Academic literature on the topic 'Program budgeting – Indonesia – Case studies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Program budgeting – Indonesia – Case studies"
1
Harbi Valdiansyah, Riyan, and Yvonne Augustine. "Modelling of beyond budgeting, competitor accounting, transparency, competitive advantage, and organizational performance: The case of Indonesia SMEs." Technium Social Sciences Journal 22 (August 9, 2021): 334–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v22i1.4333.
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SMEs are the backbone in driving the Indonesian economy and play an essential role in creating jobs throughout Indonesia. Indonesian SMEs are the key to designing inclusive development through the merger of large & small businesses so that economic equity can touch all levels of society. This study examines several factors of Indonesian SMEs' organizational performance, such as beyond budgeting, competitor accounting, and transparency through competitive advantage. This research was conducted by distributing online questionnaires to business owners, financial managers, or financial supervisors of SMEs in Indonesia spread across six islands. A total of 155 questionnaires were obtained in this study and analysed by SMART PLS 3.2.9. The results show that beyond budgeting and transparency influence competitive advantage, while competitor accounting does not. Other results show that competitor accounting, transparency, and competitive advantage influence business performance, while beyond budgeting does not. Path analysis in this study shows that competitive advantage mediates beyond budgeting and transparency, while competitor accounting is not mediated. Researchers are aware that this study has limitations in data dissemination and was distributed during the COVID-19 pandemic conditions, which allowed for differences in results with other similar studies. Hopefully, with this research that practitioners will be able to provide other views beyond budgeting, competitor analysis, and the side of transparency for Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia. Policymakers can encourage SMEs to be more innovative and responsive to science through programs to increase business scale, considering the contribution of SMEs to Indonesia's gross domestic product. Further research is expected to analyze more deeply what factors affect the competitive advantage and organizational performance of small and medium enterprises, such as the availability of working capital, SME access to banks, how digitalization plays a role, etc.
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Hasan, Akhmad Misbakhul, Betta Anugrah, and Andi Misbahul Pratiwi. "Gender-Responsive Budget Analysis on Social Protection Programs in Indonesia: A Case Study in Two Districts and A City." Jurnal Perempuan 24, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34309/jp.v24i1.308.
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<p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" lang="EN-AU">Presidential Instruction (Inpres) No. 9 of 2000 about Gender Mainstreaming is a mechanism to in National Development has impacts on the planning and implementation of public policy in Indonesia. Public policy becomes an important arena for the struggle to realize gender equality and justice. One of the government’s commitments to this matter can be seen through Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB). This study analyses gender responsive budgeting in social protection programs in Indonesia, with case studies in three regions, namely Gunungkidul Regency, North Lombok Regency, and Padang City. Data collection is carried out by in-depth interviews and literature studies, including the Indonesian Budget and Regional Government Budget documents. This study conducted GRB analysis in three regions with three categories of budget expenditure analysis, namely specifically identified gender-based expenditure, equal employment opportunity expenditure, and mainstream budget expenditure. The results of the study show that in several regions there have been gender-responsive specific budget allocations for affirmation programs for women, children, the elderly, and dissability. However, it can be seen that the budget and gender-specific expenditure are still centralized in services that are identical to women's affairs, and not yet mainstreamed in all of the budget allocation.</span></p><p> </p>
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Wibowo, Djembar. "Analisis Implementasi Keberhasilan Program Penurunan Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) Melalui Studi Kasus Pemanfaatan Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) Non Fisik Tahun 2017." MEDIA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA 21, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkmi.21.4.238-247.
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Latar belakang: Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) merupakan indikator utama untuk melihat kualitas hidup negara. Di Indonesia, Angka Kematian Ibu dan Angka Kematian Bayi masih tinggi. Berdasarkan data SUPAS Tahun 2015, AKI di Indonesia sebesar 305/100.000 Kelahiran Hidup (KH) dan berdasarkan SDKI 2017, Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) 24 per 1.000 KH. Angka tersebut masih jauh dari target RPJMN untuk penurunan AKI Tahun 2024 menjadi 183/100.000 KH dan AKB menjadi 16/1000 KH. Pendanaan dari dana transfer ke daerah melalui DAK (Dana Alokasi Khusus) ke dalam sistem pendanaan APBD merupakan bantuan pembiayaan operasional yang disalurkan oleh Pemerintah Pusat kepada Pemerintah Daerah (Kabupaten/Kota). Meskipun tingkat proporsinya terhadap seluruh dana perimbangan nilainya masih kecil (sekitar 8,5%), sehingga perlu dilakukan studi analisis pemanfaatan.Metode: Studi kasus dilakukan melalui analisis penggunaan DAK Non Fisik yang mencakup BOK dan Jampersal terhadap pencapaian kinerja program penurunan Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI). Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan hasil analisis gabungan deskriptif dan statistik dengan menggunakan software SPSS, karena analisis ini memberikan kecenderungan hasil penelitian yang menunjukkan hubungan / pengaruh beberapa variabel penelitian yang diujicobakan. