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Liu, Hong. "Commercial bank net interest margins, profit persistence and profit-growth relationships. A cross country study." Thesis, Bangor University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496102.
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Fernandez, Pascual Daniel. "Financial littorals : the architecture of profit margins and ambiguous lands." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2018. http://research.gold.ac.uk/24077/.
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On the 4 April 2006, a municipal council was dissolved for the first time in the democratic history of Spain, making the housing crisis financially and politically apparent. In the Mediterranean town of Marbella politicians had been adapting the boundary between building land and the coastal commons to their own interests. The power to quantify and reclassify buildable space was at the core of an architectural struggle, as urban planning and the provision of housing had been designed upon the ambiguity of the highest tide in history. Since the 1988 Coastal Law, the Spanish shoreline has not been demarcated in its entirety yet: evictions and eminent domain have trapped the littoral commons in Court. Every twist of the shoreline reveals not where tides are active, but rather where landscape margins are entangled with real estate profit margins. This research investigates speculation and the housing crisis by using the materiality of the shoreline to understand dwelling struggles. The calculated construction of ambiguity in the demarcation of the littoral is analysed as a form of control and a form of resistance. Structured in three chapters, the practice-based research departs from the invention of the coastline in Spain to unpack the financialisation of space and the appropriation of the common good within the housing crisis. It investigates how the provision of ‘affordable’ homes as financial instruments relies on the global circulation of natural capital, coastal wetlands and offsetting operations. Through case studies in Europe and the US, it investigates the engineering of the shoreline by insurance companies after ‘natural disasters’ and the circumvention of mortgage debt offshore. Embedded in an analysis of housing from a critical finance perspective, this thesis demonstrates how rather than territorial boundaries being a circulation of capital, it is capital what needs to be read as a constant circulation of zoning laws and ambiguous borderlines, in order to anticipate alternative futures to housing inequality.
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Groskopf, Jeremy W. "Profit Margins: The American Silent Cinema and the Marginalization of Advertising." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/communication_diss/47.
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In the early years of the twentieth century, the unique new medium of motion pictures was the focus of significant theorization and experimentation at the fringes of the American advertising industry. Alongside the growth of the nickelodeon, and the multiple shifts in the American cinema's business model in the 'transitional era,' various individuals at the margins of the advertising industry attempted, and most often failed, to integrate direct consumer-goods advertising regularly into motion picture theaters. Via techniques as diverse as the glass slide, the commercial trailer, and the advertising wall-clock, cinema patrons of the 1910s witnessed various attempts by merchants and manufacturers to intrude upon their attention in the cinema space. Through research in the trade presses of the cinema, advertising, and various consumer-goods industries, along with archival ephemera from the advertising companies themselves, this dissertation explores these various on and off-screen tactics for direct advertising attempted in silent cinemas, and their eventual minimization in the American cinema experience. Despite the appeal of the new, popular visual medium of cinema to advertisers, concerns over ticket prices, advertising circulation, audience irritation, and the potential for theatrical 'suicide-by-advertising,' resulted, over a mere fifteen years, in the near abandonment of the cinema as an advertising medium. As a transitional medium between the 19th century forms of print and billboarding, and 20th century broadcasting, the silent cinema was an important element in the development of modern advertising theories.
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Du, Plessis J. S. "Addressing diminishing profit margins within the Dutoit Group : a value chain analysis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97273.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rapid urbanisation, coupled with growing per capita incomes and a rapid rising middle class, is triggering rapid growth in urban food markets. Despite these opportunities, agriculture in South Africa is confronted with diminishing profit margins due to direct production cost increasing at rates above the revenue generated from agricultural products. This research assignment has aimed to define the attributes of an effective agricultural value chain in South Africa, given the challenges faced. To achieve this goal, the research focus was on the results of an in-depth analysis of the Dutoit Group’s deciduous fruit value chain. To be able to perform a value chain analysis it is of utmost importance to first understand the meaning of the concepts as well as their origin and the evolution of their application. This is achieved through a comprehensive study of literature. Three value chain analysis tools were used for the research. These tools were an industry analysis, value chain maps and benchmarking. Through the literature review the importance and relevance of these three tools were also explored and reasons provided why they can be regarded to be adequate for a proper in-depth analysis. An overview of the Dutoit Group’s history, focusing on the specific key events influencing the evolution of their value chains, is also discussed together with their business philosophy, business model and main accomplishments. This is done to provide context to the environment in which the value chain analysis process was performed. The main focus of the fourth chapter is the application of the three value chain analysis tools on the Dutoit Group’s deciduous fruit value chain, utilising primary and secondary data collected through interviews with specific value chain actors, observations, management information and literature obtained from the public domain. Through the application of the three value chain analysis tools the effectiveness of the Dutoit Group’s deciduous fruit value chain was evaluated, and strengths and weaknesses identified. The research results showed that the Dutoit Group’s internal deciduous fruit value chain has been effective in addressing the risk of diminishing profit margins. In addition the results showed that the key attributes of an effective value chain which are able to address the current challenges are defined as effective integration, strong relationships between value chain actors, high levels of productivity and strong leadership.
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Urmanbetova, Aselia. "The effects of consolidation of price-cost margins in the pulp and paper industry." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04072004-180232/unrestricted/urmanbetova%5Faselia%5F200312%5Fms.pdf.
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Bell, Anna-Marie. "'n Ondersoek na die gebruik van multikriteriametodes vir strategiese prysbeleid / A. Bell." Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/319.
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Products are priced in order to sell them and make a profit. Every firm, therefore, needs a pricing
strategy. Such a strategy should be simple. It should ensure simplicity in tactics and decisions and
minimize complications.
It is difficult to set a price with the help of only one pricing model. The price of a product may vary
due to factors like geographical area, different clients and time difference. Prices must always be
cost-compatible.
An essential step in deciding on a pricing strategy involves looking at the characteristics of pricing
decisions. The classic economic theory is based upon demand and supply and attempts to balance
these two concepts. In most cases it works on the basis of cost plus profit. This way of thinking
about prices does not guarantee a profit, because costs and profit depend upon volume and
volume is dependent on the correct price. Prices can be cut at first. In this way only a small profit
will be ensured. If the price is too low it will not automatically ensure a profit.
Usually little attention is paid to the market itself in deciding on a price. It is not an easy task to
arrive at the 'envelope of acceptable prices". Not to fall into the standard trap of adding profit to
cost, one has to have a broad overview of pricing strategies.
Multiple approaches are followed in determining prices. Firstly, one can look at cost and its
characteristics. By adding a profit margin to cost, one can determine a new price. It may be too low
or it may be too high, resulting in the risk that customers will buy the competition's product.
It is there for essential to look at strategic concepts like the competition's price as well. The way a
buyer looks at certain prices and then decides whether to buy or not, also plays a very important
role.
All of these factors have to be taken into consideration and all aspects have to be balanced to
arrive at a price.
A framework for pricing decisions includes the recognition of the need for a pricing decision,
determining a price, developing a model, identifying and anticipating pricing problems, developing
feasible courses of action, forecasting the outcomes of each alternative and monitoring and
reviewing the outcome of each action.
Management's pricing decision is taken after studying all this information. Information can be
given as a single answer or in detail. Costs can be divided into direct costs and absorption costs.
Although prices can be determined in more ways than one, the ideal is to take more than one
factor into consideration. Every aspect must carry a weight and these weights can be changed.
That is why the multiple criteria decision method is so effective. With this method a few factors are
taken into account. Each of these factors adds to the price definition in a certain manner with
regard to each product. By changing the profit margin, the price can be adjusted until one is
satisfied with the new price.
A company's structure, location and nature will play a role in determining which technique is used
to determine a price. The best technique is one that can be adjusted and where multiple criteria
can be set. The choice of a technique is a personal choice. The multi-criteria method is flexible and
prices can be determined uniformly for all products or for a single product.Thesis (M.Sc. (Computer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Broussard, William James. "One Foot In: Student-Athlete Advocacy and Social Movement Rhetoric in the Margins of American College Athletics." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195290.
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In "One Foot In: Student-Athlete Advocacy and Social Movement Rhetoric in the Margins of American College Athletics," the author explores student-athlete advocacy of black male student-athletes in revenue generating sports and educational and cultural reforms to NCAA policies and bylaws over approximately two decades (1985-2006). The author examines non-profit organizations--Black Coaches Association, Drake Group, Institute for Diversity and Ethics and Sport, and Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics--who pressured the NCAA to enact measures to restore order and balance to American college athletics. In addition, these measures are designed to increase student-athlete graduation rates, increase opportunities for minority coaches and administrators, and protect college educators who blow the whistle on institutions who commit infractions. The author begins by identifying social movement rhetorical strategies--the "Triple Front" strategy of Harold Cruse and Agitation/Control Rhetoric of Bowers, Ochs, and Jensen--to analyze rhetorical interactions between non-profit organizations and the NCAA, especially how the NCAA responds by using control rhetoric in order to protect itself from outside influences. Finally, the author ends the discussion by using autoethnography to analyze my own experiences as a writing program administrator challenging NCAA hegemony by running a progressive writing program within a traditional student-athlete study hall.
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Hu, Alan. "Corporate Sustainability Reporting and Profitability: an Empirical Study of the Relationship between Gross Profit Margin and Response to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) in the Manufacturing Industry." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/649.
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As corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting becomes an increasingly adopted practice, the question concerning its utility remains. Many organizations including the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) and Global Reporting Initiative encourage firms to report because of purported benefits to revenue generation and cost control. This study investigates whether such boons of CSR reporting exist in the manufacturing industry by building a regression model that analyzes the relationship between gross profit margins and response to CDP questionnaires. While the results of the study are inconclusive, they hint at a positive relationship between CSR reporting and profitability. Further research with a larger data set and broader measure of CSR reporting is required to definitively state whether any significant relationship between the two variables exist.
