Journal articles on the topic 'Profit pool'
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Hay, David C., Rachel F. Baskerville, and Travis Hui Qiu. "The Association between Partnership Financial Integration and Risky Audit Client Portfolios." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 26, no. 2 (November 1, 2007): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2007.26.2.57.
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This study examines whether profit-sharing arrangements within accounting firms are associated with the riskiness of their client portfolios. Our results use unique data about the profit-sharing arrangements of the Big 8 firms during the period 1985 to 1994. We investigate whether there is a correlation between profit-sharing and risky clients. Firms consist of the financially integrated firms, i.e., those that share their profits across a large pool of partners across the country and the financially independent firms that share their profits in a small pool on a local office basis. The large-pool firms provide more incentive for partners to cooperate to audit high-risk clients than the small-pool firms. Our results show that the large-pool firms are associated with riskier client portfolios; this is indicated by a higher proportion of fees from clients that later suffer from bankruptcies. In contrast, a smaller proportion of the clients of the small-pool firms go bankrupt. Tests using financial distress as alternative measures of client risk confirm this result.
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Wen, Min, Rune Larsen, Stefan Ropke, Hanne L. Petersen, and Oli B. G. Madsen. "Centralised horizontal cooperation and profit sharing in a shipping pool." Journal of the Operational Research Society 70, no. 5 (June 11, 2018): 737–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2018.1457481.
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Ashraf, Junaid, and Abdul Rauf. "Waseela Foundation: Accounting for Zakat." Asian Journal of Management Cases 17, no. 1_suppl (January 8, 2020): S55—S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972820119884406.
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The case focusses on the issues faced by Waseela Foundation in its accounting system, specifically in recording the receipt of zakat donations and utilization thereof. The existing accounting system is simple and puts all types of donations into one pool. Expenses are paid out of that pool indiscriminately. It is not acceptable to some zakat donors who have different interpretations regarding the use of zakat funds. Mr Mustafa was given the task of redesigning the accounting system which would assure the donors that their zakat was being managed and disposed of as per their instructions. Accounting for donations in non-profits requires an elaborate system of recording and reporting that can distinguish between different sources of donations and their utilization. This is important because some donations have to be spent on specific purposes. Hence, unlike for-profit organizations, non-profit organizations have to keep different sources of funds separate for recording and reporting purposes. Zakat poses special accounting challenges because there are variations in interpretations of different schools of thought with regard to avenues of spending the zakat. The case thus provides students with an excellent opportunity to understand the intricacies of fund accounting for non-profits.
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Nursiah, Ayu, Bela Nopita Sari, Dian Raudatul Firdausi, Dina Yovita Ria, and Ahmad Hazas Syarif. "Analisis Nisbah Bagi Hasil Produk Deposito Mudharabah Dalam Lembaga Keuangan Syariah." As-Syirkah: Islamic Economic & Financial Journal 1, no. 2 (August 9, 2022): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56672/syirkah.v1i2.24.
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Profit sharing is profit sharing system in wich the owner of the capital coorporate with the owner of the capital to carry out business activities.if the business activity generates a profit, it is shared by both and when it experiences a loss it is borne together as well. Sharia banking introduced a system to the public with the term Revenue Sharing, which is a profit sharing system that is calculated from the total fund management revenue without deducting the cost of managing funds. The concept of profit sharing aims as follows: (a). The owner of the funds will invest their funds through an Islamic financial institution that acts as the manager. (b). The sharia financial manager or institution will manage the funds in a pool of funds system and will then invest the funds into a viable and profitable project or business that meets the aspects of sharia. (c). Both parties sign a contract wich contains the scope of the cooperation, nominal, ratio and time period for the agreement. In this study, qualitative methods are used. The results of this research are use the result of this research are coorperation in profit sharing in banking product, especialy in mudharbah deposit product. So the profit sharing ratio in mudarabh products can be conlueded that the profits abotained are divided according to the agreed ra
Keywords: business activity, profit sharing, sharia bank
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Boyko, N., and S. Dotsenko. "ON COOPERATIVE GAME APPROACH TO PROFIT SHARING IN A FEW PROJECTS MANAGEMENT PROBLEM." Journal of Numerical and Applied Mathematics, no. 2 (131) (2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2706-9699.2019.2.02.
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The article is consider three different mechanisms of project’s profit sharing, assuming that the projects have common resource pool and both resources and profit may be distributed at arbitrary way without losses. The resources and profit distribution mechanisms are based on cooperative game theory thesis. As three different alternatives, such cooperative game solutions, as Shapley value, nucleolus ant τ-value are proposed. The calculation routine is delivered by easy typical example.
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Cassim, Maleka Femida. "The Contours of Profit-Making Activities of Non-Profit Companies: An Analysis of the New South African Companies Act." Journal of African Law 56, no. 2 (August 23, 2012): 243–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855312000046.
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AbstractWhile for-profit companies regularly embark on non-profit activities, the converse issue has recently come to attention, namely whether non-profit companies may embark on profit-making activities. This has given rise to a confusing conundrum of practical importance, not only in South Africa but also in other jurisdictions. This article discusses whether non-profit companies, under the South African Companies Act of 2008, may have purely commercial objects. It also addresses the intertwined question of the contours of permissible profit-making activities. Since the non-profit company is the modern successor to the section 21 company under the previous Companies Act of 1973, this article considers the recent case of Cuninghame v First Ready Development 249, in which the Supreme Court of Appeal was faced with the problem of a section 21 company with a commercial object. The article also explores the administration of rental pool agreements by non-profit companies, which arose in the Cuninghame case.
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Boulton, Thomas Jason, and Marcus V. Braga-Alves. "Short selling and dark pool volume." Managerial Finance 46, no. 10 (June 23, 2020): 1263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-07-2019-0382.
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PurposePrior research posits that traders with short-lived information favor lit exchanges over dark pools due to execution certainty. This paper aims to focus on the relation between informed trading based on firm fundamentals and dark pool volume because the preferred venue for traders with longer-lived information is less certain.Design/methodology/approachThe authors examine the effect of short interest, a proxy for informed traders with long-lived information, on dark pool volume using fixed effects, first difference and instrumental variable approaches. They examine the effect of dark pools on the profitability of long-lived information using market- and characteristic-adjusted returns.FindingsThe proportion of trading volume executed in dark pools is positively correlated with short interest. This result is stronger for stocks that suffer from greater uncertainty and stocks targeted by transient institutional investors. Short sellers profit substantially from their information as subsequent returns are lower for heavily shorted stocks with greater dark pool volume.Research limitations/implicationsIn 2014, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority began making trading data available for dark pools. Before that, only limited information was publicly available. The authors use that data to shed more light on dark pools activity.Practical implicationsThe evidence presented in the paper helps inform the current discussion about the role and regulation of dark pools.Originality/valueThis is the first study to show that informed traders with long-lived information favor dark pools due to their opacity and the possibility of price improvement.