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terhadap analisis hasil implementasi keberhasilan program penurunan Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) melalui studi kasus pemanfaatan Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) Non Fisik Tahun 2017, diketahui bahwa indikator ketersediaan Tim Evaluasi BOK dari Kab/Kota memiliki peranan lebih potensial terhadap peningkatan realisasi penganggaran program KIA untuk penurunan AKI yang dilaksanakan oleh UPT Puskesmas. Faktor-faktor yang menjadi hambatan di dalam peningkatan capaian realisasi penganggaran DAK Non Fisik di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota, yaitu : 1) adanya hambatan dalam perencanaan DAK Non Fisik, 2) terdapat menu BOK yang tidak bisa dianggarkan menggunakan kode rekening daerah, 3) sulitnya proses pencairan BOK dan 4) sulitnya pertanggungjawaban BOK di daerah.Simpulan: Indikator ketersediaan Tim Evaluasi BOK dari Kab/Kota memiliki peranan lebih potensial terhadap peningkatan realisasi penganggaran program KIA untuk penurunan AKI yang dilaksanakan oleh UPT Puskesmas.Kata kunci : DAK Non Fisik; Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI); BOKABSTRACTTitle: Analysis of The Successful Implementation of Maternal Mortality Rate Reduction Program through Case Studies of Utilization of Non-Physical Special Allocation Funds in 2017Background: The Maternal Mortality Rate (AKI) is a leading indicator to see the quality of life of the country. In Indonesia, maternal mortality and infant mortality are still high. Based on SUPAS data in 2015, AKI in Indonesia is 305/100,000 Live Births (KH) and based on the 2017 SDKI, the Infant Mortality Rate (AKB) is 24 per 1,000 KH. This figure is still far from the RPJMN target for reducing the 2024 AKI to 183/100,000 KH and AKB to 16/1000 KH. Funding from transfer funds to the regions through DAK (Special Allocation Fund) into the APBD funding system is operational financing assistance distributed by the Central Government to Regional Governments (Regencies/Cities). Although the level of proportion to the entire balance fund is still small (about 8.5%), it is necessary to conduct a utilization analysis study.Method: The case study was conducted through an analysis of the use of Non-Physical DAK which includes BOK and Jampersal on the achievement of the performance of the Maternal Mortality Reduction Program (AKI). The research method used is the result of a combined descriptive and statistical analysis using SPSS software, because this analysis provides a tendency to research results that show the relationship / influence of several research variables being tested. The research instrument uses primary and secondary data. Result: Based on the results of research on the analysis of the results of the successful implementation of the Maternal Mortality Reduction (AKI) program through a case study on the use of the Non-Physical Special Allocation Fund (DAK) in 2017, that the availability indicators of the BOK Evaluation Team from the District / City have a more potential role in increasing the realization of budgeting for the KIA program for reducing AKI implemented by the UPT Puskesmas. Factors that become obstacles in increasing the achievement of non-physical DAK budgeting realization in the District / City Health Office, namely: 1) there are obstacles in the planning of Non-Physical DAK, 2) there is a BOK menu that cannot be budgeted using the regional account code, 3) the difficulty of the BOK disbursement process and 4) the difficulty of BOK accountability in the regions.Conclusion: The availability indicators of the BOK Evaluation Team from the District / City have a more potential role in increasing the realization of budgeting for the KIA program for reducing AKI implemented by the UPT PuskesmasKeywords: Non-Physical DAK; Maternal Mortality Rate (AKI); BOK
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Kurniasih, Denok. "Rural Budgeting Organization in Indonesia." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 7, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 6194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v7i010.02.
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The direction of research development in the realm of public sector budgets always pays attention to contemporary issues. Therefore, through research on public budgeting in the context of this village, it is hoped that it can support the realization of the direction of developing studies in the field of public policy and public administration. This study aims to produce a public budgeting model based on the basic service needs of rural communities in Banyumas Regency. This study aims to determine the direction of budget policies that support the increase in the level of public education. This article tries to explore the extent of the village government's commitment to human development issues through community empowerment and community development organized by the village government through the village budget. The research method uses a case study technique, in which the location of the research sample is selected by using area sampling technique. This article is expected to provide input to local and village governments regarding improving the quality of village budgeting. The results of this study provide an overview of the direction of policies undertaken by the village government and its relation to mapping the priority needs of the village community.
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McPhee, M. J., A. K. Bell, P. Graham, G. R. Griffith, and G. P. Meaker. "PRO Plus: a whole-farm fodder budgeting decision support system." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 4 (2000): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99050.
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This paper describes PRO Plus, a whole-farm fodder budgeting decision support system for beef, sheep meat and wool producers. The program predicts the pasture mass available at the end of each month for individual paddocks based on pasture growth rates, number of stock, intake and the grazing plan where producers allocate mobs weekly to paddocks. Two case studies are presented that identify how the program can be used individually or in conjunction with other programs to make management decisions. PRO Plus is an integral component of the PROGRAZE Plus course and assists producers to improve the financial viability and sustainability of their farms through better pasture and grazing management.
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Kurniawan, Wawan, and A. Aziz Sanapiah. "How BPS-Statistics Indonesia to Handle The Effectiveness of Information System of Public Budgeting Management?" Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik 007, no. 01 (April 1, 2021): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiap.2021.007.01.4.
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The BPS-Statistics Indonesia tried to take a step to realize good governance, especially in conducting good budget management by implementing an information system of public budgeting management known as the BackOffice Information System. The purpose of this study is to find out how the effectiveness of the implementation of the BackOffice Information System at BPS. This study uses a qualitative method by conducting case studies in BPS Headquarter (Jakarta). Conducting online interview to 59 operators and users, as well as conducting deep interview to 10 key informants. The result shows that the implementation of the BackOffice Information System is effective and practical because this information system is accurate and timely in presenting data and budget information, integrated with several other information systems. Users and key informants also are satisfied with the performance of this information system. The implementation of Back Office also contributes to increasing the realization of the budget and the achievement of BPS performance and to maintaining the Financial Statements performance: Unqualified Opinion (from BPK-the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia).
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Hanafi, Hanafi. "Sistem Komunikasi Politik Libertarian Di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Program Indonesia Lawyer Club (ILC) TVONE)." ArtComm : Jurnal Komunikasi dan Desain 2, no. 02 (November 5, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37278/artcomm.v2i02.191.
