated Generation of Custom Processor Core from C Code." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/862469.

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We present a method for construction of application-specific processor cores from a given C code. Our approach consists of three phases. We start by quantifying the properties of the C code in terms of operation types, available parallelism, and other metrics. We then create an initial data path to exploit the available parallelism. We then apply designer-guided constraints to an interactive data path refinement algorithm that attempts to reduce the number of the most expensive components while meeting the constraints. Our experimental results show that our technique scales very well with the size of the C code. We demonstrate the efficiency of our technique on wide range of applications, from standard academic benchmarks to industrial size examples like the MP3 decoder. Each processor core was constructed and refined in under a minute, allowing the designer to explore several different configurations in much less time than needed for manual design. We compared our selection algorithm to the manual selection in terms of cost/performance and showed that our optimization technique achieves better cost/performance trade-off. We also synthesized our designs with programmable controller and, on average, the refined core have only 23% latency overhead, twice as many block RAMs and 36% fewer slices compared to the respective manual designs.

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Dama, P., J. Bell, K. M. Foxon, C. J. Brouckaert, T. Huang, C. A. Buckley, V. Naidoo, and D. Stuckey. "Pilot-scale study of an anaerobic baffled reactor for the treatment of domestic wastewater." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0255.

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Large proportions of South Africans live in areas with inadequate sanitation and a poor infrastructure for waterborne sanitation. Service providers are looking for alternative wastewater treatment options. The anaerobic baffled reactor is being considered as a decentralised sanitation option in these areas. A 3,200 L reactor was built and is currently being evaluated at a wastewater treatment works. The reactor was built based on experiences gained from working with a laboratory reactor (10 L) and predicted flow patterns observed on a computational fluid dynamics model. The design and construction of the reactor will be discussed in this paper. The feed to the reactor consists of screen degritted sewage and the flow to the reactor is maintained by means of a programmable logic controller. The pilot-plant layout is discussed in this paper. Samples are analysed for chemical oxygen demand, pH, alkalinity, ammonia, phosphorus, solids and ash content. Reductions of between 70 and 80% are obtained for COD and the pH values for the effluent samples are within the discharge limits.

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Patrik, Šarga, Trebuňa František, and Grejták Branislav. "DESIGN OF CONTROL FOR THE DEVICE USING FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES BY RING-CORE METHOD." TECHNICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOG IES, no. 4 (14) (2018): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2018-4(14)-162-168.

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Urgency of the research. Residual stresses in machine parts and constructions greatly affect their service life and reliability. They are introduced into the manufactured object at each production process and their level can change significantly due to the operation of the product. Their main risk lies in the fact that they add up to the external load and can be the cause of the failure of the construction. Residual stresses can not be determined by simulation methods. They can only be determined using experimental methods. One of these method is the Ring-Core method, the principle of which is to form an annular groove around the strain gauge. Creating of annular groove releases the internal stresses, which can be recorded by a strain gauge. The quality of the formed groove has a significant impact on the overall results of residual stress determination, so it is important to make it as accurate as possible. For this reason, it is necessary to have the most reliable device to form an annular groove. Target setting. Our goal was to design the drive and control for the measuring device for milling the annular groove. This will make it possible to mill the annular groove more precisely, and the resulting residual stresses will be minimally affected by the inaccuracy of the groove. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. When designing the control of the device and preparing this paper, we took into account not only current sources – publications and papers dealing with the current state of existing measuring devices used for determining residual stresses by Ring-Core method, but – we also took into account our practical experience gained in numerous residual stress determinations by experimental methods. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. A modified device requires thorough testing, which has not been implemented during the research for this paper. The research objective. The goal of the research was to create a control for the existing mechanical measuring device used for creating annular groove for determining residual stresses by Ring-Core method. The statement of basic materials. The original mechanical device was supplemented by actuators, which were designed to automate the movement in horizontal axes as well as in the vertical axis. Thanks to this, we have achieved greater precision when positioning the work tool above the center of the strain gauge. At the same time, the original equipment was completed with a servo motor that serves to drive the cutter. For all these elements, control by Programmable Logic Controller was proposed. Conclusions. Our task was to design control for the original device used for residual stress measurement by the RingCore method. We needed to design drives to automate the device. For our needs, we decided to apply linear actuators selected according to the requested criteria. After designing of the electric drives and modifying of the original device, we proceeded to implement control by Programmable Logic Controller. After that, we created a control program in the Automation studio software. This modified measuring device is able to achieve a much higher precision of the annular groove milling, which makes it possible to deter-mine the residual stresses in the structures more precisely

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Jin, Chenggang, Yongqi Zhang, Wenbin Ling, Manxing Liu, Peng E, Chunxi Chen, Yunxuan Li, Zhiyong Peng, Yaowen Lu, and Liyi Li. "Vacuum control system for the Space Plasma Environment Research Facility." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 40, no. 3 (May 2022): 034201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0001785.