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Huang, Ling, and Martin D. Smith. "The Dynamic Efficiency Costs of Common-Pool Resource Exploitation." American Economic Review 104, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 4071–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.12.4071.
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We conduct the first empirical investigation of common-pool resource users' dynamic and strategic behavior at the micro level using real-world data. Fishermen's strategies in a fully dynamic game account for latent resource dynamics and other players' actions, revealing the profit structure of the fishery. We compare the fishermen's actual and socially optimal exploitation paths under a time-specific vessel allocation policy and find a sizable dynamic externality. Individual fishermen respond to other users by exerting effort above the optimal level early in the season. Congestion is costly instantaneously but is beneficial in the long run because it partially offsets dynamic inefficiencies. (JEL D24, Q21, Q22)
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Mandala, Manasarani, and C. P. Gupta C.P.Gupta. "Binary Artificial Bee Colony Optimization for GENCOs' Profit Maximization under Pool Electricity Market." International Journal of Computer Applications 90, no. 19 (March 26, 2014): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/15832-4713.
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Peterson, Andrew. "Skimming the Profit Pool: The American Mutual Fund Scandals and the Risk for Japan." Asian Journal of Criminology 5, no. 2 (June 8, 2010): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11417-010-9090-7.
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Sakti, Budiman. "Analisis Keuntungan, Skala Usaha dan Efisiensi Ekonomi Relatif Usaha Budidaya Lele Dumbo Di Kota Bengkulu." PARETO : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Publik 1, no. 1 (July 12, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32663/pareto.v1i1.343.
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This relative economic efficiency study uses Cobb-Douglas profit function. Besides being able to compare the efficiency level between two groups or more, use this profit function to find out whether the maximal short-term profits have been achieved and how the scale of the business is.The result of research shows the variable input factor and fixed input together effect on the profit of dumbo catfish culture business. As for the input variables comprised of the prices of which are: organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, seed catfish, feed pellets, feed Dawu (small dried shrimp), drugs and labor. The fixed input consists of the pool area, the required capital (invested) and the long catfish cultivation. Among the various inputs partially, the inputs that affect the actual profit of dumbo catfish culture business is the area of the pond. Maximum short-term gain in cultivation of dumbo catfish has not been achieved. Of the seven input variables in the physical sense, only four were optimal use of inputs, namely organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, feed and medicines Dawu. The state of the business scale indicates the presence of symptoms leading to increased scale of business (increasing return to scale). The comparison of economic efficiency by area of pond shows the existence of level of efficiency, that is the broader the pond of cultivation the higher the efficiency level. In addition, there is a similar degree of economic efficiency between farmers who use concrete ponds with farmers who use land ponds.
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Abidin, Zainal, A. A. P. Agung Suryawan Wiranatha, and Sri Mulyani. "ANALISIS KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL USAHA BUDI DAYA IKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariepinus) DI KOLAM TERPAL DAN KOLAM PERMANEN PADA UD. REPUBLIK LELE KABUPATEN KEDIRI." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 7, no. 2 (May 23, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2019.v07.i02.p05.
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The purpose of the study was to analyze the financial feasibility of Clarias gareipinus cultivation in tarpaulin ponds and permanent ponds UD. Republik Lele in Kediri Regency, East Java. The method used is the analysis of profit-loss calculations using the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net B / C Ratio, Pay Back Period (PBP), and Break Event Point (BEP). The results of the study show that. The results showed that the stages of catfish cultivation included the process of spawning, catfish egg hatching, seed grading, and the augmentation process. Spread density in permanent ponds of 500 seedlings / m2, tarpaulin ponds of 450 seedlings / m2 as a whole the business of profitable catfish cultivation, with an average net pool profit of Rp. 23,918,347 / cycle / pond and tarpaulin pool Rp. 19,005,054 / pool / cycle. Based on the analysis of financial feasibility of permanent ponds and tarpaulins in a row generate (NPV) Rp. Rp 5,975,446,295 and Rp 1,645,894,923 (IRR) of 17.62% and 10.57%, (PBP) for 3 years and 3 years 9 months, Net B / C Ratio of 1.20 and 1.19, and (BEP) in the amount of Rp. 11,082,314,678 and Rp. 8,238,792,702/year. This business is feasible to be developed.
Keywords: financial feasibility, tarpaulin pool, permanent pond, catfish
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Polonsky, Michael Jay, Stacy Landreth Grau, and Sharyn McDonald. "Perspectives on social impact measurement and non-profit organisations." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 80–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-11-2014-0221.
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Purpose – Acknowledgement of the social impact created by organisations has become an increasingly frequent discussion among practitioners. The importance of such value creation cannot be understated, yet in an increasingly competitive funding environment, the need to articulate “true” value is paramount. The purpose of this paper is to examine how Australian and US managers of non-profit organisations (NPOs) and foundations view the measurement of the social impact of NPOs. Design/methodology/approach – The paper includes 19 in-depth interviews of non-profit professionals in the USA and Australia. Respondents included non-profit managers, foundation managers and consultants in both countries. Findings – The in-depth interviews found that in both countries respondents generally agreed that objective measures of impact are desirable, but recognised the difficulties in developing objective assessment frameworks enabling comparisons across the non-profit sector. These difficulties, as well as the implications for developing assessments of social value for NPOs, are discussed. This paper demonstrates that there is an opportunity to reposition reporting expectations. The NPO sector can pool together and build on each other’s strengths and market their outcomes as a collective entity. A sector-wide approach provides potential for much needed within-sector mentoring and will showcase the rich and varied outcomes generated by NPOs. Originality/value – This research compares viewpoints in two Western countries, thus offering at least an exploratory examination of social impact assessment from an international perspective. Additionally, this research shows commonalities in terms of what is valued and what is most difficult for non-profits when determining social impact.
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ARCHER, SIMON, and RIFAAT AHMED ABDEL KARIM. "ON CAPITAL STRUCTURE, RISK SHARING AND CAPITAL ADEQUACY IN ISLAMIC BANKS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 09, no. 03 (May 2006): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024906003627.