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This paper aims to find, find out various data and information about the attractions of political communication in Indonesia (the case of the Indonesia Laweyer Club (ILC) Tv-ONE program. this is a type of qualitative research using descriptive methods based on observation and literature studies, the results that can be explained that the program cared for by senior journalist Karni Ilyas is so free and free to display a variety of discussion themes, both concerning legal issues, ideology, politics, economics, social culture, military, etc. This program is packaged in a straightforward, transparent, and even blunt manner with regard to state affairs in various fields above TV One itself as one of the national private media in Indonesia, appeared together with the euphoria of extraordinary freedom. from various the rest of this ILC program implies the attraction of political communication that fulfills its characteristics as a libertarian media.
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Harahap, Dedy Ansari, and Dita Amanah. "Assessment in Choosing Higher Education: A Case of Indonesia." Journal of International Business, Economics and Entrepreneurship 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jibe.v4i1.14413.
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The decision of students to continue their studies is a decision after making considerations that are adjusted to the circumstances of a number of college choices. The purpose of this study is to examine the decisions of students to choose universities in Indonesia. The research method used is to compare the results of research and journals that examine students’ decision to choose a college. Then, examine the theories of consumer behavior so that it can be concluded what is considered by students. The results of previous studies show many influencing factors such as education costs, WOM, university reputation, location, lecture facilities, program accreditation and others. These results can be a reference and consideration for universities in Indonesia in attracting prospective students to choose certain universities and referring to others.
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Eka Yuniza, Mailinda, Muhammad Jibril, and Fajar Muhammad Nashih. "VILLAGE FUND AS POVERTY COUNTERMEASURES IN INDONESIA: CASE STUDY OF VILLAGE EXPENDITURE IN CENTRAL JAVA." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (May 10, 2020): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8312.
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Purpose of the study: The objective of this study is to analyze the legal framework regarding village funds in Indonesia and analyze the budgeting of some villages in Central Java along with the relation of village funds to their development and poverty. Lastly, this paper will hand over recommendations to solve these problems.
Methodology: The research method employed in this legal research is normative-empirical research, whereas the research material used includes primary and secondary data. The primary data is obtained based on field research by conducting interviews with the related respondents, while the secondary data obtained through literature studies of various sources.
Main Findings: The authors found out that although with the existence of the village fund, there is still some village that is underdeveloped and there are many poor people.
Applications of this study: The findings can be useful as a source to improve the effectiveness of Village Funds, whether for the Central Government or the Village Government.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The new findings in this study would advance the existing knowledge in Village Funds, especially its implementation through village expenditure.
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Irdayani, Irdayani, Hasan Basri, Syukriy Abdullah, and Muslim A. Djalil. "The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Management of Zakat as Original Regional Revenues at the Government of Aceh (Case Study of Baitul Mal Agency of Aceh, Indonesia)." Cross Current International Journal of Economics, Management and Media Studies 2, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijemms.2020.v02i03.002.
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This study aims to obtain a detailed understanding of the management of zakat as the original regional income in the Aceh Government's Baitul Mal Aceh. This study also describes how the pattern and proportion of zakat receipts and zakat distribution to the program/priority activities, and aims to identify what factors support and hinder the realization of effective and efficient zakat management. Furthermore, to find out the planning and supervision of zakat management in the Baitul Mal. This research is a qualitative descriptive study, data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observation and documentation which are then analyzed using interactive data analysis methods, then to ensure the validity of the data used triangulation techniques. The results of the study indicate that the mechanism for the management of zakat funds carried out by the Government of Aceh has proceeded accordingly. Planning and budgeting, implementation, monitoring and evaluation activities and zakat technically and administratively have been carried out in accordance with the provisions. The pattern and proportion of program allocation activities are in accordance with the purpose of zakat funds. The effectiveness of the management of good zakat funds needs to be accompanied by clear regulations or rules as well as binding as a need to realize accountability in the management of zakat funds.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Program budgeting – Indonesia – Case studies"
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Exley, Beryl Elizabeth. "Teachers' Professional Knowledge Bases for Offshore Education:Two Case Studies of Western Teachers Working in Indonesia." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16021/.
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This research thesis set out to better understand the professional knowledge bases of Western teachers working in offshore education in Indonesia. This research explored what two groups of Western teachers said about the students they taught, their own role, professional and social identity, the knowledge transmitted, and their pedagogical strategies whilst teaching offshore. Such an investigation is significant on a number of levels. Firstly, these teachers were working within a period of rapid economic, political, cultural and educational change described as 'New Times' (Hall, 1996a). Secondly, the experiences of teachers working in offshore education have rarely been reported in the literature (see Johnston, 1999). A review of the literature on teachers' professional knowledge bases (Shulman, 1986a, 1986b, 1987; Turner-Bisset, 1997, 1999) concluded that, in general terms, teachers draw on three main interrelated and changing knowledge bases: knowledge of content, knowledge of teaching processes and knowledge of their students. This review also explored the notion that teachers had an additional knowledge base that was in a continual state of negotiation and closely related to the aforementioned knowledge bases: teachers' knowledge of their own and students' pedagogic identities (Bernstein, 2000). A theoretical framework appropriate to exploring the overarching research problem was developed. This framework drew on models of teachers' knowledge bases (Elbaz, 1983; Shulman, 1986a, 1986b, 1987; Nias, 1989; Turner-Bisset, 1997, 1999), the sociology of knowledge (Bernstein, 1975, 1990, 1996, 1999, 2000), and notions of pedagogic identity (Bernstein, 2000). This framework theorised the types of knowledges taught, categories of teaching process knowledge, and the range of pedagogic identities made available to teachers and students in new times. More specifically, this research examined