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Hunt, Nona Kay. "Current practices utilized by independent garden centers to extend the profitable season by returning customers, raising profit margins and implementing new practices." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5630.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 184 p. : col. ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-156).
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Savelyeva, K. V. "How to increase your gross profit margin." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26091.
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Kee, Gary D. "Hog Profit Margin Hedging: A Long-term Out-of-sample Evaluation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10026.
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This thesis is a long-term evaluation of the profit margin hedging strategy suggested by Kenyon and Clay. To implement this strategy an expected profit margin is estimated based on the amount of pork, corn price, and soybean meal price. The profit margin that can be 'locked in' by the futures market is calculated from the futures prices of live hogs, corn and soybean meal with an allowance for other cost. The hedging rule is to hedge hogs, corn and soybean meal when a profit margin of fifty percent above the expected profit margin can be 'locked-in' with the futures. In their original paper, using data from 1975-82, Kenyon and Clay found this method of hedging stabilized cash flow while increasing the overall profit level. Using out-of-sample data from 1983-98, the current research finds no difference in profits from hedging versus not hedging. The most obvious reason for the lack of success is the inability to predict the expected profit margin with the simple supply model used by Kenyon and Clay. Addition of demand shifting variables to the model failed to significantly improve the prediction of expected profit margin or the hedging results. The hedging strategy was also affected by a significant decrease in the variance in the futures market that lead to a decrease in hedging opportunities. With the failure of the Kenyon and Clay hedging strategy with out-of-sample data, this research empirically demonstrates the need for out-of-sample testing of selective hedging strategies.Master of Science
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Sukkar, Malak, and sukkarm@stvmph org au. "Executives' Decision Making in Australian Private Hospitals: Margin or Mission?" RMIT University. Graduate School of Business, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081031.162754.
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This thesis examines decision making at executive level in Australian private hospitals as a social phenomenon, since individuals draw meaning from their own biographical and social environmental experiences. The researcher interpreted the constructed realities of the factors influencing executives' decisions within the context of private hospitals - a field that is rarely examined through the lens of social research. Using an Interpretivist research paradigm, the researcher conducted semi- structured and in-depth interviews with sixteen executive members who are experts in their field and represent both sectors of the private hospital industry: private for-profit and private not-for-profit. The data generated was transformed into technical accounts using an abductive research strategy and adopting Schütz's notion of first-order and second-order constructs. Using Giddens' Structuration Theory, that stressed the fundamental role of the human agent, the structure and their mutual dependence, the researcher moved beyond the interpretation of individuals' meanings, to incorporate the structure as an entity that can be formed and reformed. The researcher interpreted social actors' constructed meanings of these social phenomena in their work environment to form the elements of a two-dimensional decision making model at organisational level, incorporating the present with the future and the internal with the external factors. On an individual level, three different approaches to decision making were identified, based on whether executives perceived the decision making phenomenon as intuition, as a reasoned process or as an expected outcome. While being from a limited research sample, the findings of this study suggest that the paradox of mission / economic decisions restrained executives in the not-for-profit sector from strengthening their hospitals' financial performance, putting at risk, therefore, their ability to achieve social dividends as a way to proclaim their mission. On the other hand, in the for-profit sector, shareholders' dividends appeared to be a strong catalyst for attaining profit maximisation when making decisions. In both settings, the findings suggest that the role of stakeholder theory is questionable, particularly when executives remained hesitant to involve medical specialists, whom they considered to be major stakeholders and profit generators for private hospitals. This attitude appeared to be constant, despite the changes identified in executives' individual approaches to decision making. However, early signs of shifts towards adopting more commercially and socially accountable decisions were apparent in not-for-p rofit and for-profit sectors respectively. The thesis sets out recommendations to assist executives in managing the different factors that interplay to form executives' decisions. The importance of having a mission in business longevity and the integration, as opposed to alignment, of strategic goals with business operations when making executive decisions in private hospitals was highlighted. The implications for both sectors are described and recommendations for further research are suggested.
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Mendel-Hartvig, Hannes, and Viktor Flinnkfelt. "What Drives Liquefied Natural Gas Imports in Europe?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148529.
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This paper studied the extensive margin (EM) and intensive margin (IM)of liquefied natural gas(LNG) imports in Europe over the period 1996-2015. Two econometric models were used, a prob it estimation for the EM and an OLS for the IM. A time-varying approach was conducted to analyse the stability of the models in the studied time frame. The models were constructed through the application of known determinants of LNG trade as well as new factors that previously was unused in the investigation of LNG trade. The results indicated an overall stable EM, but a highly varying IM over the period. The findings inform that the EM is driven by income, diversification and lower bounds technological development and we found that itis inhibited by pipeline imports, domestic production and higher bounds technological development. The IM is determined by favourable pricing opportunities, lower bounds technological development and the diversification aspect of LNG. IM is negatively affected by domestic natural gas production and the higher bounds of technological development.
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Hotchkiss, Renee Brent. "VALUING VOLUNTEERS: THE IMPACT OF VOLUNTEERISM ON HOSPITAL PERFORMANCE." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2270.
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Volunteers have been present in healthcare settings for centuries, however there is little empirical evidence supporting the impact that volunteers make on hospital performance. Since the 1990s, hospitals in the United States have had a great deal of pressure to produce high quality care at minimum expense. With the pressures of managed care and accrediting agencies, the benefits of using volunteers in a hospital setting are multiplied. Furthermore, as the population of the United States grows and the aging population creates more healthcare needs, the need for volunteers in hospitals may increase. This study utilized multiple regression analysis to explore the belief that the volunteer workforce is cost effective and can greatly enhance quality in a hospital setting. Hospitals throughout the state of Florida were invited to participate in the study by completing a brief questionnaire about their volunteer programs. Performance indicators of profit margin, volunteer cost savings, and patient satisfaction scores were analyzed using American Hospital Association and Agency for Health Care Administration data sets along with data obtained from the questionnaire. Results indicate that the use of volunteers offer significant cost savings to hospitals. Furthermore, the assignment of volunteers in patient settings can enhance a hospital's patient satisfaction scores. It also suggests that there is a need to further explore the impact of volunteers on other performance measures. Future research opportunities and policy recommendations are suggested.Ph.D.
Department of Health Professions
Health and Public Affairs
Public Affairs PhD
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Singh, Anjali. "Asymmetrical Power Relationships in Supply Chain Networks." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42495.
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Global supply chains have become increasingly complex and a critical source of competitive advantage, which makes the understanding of how supply chains create and distribute value an essential task. Prior literature on concentration risks has primarily focused on customer concentration and has overlooked the challenges posed by the major upstream supply chain partners. In addition, CEOs with an optimal mix of technical and behavioral abilities can shape the strategic decision-making process to obtain an advantage against the nonfinancial stakeholders. The existing literature has also overlooked the significant role of the CEO in reducing the impact of supplier-base/customer-base concentrations. Utilizing objective supply chain relation data collected from Bloomberg SPLC and Compustat, we map the supplier base and the customer base for each electronic and chemical manufacturing firm publicly listed under S&P1500 for the fiscal year 2017. We then construct objective measures of supplier and customer concentrations and examine their impacts on the focal firm's financial performance measured by Tobin's Q, gross profit margin, and net profit margin. The performance metrics also include the focal firm's payable period (against the supplier-base) and receivable period (against the customer-base). We also collect information related to the CEOs appointed by the focal manufacturing firm, such as gender, age, and tenure from Execucomp, and consequently investigate their impacts on the supplier concentration and the customer concentration. Our empirical analysis shows contradictory results in the context of supplier-base/customer-base concentrations: higher supplier-base concentration is observed to harm the focal firm’s financial performance, but higher customer-base concentration leads to an increase in the focal firm’s profitability. Although CEO characteristics such as tenure and age did not have any notable impact, female CEOs are found to reduce the adversarial impact of supplier-base concentration and are assumed to exercise a voluntary power restraint against the cooperative customer-base.
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Nuti, Russell C. "Improving Cotton Production Margins through Management Decisions and Use of New and Standard commercial Products to Improve Quality and Profits." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-09092004-101557/.
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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a perennial plant managed as an annual crop to optimize yield and fiber quality while managing inputs to maximize profit. Transgenic improvements have simplified cotton production. Resistance to the non-selective herbicide glyphosate and in-plant production of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxin are two such advances. Cultural practices including use of mepiquat chloride (MC), and optimizing planting date contribute to crop uniformity and decrease risk involved with environmental stresses. Comparisons between conventional and transgenic weed and insect management systems, optimal and late planting dates, overhead sprinkle irrigation and drip irrigation, and use of MC were evaluated. Optimal-planted cotton had better yield than cotton planted late. Mepiquat chloride did not always provide an advantage, however never caused an undesirable response. At times, cotton plants treated with MC showed improved micronaire, compensation for boll loss, and earlier maturity. Broadcast glyphosate at the eight-leaf stage reduced yield of optimal-planted cotton in 1 of 3 years and 2 of 3 years in late-planted cotton. Glyphosate contact after the four-leaf stage in 2 of 3 years shifted the majority of bolls above node 10. Lint yield results were variable between overhead sprinkle and drip irrigation systems. Mepiquat chloride did not affect yield in irrigated cotton, however did control plant height, and improve fruit retention and cotton maturity. Non-labeled glyphosate applications reduced maturity in each irrigation system in 1 of 3 years. Cotton injury caused by conventional herbicides resulted in yield loss and poor returns compared to glyphosate systems. Early-season weed competition from low input herbicide programs caused cotton biomass reduction. High costs of conventional herbicide programs offset the available profit margin compared to glyphosate systems when yields were similar. Glyphosate systems provided excellent control of all weed species, while conventional herbicides gave acceptable control in most cases. Glyphosate resistant cotton cultivars with had better yield and returned more profit than the same cultivars treated with conventional herbicides.