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Islamic banks do not pay interest on customers' deposit accounts. Instead, customers' funds are placed in profit-sharing investment accounts (PSIA). Under this arrangement, the returns to the bank's customers are their pro-rata shares of the returns on the assets in which their funds are invested, and if these returns are negative so are the returns to the customers. The bank is entitled to a contractually agreed share of positive returns (profits) as remuneration for its work as asset manager; however, if the returns are zero or negative, the bank receives no remuneration but does not share in any loss. In the case of Unrestricted PSIA, the investment account holders' funds are invested (i.e., commingled) in the bank's asset pool together with the bank's shareholders' own funds and the funds of current account holders. In that case, the bank's own funds that are invested in the asset pool are treated the same as those of Unrestricted PSIA holders for profit and loss sharing purposes; however, the shareholders also receive as part of their profit the remuneration earned by the bank as asset manager (less certain expenses not chargeable to the PSIA holders). This remuneration (management fees) represents an important source of revenue and profits for Islamic banks. From a capital market perspective, this arrangement presents an apparent anomaly, as follows: shareholders and Unrestricted PSIA holders share the same asset risk on the commingled funds, but shareholders enjoy higher returns because of the management fees. On the other hand, competitive pressure may induce the bank to forgo some of its management fees in order to pay a competitive return to its PSIA holders. In this way, some of the PSIA holders' asset risk is absorbed by the shareholders. This phenomenon has been termed "displaced commercial risk" [2]. This paper analyzes this phenomenon. We argue that, in principle, displaced commercial risk is potentially an efficient and value-creating means of sharing risks between two classes of investor with different risk diversification capabilities and preferences: wealthy shareholders who are potentially well diversified, and less wealthy PSIA holders who are not. In practice, however, Islamic banks set up reserves with the intention of minimizing any need to forgo management fees.
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DA SILVA, ROBERTO, LEONARDO FERNANDES GUIDI, and ALEXANDRE BARAVIERA. "MEAN FIELD APPROXIMATION FOR A STOCHASTIC PUBLIC GOODS GAME." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 02 (February 2010): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812741002582x.
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We consider a cellular automaton in the context of mean field approximation to model an interacting public goods game. In this game, players are offered to invest their money in a common pool and the profits are equally distributed among all participants irrespective of their contribution. In our version, players have a motivational level that controls the investment which is updated according to the profit obtained by each player due to two sources: a deterministic (risk free parameter) and a stochastic one (external noise). Analytical results are obtained to describe the stationary state of the average motivation level of the population for different initial conditions and Monte Carlo simulations are used to corroborate the theoretical results.
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Visita, Luksi. "The effect of inflation, profit-loss sharing loan, and capital adequacy towards performance of Indonesian Islamic banks." Diponegoro International Journal of Business 2, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dijb.2.2.2019.57-63.
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The purpose of this study is to observe the impact of inflation, profit-loss sharing loan, and capital adequacy towards performance of Islamic banks in Indonesia. This study utilizes longitudinal study from 2010 to 2018 towards Islamic Commercial Banks and Sharia Business Units that are listed in Indonesia. Using pool-time series data, the variables studied are inflation, capital adequacy ratio (CAR), profit-loss sharing loan, and return on assets (ROA). The result shows that only inflation has no significant effect on performance. Capital adequacy affects positively significant, while profit-loss sharing loan affects negatively significant. This study add new perspective on how macroeconomic variable influence Islamic banks’ performance in Indonesia. Additionally, this study is also distinctive because of lengthier observation period (eight years) compared to other studies in recent five years
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Dionisio, Daniele, Vincenzo Racalbuto, and Daniela Messeri. "Designing ARVs Patent Pool Up to Trade & Policy Evolutionary Dynamics." Open AIDS Journal 4, no. 1 (January 19, 2010): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601004020070.
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Patent pools for second and third-line Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) should not be delayed as they are instrumental to urgent public health needs in the under-served markets. Nonetheless, multinational originator companies still seem to perceive patent pooling for ARVs as a minefield that would offer the generic competitors lots of deeply exploitable opportunities, to the detriment of patent owner’s rights. This paper analyses the brand industry concerns, while looking for a strategy up to a really equitable and free world market, without any discrimination between end-users in wealthy and resource-limited countries. This strategy would urge partnerships between originator companies first to make newer FDC ARVs quickly available and allow patent pool agreements with generic counterparts to be negotiated straight afterwards. The patent pool strategy highlighted in this paper would assert the primacy of health over for-profit policies, while aligning with the 61st WHO’s Assembly recommendations and G7, G8 and World Trade Organisation’s warnings and pledges against trade protectionism.
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Ayub, Muhammad, and Shahul Hameed bin Mohamed Ibrahim. "Profit and Loss Distribution and Pool Management Framework for IBIs in Pakistan : Progress , Issues and Implications." Journal of Islamic Business and Management 3, no. 1 (June 2013): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0004988.
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Safarpour, Alauna, Sarah Sunn Bush, and Jennifer Hadden. "Participation incentives in a survey of international non-profit professionals." Research & Politics 9, no. 3 (July 2022): 205316802211257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20531680221125723.
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Elite surveys are increasingly common in political science, but how best to motivate participation in them remains poorly understood. This study compares the effect of three treatments designed to increase participation in an online survey of international non-profit professionals: a monetary reward, an altruistic appeal emphasizing the study’s benefits, and a promise to give the respondent access to the study’s results. Only the monetary incentive increased the survey response rate. It did not decrease response quality as measured in terms of straight-lining or skipped questions, although it may have produced a pool of respondents more likely to speed through the survey. The findings suggest that monetary incentives reduce total survey error even in the context of an elite survey, perhaps especially with elite populations frequently contacted by researchers. However, such incentives may not be without trade-offs in terms of how carefully respondents engage with the survey.
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Rampriya, B. "Optimal Bidding and Generation Scheduling of Utilities Participating in Single Side Auction Markets Including Ancillary Services." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v7.i1.pp46-53.
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<p>This paper presents the solution for the supplier’s profit maximization problem with unit commitment decisions participating in single side auction markets of a deregulated power system. The bids from market participants are received by a central pool mechanism and the Market Clearing Price (MCP) for energy and spinning reserve is fixed. The bid quantities are optimized using Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. The supplier aims to achieve (more) profit than that of the rival’s participating in the competition. A GENCO with 6-unit participating in 24-hour day ahead energy and spinning reserve market is used to illustrate the methodology. The bidding parameters of rival’s participating in the competition are calculated by multi-variant Probability Density Functions (PDF). The results of the proposed methodology are compared with Refined Genetic Algorithm (RGA). Numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of the method in solving the supplier profit maximization problem.</p>
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Khoy, Rada, Teruaki Nanseki, and Yosuke Chomei. "Profit Efficiency of Rice Farmers in Cambodia The Differences between Organic and Conventional Farming." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 6 (November 30, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n6p34.