two case studies (see Stake, 1988, 2000; Yin, 1994) of Western teachers employed by Australian educational institutions who worked in Central Java, Indonesia, in the mid-to-late 1990s. The teacher participants from both case studies taught a range of subjects and used English as the medium of instruction. Data for both case studies were generated via semistructured interviews (see Kvale, 1996; Silverman, 1985, 1997). The interviews focused on the teachers' descriptions of the learner characteristics of Indonesian students, their professional roles whilst teaching offshore, and curriculum and pedagogic design. The analyses produced four major findings. The first major finding of the analyses confirmed that the teacher participants in this study drew on all proposed professional knowledge bases and that these knowledge bases were interrelated. This suggests that teachers must have all knowledge bases present for them to do their work successfully. The second major finding was that teachers' professional knowledge bases were constantly being negotiated in response to their beliefs about their work and the past, present and future demands of the local context. For example, the content and teaching processes of English lessons may have varied as their own and their students' pedagogic identities were re-negotiated in different contexts of teaching and learning. Another major finding was that it was only when the teachers entered into dialogue with the Indonesian students and community members and/or reflective dialogue amongst themselves, that they started to question the stereotypical views of Indonesian learners as passive, shy and quiet. The final major finding was that the teachers were positioned in multiple ways by contradictory and conflicting discourses. The analyses suggested that teachers' pedagogic identities were a site of struggle between dominant market orientations and the criteria that the teachers thought should determine who was a legitimate teacher of offshore Indonesian students. The accounts from one of the case studies suggested that dominant market orientations centred on experience and qualifications in unison with prescribed and proscribed cultural, gender and age relations. Competent teachers who were perceived to be white, Western, male and senior in terms of age relations seemed to be the most easily accepted as offshore teachers of foundation programs for Indonesian students. The analyses suggested that the teachers thought that their legitimacy to be an offshore teacher of Indonesian students should be based on their teaching expertise alone. However, managers of Australian offshore educational institutions conceded that it was very difficult to bring about change in terms of teacher legitimisation. These findings have three implications for the work of offshore teachers and program administrators. Firstly, offshore programs that favour the pre-packaging of curricula content with little emphasis on the professional development and support needs of teachers do not foster work conditions which encourage teachers to re-design or modify curricula in response to the specific needs of learners. Secondly, pre-packaged programs do not support teachers to enter into negotiations concerning students' or their own pedagogic identities or the past, present and future demands of local contexts. These are important implications because they affect the way that teachers work, and hence how responsive teachers can be to learners' needs and how active they can be in the negotiation process as it relates to pedagogic identities. Finally, the findings point to the importance of establishing a learning community or learning network to assist Western teachers engaged in offshore educational work in Asian countries such as Indonesia. Such a community or network would enable teachers to engage and modify the complexity of knowledge bases required for effective localised offshore teaching. Given the burgeoning increase in the availability and use of electronic technology in new times, such as internet, emails and web cameras, these learning networks could be set up to have maximum benefit with minimal on-going costs.
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Exley, Beryl E. "Teachers' Professional Knowledge Bases for Offshore Education: Two case studies of Western teachers working in Indonesia." Thesis, QUT, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/2699/1/2699_01front.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This research thesis set out to better understand the professional knowledge bases of Western teachers working in offshore education in Indonesia. This research explored what two groups of Western teachers said about the students they taught, their own role, professional and social identity, the knowledge transmitted, and their pedagogical strategies whilst teaching offshore. Such an investigation is significant on a number of levels. Firstly, these teachers were working within a period of rapid economic, political, cultural and educational change described as ‘New Times’ (Hall, 1996a). Secondly, the experiences of teachers working in offshore education have rarely been reported in the literature (see Johnston, 1999).
A review of the literature on teachers’ professional knowledge bases (Shulman, 1986a, 1986b, 1987; Turner-Bisset, 1997, 1999) concluded that, in general terms, teachers draw on three main interrelated and changing knowledge bases: knowledge of content, knowledge of teaching processes and knowledge of their students. This review also explored the notion that teachers had an additional knowledge base that was in a continual state of negotiation and closely related to the aforementioned knowledge bases: teachers’ knowledge of their own and students’ pedagogic identities (Bernstein, 2000). A theoretical framework appropriate to exploring the overarching research problem was developed. This framework drew on models of teachers’ knowledge bases (Elbaz, 1983; Shulman, 1986a, 1986b, 1987; Nias, 1989; Turner-Bisset, 1997, 1999), the sociology of knowledge (Bernstein, 1975, 1990, 1996, 1999, 2000), and notions of pedagogic identity (Bernstein, 2000). This framework theorised the types of knowledges taught, categories of teaching process knowledge, and the range of pedagogic identities made available to teachers and students in new times.
More specifically, this research examined two case studies (see Stake, 1988, 2000; Yin, 1994) of Western teachers employed by Australian educational institutions who worked in Central Java, Indonesia, in the mid-to-late 1990s. The teacher participants from both case studies taught a range of subjects and used English as the medium of instruction. Data for both case studies were generated via semi-structured interviews (see Kvale, 1996; Silverman, 1985, 1997). The interviews focused on the teachers’ descriptions of the learner characteristics of Indonesian students, their professional roles whilst teaching offshore, and curriculum and pedagogic design.
The analyses produced four major findings. The first major finding of the analyses confirmed that the teacher participants in this study drew on all proposed professional knowledge bases and that these knowledge bases were interrelated. This suggests that teachers must have all knowledge bases present for them to do their work successfully. The second major finding was that teachers’ professional knowledge bases were constantly being negotiated in response to their beliefs about their work and the past, present and future demands of the local context. For example, the content and teaching processes of English lessons may have varied as their own and their students’ pedagogic identities were re-negotiated in different contexts of teaching and learning. Another major finding was that it was only when the teachers entered into dialogue with the Indonesian students and community members and/or reflective dialogue amongst themselves, that they started to question the stereotypical views of Indonesian learners as passive, shy and quiet.