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Lewis, Jason Robert. "Differentials of graphs." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2004. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0322104-155516/unrestricted/LewisJason040604f.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--East Tennessee State University, 2004.Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-0322104-155516. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
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Onaran, Özlem, and Engelbert Stockhammer. "Do profits affect investment and employment? An empirical test based on the Bhaduri-Marglin model." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1534/1/document.pdf.
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In this study, a Kaleckian-Post-Keynesian macroeconomic model, which is an extended version of the Bhaduri and Marglin (1990) model, serves as the starting point. The merit of a Kaleckian model for our purposes is that it highlights the dual function of wages as a component of aggregate demand as well as a cost item as opposed to the mainstream economics, which perceive wages merely as a cost item. Depending on the relative magnitude of these two effects, Kaleckian models distinguish between profit-led and wage-led regimes, where the latter is defined as a low rate of accumulation being caused by a high profit share. Are actual economies wage-led or profit-led? Current orthodoxy implicitly assumes that they are profit-led, and thus supports the neoliberal policy agenda. The purpose of the paper is to carry this discussion into the empirical terrain, and to test whether accumulation and employment are profit-led in two groups of countries. We do so by means of a structural vector autoregression (VAR) model. The model is estimated for USA, UK and France to represent the major developed countries, and for Turkey and Korea to represent developing countries. The latter are chosen since they represent two different export-oriented growth experiences. The results of the adjustment experiences of both countries are in striking contrast to orthodox theory, however they also present counter-examples to each other in terms of their ways of integrating into the world economy. (author's abstract)Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"
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Maundu, Maingi. "The performance of the Canadian food, beverages and tobacco processing industries : an extension of the profit-cost margin model to a pricing model." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29576.
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This study was undertaken to achieve three major objectives:
1. to estimate an econometric structure-profitability model for Canadian food, beverages
and tobacco processing industries;
2. to estimate a structure-price model of the sector to compare with the profit model; and
3. to make inferences about the performance of the sector, with reference to market power and industry efficiency.
The above objectives were accomplished by comparing empirical regression results of the two models by using the following approach. First, the statistical significance of the estimated coefficients was used to determine which factors should be considered of importance in explaining performance. Secondly, the signs on the estimated coefficients were used to determine the direction of the influence of market structure on performance. Lastly, a comparison of the size and statistical significance of the difference in the respective
coefficients was used to determine which of the two performance indexes (profitability and prices) is most affected by market structure.
From the study four broad conclusions were arrived at. Seller concentration and advertising do have an increasing effect on profitability, but this influence does not derive from market power (price increases). Instead, increases in these factors appear to promote price competition. However, tariff protection has an increasing effect on both profitability and prices. Furthermore, the net effect of tariffs is significantly larger on prices than on profitability.
Industry growth and market isolation factors have an increasing effect on profitabilty. But they have no significant influence on relative prices. Exports have a decreasing effect on profitability and prices. Increases in input prices may lead to increases in ouput prices.
Two broad implications can be drawn from the above results. First, price competition and industry efficiency can be enhanced by (either condoning or encouraging) high market shares, advertising, exports and industry growth.
Secondly, although tariffs can increase industry profitability, they may also lead to relatively larger increases in domestic output prices. Similarly, changes in input prices may lead to increases in output prices. Therefore, high tariffs and input prices may serve as barriers to competition, and allow inefficiency to persist in an industry.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Martins, Pedro Miguel Guerra. "Análise do perfil longitudinal da pobreza monetária em Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6252.
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Mestrado em Econometria Aplicada e PrevisãoO objetivo desta dissertação consiste na análise das características mais influentes na determinação da situação de pobreza de um indivíduo em Portugal. Tendo como base os dados longitudinais disponibilizados pelo Inquérito às Condições de Vida e de Rendimento entre os anos de 2006 e 2009, foram estimados três modelos probit sobre uma estrutura de dados em painel, um modelo estático e dois modelos dinâmicos, onde neste último foram seguidas as metodologias desenvolvidas por Wooldridge (2005) e Orme (2001). Posteriormente, de maneira a quantificar o efeito de cada variável explicativa, foram calculados os respetivos efeitos marginais médios. Além do tratamento da heterogeneidade individual não observada prova-se que a estimação dinâmica sobre esta estrutura de dados beneficia a análise do problema, nomeadamente no peso significativo da variável dependente desfasada um período na determinação da probabilidade de um indivíduo estar em situação de pobreza. Conclui-se também que a inserção em agregados familiares numerosos ou monoparentais, a viver em áreas pouco povoadas, com dificuldades em fazer face aos encargos usuais, baixos níveis de scolaridade e membros do agregado em situação de desemprego foram outros fatores que influenciaram a ocorrência deste fenómeno.
The objective of this thesis consists in analyzing the most influential factors that determine individual poverty situation in Portugal. Based on longitudinal data provided by the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey between the period of 2006 and 2009, we have estimated three probit models for a panel data structure, one being static and two dynamic, whereas for the latter, we followed the ethodologies developed by Wooldridge (2005) and Orme (2001). Futhermore, in order to quantify the effect the effect of each single explanatory variable, we have calculated the respective average marginal effects. In addition to the unobserved heterogeneity treatment, evidence is provided that the dynamic estimation of this data structure benefits the problem analysis,namely concerning the significant importance of the one period lagged dependent variable when determining the probability of an individual being in a poverty situation. It is also concluded that large or one-parent families, living in sparsely populated areas, thriving to cope with monthly burdens, with low educational attainment levels and that live in jobless households are among other factors that influence the occurrence of this phenomena.
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Melmiès, Jordan. "Prix, marges et accumulation, une théorie dynamique de la concurrence." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL12004/document.
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Cette thèse se propose de reconsidérer les effets de la concurrence sur les prix et les marges de profit, dans une perspective postkeynésienne reliant les aspects microéconomiques des décisions de prix et d’accumulation des firmes à leurs conséquences macroéconomiques. La première partie de la thèse retrace les étapes historiques qui ont amené les premiers postkeynésiens à construire puis abandonner la théorie de la concurrence imparfaite d’une part, et d’autre part elle met en avant la convergence de ces auteurs vers une théorie qui, en économie monétaire de production, place les prix et les marges de profit au centre d’une double exigence de croissance des ventes et d’autofinancement de l’investissement requis pour répondre à cette croissance de la demande. Au sortir de ce premier mouvement, notre thèse souligne les différences entre la théorie (de la rigidité) des prix de la nouvelle école keynésienne et celle de l’école postkeynésienne. Revenant dans une deuxième partie sur le déploiement des politiques de la concurrence dans les économies capitalistes au cours du 20ème siècle, notre thèse jette un regard renouvelé sur la résistance des taux de profit de ces économies, résistance a priori contre-intuitive du point de vue de la théorie économique traditionnelle. En replaçant ensuite au sein de la théorie postkeynésienne des prix et des marges de profit les rapports de force et les conflits qui existent au sein des firmes, notre thèse montre comment ces dernières peuvent donner l’apparence de se faire concurrence par les prix sans modifier leurs marges de profit, en reportant la contrainte liée à la baisse des prix sur d’autres acteurs, notamment les firmes « en amont » (sous-traitants et/ou fournisseurs), les salariés et enfin les consommateurs. Pour analyser les conséquences macroéconomiques de ce processus de report de contrainte, nous mobilisons la méthodologie stock-flow consistent qui permet de souligner les effets de bouclage macroéconomique liés à de tels reports de contrainte. Nous parvenons à la conclusion que la concurrence n’aboutit pas à une baisse des marges de profit, mais peut en revanche s’accompagner d’une plus grande disparité des revenus, ou encore d’une baisse généralisée de la qualité moyenne des biens et services produits dans l’économieThis thesis aims at revisiting the effects of competition on prices and profit margins, through a Post Keynesian perspective linking microeconomic aspects of firms’ pricing and accumulation decision to their macroeconomic consequences. The thesis’ first part traces back, on the one hand, the historical steps that led the first Post Keynesians to build and then give up the theory of imperfect competition, and, on the other hand, it puts forward these authors’ convergence towards a theory which, in a monetary production economy, puts prices and profit margins at the crossroads of a double demand of increasing sales and investment self-financing required to cope with these increasing sales. At the end of this first part, our thesis underlines the differences between New Keynesian price (rigidity) theory and the Post Keynesian one. In a second part, our thesis comes back to the spreading of competition policies among capitalist economies along the 20th century, and it throws a renewed glance at the resilience of profit rates for these economies, resilience which is a priori counter-intuitive for traditional economic theory. While relocating at the heart of the Post Keynesian pricing and profit margin theory the power struggles and the conflicts that exist inside firms, our thesis shows how these firms can be seen to be involved in price competition without any change in their profit margins, thanks to the transfer of the constraint related to the price drop to other actors, just as “upstream” firms (subcontractors and/or suppliers), workers or consumers. To analyse the macroeconomic consequences of this process of constraint transfer, we use the stock-flow consistent methodology that allows us to stress the related macroeconomic looping effects of such constraint transfers. We end up with the conclusion that competition does not lead to a drop in profit margins, but can instead come along with increased incomes dispersions, or with a generalised decline in the average quality of goods and services produced in the economy
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Kostihová, Kristýna. "Analýza obratového cyklu v potravinářském řetězci." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75587.