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This article highlights some important issues regarding the relative profit efficiency of organic and conventional farming in selected study areas of Cambodia, by estimating pool and separate profit frontiers of the two groups and accounting for the self-selection problem. We identify the relationship between the efficiency score from each frontier with farmers’ characteristics. The results indicate that farmers cannot manage their rice farming effectively in larger fields and fail to optimize their labor input and costs owing to limited skills and knowledge in rice production. Organic fertilizers can help to increase farmers’ rice income, while chemical fertilizers are less effective in doing so. Interestingly, being an organic farmer had no effect on farmers’ income elasticity when we conducted pool frontier estimation. However, these results were rejected by an LR test that was favorable to the estimation of a separate frontier, which suggested a better efficiency score if farmers adopted organic farming. We found some significant factors influencing the efficiency score, including <em>education, own-tractor,</em> and <em>credit use</em> (negative correlation) and <em>selling, other farming,</em> and <em>number of poultry</em> (positive correlation). <em>Off farm</em> was negatively correlated with the efficiency score in organic farming, but positively correlated in matched conventional.
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Schikora, Paul F., Michael R. Godfrey, and Brian D. Neureuther. "Connect Time Limits and Performance Measures in a Dial-Up Modem Pool System." International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector 2, no. 1 (January 2010): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jisss.2010093003.
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Managing customer service is critical for both nonprofit and for-profit dial-up modem Internet service providers. When system operators face excess demand, they can either add capacity or adapt their management techniques to deal with their limited resources—this article considers the latter. We examine system configuration options and the resultant effects on customer service levels in a simulated dial-up modem pool operation. Specifically, we look at a single pool operation and examine the effects of imposing time limits in a seriously overloaded system. We analyze the results on several key customer service measures. The results show that imposing these limits will have a distinct, nonlinear impact on these measures. Customer productivity and actual system load are shown to have major impacts on the performance measures. Interactions between several system and environmental parameters are also discussed.
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Mwinyimkuu, R. S., B. J. Temu, J. R. Makindara, and J. M. Abdallah. "Sawnwood value chain analysis in Ulanga District and Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania." International Forestry Review 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554822835629514.
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This study analysed sawnwood value chain in Ulanga District and Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania, focussing on mapping of actors, determining profit at each node and examining factors influencing profitability among actors along the sawnwood value chain. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. A sample of 66 respondents were interviewed (26 producers and 11 wholesalers from Ulanga districts and 29 retailers from Morogoro Municipality) from four wards based on their market relationship. Content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data and sub-sector mapping was employed to map sawnwood value chains. Profit margin analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyse quantitative data. Results indicated that there were various actors in the sawnwood value chain with the major ones being sawnwood producers, wholesalers/transporters, retailers and consumers as well as service providers. The profit accrued along the value chain is comparable among retailers and wholesalers, who also play the role of transporters, while producers benefit less from the sawnwood value chain. The results indicated that producers, wholesalers/transporters and retailers take 15.5%, 38.5% and 46.3% of the total profit, respectively. Regression analysis indicated that price, quality of sawnwood and the initial capital influenced actors' profit. It is recommended that sawnwood producers should be organized and pool their capital in order to increase their competitiveness in sawnwood markets.
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Bosshardt, Donald I., Larry Lichtenstein, and Mark P. Zaporowski. "A Model Of College Tuition Maximization." Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) 2, no. 1 (January 10, 2011): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/cier.v2i1.1105.
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This paper develops a series of models for optimal tuition pricing for private colleges and universities. The university is assumed to be a profit maximizing, price discriminating monopolist. The enrollment decision of student’s is stochastic in nature. The university offers an effective tuition rate, comprised of stipulated tuition less financial aid, to each student based on the demographic characteristics of the student. Initially, the applicant poll is assumed to be homogeneous. Subsequently, the quality of the applicant pool is allowed to vary and the university’s tuition maximization problem is subject to quality and capacity constraints. Lastly, we perform a simulation that allows an exploration of the risks associated with the university’s tuition, quality and capacity decisions.
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Bockelman, Brian Paul, Edgar Fajardo Hernandez, Diego Davila Foyo, Kenyi Hurtado Anampa, Farrukh Aftab Khan, Krista Larson, James Letts, et al. "Producing Madgraph5_aMC@NLO gridpacks and using TensorFlow GPU resources in the CMS HTCondor Global Pool." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921403004.
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The CMS experiment has an HTCondor Global Pool, composed of more than 200K CPU cores available for Monte Carlo production and the analysis of da.The submission of user jobs to this pool is handled by either CRAB, the standard workflow management tool used by CMS users to submit analysis jobs requiring event processing of large amounts of data, or by CMS Connect, a service focused on final stage condor-like analysis jobs and applications that already have a workflow job manager in place. The latest scenario canbring cases in which workflows need further adjustments in order to efficiently work in a globally distributed pool of resources. For instance, the generation of matrix elements for high energy physics processes via Madgraph5_aMC@NLO and the usage of tools not (yet) fully supported by the CMS software, such as Ten-sorFlow with GPUsupport, are tasks with particular requirements. A special adaption, either at the pool factory level (advertising GPU resources) or at the execute level (e.g: to handle special parameters that describe certain needs for the remote execute nodes during submission) is needed in order to adequately work in the CMS global pool. This contribution describes the challenges and efforts performed towards adaptingsuch workflows so they can properly profit from the Global Pool via CMS Connect.
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Fisher, Joseph G., Laureen A. Maines, Sean A. Peffer, and Geoffrey B. Sprinkle. "An Experimental Investigation of Employer Discretion in Employee Performance Evaluation and Compensation." Accounting Review 80, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 563–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2005.80.2.563.