The final major finding was that the teachers were positioned in multiple ways by contradictory and conflicting discourses. The analyses suggested that teachers’ pedagogic identities were a site of struggle between dominant market orientations and the criteria that the teachers thought should determine who was a legitimate teacher of offshore Indonesian students. The accounts from one of the case studies suggested that dominant market orientations centred on experience and qualifications in unison with prescribed and proscribed cultural, gender and age relations. Competent teachers who were perceived to be white, Western, male and senior in terms of age relations seemed to be the most easily accepted as offshore teachers of foundation programs for Indonesian students. The analyses suggested that the teachers thought that their legitimacy to be an offshore teacher of Indonesian students should be based on their teaching expertise alone. However, managers of Australian offshore educational institutions conceded that it was very difficult to bring about change in terms of teacher legitimisation.
These findings have three implications for the work of offshore teachers and program administrators. Firstly, offshore programs that favour the pre-packaging of curricula content with little emphasis on the professional development and support needs of teachers do not foster work conditions which encourage teachers to re-design or modify curricula in response to the specific needs of learners. Secondly, pre-packaged programs do not support teachers to enter into negotiations concerning students’ or their own pedagogic identities or the past, present and future demands of local contexts. These are important implications because they affect the way that teachers work, and hence how responsive teachers can be to learners’ needs and how active they can be in the negotiation process as it relates to pedagogic identities. Finally, the findings point to the importance of establishing a learning community or learning network to assist Western teachers engaged in offshore educational work in Asian countries such as Indonesia. Such a community or network would enable teachers to engage and modify the complexity of knowledge bases required for effective localised offshore teaching. Given the burgeoning increase in the availability and use of electronic technology in new times, such as internet, emails and web cameras, these learning networks could be set up to have maximum benefit with minimal on-going costs.
3
Exley, Beryl Elizabeth. "Teachers' professional knowledge bases for offshore education : two case studies of western teachers working in Indonesia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16021/1/Beryl_Exley_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This research thesis set out to better understand the professional knowledge bases of Western teachers working in offshore education in Indonesia. This research explored what two groups of Western teachers said about the students they taught, their own role, professional and social identity, the knowledge transmitted, and their pedagogical strategies whilst teaching offshore. Such an investigation is significant on a number of levels. Firstly, these teachers were working within a period of rapid economic, political, cultural and educational change described as 'New Times' (Hall, 1996a). Secondly, the experiences of teachers working in offshore education have rarely been reported in the literature (see Johnston, 1999). A review of the literature on teachers' professional knowledge bases (Shulman, 1986a, 1986b, 1987; Turner-Bisset, 1997, 1999) concluded that, in general terms, teachers draw on three main interrelated and changing knowledge bases: knowledge of content, knowledge of teaching processes and knowledge of their students. This review also explored the notion that teachers had an additional knowledge base that was in a continual state of negotiation and closely related to the aforementioned knowledge bases: teachers' knowledge of their own and students' pedagogic identities (Bernstein, 2000). A theoretical framework appropriate to exploring the overarching research problem was developed. This framework drew on models of teachers' knowledge bases (Elbaz, 1983; Shulman, 1986a, 1986b, 1987; Nias, 1989; Turner-Bisset, 1997, 1999), the sociology of knowledge (Bernstein, 1975, 1990, 1996, 1999, 2000), and notions of pedagogic identity (Bernstein, 2000). This framework theorised the types of knowledges taught, categories of teaching process knowledge, and the range of pedagogic identities made available to teachers and students in new times. More specifically, this research examined two case studies (see Stake, 1988, 2000; Yin, 1994) of Western teachers employed by Australian educational institutions who worked in Central Java, Indonesia, in the mid-to-late 1990s. The teacher participants from both case studies taught a range of subjects and used English as the medium of instruction. Data for both case studies were generated via semistructured interviews (see Kvale, 1996; Silverman, 1985, 1997). The interviews focused on the teachers' descriptions of the learner characteristics of Indonesian students, their professional roles whilst teaching offshore, and curriculum and pedagogic design. The analyses produced four major findings. The first major finding of the analyses confirmed that the teacher participants in this study drew on all proposed professional knowledge bases and that these knowledge bases were interrelated. This suggests that teachers must have all knowledge bases present for them to do their work successfully. The second major finding was that teachers' professional knowledge bases were constantly being negotiated in response to their beliefs about their work and the past, present and future demands of the local context. For example, the content and teaching processes of English lessons may have varied as their own and their students' pedagogic identities were re-negotiated in different contexts of teaching and learning. Another major finding was that it was only when the teachers entered into dialogue with the Indonesian students and community members and/or reflective dialogue amongst themselves, that they started to question the stereotypical views of Indonesian learners as passive, shy and quiet. The final major finding was that the teachers were positioned in multiple ways by contradictory and conflicting discourses. The analyses suggested that teachers' pedagogic identities were a site of struggle between dominant market orientations and the criteria that the teachers thought should determine who was a legitimate teacher of offshore Indonesian students. The accounts from one of the case studies suggested that dominant market orientations centred on experience and qualifications in unison with prescribed and proscribed cultural, gender and age relations. Competent teachers who were perceived to be white, Western, male and senior in terms of age relations seemed to be the most easily accepted as offshore teachers of foundation programs for Indonesian students. The analyses suggested that the teachers thought that their legitimacy to be an offshore teacher of Indonesian students should be based on their teaching expertise alone. However, managers of Australian offshore educational institutions conceded that it was very difficult to bring about change in terms of teacher legitimisation. These findings have three implications for the work of offshore teachers and program administrators. Firstly, offshore programs that favour the pre-packaging of curricula content with little emphasis on the professional development and support needs of teachers do not foster work conditions which encourage teachers to re-design or modify curricula in response to the specific needs of learners. Secondly, pre-packaged programs do not support teachers to enter into negotiations concerning students' or their own pedagogic identities or the past, present and future demands of local contexts. These are important implications because they affect the way that teachers work, and hence how responsive teachers can be to learners' needs and how active they can be in the negotiation process as it relates to pedagogic identities. Finally, the findings point to the importance of establishing a learning community or learning network to assist Western teachers engaged in offshore educational work in Asian countries such as Indonesia. Such a community or network would enable teachers to engage and modify the complexity of knowledge bases required for effective localised offshore teaching. Given the burgeoning increase in the availability and use of electronic technology in new times, such as internet, emails and web cameras, these learning networks could be set up to have maximum benefit with minimal on-going costs.