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The goal of my Master's Thesis is to describe the cash flows and profitability of milk and dairy products. The thesis is trying to define the whole process starting with the milk production till the product is bought by the final customer. The calculation of the net working capital of the farmer's cooperation, dairy works and retail stores is also included in my thesis. In this respect, the thesis deals with the problem of return of payables and receivables and the duration of the cash cycle. The thesis also calculates the product margin and profitability of some of the diary products. It focuses on price setting, if it is done according to the specific costs or if it is set by the market. The results of my thesis are based on eleven agricultural companies, six dairy works and three retail markets. A research is also included trying to answer the question weather the dairy products are essential goods, or if demand for them can be influenced by price. This research is based on answers of 85 respondents. The conclusion of this thesis is a fact that margin is not fairy set and the profit is redistributed on the basis of the market strength rather than by the value added. It also confirms the theory, that the closer the company is to the customer, the higher profit it usually makes.
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Michielini, Erica. "Geometrie deposizionali del Bacino del Browse formatesi durante il rifting del margine Nord-Ovest australiano." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Il Bacino del Browse è parte del margine Nord-occidentale australiano e la sua evoluzione è legata a episodi multipli tettonici, verificatisi dal paleozoico, che hanno strutturato questo margine e i vari sottobacini che lo compongono. L'interpretazione di 16 profili sismici, ubicati nel bacino del Browse, e calibrati tramite dati di pozzo, sono la base principale di questo studio.
L’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è il riconoscimento delle geometrie deposizionali ed evoluzione tettonica del bacino avvenuta durante il rifting del margine NO australiano fino alla breakup continentale. Le geometrie deposizionali riscontrate comprendono le sequenze syn-rift permo-carbonifere, post-rift permo-triassiche e syn-rift giurassiche. Sono quindi state evidenziate le prime 7 sequenze già riscontrate da Geoscience Australia nel 1997 a cui sono associate 8 principali unconformity. Le quattro differenti fasi (Estensione 1, Subsidenza termica 1, Inversione 1 e Estensione 2), subite dal bacino, hanno plasmato la formazione del Browse andando anche ad influenzare la sedimentazione successiva. In particolare è risultato che, durante la fase estensionale paleozoica, nel bacino si formarono i suoi due maggiori depocentri cioè il Sottobacino del Barcoo e del Caswell. Durante la fase estensionale giurassica, preceduta da un evento di subsidenza termica e da una fase di inversione, la sedimentazione ha in alcuni casi ribattuto su antichi depocentri e in altri casi ne ha creati di nuovi andando quindi ad attuare una riorganizzazione all'interno dell’area di studio. L’evoluzione geologica del Bacino del Browse si è anche dimostrata adatta per la formazione e l’accumulo degli idrocarburi: i Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators (DHIs) riscontrati potrebbero infatti confermare sia la presenza di fluidi, prevalentemente nel Sottobacino del Caswell, sia la loro migrazione verso Est cioè verso l’attuale Piattaforma Yampi.
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Razaghi, Atefeh, and Anne-Marie Nordström. "Snabblånebranschens uppkomst och utveckling : En studie av finansiellt gap och entreprenöriella möjligheter." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-29208.
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Syften: Syftet med studiet är dels att redogöra för huvudorsaken som har gett upphov till uppkomsten av snabblånebranschen. Dels att framställa väsentliga faktorer som har föranlett att branschen kan stanna kvar på snabblånemarknaden. Metod: Med avseende på studiets två frågeställningar har vi använt oss dels av kvalitativ ansats för att kunna beskriva noggrant anledningen till uppkomsten av snabblånebranschen via en tolkning av en del intervjufrågor. Dels tillämpades en kvantitativ ansats för att komma till viktiga faktorer som resulterat i att företagen inom denna bransch stannat kvar på kreditmarknaden. Teoretisk referensram: Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs av vetenskapliga artiklar och böcker som handlat om informationens asymmetriska påverkan, finansiella gap och entreprenöriska möjligheter. Vidare har relevant material från Finansinspektionen, Kronofogden och Konsumentverket använts som grund till den kvalitativa undersökningen för det empiriska studien. Empiriska studier: Den empiriska studien utförts på åtta av branschens fyrtiofyra företag snabblåneföretag, som tillhör branschorganisationen S.K.E.F. Slutsats: Till följd av asymmetrisk information mellan parter (kreditgivare & kredittagare) avstår stora och traditionella kreditinstitutioner från att förmedla krediter till vissa kredittagare som har låg kredittrovärdighet. Därigenom skapas en marknad som utmärks av obalans mellan utbud av kapital och efterfrågan på kapital vilket leder till uppkomsten av ett finansiellt gap. Entreprenörer upptäcker affärsmöjligheter genom att skapa nya tjänster som efterfrågas av marknaden. På så vis fyller snabblåneföretagen det finansiella gapet på kreditmarknaden som inte fylls av andra kreditinstitutioner. Studiens resultat visar att snabblåneföretag erhåller låga vinster. Men om företagen motverkar kreditrisker genom regelrätta och noggranna kreditbedömningar leder detta troligtvis till högre vinst.Purposes: The purpose of the study is partly to account for the main reason that has given rise to the emergence of instant loans industry. Secondly to produce significant factors have led the sector to remain on the instant lending market. Methods: With respect to the study's two issues, we have used both a qualitative approach to describe accurately the reason for the emergence of instant lending industry through the interpretation of some interview questions. We have partly applied a qualitative approach to understand the important factors that constitute the fact that the sector manage to remain in the credit market. Theoretical framework: The study's theoretical framework is made up of scientific articles and books that dealt with media information’s asymmetric impact, financial gaps and entrepreneur opportunities. Furthermore, the relevant material from the Financial Supervisory Authority, The Swedish Enforcement Authority and Swedish Consumer Agency has been used in order to obtain a qualitative survey of the empirical study. Empirical studies: Our empirical study consists of eight out of the industry's forty-four instant loan companies that belong to the trade organization S.K.E.F. Conclusion: As a result of asymmetric information between the parties refrain large and traditional credit institutions from providing loans to borrowers by low of credibility. A market characterized by imbalance between supply of capital and demand for capital lead to an emergence of a financial gap within the market. Entrepreneurs find business opportunities by creating new services demanded by the market. Thus fills the instant loans companies the financial gap on the credit market that is not filled by other credit institutions. The result of this study concludes that firms obtain low profits. But if companies counteracts credit risk this will likely lead to a higher profit by making regular and thorough credit checks on the borrower.
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Marroni, Neto Roberto Medaglia. "Igualdade tributária e margens de lucro presumidas na aferição do preço de transferência segundo a Lei n. 9.430/96." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134378.
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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a teoria da igualdade tributária e sua aplicação em face da técnica das margens de lucro presumidas, como um dos elementos de cálculo dos preços de transferência, consoante previsto na Lei n. 9.430/96. Parte-se de um estudo analítico da isonomia tributária, esmiuçando-se seus elementos, natureza e dimensão normativa, para, posteriormente, passar-se à análise de sua influência sobre a arm’s legth theory e a técnica dos preços de transferência, em especial sobre a presunção das margens de lucro. Mediante esta perspectiva, busca-se averiguar a possibilidade ou não de flexibilização daquelas margens de lucratividade, de molde a desvendar se o contribuinte possui legitimidade de utilizar margens de lucro diversas daquelas predefinidas, a forma que poderá valer-se deste direito e respectivo momento.This work aims to analyze the tax equality theory and its application in the face of the presumed profit margins technique, as one of the elements of the calculation of transfer pricing, according to law number 9.430/96. It starts with an analytical study of tax equality theory, scrutinizing its elements, nature and normative dimension, and subsequently moves to an analysis of its influence on the „arm‟s length‟ principle and the technique of transfer pricing, especially on the presumption of profit margins. With this perspective, it seeks to investigate the possibility of the relaxation of those profit margins, which could unravel if the taxpayer has the right to use different profit margins than those pre-defined, however the taxpayer can avail themselves of this right and when is the appropriate moment.
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Wardhana, Andy Whisnu. "A policy proposal to address tax base erosion caused by transfer pricing in Indonesia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/125858/1/Andy%20Whisnu_Wardhana_Thesis.pdf.
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Prior studies indicate that developing countries face the problem of aggressive transfer pricing practices by multinational enterprises (MNEs) which cause tax base erosion. This study finds that the Indonesian transfer pricing regime fails to accurately allocate the income of MNEs among taxing states in accordance with actual economic reality. To overcome this problem, this study considers different interpretations of transfer pricing regimes in four countries: (a) Mexico's minimum profit, (b) Brazil's pre-fixed profit margin and (c) India's and China's location-specific advantage rules. This study argues that adopting the location-specific advantage criteria for determining an arm's length price could help Indonesia address the problem of aggressive transfer pricing practices and assist Indonesia to reduce tax base erosion.