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The Space Plasma Environment Research Facility (SPERF) is a ground simulation user facility for studying the space plasma physical processes. This study presents the design and construction of a vacuum control system for the SPERF to set up an appropriate vacuum environment for plasma experiments, including the terrestrial space and near space vacuum control systems. Based on the requirements of remote automation, distributed control, centralized management, high reliability, expansibility, and safety, the architecture of the vacuum control system has been divided into three levels. Among these, the local level is the most essential part of the control system, which adopts the programmable logical controller (PLC) with Siemens S7-1500 CPU as the core. The PLC supports multiple communication protocols and can accurately control and monitor the actuators in the process of establishing a vacuum environment. Furthermore, it has the ability to communicate and interact with remote upper computers and the central control system through the supervisory control and data acquisition (scada) software developed based on iFix. Based on the architecture of the vacuum control system, the control process for establishing the vacuum environment, including the ultimate vacuum and experimental vacuum, was designed. It is noteworthy that in experimental vacuum acquisition, the injection of working fluid gas is controlled directly by the central control system, considering the different requirements of the terrestrial space and near space systems for the experimental working pressure and flexibility of the experimental vacuum control. The vacuum control system designed in this study provides technical support for the SPERF to perform the plasma experiments successfully. In addition, it offers reference and insights for the design of vacuum control systems in similar large-scale plasma simulation facilities.

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Pessen, D. W. "Ladder-Diagram Design for Programmable Controllers." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 19, no. 13 (November 1986): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)59540-3.

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Pessen, D. W. "Ladder-diagram design for programmable controllers." Automatica 25, no. 3 (May 1989): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(89)90008-3.

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Dli, Maksim, Andrey Puchkov, Artem Vasiliev, Elena Kirillova, Yuri Selyavskiy, and Nikolay Kulyasov. "Intelligent Control System Architecture for Phosphorus Production from Apatite-Nepheline Ore Waste." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 6469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206469.

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This paper proposes multilevel architecture for an intelligent control system for the complex chemical energy technological process of yellow phosphorus production from apatite-nepheline ore processing waste. The research revealed that, when controlling this process, one has to deal with large amounts of multiformat and polymodal information, and control goals differ at different levels not only in effectiveness criteria, but also in the structuredness of the level problems. On this basis, it is proposed that intelligent methods be used for the implementation of information processes and control goals at individual levels and the whole system. The artificial intelligence methods underlying the informational model of a control system offer solutions to problems of analyzing control processes at different hierarchy levels, namely the initial level of sensing devices, the levels of programmable logic controllers, dispatching of control and production processes, enterprise management and strategic planning. Besides, the intelligent control system architecture includes analytical and simulation models of processes occurring in the multistage procedure of ore waste processing by a plant consisting of a granulating machine, a conveyor-type multichambercalcining machine, and an ore thermal furnace. The architecture of information support for the control system comprises a knowledge-based inference block intended for implementing the self-refinement of neural network and simulation models. Fuzzy logic methods are proposed for constructing this block. The paper considers the deployment of control algorithms for a phosphorus production system using the Matlab software environment on the basis of a modern complex system development paradigm known as the model-oriented design concept.

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Bonfatti, Flavio, Gianni Gadda, and Paola Daniela Monari. "Re-usable software design for programmable logic controllers." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 30, no. 11 (November 1995): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/216633.216651.

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Wiśniewski, Remigiusz, Alexander Barkalov, Larisa Titarenko, and Wolfgang Halang. "Design of microprogrammed controllers to be implemented in FPGAs." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10006-011-0030-1.

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Design of microprogrammed controllers to be implemented in FPGAs In the article we propose a new design method for microprogrammed controllers. The traditional structure is improved by modifying internal modules and connections. Such a solution allows reducing the total number of logic elements needed for implementation in programmable structures, especially Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Detailed results of experiments show that on the average the application of the proposed methods yields up to 30% savings as far as the destination device is considered.

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Essa, Mohamed El-Sayed M., Ahmed M. El-shafeey, Amna Hassan Omar, Adel Essa Fathi, Ahmed Sabry Abo El Maref, Joseph Victor W. Lotfy, and Mohamed Saleh El-Sayed. "Reliable Integration of Neural Network and Internet of Things for Forecasting, Controlling, and Monitoring of Experimental Building Management System." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 24, 2023): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032168.