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Employment relationships provide fertile ground for both employee and employer opportunism. Employers worry about whether employees will devote sufficient effort to work, and employees are concerned about whether employers will compensate them appropriately. In this paper, we examine whether employer discretion over the size of the total employee compensation pool and the allocation of this pool among employees influences employee and employer opportunism. The results of our experiment indicate that firm output and employees' compensation are greater when the employer does not have discretion over total employee compensation, but does have discretion over the allocation of total compensation. We find that the employer's residual profit increases with discretion over the allocation of compensation among employees; however, we find no effect on residual profit of the employer's discretion over the total amount of employee compensation. Our results suggest that firms benefit from a compensation contract that establishes total employee compensation as a predetermined function of public, aggregate measures such as accounting income, but provides the employer at least some discretion to allocate this compensation using private information. However, our results caution that employees and employers may not have similar preferences for the degree of employer discretion over the determination of total employee compensation.
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Bashir, Abdel-Hamid M. "Equity Participation Contracts and Investment." American Journal of Islam and Society 9, no. 2 (July 1, 1992): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v9i2.2556.
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Profit-sharing contzacts have recently captured the attention of academicians,bankers, and policymakers, particularly those in the Middle East. These contractsare characterized by risk sharing, an element that forces the contracting parties(especially the financier) to fund only sound projects. The theoretical analysesof such contracts have received a major boost from a variety of models, includingKhan (1986) and Haque and Mirakhor (1986), and empirical support from, forexample, Darrat (1988) and Bashir et al. (1991). The bold claim of these modelsis that if the interest payment on financial capital were to be replaced by the profit sharingarrangement, the level of investment would be enhanced instead ofweakened.A commonly used profit-sharing financial contract is known as musharakah(equity participation). This contract is a limited partnership in which theinvestor(s) and the entrepreneur pool their capital to finance a specific investmentproject. Another version of musharukah involves the investor participating inan existing enterprise by contributing capital. In both cases, the pro-ratadistribution of profit is stated in the contract and losses are shared accordingto capital contribution. The investor is eligible to participate in the project’smanagement, but may also waive this right.’A musharakah arrangement can be modeled as a two-person, two-periodpartnership game. In this setup, each player‘s utility depends on the other player’saction through a commonly observed consequence (profit), which is itself afunction of both players’ actions and an exogenous stochastic environment. Thegame is thus one of decentralized decision making in which individual optimizers ...
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Li, Qiaoyi. "Research on Profit Model and Development Strategy of E-sports Club." BCP Business & Management 34 (December 14, 2022): 1478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v34i.3202.
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Under the continuous development of the times, the e-sports industry is also constantly developing and becoming an emerging industry with great development potential, so that more and more investors are focusing on this industry. It can be seen that the in-depth analysis of the industry is of great significance. Therefore, this research studies the profit model and development strategy of the e-sports industry, in order to study what aspects of the industry can obtain revenue, and what ways it can make changes if it wants to develop better. The research indicates that the current e-sports industry’s revenue mainly from the event bonuses, sponsors, live broadcast platforms, and derivatives. And can be changed from strengthening the talent pool, enhancing the supervision of all aspects of the industry, and enriching the promotion of this emerging industry. Although the development of the e-sports industry is extremely competitive at present, it is still in a less mature stage of development, which requires more investment in manpower, material and financial resources to promote its development toward more comprehensive, more popular and more solid direction.
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Biggeri, Mario, Domenico Colucci, Nicola Doni, and Vincenzo Valori. "Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Good Deeds, Business, Social and Environmental Responsibility in a Market Experiment." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 3577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063577.
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We study how commitment of entrepreneurs to sustainability practices might effectively improve the social and environmental impact of market competition. To this end we devised a market experiment in which profit maximization and socially and environmentally concerned behavior were both potential goals of producers. Our subject pool included two distinct types of students having different prosocial attitudes. The two types adopted significantly different strategies in the treatment group, where producers could contribute to a positive externality, whereas they behaved similarly in the control group, where the only objective was profit maximization. Subjects who were ex-ante more prosocial chose to produce with more focus on the positive externality than their counterparts. However, they failed to actually deliver a larger social impact as a consequence of the market outcome. We conclude that producers often commit to social responsibility, even though well-meaning conducts do not necessarily beget equally good outcomes.
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Chidiebere-Mark, Nneka, Donatus Ohajianya, Polycarp Obasi, and Steve Onyeagocha. "Profitability of rice production in different production systems in Ebonyi State, Nigeria." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (April 20, 2019): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0022.
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AbstractProfitability of rice production in different production systems in Ebonyi State, Nigeria was evaluated. Rice is critical for food security in Nigeria, hence, farmers need to make appropriate choices of rice production systems to optimize production and ensure an adequate domestic supply. This study used 2015 survey data from rice farming households. Rice farmers in swamp, lowland and upland rice production systems showed variability in profit. Swamp production systems had the highest return per hectare (29.37%) followed by lowland production systems (20.10%) and upland production systems (13.03%). Poor access to production credit and climate change were constraints to rice production in the area. Rice production using the swamp production system is profitable and would ensure increased production and higher returns to the farmers. It is recommended that farmers should form cooperative groups to enable them to pool resources together to boost their production.
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Wang, Yuwei, Jingmin Wang, Wei Sun, and Mingrui Zhao. "Optimal Day-Ahead Bidding Strategy for Electricity Retailer with Inner-Outer 2-Layer Model System Based on Stochastic Mixed-Integer Optimization." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4185952.
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Bidding in spot electricity market (EM) is a key source for electricity retailer (ER)’s power purchasing. In China for the near future, besides the real-time load and spot clearing prices uncertainties, it will be hard for a newborn ER to adjust its retail prices at will due to the strict governmental supervision. Hence, spot EM bidding decision-making is a very complicated and important issue for ER in many countries including China. In this paper, an inner-outer 2-layer model system based on stochastic mixed-integer optimization is proposed for ER’s day-ahead EM bidding decision-making. This model system not only can help to make ERs more beneficial under China’s EM circumstances in the near future, but also can be applied for improving their profits under many other deregulated EM circumstances (e.g., PJM and Nord Pool) if slight transformation is implemented. Different from many existing researches, we pursue optimizing both the number of blocks in ER’s day-ahead piecewise staircase (energy-price) bidding curves and the bidding price of every block. Specifically, the inner layer of this system is in fact a stochastic mixed-integer optimization model, by which the bidding prices are optimized by parameterizing the number of blocks in bidding curves. The outer layer of this system implicitly possesses the characteristics of heuristic optimization in discrete space, by which the number of blocks is optimized by parameterizing bidding prices in bidding curves. Moreover, in order to maintain relatively low financial-risk brought by clearing prices and real-time load uncertainties, we introduce the conditional value at risk (CVaR) of profit in the objective function of inner layer model in addition to the expected profit. Simulations based on historical data have not only tested the scientificity and feasibility of our model system, but also verified that our model system can further improve the actual profit of ER compared to other methods.