Books on the topic "Program budgeting – Indonesia – Case studies"
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Government budgeting in developing countries. London: Routledge, 1990.
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Human services management: A program planning, budgeting and controlling system for managing, federal, state, local human services. [Washington, D.C.]: The Dept., 1985.
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Mena, Luis Rodríguez. La técnica financiera gubernamental en empresas públicas. Caracas, Venezuela: Academia Nacional de Ciencias Económicas, 1990.
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Ilago, Simeon A. Developing community capacities for pro-poor budgeting and local government accountability for poverty reduction: Localized anti-poverty program II. Quezon City: Caucus Development NGO Networks, 2006.
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Stokes, Kristen. Success stories from PNPM-AP: Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Selatan, Nusa Tenggara Timur & Nusa Tenggara Barat. Jakarta]: PNPM Mandiri, 2009.
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A, Ilago Simeon, and Lopos Bootes Esden, eds. Developing community capacities for pro-poor budgeting and local government accountability for poverty reduction: Localized anti-poverty program II. Quezon City: Caucus Development NGO Networks, 2006.
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Bank, World, ed. Conditional cash transfers in Indonesia: Program Keluarga Harapan and PNPM-Generasi : baseline survey report. Jakarta: World Bank, 2008.
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Wampler, Brian, Stephanie McNulty, and Michael Touchton. Participatory Budgeting in Global Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897756.001.0001.
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Participatory Budgeting (PB) incorporates citizens directly into budgetary decision-making. It continues to spread across the globe as government officials and citizens adopt this innovative program in the hopes of strengthening accountability, civil society, and well-being. Governments often transform PB’s rules and procedures to meet local needs, thus creating wide variation in how PB programs function. Some programs retain features of radical democracy, others focus on community mobilization, and yet other programs seek to promote participatory development. This book provides a theoretical and empirical explanation to account for widespread variation in PB’s adoption, adaptation, and impacts. The book first develops six “PB types,” then, to illustrate patterns of change across the globe, four empirical chapters present a rich set of case studies that illuminate the wide differences among these programs. The empirical chapters are organized regionally, with chapters on Latin America, Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and North America. The empirical chapters demonstrate that there are temporal, spatial, economic, and organizational factors that produce different programs across regions but similar programs within each region. A key finding is that the change in PB rules and design is now leading to significant differences in the outcomes these programs produce. We find that some programs successfully promote accountability, expand civil society, and improve well-being, but, that we continue to lack evidence that might demonstrate if PB leads to significant social or political change elsewhere.
Book chapters on the topic "Program budgeting – Indonesia – Case studies"
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Heywood, Phil. "Planning Infrastructure." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 118–30. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-775-6.ch009.
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Current rapid increases in the scope of regional development and the reach of technology have combined with the expanding scale of modern settlements to focus growing attention on infrastructure needs. This has included organizational and funding systems, the management of new technologies and regional scale social provisions. In this chapter, the evolution of urban and regional infrastructure is traced from its earliest origins in the growth of organized societies 5,000 years ago. Infrastructure needs and provision are illustrated for the arenas of metropolitan, provincial and rural regions. Rural infrastructure examples and lessons are drawn from global case studies. Recent expansions of the scope of infrastructure are examined and issues of governance and process discussed. Phased planning processes are related to cycles of program adoption, objective formulation, option evaluation and program budgeting. Issues of privatization and public interest are considered. Matters of contemporary global significance are explored, including the current economic contraction and the effects of global climate change. Conclusions are drawn about the role and importance of linking regional planning to coherent regional infrastructure programs and budgets.
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Heywood, Phil. "Planning Infrastructure." In Regional Development, 1492–504. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0882-5.ch804.
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Current rapid increases in the scope of regional development and the reach of technology have combined with the expanding scale of modern settlements to focus growing attention on infrastructure needs. This has included organizational and funding systems, the management of new technologies and regional scale social provisions. In this chapter, the evolution of urban and regional infrastructure is traced from its earliest origins in the growth of organized societies 5,000 years ago. Infrastructure needs and provision are illustrated for the arenas of metropolitan, provincial and rural regions. Rural infrastructure examples and lessons are drawn from global case studies. Recent expansions of the scope of infrastructure are examined and issues of governance and process discussed. Phased planning processes are related to cycles of program adoption, objective formulation, option evaluation and program budgeting. Issues of privatization and public interest are considered. Matters of contemporary global significance are explored, including the current economic contraction and the effects of global climate change. Conclusions are drawn about the role and importance of linking regional planning to coherent regional infrastructure programs and budgets.
Conference papers on the topic "Program budgeting – Indonesia – Case studies"
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Ayu, Willdahlia, and Ratnaningrum Rara. "Intermediate and Entrepreneurial Motivation Analysis of Students Informatics Engineering Studies Program (Case study: STMIK STIKOM Indonesia)." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovation in Research (ICIIR 2018) – Section: Economics and Management Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iciir-18.2019.41.
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Evi, Tan, Muhamad Syauqillah, and Jerry Logahan. "Peace Culture of Ex-Combatant as an Alternative Program of Deradicalization in Indonesia. (Case Study of Ali Fauzi Manzi)." In Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Strategic and Global Studies, ICSGS 2019, 6-7 November 2019, Sari Pacific, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.6-11-2019.2297286.