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In this paper, Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) are employed to solve the issue of energy consumption in a case study of an education laboratory. IoT enables deployment of AI approaches to establish smart systems and manage the sensor signals between different equipment based on smart decisions. As a result, this paper introduces the design and investigation of an experimental building management system (BMS)-based IoT approach to monitor status of sensors and control operation of loads to reduce energy consumption. The proposed BMS is built on integration between a programmable logic controller (PLC), a Node MCU ESP8266, and an Arduino Mega 2560 to perform the roles of transferring and processing data as well as decision-making. The system employs a variety of sensors, including a DHT11 sensor, an IR sensor, a smoke sensor, and an ultrasonic sensor. The collected IoT data from temperature sensors are used to build an artificial neural network (ANN) model to forecast the temperature inside the laboratory. The proposed IoT platform is created by the ThingSpeak platform, the Bylink dashboard, and a mobile application. The experimental results show that the experimental BMS can monitor the sensor data and publish the data on different IoT platforms. In addition, the results demonstrate that operation of the air-conditioning, lighting, firefighting, and ventilation systems could be optimally monitored and managed for a smart system with an architectural design. Furthermore, the results prove that the ANN model can perform a distinct temperature forecasting process based on IoT data.

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Rathinakumari, A. Carolin, and G. Senthil Kumaran. "Automatic protray conveying and dibbling system towards development of automatic protray seeder for vegetable nursery." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING 13, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijae/13.2/237-244.

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Quality and healthy seedling production is very important for successful vegetable cultivation. Recent days hybrid vegetable seedlings are raised in protrays under protected cultivation to ensure quality seedling production. Vegetable nursery raising is an upcoming successful entrepreneurship area. Growing media filled protrays are dibbled and seeded manually. This process is very tedious, labour intensive, time consuming and drudgery. Keeping this in view, an automatic protray conveying, dibbling and seeding system was designed and developed. The design and construction of automatic protray conveying and dibbling system is presented is this paper. The machine was designed suitable for 98 protray cell (Protray dimension : 530 x 275 mm and protray cavity matrix: 14 x 7 (lengthwise x widthwise) which is widely used for vegetable nursery raising. This system consisted of protray conveyor and indexing system, dibbling unit, penumatic systems, electronic controls and programmable logic controller (PLC). The main conveyor shaft was driven by a stepper motor and the stepper motor was driven by a micro-stepping drive with 3200 pulse/rev configuration. Each protray was detected by a sensor and indexed by determined distance pre-programed of PLC. The function of dibbling unit was to make 10 mm dia. x 10 mm deep depressions at the center of the each cell of the growing media filled protray. The dibbling unit was a set of conically shaped tubular pegs arranged in a common bar. The stroke of the operation was 30 mm and indenting was 10 mm deep. Proximity sensor of PNP type was used for the dead end limits of all motions and conveyor index. The sensors used were dibbling station home sensor, dibbling station lower sensor, main conveyor indexing sensor and tray detection sensor. The entire cycle was controlled by a logic programme and this synchronized the conveyor motion (position/inching) with the dibbling system. This machine was able to index the growing media protrays at the predetermined distance of 38.3 mm and to make uniform depth cavities. The dibbling capacity was found to be 300 protrays/h.

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Garanina, Natalia Olegovna, Igor Sergeevich Anureev, Vladimir Evgenyevich Zyubin, Sergey Mikhailovich Staroletov, Tatiana Victorovna Liakh, Andrey Sergeevich Rozov, and Sergei Petrovich Gorlatch. "Temporal Logic for Programmable Logic Controllers." Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems 27, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 412–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1818-1015-2020-4-412-427.

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We address the formal verification of the control software of critical systems, i.e., ensuring the absence of design errors in a system with respect to requirements. Control systems are usually based on industrial controllers, also known as Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). A specific feature of a PLC is a scan cycle: 1) the inputs are read, 2) the PLC states change, and 3) the outputs are written. Therefore, in order to formally verify PLC, e.g., by model checking, it is necessary to describe the transition system taking into account this specificity and reason both in terms of state transitions within a cycle and in terms of larger state transitions according to the scan-cyclic semantics. We propose a formal PLC model as a hyperprocess transition system and temporal cycle-LTL logic based on LTL logic for formulating PLC property. A feature of the cycle-LTL logic is the possibility of viewing the scan cycle in two ways: as the effect of the environment (in particular, the control object) on the control system and as the effect of the control system on the environment. For both cases we introduce modified LTL temporal operators. We also define special modified LTL temporal operators to specify inside properties of scan cycles. We describe the translation of formulas of cycle-LTL into formulas of LTL, and prove its correctness. This implies the possibility ofmodel checking requirements expressed in logic cycle-LTL, by using well-known model checking tools with LTL as specification logic, e.g., Spin. We give the illustrative examples of requirements expressed in the cycle-LTL logic.

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Lee, Seung-Yong, and Minyoung Sung. "OPC-UA Agent for Legacy Programmable Logic Controllers." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 8859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178859.