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Ferronatto, Júlio César. "A análise da relação custo x volume x lucro : estudo de caso em uma instituição de ensino." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/109001.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo discutir a temática do Custeio Variável aplicado a uma empresa prestadora de serviços, para demonstrar o uso da Margem de Contribuição como ferramenta de apoio à gestão da empresa. A pesquisa aqui relatada utilizou o método qualitativo como abordagem, realizada por meio de um estudo de caso descritivo utilizando como modelo a Análise da relação Custo x Volume x Lucro para empresas multiprodutoras. A fim de possibilitar a realização deste estudo de caso, foi realizada a revisão da literatura sobre o tema, de modo a fundamentar e estruturar as etapas de aplicação do modelo adotado no ambiente organizacional escolhido, analisando-se os serviços prestados pela empresa e identificando-se corretamente a Margem de Contribuição destes. Após esta etapa, foi possível analisar a participação de cada serviço na composição do mix de vendas da empresa e, dessa forma, avaliar a contribuição efetiva de cada um na geração da riqueza para a empresa. O modelo proposto envolve basicamente a identificação da Margem de Contribuição Unitária e sua correspondente Razão de Contribuição, além da identificação do Ponto de Equilíbrio de cada serviço, bem como da empresa como um todo. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido em uma instituição de ensino em fase de crescimento e devido aos desafios que se apresentam a uma empresa nessas condições, aumenta a relevância do mesmo, do ponto de vista do uso de ferramentas de gestão profissionais, que apesar de consagradas no mercado, nem sempre são utilizadas por uma grande parte das pequenas empresas. Ao final, é demonstrada a aplicação do modelo e destacada a sua relevância para a gestão da empresa, bem como, apresentadas as conclusões do estudo, evidenciando-se que por meio da utilização do modelo proposto, os objetivos específicos são atingidos e a indagação feita a cerca da problemática discutida é respondida por meio dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo.This study aimed to discuss the theme of Variable Costing applied to a service provider, to demonstrate the use of the Contribution Margin as a management support tool company. The research reported here used the qualitative method as approach, performed through a descriptive case study using a model of Analysis of Cost x Volume x Profit respect to multiproducts companies. In order to enable the realization of this case study, the literature review on the subject was held in order to support and structure the application steps of the model adopted in the organizational environment chosen by analyzing the services provided by the company and the correct identification of the contribution margin of these. After this step, it was possible to analyze the participation of each service in the composition of the sales mix of the company and thus evaluate the actual contribution of each in the generation of wealth for the company. The proposed model basically involves identifying the unit contribution margin and it’s corresponding contribution ratio and the identification Breakeven Point each service as well as the company as a whole. This study was developed in an educational institution in the growth phase and due to the challenges that confront the company under these conditions, increases its relevance from the point of view of the use of management tools professionals who consecrated despite the market are not always used by a large proportion of small businesses. At the end, it is demonstrated the application of the model and highlighted its relevance to the company's management, as well as presented the study's findings, showing that by using the proposed model, the specific objectives are met and the question made about the discussed problem is answered by the results obtained in this study.
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Marčiulionytė, Asta. "Įmonės pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20140626_161708-33077.
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Pelningumo siekimas yra pagrindinis verslo įmonės tikslas, dažnai lemiantis vadovų pasirinkimą sprendžiant problemas susijusias su pardavimo kainomis, įvairiomis išlaidomis. Pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimas teikia apibendrinantį planavimo proceso vaizdą ir išlaidų kitimo supratimą, todėl gauta informacija yra nepakeičiama, siekiant užtikrinti racionalų įmonės valdymą. Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizavus pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties metodologiją, atlikti įmonės pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimą ir sudaryti modelį, leidžiantį efektyviai planuoti ir analizuoti įmonės kaštų, veiklos apimties ir pelno ryšį. Taigi, šio darbo objektas-įmonės pelningumas, jo priklausomybė nuo įmonės pajamų, kaštų ir veiklos apimties. Siekiant įgyvendinti darbo tikslą, keliami tokie uždaviniai: išanalizuoti pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo metodologiją, suformuoti prielaidas pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modeliavimui, atlikti įmonės pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimą, bei sudaryti pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modelį. Darbą sudaro trys pagrindinės dalys: metodologinė, analitinė ir rezultatų. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo metodologijos aspektai-pateikiamos analizės prielaidos, vertinimo reikšmė ir galimybės. Antrasis darbo skyrius apima prielaidų pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modeliavimui analizę: tiriami ir lyginami pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modeliavimo metodai, bei pateikiama... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The main purpose of business enterprise is striving for profitability and this purpose usually decides the head‘s of enterprise choice when he tackles the problems about prices of sales and different expenses. Cost-volume-profit evaluation gives resumptive view about planning process and understanding of costs range so given information is irreplaceable because of trying to ensure rational management. The purpose of this work is to do cost-volume-profit evaluation and make a model according the analysis of cost-volume-profit methodology. This model will let to plan and analyse enterprise‘s cost, activity‘s size and profit‘s relation in effective way. So the object of this work is the profitability of an enterprise, its dependence from enterprises revenue, cost and activity‘s volume. In purpose to realize work‘s aim there are these objectives: to analyse cost-volume-profit evaluation methodology, to structure presumptions for cost-volume-profit evaluation modeling, to do enterprises cost-volume-profit evaluation and to make cost-volume-profit evaluation model. Three main parts makes this work: methodological, analytical, results. In the first part of this work there is an analyses of cost-volume-profit evaluation methodology‘s aspects, there are analysis presumptions, evaluations mean and possibilities. The second part includes presumptions analysis to cost-volume-profit evaluation modeling: here are researched and compared cost-volume-profit evaluation modeling methods and is... [to full text]
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Siddiqui, Naved Alam. "Crossing locations, light conditions, and pedestrian injury severity." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2701.
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This study assesses the role of crossing locations and light conditions in pedestrian injury severity through a multivariate regression analysis to control for many other factors that also may influence pedestrian injury severity. Crossing locations include midblock and intersections, and light conditions include daylight, dark with street lighting, and dark without street lighting. The study formulates a theoretical framework on the determinants of pedestrian injury severity, and specifies an empirical model accordingly. An ordered probit model is then applied to the KABCO severity scale of pedestrian injuries which occurred while attempting street crossing in the years 1986 to 2003 in Florida. In terms of crossing locations, the probability of a pedestrian dying when struck by a vehicle, is higher at midblock locations than at intersections for any light condition. In fact, the odds of sustaining a fatal injury is 49 percent lower at intersections than at midblock locations under daylight conditions, 24 percent lower under dark with street lighting conditions, and 5 percent lower under dark without street lighting conditions. Relative to dark conditions without street lighting, daylight reduces the odds of a fatal injury by 75 percent at midblock locations and by 83 percent at intersections, while street lighting reduces the odds by 42 percent at midblock locations and by 54 percent at intersections.
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Wang, Qing. "Study on crash characteristics and injury severity at roadway work zones." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002924.
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Ferreira, Adriana Scheffer Quintela. "Estrategias de controle preventivo para a manutenção de margens de segurança com relação a estabilidade de tensão em tempo real." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/260657.
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Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Castro JuniorTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T10:41:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_AdrianaSchefferQuintela_D.pdf: 931902 bytes, checksum: 723b5bb5e37c4be6978b9a1ba3d8572c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: O problema de estabilidade de tensão tem recebido uma atenção crescente dos profissionais que atuam na área de análise e operação de sistemas de potência. O aumento das interligações aliado a operação das redes com altos níveis de carregamento torna mais provável a ocorrência de incidentes que podem levá-las à instabilidade de tensão, culminando com o colapso de tensão e grandes prejuízos à qualidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica. Ações de controle preventivo e/ou corretivo devem ser tomadas para melhorar a segurança de sistemas de potência. Este trabalho de pesquisa aborda a manutenção da segurança de redes com relação à estabilidade de tensão, através do estudo e da implementação de estratégias de controle preventivo, ou seja, que impedem a ocorrência de situações de instabilidade de tensão antes destas efetivamente ocorrerem. Além disso, são propostas filosofias práticas da utilização dos recursos disponíveis para mitigar o colapso de tensão, de maneira que uma margem de segurança com relação à estabilidade de tensão (MSET) apropriada e um perfil de tensão (PT) adequado sejam respeitados. Uma característica importante da metodologia proposta é que o problema de programação não linear a ser resolvido tem pequena dimensão, mesmo para sistemas de grande porte, pois apenas os controles mais eficientes são considerados e o número de restrições é limitado. A inovação consiste em atender uma meta de segurança sem a utilização plena de alguns dos recursos disponíveis, preservando os controles mais sensíveis e os pouco disponíveis para futura utilização em caso de emergências, mesmo após a ocorrência de certas contingências. A valia-se o potencial de utilização do processo proposto no ambiente de operação de redes em tempo real. Objetivou-se desenvolver um algoritmo capaz de identificar ações de controle preventivo apropriadas de forma a serem rapidamente implementadas
Abstract: The voltage stability problem has been receiving a growing attention from the professionals in the area of analysis and operation of power systems. The growth in interconnections along with the networks' operation with high loading levels makes the occurrence of incidents that can lead to voltage instability more likely, culminating with the volt age collapse and serious damages to the quality of the electric power supply. Preventive and/or corrective control actions should be taken to improve the power systems' security. This research work deals with the maintenance of network' security with respect to voltage stability, through the study and implementation of preventive control strategies, that prevent the occurrence of volt age instability situations before those effectively take place. Moreover, practical philosophies for using the available resources to mitigate the volt age collapse are proposed, so that an appropriate volt age stability security margin (VSSM) and an appropriate voltage profile (VP) be respected. An important feature of the proposed methodology is that the resulting nonlinear programming to be solved is small, even for large systems, since only the most effective controls are considered and the number of constraints is limited. The innovation consists of meeting a security target without the full use of some of the available resources. The proposed formulation preserves the most sensitive and the least available controls for future use in case of further emergencies, even after the occurrence of certain contingencies. The potential of use of the proposed process is evaluated in the real time operation environment. The objective was to develop an algorithm capable of identifying appropriate preventive control actions that can be quickly implemented.
Doutorado
Energia Eletrica
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
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Lindblad, Oscar, and Erik Gustafsson. "Hur viktig är VDn’s bakgrund egentligen? : En studie om hur utbildning och tidigare erfarenhet hos ett företags VD påverkar dess framgång." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-28382.