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Kusuma, Mutiara Tirta Prabandari Lintang. "Understanding the Contextual Idiosyncrasies of Stunting Prevention Program at District and Village Levels in Indonesia Using the Ecological Approach." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.34.
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ABSTRACT Background: Despite rapid economic growth, stunting affects one third of the children under five population in Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) realizing the problem, established the National Strategy to Accelerate Stunting Prevention as a national priority program for 2017 to 2021. The GoI plans to maximize the use of resources, policies, and programs that encompasses nutrition-specific and sensitive interventions directed to the first 100 days of life. This study aimed to explore the extent of program planning, budgeting, and implementation related to stunting prevention at district and village level as well as to understand the challenges presented to converge intervention. Subjects and Method: A case study with ecological approach was conducted in 10 villages from five districts in Indonesia. The study method included focus group discussions with 70 district officials and 100 village representatives, interviews with 12 key informants from district planning agency, document analysis, and reflective journaling. The data were reported descriptively. Results: Most head districts, officials from relevant departments and village leaders committed to stunting prevention following the vice president decree of stunting as a national priority. As a result, programs and budget were in place and local initiatives to prevent stunting were on the rise. Despite the commitment, many expressed ambivalences and disregarded the issue as a mere short stature (genetic variation). Thus, problems related to efficiency, coverage, and sustainability persists as maintaining motivation among staffs were difficult. In some settings, the situation was exacerbated by factors such as high financial dependency, misconception, and poor gender relation. Conclusion: The policy and programs to control stunting among children in Indonesia are in place. However, challenges occur due to the complexity in governance system as well as lack of political will. Better communication and cooperation are essential for well implemented policies. Keywords: stunting, ecological approach, case study, nutrition intervention, nutrition policy Correspondence: Mutiara Tirta Prabandari Lintang Kusuma. Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara Yogyakarta 55281. Email: mutiara.tirta@gmail.com. Mobile: +628139880320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.34
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Hasanati, Nida’ul, Eva Khudzaeva, Evy Nurmiyati, Elpawati Elpawati, and Nashrul Hakiem. "Dashboard of Quantitative Data for Accreditation of Undergraduate Level Study Program using Application Programming Interface (Case Study on University in Indonesia)." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Quran and Hadith Studies Information Technology and Media in Conjunction with the 1st International Conference on Islam, Science and Technology, ICONQUHAS & ICONIST, Bandung, October 2-4, 2018, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.2-10-2018.2295281.
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Reis Santos, Mariana. "Does the implementation of special zones of social interest (ZEIS) encourages adequate housing in precarious settlement? The case of San Paolo." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/hfqf7018.
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With the establishment of the Constitution of 1988, a new approach to urban governance emerged in Brazil. The document brought significant changes regarding the right to the city and adequate housing, in particular, for the urban poor. The recognition of these rights triggered the experimentation with inclusionary policies around the country (Rolnik and Santoro, 2013). As a result, informal settlements started to be acknowledged as part of the formal city and were included in zoning and planning laws. One of the main outcomes of these experiments was the creation of Special Zones of Social Interest (ZEIS), a land and housing policy that linked investments on infrastructure in precarious settlements to land regularisation processes. In 2001, ZEIS was incorporated into the City Statute, a document that established a range of collective rights to guide land use and development. Since then, the instrument has gained popularity in the country as a land regularisation tool. Nevertheless, a considerable share of settlements remains poorly built and addressing informality is still a challenge. Therefore, this paper evaluated the co-relation between the implementation of ZEIS, land regularisation processes and provision of basic infrastructure in precarious settlements. More specifically, it measured the quality of State interventions supported by the zoning. By focusing on quality, this article aimed to evaluate whether ZEIS has encouraged adequate housing conditions for the urban poor or reinforced precarious patterns of development. To explore this relationship, a case study was conducted on the performance of ZEIS in Favela of Sapé, a settlement in the West of São Paulo. As a methodology, case studies have become a common option for performing evaluations and analyse what a program, practice or police has achieved (Yin, 2012). Moreover, this research strategy commonly relies on various sources of field-based information (Yin, 2012). Accordingly, this paper comprised mainly primary qualitative data. It also made broad use of content and secondary analysis, with the goal of ensuring validity and reliability. The performance of ZEIS in Sapé demonstrated that since its implementation, in 2001, tenure security and physical characteristics have enhanced considerably in the area, particularly, when it comes to housing quality and provision of basic infrastructure. Nevertheless, these accomplishments are being compromised by a strong process of reoccupation which is supported by illegal organisations. In addition, there is a delay of the Municipality in meeting the demands for housing in the area because of governance issues and mismanagement of financial resources. This scenario, combined with a weak inspection body, has once again permitted the development of precarious housing and infrastructure in the area. It also has compromised the issuance of freehold land titles to the settlement’s dwellers. In other words, the site is under a vicious circle where neither the provision of housing and infrastructure is enough to meet the demand nor the land regularisation is completed because of the reoccupations. In sum, although the implementation of ZEIS seems to have a share of responsibility in Sapé’s upgrading process, the local authorities do not have the capacity of reinforcement necessary to maintain these improvements. Furthermore, it is fair to assume that the current legal framework provided by ZEIS is not adequate for the context of São Paulo and requires further adjustments. Not only because of the complex character of the city, but also because in practice, urban norms may be interpreted differently according to political and cultural conditions (Rolnik, 1997).
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Tanan, Natalia, and Laksmi Tungga. "The Pedestrians’ Stories: Towards Walkable Cities in Indonesia. Sustainability in Transportation." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/vhlq6159.