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Unissa.A, Barkath, and Dr Kumudha. "Blue Ocean Marketing-A Promising Strategy." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 1 (November 15, 2013): 974–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v7i1.717.
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Companies have long engaged in head-to-head competition in search of sustained, profitable growth. They have fought for competitive advantage, battled over market share, and struggled for differentiation. Yet in todays overcrowded industries, competing head-on results in nothing but a bloody red ocean of rivals fighting over a shrinking profit pool. Tomorrows leading companies will succeed not by battling competitors, but by creating blue oceans of uncontested market space ripe for growth. Such strategic moves termed value innovation create powerful leaps in value for both the firm and its buyers rendering rivals obsolete and unleashing new demand.
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Oyogoa, Francisca. "Cruise Ships: Continuity and Change in the World System." Journal of World-Systems Research 22, no. 1 (March 22, 2016): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2016.613.
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Cruise ships present a useful context to study contemporary developments in globalization. U.S.-owned cruise companies have managed to create the “ideal” context for contemporary corporations: very little government oversight of labor relations, an available pool of very cheap labor dispersed across the globe, lax environmental regulations, high profit margins, and corporate tax rates around 1%. A typical cruise ship leaving the U.S. contains workers from 75 to 90 nationalities. Crewmembers performing menial service work are recruited exclusively from “poor countries” in Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Crewmembers typically sign 10-month contracts stipulating 10-14 hour workdays/7 days a week without vacation or sick days. There is a striking correlation between workers’ pay/status and their countries’ position within the world system. Staff members are usually white Westerners, while crewmembers are exclusively from the global south. On cruises the legacies of imperialism and colonialism are often the basis of workers’ racialization as appropriate servants.
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Katasonov, I. A. "DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF RETAIL TRADE: ЕFFICIENCY OF AUTOMATION AND ROBOTIZATION OF BUSINESS PROCESSES." Strategic decisions and risk management 13, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2618-947x-2022-2-160-170.
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Currently, retail is one of the fastest growing segments of the Russian economy with a noticeable real practical implementation and application of digital solutions. The introduction of digital products covering the trading process confidently brings the industry closer to the leading pool of digitalization industries (banks, ICT, insurance, media, industry, etc.), becoming the main tool in attracting consumers and increasing profits.The article describes the results of an experiment on the introduction of automation for the management of assortment matrices of goods. The positive effect and profit for retail companies are shown. In conclusion, recommendations are offered on the formation of a methodology for various participants in the assortment management process.
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Nuryakin, Chaikal, and Perry Warjiyo. "PERILAKU PENAWARAN KREDIT BANK DI INDONESIA: KASUS PASAR OLIGOPOLI PERIODE JANUARI 2001-JULI 2005." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2007): 21–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v9i2.205.
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This paper uses a microeconomic approach to analyze the bank lending behavior in Indonesia during 2001:1 – 2005:7. The loan supply function is derived from the structural loan supply and demand equation in a Cournot-Oligopoly market. We treat the loan supply function as structural error component of the model, and apply to data of the 15 biggest banks in Indonesia.The proposed hypothesis; the bank engages in the profit maximization, cannot be rejected. This bank behavior is in conjunction with the bank’s interdependency. However, due to the internal inefficiency of the bank, the profit maximization behavior does not refflect the ideal condition of the banking intermediation function, not int the loan volume nor in the lending rate.Morever, the bank’s lending behavior respond positively with the loan rate, responds negatively on the interest liability (time deposit interest) and respond negatively on the investment alternative (the SBI). In addition, the SBI rate as a monetary policy instrument is not effective relative to loan interest rate to guide the banks in choosing between these two portfolio investments.Keywords : loan, cournot, interest rate, bank, pool analysisJEL Classification : C23, D43, E52, G21
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Kelly, Khim, Ronit Dinovitzer, Hugh Gunz, and Sally P. Gunz. "The Interaction of Perceived Subjectivity and Pay Transparency on Professional Judgment in a Profit Pool Setting: The Case of Large Law Firms." Accounting Review 95, no. 5 (October 16, 2019): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-52612.
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ABSTRACT This paper examines how the interaction of perceived subjectivity and pay transparency in profit allocation is associated with an important aspect of law partners' professional judgment, namely their tendency to accede to the wishes of their client and fellow partner (labeled hereafter as partner accedence). Based on interviews with 56 corporate law partners working in large Canadian law firms, we find higher partner accedence in a less subjective system than in a more subjective system, but only under no pay transparency. We find that pay transparency (versus no transparency) is associated with increased accedence in a more subjective system, but it is marginally associated with decreased accedence in a less subjective system. In an experiment where we randomly assign MTurk participants to conditions, we replicate the finding that pay transparency (versus no transparency) has a more positive effect on partner accedence as subjectivity level increases. Data Availability: Lawyers participated in the study upon which this paper is based only after signing agreements that strict confidentiality of all data would be maintained by the researchers. As such, we are bound by these confidentiality agreements with individual lawyers interviewed for the study. Experiment data from Amazon Mechanical Turk are available from the authors. JEL Classifications: M12; M40; M52.
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Schwartz, Herman Mark. "Club goods, intellectual property rights, and profitability in the information economy." Business and Politics 19, no. 2 (June 2017): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2016.11.
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AbstractAre club goods becoming more widespread in developed economies, and, if so, what is the broader significance of this trend? Club goods are as salient for the profitability of non-financial firms as for finance. First, corporate strategy today largely revolves around the generation or acquisition of intellectual property rights and other club/franchise goods. Second, financialization is not just about the credit relationship between financial firms on the one side and non-financial corporate and household borrowers on the other, but also about Main Street's ability to use financial power to suppress competition in its own markets. Third, firms’ strategic reliance on IPRs and club goods more generally has magnified both profit and wage inequality in the broader economy. This inequality combines with changes in corporate structure to produce a significant part of the household level income inequality we currently observe in the United States. Fourth, all these processes are ineluctably political, because the state necessarily constitutes club or franchise goods, just like any property right. But the quantity and quality of those property rights is an indeterminate outcome of struggles among firms over the size of and shares of the pool of profits in a given national and global economy.
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Regawa, Joey Giovanni. "Pemeriksaan Operasional Atas Aktivitas Penjualan Pada Hotel Alqueby Untuk Menilai Efektivitas Penjualan." Jurnal Akuntansi Maranatha 11, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 332–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jam.v11i2.1926.