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Purpose: The study aims to examine how education and previous industry experience with a company's Chief Executive Officer (CEO), affect a company's success in the staffing industry. Method: The study uses method triangulation , a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods . The study has a quantitative approach to the cross-sectional design. The choice of combining several study designs are made to create a greater understanding of the research topic. Results & Conclusion: The findings determines whether the study's hypotheses are confirmed or dismissed. Hypothesis 1.1: A higher level of education increases the likelihood of successful entrepreneurship. The hypothesis can neither be confirmed nor dismissed. Hypothesis 1.2: A higher level of education does not increase the likelihood of successful entrepreneurship. The hypothesis can neither be confirmed nor dismissed. Hypothesis 2.1: Previous experience in the sector increases the likelihood of successful entrepreneurship. The hypothesis can neither be confirmed nor dismissed. Hypothesis 2.2: Previous experience in the industry will not increase the likelihood of successful entrepreneurship. The hypothesis can neither be confirmed nor dismissed. Suggestions for future research: It would be interesting to do the study on a larger scale, with more number of respondents would study demonstrate clearer connection. Further research could also involve more factors for business success in order to get a broader view on the definition of success. Another interesting approach for future research might be to explore how the distinction between different fields look like, instead of only one industry in this study. Other industries. It would be interesting to do a similar study on a completely different industry or small business to see what the result is then.
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Boulon, Olivier. "Étude expérimentale de la cavitation de tourbillon marginal : effets instationnaires, de germes et de confinement." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0050.
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Ce travail est consacre a l'etude de la cavitation de tourbillon marginal qui dans les ecoulements se developpe a l'extremite des plans porteurs d'envergure limitee. Les travaux ont ete menes dans le tunnel hydrodynamique du legi, sur une aile portante de forme en plan elliptique, configuration plus simple et mieux adaptee a une etude a caractere fondamental qu'une helice ou qu'une pale de pompe, ou la cavitation apparait le plus souvent. L'etude que nous avons realisee s'est deroulee en trois etapes. La premiere etape (partie i) concerne la description de l'ensemble des moyens experimentaux dont nous disposons pour mener les etudes sur la cavitation de tourbillon marginal. Les resultats obtenus lors d'une premiere campagne de mesure par anemometrie laser sont ensuite presentes et discutes. La deuxieme et la troisieme etape du travail se sont articulees autour de l'analyse de deux configurations experimentales differentes presentees respectivement dans les parties ii et iii. La partie ii relate l'etude de la cavitation de tourbillon marginal en mode instationnaire. Elle traite des conditions critiques d'apparition et de disparition de la cavitation en regime non permanent provoque par l'oscillation de l'aile et de l'importance de la qualite de l'eau dans de tels ecoulements. Les moyens d'investigation sont bases sur differentes techniques de visualisation telles que la video, la cinematographie rapide, et la photographie. La partie iii traite de l'effet de confinement de l'extremite de l'aile et de ses consequences vis a vis de la cavitation de tourbillon marginal. L'etude montre l'importance de la proximite de la paroi quant aux conditions d'apparition de la cavitation dans le tourbillon. Une campagne de mesure de la vitesse tangentielle dans le tourbillon est menee par anemometrie laser dans les differentes configurations ; elle est realisee conjointement a une campagne photographique qui montre l'effet du confinement sur les structures cavitantes
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Gonzalez-Velez, Enrique. "Safety Evaluation of Roadway Lighting Illuminance Levels and its Relationship with Nighttime Crash Injury Severity for West Central Florida Region." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3122.
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The main role of roadway lighting is to produce quick, accurate and comfortable visibility during nighttime conditions. It is commonly known that good lighting levels enable motorists, pedestrians and bicyclists to obtain necessary visual information in an effective and efficient manner. Many previous studies also proved that roadway lighting minimizes the likelihood of crashes by providing better visibility for roadway users.
Appropriate and adequate roadway lighting illuminance levels for each roadway classification and pedestrian areas are essential to provide safe and comfortable usage. These levels are usually provided by national, or local standards and guidelines. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Plan Preparation Manual recommends a roadway lighting illuminance level average standard of 1.0 horizontal foot candle (fc) for all the roadway segments used in this research. The FDOT Plan Preparation Manual also states that this value should be considered standard, but should be increased if necessary to maintain an acceptable uniformity illuminance ratio.
This study aimed to find the relationship between nighttime crash injury severity and roadway lighting illuminance. To accomplish this, the research team analyzed crash data and roadway lighting illuminance measured in roadway segments within the West Central Florida Region. An Ordered Probit Model was developed to understand the relationship between roadway lighting illuminance levels and crash injury severity. Additionally, a Negative Binomial Model was used to determine which roadway lighting illuminance levels can be more beneficial in reducing the counts of crashes resulting in injuries.
A comprehensive literature review was conducted using longitudinal studies with and without roadway lighting. Results showed that on the same roadways there was a significant decrease in the number of nighttime crashes with the presence of roadway lighting. In this research, roadway lighting illuminance was measured every 40 feet using an Advanced Lighting Measurement System (ALMS) on a total of 245 centerline miles of roadway segments within the West Central Florida Region. The data were mapped and then analyzed using the existing mile post.
During the process of crash data analysis, it was observed that rear-end collisions were the most common first harmful event observed in all crashes, regardless of the lighting conditions. Meanwhile, the average injury severity for all crashes, was found to be possible injury regardless of the lighting conditions (day, dark, dusk, and dawn).
Finally, this research presented an Ordered Probit Model, developed to understand the existing relationship between roadway lighting illuminance levels and injury severity within the West Central Florida Region. It was observed that having a roadway lighting average moving illuminance range between 0.4 to 0.6 foot candles (fc) was more likely to have a positive effect in reducing the probability of injury severity during a nighttime crash. A Negative Binomial Model was conducted to determine if the roadway lighting average moving illuminance level, found on the Ordered Probit Model was beneficial in reducing crash injury severity during nighttime, would also be beneficial in reducing the counts of crashes resulting in injuries. It was observed that a roadway lighting average moving illuminance, range between 0.4 to 0.6 fc, was more likely to reduce the count of crashes resulting in injuries during nighttime conditions, thus increasing roadway safety. It was also observed that other factors such as pavement condition, site location (intersection or no intersection), number of lanes, and traffic volume can affect the severity and counts of nighttime crashes.
The results of this study suggest that simply adding more roadway lighting does not make the roadway safer. The fact is that a reduction in the amount of roadway lighting illuminance can produce savings in energy consumption and help the environment by reducing light pollution. Moreover, these results show that designing roadway lighting systems go beyond the initial design process, it also requires continuous maintenance. Furthermore, regulations for new developments and the introduction of additional lighting sources near roadway facilities (that are not created with the intent of being used for roadway users) need to be created.
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Lami, Paul-André. "Étude expérimentale de la cavitation de tourbillon marginal en régimes permanent et non-permanent." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0032.
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Le present memoire est consacre a l'etude experimentale en tunnel hydrodynamique du phenomene de cavitation de tourbillon marginal se developpant au bout d'un plan porteur d'envergure limitee, de forme en plan elliptique et de section droite de type naca 16020. Le memoire se decompose en deux parties. La premiere traite de la cavitation en regime permanent et la deuxieme rend compte du regime non-permanent. En regime permanent, on etudie la cinematique du tourbillon en ecoulement non cavitant en effectuant des mesures de champs de vitesses tangentielles et axiales par anemometrie laser doppler. Les conditions de naissance et de developpement de la cavitation au cur du tourbillon marginal sont etudiees. On analyse egalement l'influence d'autres types de cavitation la cavitation par poche de bord d'attaque et de bord de fuite sur la cavitation de tourbillon marginal. On effectue une campagne de visualisation de la couche limite sur le plan porteur par injection de colorant au voisinage du point d'arret. Ces visualisations permettent de connaitre les differents etats de la couche limite (couche limite laminaire couche limite turbulente) en fonction de l'incidence du profil. De plus, on montre que la zone de transition ecoulement laminaire ecoulement turbulent se propage du bout du plan porteur en direction de l'emplanture de celui-ci. En regime non-permanent, on s'attache a decrire l'influence d'une mise en oscillation du plan porteur autour d'une incidence moyenne avec une amplitude et une frequence d'oscillation donnees sur la cavitation de tourbillon marginal. Cette etude permet de mettre en evidence une influence tres sensible de la qualite de l'eau (valeur de la concentration en germes dits actifs au sein de l'ecoulement) sur l'apparition de la cavitation de tourbillon marginal, contrairement au cas de l'ecoulement en regime permanent
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Yorgure, Christian Sampson. "Assessing the Significance of Modularizing Contract Manufacturing Organizations." ScholarWorks, 2015. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1513.
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Organizations are under constant threat from global competition, socioeconomic factors,
and political forces that are often unforeseen and dynamic. Consequently, decision
makers adopt strategies, some including the principles of modularity, as a
countermeasure. The problem addressed in this study was the lack of knowledge about
the significance of modularizing contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs). The
purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to assess the significance of modularizing
CMOs by statistically analyzing capacity utilization, efficiency, and profit margin
between modular and nonmodular departments in a focal CMO. This study was grounded
in the theory of modularity and the research question addressed what might be the
significant value of implementing organizational modularity. The hypotheses posited that
a significant difference exists in these metrics between the modular and nonmodular
departments of the focal company. ANCOVA was applied to the hypotheses using
secondary data of complete job orders undertaken at a company from 2008 to 2013. The
results indicated significant differences in capacity utilization, efficiency, and profit
margin between modular and nonmodular departments after controlling for differences
based on overhead cost or lead-time. Decision makers in manufacturing companies,
particularly those in CMOs, may benefit from these findings because they provide
answers to questions on the value of modularizing CMOs. The social change implications
of this study are based on companies gaining knowledge to improve productivity,
manufacture more affordable goods, and provide more skilled employment opportunities.
As a result, more people leave poverty and experience an improved quality of life.
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Mihoubi, Abdelhafid. "Imagerie sismique de la structure profonde de la marge Algérienne orientale (secteur de Jijel) : implications en terme de potentiel pétrolier." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0037/document.