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The paper discusses the process of providing walkable pedestrian facilities in cities in Indonesia which is considered lacking due to the limited number and poor quality. In the past few years, the government has been improving and developing the walkable pedestrian through policy and regulation, as well as physical development. This action is also linked to the green city program, in particular, sustainable transportation. However, the physical development and implementation of policy and green city program are not as smooth as expected due to the limitation of urban space, human resources, and finance. The study focuses on identifying problems and introduces arrangements that could improve the quality of pedestrian facilities. It applies interviews, questionnaires, and design competition to gather input from the public. Two cities in Indonesia are selected as the case studies, namely, Bogor and Banjarmasin. In each city, the study selects a location to elaborate for the design competition. The study analyses the walkability condition in each zone using nine parameters that emphasise on pedestrian conflict with other modes, availability of pedestrian path, availability of crossing, the safety of crossing, the behaviour of the motorcyclist, amenities, disable facility, buffer, and security. The finding points general problems such as poor amenities and lack of disabling facility, as well as the problem of motorcyclist behaviour. Besides problems, the study also identifies local potentials that could support the improvement of walkable pedestrian facilities. Those findings are important to improve the pedestrian facilities and develop an understanding of local condition since each city has different characteristics. The study applies those findings as an input to develop policy on the pedestrian facility of the green city for the Ministry of Public Works and Housing. The policy links to the green city program that addresses eight attributes, namely the green planning and design, open green space, green community, green waste, green energy, green transportation, green building, and green water. Further, the policy also emphasises five components of walkability, accessibility and connectivity, attractiveness, comfort and equality, safety, and security. Combination of green city attributes and walkability components are used for the planning-design and development of walkable pedestrian facilities in the urban area in Indonesia.
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Safitri, Lina Eta. "Evaluation the Implementation of Trias of School Health Center Program at Giwangan Elementary School, Yogyakarta." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.52.
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ABSTRACT Background: After families, school plays an important role in taking account of children’s health at elementary school. This is because students spend a lot of time at schools and often encountered various health problems. Studies have shown that School Health Based Centre are particularly suited to meet the children needs for proper health services. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of trias of school health center program (UKS) at Giwangan elementary school, Yogyakarta. Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study with case study approach. The study was conducted at Giwangan elementary school, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in May 2018. The key informants were supervisor and head of UKS. The informants were selected by purposive sampling. The data were collected by in-depth interview, observation, and study document. Results: Input evaluation showed that facilities and infrastructure in the school health center were not optimally available. Evaluation process found that there were some obstacles faced by school health center in providing health education in students. Output evaluation showed that there was lack of personnel to implement school health center service. There has never been a little doctor training for students. Conclusion: There is a need to improve facilities and number of personnel in school health center. Keywords: school health center program, evaluation Correspondence: Lina Eta Safitri. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email:linaetasafitri_96@student.uns.ac.id DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.52
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Azhary, Muhammad Rifqi, and Dwi Noerjoedianto. "Evaluation of Information and Adolescent Counseling Center Management to Delay Early Marriage in Adolescents in Senior High School 4, Jambi, Indonesia." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.51.
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ABSTRACT Background: Teenage marriage have historically been associated with a variety of negative outcomes such as lower education levels, higher unemployment rates, worse health, lower wages and higher crime rates. Studies have revealed significant differences in most of the dimensions of marital quality, before and after marital counselling. The purpose of this study was to investigate evaluation of information and adolescent counseling center management to delay early marriage in adolescents. Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study with a case study approach. The study was conducted at Public Senior High School 4 Jambi, Indonesia, from January to May 2019. 10 key informants were selected for this study. The data were collected by indepth interview and observation. The data were analyzed using source, data, and method triangulations. Results: The implementation of adolescent’s guidance and counseling center services still has room for improvement. There were several factors that lack of optimal results, for example the process of members or educators recruitment and training (input aspects), planning, report and evaluation system (process aspect) and students’ knowledge about health reproduction and adolescent marriage (output aspect). Conclusion: There is a need to improve information and counseling service. Keywords: evaluation, counseling and information center service, adolescents, delayed early marriage Correspondence: Muhammad Rifqi Azhary. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: rifqiazhary.ra@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285363817339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.51
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Zauma, Luthfia, Uki Retno Budhiastuti, and Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari. "The Associations between Cigarette Smoke Exposure, Family History of Infertility, and the Risk of Infertility among Women in Reproductive Age, in Surakarta, Central Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.97.
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ABSTRACT Background: Previous studies suggest that tobacco use affects systems of the human body involved in the reproductive process. Tobacco smoke exposure affects uterine receptivity, which may lead the risk of infertility. This study aimed to investigate the associations between cigarette smoke exposure, family history of infertility, and the risk of infertility among women in reproductive age. Subjects and Method: A case control study was conducted at obstetrics and gynecology polyclinic and Sekar fertility clinic, in Dr. Moewardi hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, from October to November 2019. A sample of 200 reproductive age women was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was infertility. The independent variables were age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, endometriosis, family history of infertility, smoking exposure, and stress. The data were obtained from medical record and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple linear regression. Results: The risk of infertility increased with age ≥35 years (b= 1.24; 95% CI= 0.18 to 2.30; p= 0.012), BMI <18 or ≥25 (b= 2.76; 95% CI= 1.74 to 3.76; p<0.001), high physical activity (b= 1.44; 95% CI= 0.38 to 2.51; p= 0.009), endometriosis (b= 1.06; 95% CI= 0.06 to 2.05; p= 0.038), tobacco smoke exposure (b= 1.37; 95% CI= 0.30 to 2.43; p= 0.012), and severe stress (b= 1.07; 95% CI= 0.16 to 2.00; p= 0.022). Conclusion: The risk of infertility increases with age ≥35 years, BMI <18 or ≥25, high physical activity, endometriosis, smoke exposure, and severe stress. Keywords: infertility, women of reproductive age Correspondence: Luthfia Zauma. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: el.chizauma@gmail.com. Mobile: 081337977377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.97