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Open platform communications (OPC) unified architecture (UA) is a communication standard increasingly used in industrial automation systems to enable the exchanging of control and management data between distributed entities. This paper proposes the design of an OPC-UA agent to enable UA information service and client functionalities in legacy programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The agent runs on a separate machine connected to the PLC using a dedicated link and maintains shared memory for certain variables in the PLC. Based on the periodically synchronized variables, the agent services the OPC-UA information model and executes client function blocks on behalf of the PLC. One important design feature is the remote procedure call of IEC 61131-3-based function blocks using synchronized variables. This allows the standard OPC-UA client functions to be used in existing PLCs which only support numeric types and do not support strings or complex structures. To validate the proposed design, we implement an agent prototype and demonstrate the successful monitoring and control of an industrial robot controller via OPC-UA. Through experiments, we evaluate the performance of UA functions in terms of the latency of read services for an increasing number of items. The evaluation results are believed to provide useful insights into agent-based approaches for integrating legacy PLCs into the OPC-UA framework.

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Kuzmin, E. V., and V. A. Sokolov. "On Construction and Verification of PLC-Programs." Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems 19, no. 4 (February 28, 2015): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1818-1015-2012-4-25-36.

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We review some methods and approaches to programming discrete problems for Programmable Logic Controllers on the example of constructing PLC-programs for controling a code lock. For these approaches we evaluate the usability of the model checking method for the analysis of program correctness with respect to the automatic verification tool Cadence SMV. Some possible PLC-program vulnerabilities arising at a number approaches to programming of PLC are revealed.

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Koo, Kyeonghoon, Gab Seon Rho, Wook Hyun Kwon, Jaehyun Park, and Naehyuck Chang. "Architectural design of an RISC processor for programmable logic controllers." Journal of Systems Architecture 44, no. 5 (February 1998): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-7621(97)00011-8.

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Zhang, Xin. "Research and Design of Temperature Monitoring System in Industry Applications Based on PLC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 345 (August 2013): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.345.364.

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Many industrial sites require real-time monitoring of temperature, to prevent the temperature is too high or too low damage to the equipment. This article on the basis of research on the structure of programmable logic controller and it is given a comparative study based on programmable logic controller hardware design and the current temperature sensor. The design of PLC control flow, combined with the actual situation, the completion of a complete temperature monitoring system based on programmable controllers control scheme, which given the specific design methods and control architecture.

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Łabiak, Grzegorz. "The Problems of Transition Predicates Construction in Hierarchical Concurrent Controllers." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10177-012-0056-9.

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Abstract The paper presents a problem of a transition predicates construction in hierarchical concurrent state oriented notation. The notation, called statechart diagrams or state machine, serves as a very convenient formalism for specification of a complex behavior of the embedded systems control unit. The controller specified in this way is discrete, deterministic and synchronous system which operates on binary values and can be implemented in programmable devices as a digital circuit. Well designed controller has conflict-free transitions and its concurrent transitions should be independent. In order to meet this requirements transition predicates must be pairwise both orthogonal and non-implicative. Computational complexities of the problems is equal to classic clique problem. The paper also suggests some statecharts syntactic structures solving these problems.

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Ma, Canlong, and Julien Provost. "Design-to-Test Approach for Programmable Controllers in Safety-Critical Automation Systems." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 16, no. 10 (October 2020): 6499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2020.2968480.

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Wan, H., G. Chen, X. Song, and M. Gu. "Formalisation and verification of programmable logic controllers timers in Coq." IET Software 5, no. 1 (2011): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-sen.2010.0002.

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Korshunov, G. I., E. G. Semenova, A. A. Petrushevskaya, and M. S. Smirnova. "DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRONIC TECHNICAL MEANS OF AUTOMATION FOR ELECTRIC DRIVE IN CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT." Issues of radio electronics, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2018-10-44-49.

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The main stages of the life cycle of electronic technical means of automation of an electric drive from the point of view of completeness of introduction of digital technologies are considered. A brief analysis of models, methods and tools is performed to achieve the effectiveness of the end-to-end digital process of development and production of programmable controllers for the electric drive. The approaches for variants formation of the basic structure of the controller, the creation of a digital model (prototype) of the controller, the provision of design taking into account the technology, the improvement of the installation of printed circuit boards on the automatic line in accordance with the concept of Industry 4.0, functional control, diagnostics and testing are proposed. The step by step continuity implement of the primary digital model is suggested. The presented material is confirmed by examples of creation of programmable controllers for complete devices of AC drives used in walking excavators, crawler excavators and traction electric drives for BelAZ dump trucks.

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Alleman, James E., Michael W. Sweeney, and Dennis M. Kamber. "Automation of Batch Wastewater Treatment Systems Using Programmable Logic Controllers." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1989): 1271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0325.