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Alqueby Hotel gets profit from renting rooms, restaurant, swimming pool tikets, and gym. Protif is needed so that the hotel can continue to run its operations. Sales activity is the primary activity in the hotel. An ineffective sales activities can cause lack of profit or even losses. So that, writer interested to do operational review on sales activity at Alqueby Hotel. Operational review is a process to analize operational activity to evaluate economic, efficient, and effective from all operation activity in the organization. Method that used in this research is descriptive method. The dependent variable in this research is effectivity, while the independent variable in this research is sales. Data for this research was obtained from two resource, primary resource was obtained through observation to Alqueby Hotel, interview with director, CEO, sales and marketing executive, front office, internal control questionaire, while secondary resource was obtained through organization structure of Alqueby Hotel, job description, income statement Alqueby Hotel, and document that used in sales activity Alqueby Hotel. To overcome those complication, writer gave several recommendation to Alqueby Hotel which is, CEO should allocate tasks with director, Alqueby Hotel should recruit marketing staff and make strategy marketing and plan marketing cost.
Keywords: Operational Review, Sales Activity, Effectivity on Sales
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Hidayah, Nurul, and Suparna Wijaya. "Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Pertambangan Batu Bara (The Effect of CSR on the Financial Performance of Coal Mining Companies)." Akutansi Bisnis & Manajemen ( ABM ) 29, no. 1 (April 2, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35606/jabm.v29i1.1021.
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Instead of using conventional thinking that emphasizes profit, companies nowadays choose to prioritize their long-term programs such as corporate social responsibility (CSR). This research aims to determine the effect of CSR disclosure on financial performance projected by return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) in coal mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2019. Sampling was done by purposive sampling method and obtained 15 companies with a data pool for 3 years. The data analysis method used in this research is simple linear regression test. A simple regression test was performed on 2 equations with different dependent variables. The result of this research indicates that CSR disclosure has no significant effect on ROA and ROE
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Lu, Gang, and Fu Shuan Wen. "Bidding Model Based on Balance Programming between Target and Chance." Advanced Engineering Forum 6-7 (September 2012): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.6-7.226.
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In a pool-based single-buyer electricity market, a Generation Company (GENCO) is required to considering the decision risk when building the optimal bidding strategy due to the stochastic bidding behavior of the rivals. The optimal decision is to maximize the profit while minimizing the risk, however, they are contradicting targets. This paper proposes a new research framework about risk-constrained optimal bidding strategies based on the stochastic programming method, termed as balance programming between target and chance (BPTC). And this method can favor the GENCO to make the stochastic decision in a more rational, flexible, and applicable manner. A genetic algorithm with Monte Carlo simulation is employed to solve the programming model. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown through a numerical test.
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KEGE, Li. "Do Birds of a Feather Flock Together? Rights Protection (Weiquan) Lawyering in China." Asian Journal of Law and Society 7, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 127–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2018.34.
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AbstractAs the idiom goes, birds of a feather flock together. This ancient proverb is frequently used to portray the phenomenon of people associating with those with have similar characteristics and tastes. However, in the name of weiquan lawyers, myriad lawyers flock together with different beliefs and diverse values. Within this pool of lawyers, in addition to those lawyers who are driven by public interest, some lawyers who have eagerly labelled themselves as weiquan lawyers are profit-oriented in nature. This paper aims to provide a new typology to present a better understanding of the role of weiquan lawyers, by jointly taking into consideration the lawyers’ motivations and adaptive strategies. In this regard, weiquan lawyers in China can be categorized into four ideal types: routine practitioners, rational activists, progressive reformers, and cynical criticizers.
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WARBURTON, JENI, and CATHERINE McDONALD. "The challenges of the new institutional environment: an Australian case study of older volunteers in the contemporary non-profit sector." Ageing and Society 29, no. 5 (May 28, 2009): 823–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x09008484.
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ABSTRACTIncreased emphasis on efficiency and regulation is changing the nature of the non-profit sector in western countries. In this paper, we explore the impact of these contemporary changes on older, more traditional volunteers. Specifically, we use neo-institutional theory as a framework to explore the micro-effect of these processes in one large, multi-service non-profit organisation in Australia. The findings of an ethnographic study are presented using an analytical template comprising: (1) the observational space; (2) the conversational order; (3) the content of talk; and (4) areas of resistance. Findings from these categories provided evidence of two institutional orders – one a traditional way of operating consistent with a charity model, and the other, a new, dominant approach driven by market forces. It was found that older, more traditional volunteers struggled to maintain the old order as well as to make the transition to the new order. If organisations are to benefit from a pool of potential volunteers and if older people are to benefit from the social and health advantages associated with productive ageing, there are important implications in these findings. Older people are able to make a successful transition to the new order, but organisations need to be more proactive in facilitating the change. In particular, organisations need to reject ageist cultures and practices, provide training and skills development, and to work collaboratively with older people.
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Sriram, M. S. "Nagar Panchayat Hospital." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 26, no. 1 (January 2001): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920010107.
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The case discusses the issues of autonomy and accountability in the healthcare division of a local self-government. It highlights the underlying tension between the elected representatives' need to control the division and the executive's need for basic functional and financial autonomy in developing and maintaining the division as a useful and responsive facility to the public. It raises questions as to the concept of cost and responsibility centres in local self-governments and what happens when one of the responsibility centres starts generating revenue and becomes a truly profit centre. Since the basic nature of the service is more of a responsibility — do the surpluses generated by the new profit centre get ploughed back to the same facility or should it get into the general pool of the Panchayat? If the argument is that it should be ploughed back to the responsibility centre to improve the overall facilities of the division, then should the objectives of the division be redefined and what should be the most appropriate institutional mechanism to grant autonomy for a division that is doing well? How would these mechanisms work in the long run? The case tries to sensitize the discussants to the issues and tensions that emerge in a well-managed division of a local-self-government. It also raises the larger issue of autonomy and accountability in democratic institutions.
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Sumar'in, Sumar'in. "MEMAHAMI REKSADANA SYARIAH: INSTRUMEN KEUANGAN BERBASIS SYARIAH." Al-Amwal : Journal of Islamic Economic Law 2, no. 2 (September 17, 2017): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/alw.v2i2.637.