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Cette thèse a été conduite dans le cadre du programme de coopération de recherche Algéro-française SPIRAL (Sismique Profonde et Investigations Régionales du Nord de l’Algérie). Ce projet vise à étudier la structure profonde de la marge algérienne par une approche combinée des techniques sismiques ; grand-angle et multi-canal. Le domaine couvert par la présente étude se concentre dans la région de Jijel dans la marge algérienne orientale. L’objectif principal de notre thèse est d'améliorer en profondeur l'imagerie de la marge algérienne en utilisant une combinaison de données sismiques grand-angle (OBS, sismomètres de fond de l'océan) et multi-canal (MCS). Le but de cette thèse est d'apporter de nouvelles connaissances pour répondre à quelques questions sur la nature de la croûte terrestre, la zone de transition continentale-océanique, la présence du sel messénien, sa distribution et sa relation entre les formations sédimentaires superficielles et les structures crustales. Dans cette étude, notre approche est une inversion jointe des enregistrements grand-angle et des données sismiques multi-canal. Nous avons conduit une série de tomographie des premières arrivées, une inversion jointe des arrivées réfractées et réfléchies ainsi qu’une modélisation gravimétrique. Etant donné que la solution du problème inverse n’est pas unique, deux programmes de tomographie ont été utilisés sur les mêmes données pour la même région d’étude à savoir : FAST (First Arrival Seismic Tomography) et Tomo2D. La tomographie a été suivie par une inversion jointe des arrivées réfractées et réfléchies suivant une approche basée sur la combinaison de la migration en profondeur « Kirchhoff » avant sommation (PSDM) des données de sismique réflexion multi-canal (MCS) et la modélisation directe des enregistrements grand-angle sur le fonds marin (OBS). Afin de vérifier la consistance du modèle de la vitesse avec les données gravimétriques, l’anomalie à l'air libre a été modélisée. Les résultats de l’imagerie conduite dans ce travail montrent la structure de la marge, la croûte continentale, la zone de transition continent-océan et la croûte océanique de la Méditerranée. La structure du modèle confirme les études antérieures basées sur des données bathymétriques, gravimétriques et magnétiques. Cette structure montre essentiellement : - un plateau continental étroit et pente continentale une très raide.- l’Expulsion du sel vers le nord impliquant la formation de diapirs au-dessus du flanc nord du bassin (plaine abyssale).- L’approfondissement et l’épaississement des séquences sédimentaires (bassin sédimentaire) près de la marge algérienne. Le modèle de vitesses obtenu et l’épaisseur des différentes unités structurales formant ce modèle apportent des arguments quantitatifs pour enrichir la connaissance de cette partie de la Méditerranée occidentale. Les couches sédimentaires dans le bassin montrent des vitesses sismiques allant de 1,9 km / s à 3,8 km / s. Les formations messéniennes ont été modélisées en utilisant une vitesse située entre 3,7 km / s à 3,8 km / s. La croûte continentale s’amincit sur une bande étroite de la marge dont la distance est d'environ 15 km. La vitesse de la croûte océanique dans cette région présente deux couches distinctes : l’une caractérisée par des vitesses variant de 4,7 km / s à 6.1 et l’autre de 6.2 à 7.1 km / s. La vitesse du manteau supérieur quant à elle a été modélisée par 7,9 km / sThis thesis has been conducted within the framework of the Algerian-French research cooperation program SPIRAL (Sismique Profonde et Investigations Régionales du Nord de l’Algérie). This project aims to study the deep structure of the Algerian margin. The area covered by this study focuses in the region of Jijel in eastern Algerian margin.The main objective of our thesis is to improve depth imaging of the Algerian margin using a combined approach of seismic techniques; wide-angle and multi- channel seismic data. The purpose of this thesis is to bring new knowledge to answer some questions about the nature of the crust, the area of continental -oceanic transition, the presence of Messinian salt, its distribution and relationship between surface sedimentary formations and crustal structures.This study presents the results of a deep seismic survey across the north Algerian margin, based on the combination of 2D multi-channel and wide-angle seismic data simultaneously recorded by 41 ocean bottom seismometers deployed along a North-South line extending 180 km off Jijel into the Algerian offshore basin, and 25 land stations deployed along a 100 km-long line, cutting through the Lesser Kabylia and the Tellian thrust-belt.In this study, our approach is a joint inversion of wide-angle seismic recordings (OBS, ocean bottom seismometers) and multi- channel seismic data (MCS). We conducted a series of first arrivals tomography, a joint inversion of reflected and refracted arrivals and gravity modelling. Since the solution of the inverse problem is not unique, two tomography programs were applied using the same data for the same study area; FAST (First Arrival Seismic Tomography) and Tomo2D. Tomography was followed by a joint inversion of reflected and refracted arrivals following an approach based on the combination of Kirchhoff prestack depth migration (PSDM) for MCS data and forward modelling of OBS. To check the consistency of the velocity model with gravity data, the free air anomaly was modeled.The final model obtained using forward modelling of the wide-angle data and pre-stack depth migration of the seismic reflection data provides an unprecedented view of the sedimentary and crustal structure of the margin. The sedimentary layers in the Algerian basin are 3.75 km thick to the north and up to 4.5 to 5 km thick at the foot of the margin. They are characterised by seismic velocities from 1.9 km/s to 3.8 km/s. Messinian salt formations are about 1 km thick in the study area, and are modelled and imaged using a velocity between 3.7 km/s to 3.8 km/s. The crust in the deep sea basin is about 4.5 km thick and of oceanic origin, presenting two distinct layers with a high gradient upper crust (4.7 km/s - 6.1 km) and a low gradient lower crust (6.2 km/s - 7.1 km/s). The upper mantle velocity is constrained to 7.9 km/s. The ocean-continent transition zone is very narrow between 15 km to 20 km wide. The continental crust reaches 25 km thickness as imaged from the most landward station and thins to 5 km over a less than 70 km distance. The continental crust presents steep and asymmetric upper and lower crustal geometry, possibly due to either asymmetric rifting of the margin, an underplated body, or flow of lower crustal material towards the ocean basin. Present-time deformation, as imaged from 3 additional seismic profiles, is characterized by an interplay of gravity-driven mobile-salt creep and active thrusting at the foot of the tectonically inverted Algerian margin
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Krmela, Luděk. "Aerodyanmický návrh a výpočet kluzáku "Twin Shark"." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229321.
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The thesis contains determination of real aerodynamics characteristics of PW09-135 flap airfoil with help of calibration method via CFD, followed by accomplishment of CFD analysis of parts and the whole Twin Shark glider. Detailed research and optimization was made to flow field quality of fuselage and wing fuselage junction. On the basis of CFD solution was determine a stability control, static margin and angle of attack of a horizontal stabilizer. The thesis concludes an evaluation of results applicability in praxis.
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Vitoratto, Felipe Augusto. "Margens de contribuição, gastos e lucro na cadeira de distribuição domiciliar de gás liquefeito de petróleo (Gás LP): um estudo de caso do lucro na cadeia de distribuição de Gás LP domicilar no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/5588.
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Previous issue date: 2009-05-25T00:00:00ZThe present dissertation is a case study that aims to map the contribution margin, expenses and profits on the distribution chain of domestic LP Gas in Brazil. The study focus on the mapping ofthe value chain starting at one ofthe 21 distributors ofLP Gas and their retails in a specific sales area. For the fixed costs and expenses mapping ofthe distributor and their retails the Activiy Based Costs -ABC were used. For the profit map the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization -Ebitda were used. After the mapping the maio variables that explain the Ebitda ofthe distributor and their retails were identified. Furthermore, to identify the variables two regressions were made to explain the unitary profit (R$/cylinders) ofthe distributor and their more than 500 retails in a specific sales area. The results show an estimate of how the contribution margin, expenses and profits in the distribution chain of the domestic LP Gas in Brazil were divided between the distributors and retail in the year of 2007. Moreover, the variables that impact in the Ebitda formation were explained for the distributor and the retails in the case study. Furthermore, the dissertation discusses the potential of the profit pool map in the value chain during the text and conclusion.
A dissertação é um estudo de caso que tem como objetivo mapear a margem de contribuição, gastos e lucros na cadeia de distribuição do gás de cozinhas no Brasil. O trabalho focaliza o mapeamento da cadeia de valor a partir de uma das 21 distribuidoras de Gás LP e suas revendas em uma de suas áreas de atuação. Para o mapeamento dos custos e despesas fixos da distribuidora e de seus revendores foi utilizado o custeio baseado em atividade - ABC. Para o mapeamento do lucro foi utilizado o lucro antes dos juros, impostos, depreciação e amortização - Ebitda. Após o mapeamento buscou-se identificar as principais variáveis que explicam a atual configuração Ebitda da distribuidora e de suas revendas. Para isso foram geradas regressões de dados para entender o lucro unitário (reais por botijão de gás) da distribuidora e de suas mais de 500 revendas em uma das áreas de atuação. O resultado mostra uma estimativa de como a margem de contribuição, gastos e lucros na cadeia de distribuição do gás de cozinha no Brasil para o ano de 2007 se dividem entre as distribuidoras e revendedores de Gás LP domiciliar em termos percentual e unitário. Também foram explicadas quais as variáveis que mais impactam no Ebitda da distribuidora e revendas do estudo de caso. Por fim, o trabalho discute o potencial da metodologia de análise de mapeamento através do profit pool na cadeia de valor da indústria ao longo do texto e na conclusão do trabalho.
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Deniset, François. "Modélisation numérique des conditions d'apparition de la cavitation de tourbillon marginal sur une aile-3D : effet de confinement." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0070.