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Total automated process control of a full-scale wastewater treatment facility was successfully achieved using a programmable logic controller. This facility includes three (3) sequencing batch reactors, three (3) downflow pressure filters, and two (2) ultraviolet disinfection units. The control system routinely manipulates 68 equipment items within the plant, as well as continuously monitoring the operational status of all such equipment. The controller also handles emergency startup/shutdown conditions, cycling of redundant equipment items, and equipment failure situations. In addition, telephone→modem communication with the controller can be obtained to facilitate remote system evaluation and troubleshooting. National recognition of the engineering design excellence and innovation applied to this unique automated facility was recently awarded by the American Consulting Engineers Council, with its designation of this plant as one of the top ten engineering projects within the United States for 1986.

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Quezada Peña, José Roberto, Brenda Irla Cardoso Feitosa, and Jefferson William Oliveira. "Power Electronics Education A Contemporary Teaching Appproach." International Journal on Alive Engineering Education 6 (December 6, 2019): 79–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ijaeedu.v6.59073.

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Currently, there is a growing demand for methodologies that best qualify engineering students at universities. These methodologies require a substantial change in Engineering Teaching programs improving or even changing the traditional ways of imparting knowledge to students. In Power Electronics (PE) study the factors that make learning difficult for Electrical Engineering students, in order for them to achieve full understanding of the subjects addressed in a first discipline in this area, are the academic maturity required coupled with their multidisciplinary nature. The problem is aggravated in practical activities, which demand the availability of a laboratory infrastructure with specific characteristics not always available. An alternative for the study of PE, with a more contemporary focus, is to introduce, through a new Instructional Design (ID) Project, not only the incorporation of more Hands-On activities that approach truly meaningful (authentic) contents. But also, new methodologies and technologies to support educational objectives that make full use of Digital Information and Communication Technologies (DICTs).This work proposes to develop and carry out a methodological design of a blended teaching for a power-electronics-based practical training program (PEBPTP) for students of the Electrical Engineering Course of the Federal University of Maranhão in Brazil. The proposed program is mainly based on the use of a digital controller (unified) based on FPGA, developed and realized specifically for control and power inverters study. From controller´s VHDL Code already realized, a Reuse Logic Block is generated (Intellectual Property Core (IP Core)), for use within the LabVIEW FPGA Hardware Description Environment. A Graphical Interface (GUI), more intuitive, and developed from the LabVIEW environment, will support the realization of the PEBPTP, for parameterizing the Controller, and show relevant figures of merit of the performance of the converter being study. The active methodologies, converging with the diverse possibilities of resources of the DICTs, implanted in the classroom, with the adequate contextualization of the specific resources of each area, contribute increasingly to the student being protagonist of their own knowledge construction. Finally is proposed, and in full adherence to a novel trend, that both the PEBPTP and the unified controller previously developed in FPGA are embedded in what is being named Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC). This embedded structure will allow access to the laboratory hands-on program via a web service that uses a fully programmable logic device (PLD) that incorporates an integrated structure known as System-on-a-Chip (SoC). The above proposals and experiences involve the mastery not only of curricular and technological knowledge, inherent to the training of an engineer, but of mainly, the pedagogical technological knowledge and correct use of DICTs. At this point, in particular, is founded our contribution within the context of Engineering Teaching, to advance in the improvement or perhaps in the modification of the "classroom" of engineering courses, which today go beyond the physical space of the university.

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Tamayo, Edgar C., Petr Musilek, Mohamed Al-Hussein, and Ahmed Jawad Qureshi. "Conceptual design of controllers for automated modular construction machines." Results in Engineering 10 (June 2021): 100220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100220.

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Allani, Mohamed Yassine, Jamel Riahi, Silvano Vergura, and Abdelkader Mami. "FPGA-Based Controller for a Hybrid Grid-Connected PV/Wind/Battery Power System with AC Load." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082108.

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The development and optimization of a hybrid system composed of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, converters, and batteries connected to the grid, is first presented. To generate the maximum power, two maximum power point tracker controllers based on fuzzy logic are required and a battery controller is used for the regulation of the DC voltage. When the power source varies, a high-voltage supply is incorporated (high gain DC-DC converter controlled by fuzzy logic) to boost the 24 V provided by the DC bus to the inverter voltage of about 400 V and to reduce energy losses to maximize the system performance. The inverter and the LCL filter allow for the integration of this hybrid system with AC loads and the grid. Moreover, a hardware solution for the field programmable gate arrays-based implementation of the controllers is proposed. The combination of these controllers was synthesized using the Integrated Synthesis Environment Design Suite software (Version: 14.7, City: Tunis, Country: Tunisia) and was successfully implemented on Field Programmable Gate Arrays Spartan 3E. The innovative design provides a suitable architecture based on power converters and control strategies that are dedicated to the proposed hybrid system to ensure system reliability. This implementation can provide a high level of flexibility that can facilitate the upgrade of a control system by simply updating or modifying the proposed algorithm running on the field programmable gate arrays board. The simulation results, using Matlab/Simulink (Version: 2016b, City: Tunis, Country: Tunisia, verify the efficiency of the proposed solution when the environmental conditions change. This study focused on the development and optimization of an electrical system control strategy to manage the produced energy and to coordinate the performance of the hybrid energy system. The paper proposes a combined photovoltaic and wind energy system, supported by a battery acting as an energy storage system. In addition, a bi-directional converter charges/discharges the battery, while a high-voltage gain converter connects them to the DC bus. The use of a battery is useful to compensate for the mismatch between the power demanded by the load and the power generated by the hybrid energy systems. The proposed field programmable gate arrays (FPGA)-based controllers ensure a fast time response by making control executable in real time.