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In finance, investment is buying or creating an asset with the expectation of capital appreciation, dividends (profit), interest earnings, rents, or some combination of these returns. This may or may not be backed by research and analysis. Most or all forms of investment involve some form of risk, such as investment in equities, property, and even fixed interest securities which are subject, among other things, to inflation risk. A mutual fund is simply a financial intermediary that allows a group of investors to pool their money together with a predetermined investment objective. The mutual fund will have a fund manager who is responsible for investing the pooled money into specific securities (usually stocks or bonds). The ruling with regards to mutual funds from an Islamic perspective can be determined by understanding the Shar’i ruling on shares and bonds.
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Sobarna, Nanang. "KEBIJAKAN MONETER DALAM EKONOMI ISLAM." Jurnal Co Management 2, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32670/comanagement.v2i1.165.
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The monetary management of conventional economy which revolves around bank interest uses multiplier money rather than high powered money. Consequently, its instrument of monetary policies tends to the utility of open market operation and change of discount rate. Both instruments cannot be applied in an Islamic monetary system which is free from interest whose monetary management relies on controlling high powered money by applying profit and loss sharing and financial intermediation. Therefore, Islamic monetary system can employ alternative instruments of monetary policy such as quantitative control of credit allocation and realization of socio-economic objectives. The first instrument is backed up with monetary instruments such as statutory reserve requirement, credit ceiling, government deposits, common pool, moral suasion, equity-base instrument. Whereas the second instruments include some monetary instruments such as treating the created money as fai’ and goal oriented allocation of credit.
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Singh, Archana, Gordhan K. Saini, and Satyajit Majumdar. "Application of Social Marketing in Social Entrepreneurship." Social Marketing Quarterly 21, no. 3 (July 17, 2015): 152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500415595208.
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Recognizing the importance of social marketing strategies for the success of social entrepreneurial ventures (SEVs), the present article examines nine SEVs with different profit orientation to understand the role of social marketing in social entrepreneurship (SE). Using grounded theory approach and case study method, the present article cross-examines cases and develops propositions thereof, providing a holistic understanding of current and potential application of social marketing strategies in SE. The outcome of this study may help social entrepreneurs to choose appropriate strategies from a pool of social marketing strategies available. However, there is a need to test these propositions with a larger set of data in future research. Also, it is equally important to study social marketing strategies adopted by failed cases of SEVs so that the existing and potential social entrepreneurs can learn from their mistakes.
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Beer, Sebastian, Ruud de Mooij, Shafik Hebous, Michael Keen, and Li Liu. "Exploring Residual Profit Allocation." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 70–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200212.
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Residual profit allocation (RPA) schemes have come to prominence in discussions of international tax reform but with almost nothing known about their economic impact. These schemes tax multinationals by allocating their “routine” profits to source countries and sharing their remaining “residual” profit across countries on some formulaic basis. This paper explores the implications, conceptual and empirical, of moving to some form of RPA. Residual profits are estimated to be substantial and concentrated in relatively few multinational enterprises. The impact on tax revenue appears beneficial for developing countries. Aggregate production efficiency is unlikely to increase unless routine profits are lightly taxed. (JEL F23, H25, H87, L25)
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Singh, Satyendra, Manoj Fozdar, Hasmat Malik, Maria del Valle Fernández Moreno, and Fausto Pedro García Márquez. "Influence of Wind Power on Modeling of Bidding Strategy in a Promising Power Market with a Modified Gravitational Search Algorithm." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 4438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104438.
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It is expected that large-scale producers of wind energy will become dominant players in the future electricity market. However, wind power output is irregular in nature and it is subjected to numerous fluctuations. Due to the effect on the production of wind power, producing a detailed bidding strategy is becoming more complicated in the industry. Therefore, in view of these uncertainties, a competitive bidding approach in a pool-based day-ahead energy marketplace is formulated in this paper for traditional generation with wind power utilities. The profit of the generating utility is optimized by the modified gravitational search algorithm, and the Weibull distribution function is employed to represent the stochastic properties of wind speed profile. The method proposed is being investigated and simplified for the IEEE-30 and IEEE-57 frameworks. The results were compared with the results obtained with other optimization methods to validate the approach.
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Cohen, Catherine C., Nabeel Qureshi, Raymond Tsai, and Harry H. Liu. "Motivations of potential anchor businesses to support community development and community health." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 27, 2022): e0269400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269400.
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Introduction Some for-profit businesses act like non-profit anchor institutions in contributing to community development, particularly health-related initiatives. Their motives are not well understood. We aimed to 1) identify and describe potential anchor businesses, 2) determine their motivations to contribute to community development, and 3) highlight motivations behind health-related initiatives. Materials and methods We identified a national sample of potential anchor businesses, grouped by those that contributed to 1) both health-related and non-health initiatives, 2) non-health initiatives only, and 3) those without substantial contributions. We conducted an environmental scan, semi-structured qualitative interviews and directed content analysis through rapid review methodology. Results We identified 4,512 potential anchor businesses nationally. Among the 108 of these included in the environmental scan, 48% substantially contributed to community development (12% in health). Interviewees’ company philosophies ranged from the idea that economic well-being of the company and community were intertwined, to the idea that commercial success of the company would benefit the community. Motivations for contributions included improving the hiring pool, improved recruitment and retention, and goodwill. Other common sentiments included strategies to focus on core business strengths to address community needs and a desire that companies should not compete in their giving activities. Further, some participants believed health care companies should be investing in health-related initiatives. Conclusions The generosity of potential anchor businesses’ local contributions may be determined by company philosophy about its relationship with the community. Stakeholders interested in spurring contributions to local communities might consider messaging to leverage businesses’ core strengths and encourage cooperation.
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Jusup, M., F. Maciel-Cardoso, C. Gracia-Lázaro, C. Liu, Z. Wang, and Y. Moreno. "Behavioural patterns behind the demise of the commons across different cultures." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 7 (July 2020): 201026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201026.
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Common-pool resources require a dose of self-restraint to ensure sustainable exploitation, but this has often proven elusive in practice. To understand why, and characterize behaviours towards ecological systems in general, we devised a social dilemma experiment in which participants gain profit from harvesting a virtual forest vulnerable to overexploitation. Out of 16 Chinese and 15 Spanish player groups, only one group from each country converged to the forest’s maximum sustainable yield. All other groups were overzealous, with about half of them surpassing or on the way to surpass a no-recovery threshold. Computational–statistical analyses attribute such outcomes to an interplay between three prominent player behaviours, two of which are subject to decision-making ‘inertia’ that causes near blindness to the resource state. These behaviours, being equally pervasive among players from both nations, imply that the commons fall victim to behavioural patterns robust to confounding factors such as age, education and culture.