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Chou, Hsin Hung, Ying Shieh Kung, Tai Wei Tsui, and Stone Cheng. "Realization of a Motion Control System for Wafer-Handling Robot Using SoPC Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1909–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1909.

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The novel FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) can embed a processor to be an SoPC (System-on-a-Programmable-Chip) environment which allows user to design the applications by mixing hardware and software. Therefore, a motion control system of wafer-handling robot based on the SoPC technology is presented in this paper. In FPGA, it is consists of two modules. The first module is Nios II processor which is used to realize the motion trajectory planning and three-axis position/speed controllers by software. The program developed in Nios II processor uses C language. The second module is presented to implement three-axis current vector controllers by hardware, and VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) is applied to describe the controller behavior. Therefore, a fully digital motion controller for wafer-handling robot, such as three current vector controllers, three position/speed controller and one trajectory planning are all can implemented by a single FPGA chip. Finally, an experimental system constructed by an FPGA experimental board, one three-DOF wafer-handling robot, and three inverters is set up to demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed SoPC-based motion control system of wafer-handling robot.

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Jeyabalan, Vickneswaran, Andrews Samraj, and Chu Kiong Loo. "Motor imaginary-based brain–machine interface design using programmable logic controllers for the disabled." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 13, no. 5 (October 2010): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255840903405678.

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Metzger, M. "Design of freely programmable labwindows/CVI-based real-time simulators for testing industrial controllers." Computer Standards & Interfaces 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)91997-9.

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Kelly, Jamie S., Vittal S. Rao, Hardy J. Pottinger, and H. Clifford Bowman. "Design and implementation of digital controllers for smart structures using field programmable gate arrays." Smart Materials and Structures 6, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/6/5/007.

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Matušů, Radek, Katarína Vaneková, Roman Prokop, and Monika Bakošová. "Design of Robust PI Controllers and their Application to a Nonlinear Electronic System." Journal of Electrical Engineering 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-010-0006-7.

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Design of Robust PI Controllers and their Application to a Nonlinear Electronic SystemThe principal aim of the paper is to present a possible approach to the design of simple Proportional-Integral (PI) robust controllers and subsequently to demonstrate their applicability during control of a laboratory model with uncertain parameters through the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) SIMATIC S7-300 by Siemens Company. The proposed and utilized synthesis consists of two steps. The former one is determination of controller parameters area, which ensures the robustly stable control loop and is based on computing/plotting the stability boundary locus while the latter one lies in the final choice of the controller itself relying on algebraic techniques. The basic theoretical parts are followed by laboratory experiments in which the 3rd order nonlinear electronic model has been successfully controlled in various working points.

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Oliveira, Duarte L., Lester A. Faria, and Eduardo Lussari. "Design Of An Improved And Robust Asynchronous Wrapper (Aw) For FPGA Applications." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 8, no. 1 (December 27, 2013): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v8i1.372.

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Contemporary digital systems must be based on the “System-on-Chip – SoC” concept. An interesting style for SoC design is the GALS paradigm (Globally Asynchronous, Locally Synchronous), which can be used to implement circuits in FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). However the implementation of asynchronous interfaces (asynchronous wrapper – AW) constitutes a major drawback for this kind of devices. Although there is a typical AW design style, which is based on asynchronous controllers providing communication between modules (called ports), port controllers are subject to essentialhazard when implemented in FPGAs. In this context, this paper proposes a new asynchronous GALS wrapper architecture, suitable for implementations in any kind of FPGAs. The proposed port controllers showed to be essential-hazard-free, not needing any special cares in implementation concerning to LUTs choice. Additional advantages of the proposed architecture are: total autonomy that synchronous modules achieve when interacting with the asynchronous wrapper; the ports can be synthesized in the direct mapping style (so without knowledge of asynchronous logic synthesis); and the ports interact with environment in Ib/Ob Mode, not needing a timing analysis. Simulation results show the applicability of the proposed architecture and lead to its practical implementations in FPGAs.

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42

Malik, Arshad Habib, Feroza Arshad, Aftab Ahmed Memon, and Raheela Laghari. "Design of novel fractional order FPGA based reactor protection and safety controllers for ACP1000 nuclear power plant in LabVIEW." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2301.08.

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In this research work, an advanced most modern ACP1000 Nuclear Power Plant is addressed. An enhanced fractional order model of ACP1000 nuclear power plant is adopted with an addition of protection and safety systems. The whole plant model is developed by using innovative hybrid technology of Visual Basic, LabVIEW, Fractional Order and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). A reactor trip system is designed and modeled using FPGA technology in LabVIEW. Plant parameters are systematically modeled and panels are designed in LabVIEW for reactor protection controllers. Twenty one reactor trip controllers are designed and modeled based on complex digital logics using FPGA programming in LabVIEW. Two fractional order trip controllers are designed for over temperature protection and over power protection in LabVIEW. FPGA based safety controllers are designed for Engineered Safety Features (ESF) in LabVIEW. For enhanced model of ACP1000 nuclear power plant, 374 systems are modeled in modular form in Visual Basic Environment. Nine process controllers are configured in ANFIS framework in LabVIEW. In this research work, process controllers are used in conjunction with protection and safety controllers using FPGA. The parametric display of simulations is carried out in Visual Basic. The closed loop performance of proposed protection controllers is evaluated under reactor trip and turbine trip while that of safety controllers are evaluated under inadvertent opening of safety valves of pressurizer. Various parameters are simulated for severe transient conditions and the results are evaluated and validated against reference design data and Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) of ACP1000 nuclear power plant. All the results are well within the trip and safety systems design bounds under abnormal and severe operating conditions.

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Huang, S.-Y., and Y.-R. Hwang. "Field-programmable gate array controller design for air-powered motorcycle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 7 (May 5, 2011): 1579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211399976.

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This article presents a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) speed controller design and applied in an air-powered motorcycle which utilizes an air motor and a high-pressure gas cylinder to replace the internal combustion engine and oil tank, respectively. One of the main purposes of this research is to find the relationship between velocity and efficiency of an air-powered motorcycle. In addition, a speed control system is developed based on FPGA in order to control the velocity of an air-powered motorcycle. The control theories are actualized by the hardware description language and modular conception is used to divide a complex system into many parts. This design methodology shortens the development time and is easy to modify for each module. Besides, the system dynamics of air-powered motorcycle was derived through the tractive effort and the dynamic response was simulated by the Matlab software. From the experimental results, the air-powered motorcycle can drive with the best efficiency, at the velocity expected by the proportional–integral (PI) and Lyapunov speed controllers. Also, the experimental data show that the chattering ranges are 2.7 per cent and 6.9 per cent of Lyapunov controller and PI controller, respectively, under the same velocity.

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Yu, Ling, Ke Jian Li, Qi Zhong Cai, and Shu Guang Zhou. "Design of PLC Timer System Based on ARM + FPGA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 249-250 (December 2012): 1188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.249-250.1188.

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Based on the fact that a large number of timing controllers are needed in the applications like sequential logic control and programmable controller, this paper proposed a PLC timer system based on ARM+FPGA, in which ARM is used to execute user program while FPGA is used for timer operation in parallel. The FPGA timer module consists of timer controller, timer dynamic parameters and soft contact state register, the timer controller carries out counter operation for timing unit every 1ms, then results from timing operation would be saved in timer parameter list of a dual port RAM, when controller commands need to be executed via PLC, the timer will be used as a regular memory unit for W/R operation, thus no executing time of PLC program would be spared basically, which can well meet the system requirements where large number of controllers are needed. Simultaneously, principles of system composition, timing operation control and timing operation flow are all introduced followed by which a field test is also carried out for testament of the designed timer system.

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Boyko, O., E. Voskoboinyk, S. Protsenko, and D. Slavinskyi. "Design and development of software industrial controllers based on status." Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 64 (2021): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/64.229.

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Purpose. Propose a formal approach to the design and development of control system software. The methods. The bulk of the tasks solved by modern automation systems require the implementation of control algorithms based on finite state machines. When developing software for control systems, it is advisable to graphically represent control algorithms, as their design, analysis and operation are more understandable to consultants. Therefore, the proposed approach consists of three stages: drawing up a verbal description of the algorithm of the technological process, designing the control system software in the form of a state graph and software development. Findings. The paper analyzes the current state of design and software development of control systems based on industrial controllers. Based on this, it is established that there is currently no systematic approach to this issue, in the technical documentation and literature, as well as in training courses provided by companies producing hardware and software for industrial controllers, only general issues related to the use of their development environments are considered. and standard libraries. Based on this, the relevance of creating a formal approach to software development of industrial controllers. The originality. For the first time, a formal approach to the design and development of control system software based on programmable logic controllers in the Ladder Diagram language has been proposed. Practical implementation. The obtained approach allows to perform the transition from state graphs to their software implementation using only typical structural elements and requires only their adjustment according to the conditions and actions of the transition arcs. The development of this study involves solving complex issues of design and software development of industrial controllers based on state graphs in order to formalize them.

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Shanmugasundaram, M., D. Thirugnanamurthy, V. S. Srinivasan, T. SriDevi, and B. K. Nashine. "Advanced Safety Programmable Logic Controller and Operational Programmable Logic Controller for Data Acquisition Control System of SADHANA Sodium Loop." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1272, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1272/1/012010.

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The SAfety Decay Heat Analysis in NAtrium (SADHANA) sodium loop is designed with two PLC controllers. All safety control interlocks are monitored by a Safety programmable logic controller (SPLC), and temperature control, including averaging ON/OFF heaters, is managed by an Operational PLC (OPLC).The decay heat exchange system of the SADHANA sodium loop is evaluated using these combined safety and operational PLCs. In the case of reactor loss of offsite and onsite power, decay heat generated in the reactor core after shutdown is removed by four Safety Grade Decay Heat Removal (SGDHR) systems [1,2,3,4,5]. Each exchanger (AHX) is located outside the reactor containment building, and a sodium loop circulation is created by natural convection [6,7,8,9,10]. The purpose of construction of SADHANA loop, with simulated models of DHX and AHX to study the performance of the SGDHR system, has been planned [11,12,13,14,15]. The SADHANA sodium loop has been commissioned, operating at isothermal temperatures of 300°C and hot temperatures of 500°C/& 550°C. The smart instrumentation and control system comprising Loop Operational Data Acquisition and Control System (LODACS) and Experimental Data Acquisition System (EDAS) are used in the SADHANA sodium loop. During the tests, LODACS personal computer and Instrumentation panel monitor loop parameters such as sodium level, leak, and pressure. In SADHANA loop DHX and AHX temperature decay heat changes monitoring by EDAS. The temperature of the pool in Test vessel 4 (TV-4) is controlled by immersion type sodium heaters via PID controllers. Currently, the loop consists of 64 surface heaters, 30 immersion type sodium heaters, and 205 thermocouples (84 Nos. of operational thermocouples and 121 Nos. of experimental thermocouples). According to the experimental thermocouples are being monitored by a separate fast data acquisition (scan rate of 10 seconds) by in-house developed software. This technical paper also describes the implementation of PLCs in different data acquisition control systems.

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Sukir, Sa’adilah, Hartoyo, Sunaryo, and B. P. Saifullizam. "Performance of Trainers kits for Industrial Automation Based on Programmable Logic Controllers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2111, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2111/1/012040.

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Abstract The objectives of this study include: (1) get results; and (2) know the performance of trainer kits for industrial automation based on Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC). The type of research is research and development that refers to the ADDIE model according to Robert Maribe Branch. Research steps include: Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. Data obtained through observation, interviews, and questionnaires, using instruments in the form of observation sheets, interview guidelines, and questionnaires. Data were analysed descriptively. The results showed that: (1) A PLC-based industrial automation trainer kit has been developed in the form of simulation of drilling objects, spraying paint on objects, applying stamps, and moving objects manually and automatically; and (2) PLC-based industrial automation trainer kit products have good performance, which is shown that 100% of the important components can work properly, and all job descriptions (100%) of the trainer kits can work as their function.

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Lawrance, W. B., and C. Aitken. "A Programmable Load Bank for Machine Laboratories." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 29, no. 4 (October 1992): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099202900404.

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A programmable load bank for machine laboratories This article describes the design and construction of an 8 kW, programmable, resistive load bank suitable for a variety of applications in electrical power laboratories.

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Misgeld, Berno J. E., Anake Pomprapa, and Steffen Leonhardt. "Didactic approach to multivariable control using IEC 61131 model-based design and programmable logic controllers." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 17 (2013): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130828-3-uk-2039.00052.

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Chaber, Patryk, and Andrzej Wojtulewicz. "Flexible Matrix of Controllers for Real Time Parallel Control." Energies 15, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051833.

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This work aims to develop a novel system, including software and hardware, to perform independent control tasks in a genuine parallel manner. Currently, to control processes with various sampling periods, distributed control systems are most commonly utilized. The main goal of this system is to propose an alternative solution, which allows simultaneous control of both fast and slow processes. The presented approach utilizes FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) with Nios II processor (Intel Soft Processor Series) to implement and maintain instances of independent controllers. Instances can implement FDMC (Fast Dynamic Matrix Control) and PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control algorithms with various sampling times. The FPGA-based design allows for true independence of controllers’ execution both from one another and the managing processor. Also, pure parallel execution allows for implementing slow and fast controllers in the same device. The complete flexible system with a matrix of controllers working in parallel in real-time was tested with both simulated and actual control processes (servomotor), yielding the same results as fully simulated experiments.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Programmable controllers Design and construction'

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