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Ces travaux de recherche sont consacres a la modelisation numerique de l'ecoulement tridimensionnel stationnaire autour d'une aile d'envergure finie et de forme en plan elliptique. L'analyse du mecanisme d'enroulement tourbillonnaire qui prend naissance en extremite d'aile, ainsi que l'effet d'une paroi de confinement sur le declenchement et l'evolution du tourbillon marginal, sont plus particulierement etudies. Cela doit permettre, a terme, une meilleure comprehension de l'influence du carenage entourant certaines helices marines sur les conditions d'apparition de la cavitation. Le but de cette etude est donc de disposer d'un outil numerique de prediction de la cavitation de tourbillon marginal sur les derives de sous-marins et les helices marines. La premiere partie est consacree a l'approche realisee par la methode potentielle. La methode integrale aux frontieres, utilisee dans le cadre de la theorie du fluide parfait, est mise en uvre autour de l'aile consideree, placee dans une veine en charge de section rectangulaire. Apres avoir ete valide a l'aide de nombreuses comparaisons entre resultats numeriques et mesures experimentales, le code singularites developpe est utilise de maniere intensive et permet une etude approfondie du mecanisme d'enroulement tourbillonnaire. Dans la seconde partie est exposee l'approche menee a l'aide du logiciel fluent, le code de mecanique des fluides et de transferts thermiques le plus repandu dans le monde. La prise en compte de la viscosite lors de la resolution permet de determiner la pression au cur du tourbillon marginal et donc d'estimer le parametre d'apparition de la cavitation
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Sartori, Eloi. "Instrumentos para monitoramento da gestão econômica de preços dinâmicos: uma contribuição para o aumento da competitividade das empresas comerciais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18140/tde-02102015-110008/.
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Cada vez mais, a competividade fortalece a filosofia de administração empresarial baseada na orientação para o cliente e para o lucro. A busca de novas formas de relacionamento com os clientes requer instrumentos que possam personalizar inclusive os preços que compõem a equação de valor de cada um. O que temos visto, na prática, são ações que não consideram a dinâmica das forças do mercado, representada pelas curvas de oferta e demanda, e por isso expõem a organização ao risco de propor um processo de troca que não atenda ao preceito de que deve beneficiar tanto o vendedor quanto o comprador, como fator mais importante para a manutenção de um relacinamento de longo prazo. Os instrumentos apresentados como equações matemamáticas, pretendem viabilizar a adoção de forma monitorada com os objetos da gestão econômica. Como benefício complementar, os intrumentos por requererem regras claras, objetivas e bem delimitadas para os processos de negociação, permitem compartilhar de maneira justa, a responsabilidade sobre o atingimento dos resultados através de transações comerciais.Competitiveness fortifies the entrepreneurial management philosophy that prioritizes more and more, customers and profit. The search for new relationship between companies and customers requires appropriate tools to even, embody the prices that composes the equation of value. We have noticed according to the procedures, actions disrespecting the dynamic of market forces, represented by supply and demand curves and, as a consequence, the companies can be involved in a trading process that can not serve neither the seller nor the buyer, damaging the relationship in the long run. The algorithms presented as mathematical equation aim at enabling the approval of the dynamic prices in trading processes to support their own flexibility in a controlled way that is connected to the goals of the economic management. As a complementary benefit, the algorithms require clear, delimitative and objective rules for the dealing processes and make possible sharing in a fair way, the responsability for the achievement of the results through the trading negotiations.
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Fayez, Gabriel, and Kalle Modin. "Rörlig ersättning till VD : Hur påverkar det företagets lönsamhet?" Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16554.
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Background: It is today common for companies to provide some sort of incentive for CEO's and senior management positions to motivate, retain and benefit employees within a company. This is in order to drive the goals of the CEO and management in the direction that is desired by the owner. Currently, the Swedish centre-right government has forbidden the use of such variable pay within state-owned companies. There are two different attitudes to variable pay, one that is in favour and one that rejects it. However most people agree on the fact that a well-functioning incentive scheme can be of great strategic importance for a company. Approach: has variable pay to CEO's had any effect on the company's profitability. Aim: the aim of the study is to compare companies who use variable pay to CEO's with companies that do not in relation to their profitability in terms of profit margins, yearly performance, returns on total capital and returns on equity. Method: the study uses a quantitative approach. The statistical methods that are used to answer the research question are linear and logistic regression analyses of 51 publicly owned companies in Sweden. The statistical analyses utilises an existing database (Affärsdata) which has information based on the companies’ annual report. Due to the fact that the database lacked information concerning incentive schemes, this information was retrieved manually from the company websites (annual financial reports). The research approach is deductive as we have used a range of theories which we thereafter test through our empirical analysis. Results: The results for the linear regressions show that variable pay to CEO has little or no connection to the degree of the company’s profitability. The logistic regressions show a positive significant relationship between variable pay and the company’s odds of being profitable or not. Conclusion: The study shows that variable pay to the CEO is unlikely to have a big impact on the degree of profit or loss for a company. It does however show that variable pay to the CEO is of importance in terms of whether the company makes a profit or not.Bakgrund: Det är idag vanligt att företag använder sig av någon typ av incitament till VD och ledande befattningshavare. Syftet är att motivera, behålla och gynna anställda inom ett företag. Detta för att kunna styra VD och ledningens mål i den riktning ägaren önskar. I dagsläget har den borgerliga regeringen i Sverige beslutat om att bruket av rörlig ersättning inom statligt ägda företag är förbjudet. Uppfattningar kring företags tillämpande av rörlig ersättning skiljer sig från de som helt förkastar användandet till de som fullt ut förespråkar dem. Däremot är de flesta överens om att ett fungerande incitamentsprogram kan vara av stor strategisk betydelse för ett företag. Problemformulering: Har rörlig ersättning till VD någon effekt på företagets lönsamhet? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att jämföra företag som använder sig av rörlig ersättning till VD med företag som inte gör det med avseende på deras lönsamhet i form av vinstmarginal, årets resultat, avkastning på totalt kapital och avkastning på eget kapital. Metod: Studien har en kvantitativ ansats. De statistiska metoder som används för att besvara forskningsfrågan är linjär och logistisk regressionsanalys av 51 publika aktiebolag i Sverige. De statistiska analyserna grundar sig på en existerande databas (Affärsdata) som tillhandahåller information om företagens årsredovisningar. Då databasen saknade information kring incitamentsprogram hämtades denna information in manuellt via de studerade företagens hemsidor (årsredovisningar). Ansatsen är deduktiv då vi valt att utgå från en uppsättning teorier som vi därefter prövar med hjälp av våra empiriska analyser. Resultat: Resultaten för de linjära regressionerna visar att rörlig ersättning till VD har en obetydlig koppling till företagets grad av lönsamhet eller förlust. De logistiska regressionsanalyserna visade emellertid att rörlig ersättning till VD har betydelse för huruvida företaget går i vinst eller förlust. Slutsats: Studien visar att rörlig ersättning till VD troligtvis inte har en så stor betydelse för graden av vinst eller förlust för ett företag, men däremot för huruvida företaget går med vinst eller inte.
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Maelum, Albin, and Linus Wallinder. "Sambandet mellan hållbarhetsarbete och lönsamhet : En studie om sambandet mellan noterade företags hållbarhetsarbete och lönsamhet." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23638.
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Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns något sammanband mellan hållbarhetsarbete och lönsamheten hos de företag som är noterade på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. Metod: För att uppnå syftet med studien har en kvantitativ metod använts. En tvärsnittsdesign har varit grunden för de statistiska undersökningarna. Den empiriska data som har samlats in är av sekundär art där hållbarhetsarbetet har operationaliserats med hjälp av Folksam index för året 2013. Måtten på företagens lönsamhet består av nyckeltalen avkastning på eget kapital, avkastning på sysselsatt kapital och vinstmarginal. Dessa mått är inhämtade från företagens årsredovisningar från räkenskapsåret 2015. Vidare har den insamlade data analyserats med hjälp av deskriptiv statistik, Pearsons korrelationstest och linjära regressioner. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar hur ett positivt samband finns mellan samtliga nyckeltal som berör den finansiella lönsamheten i företagen och dess redovisade hållbarhetsdata. Avkastningen på eget kapital har ett svagt positivt samband med en signifikansnivå på 0,05. Avkastning på sysselsatt kapital har ett svagt positivt samband där signifikansnivån 0,1 analyserades. Vinstmarginalen har det starkaste sambandet med en förklaringsgrad på 52,1 procent och en signifikansnivå på 0,01. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett förslag till vidare forskning är att göra en studie under en längre period, men även att jämföra hållbarhetsarbete inom Europa. Den nya lagen som träder i kraft under 2017 är även en intressant ståndpunkt. Detta för att se hur det kan påverka sambandet mellan hållbarhetsarbete och lönsamhet. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna studies praktiska bidrag visar hur sambandet mellan noterade företag hållbarhetsarbete och lönsamhet ser ut. År 2013 var de ungefär 226 företag som redovisade sitt hållbarhetsarbete vilket även utformar studiens population. Det teoretiska bidraget i denna studie är att se vilket samband hållbarhetsarbete och lönsamhet verkligen har och studien berör tre olika mått på företagens finansiella prestation. Samt om det förekom ett positivt, negativt eller neutralt samband mellan den beroende och oberoende variabeln.Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a relationship between sustainability performance and profitability of the companies listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. Method: In order to achieve the aim of the study a quantitative method used. A cross-sectional design has been the basis of the analyses. The empirical data that have been collected from the secondary nature in which sustainability work has been operationalized with the help of Folksam Index for the year 2013. The dimensions of financial performance consist the keywords, return on equity, return on capital employed and profit margin. These measurements are obtained from annual reports from the year of 2015. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test and linear regressions. Results & Conclusions: Our results demonstrate how a positive correlation exists between all the key figures relating to the financial profitability of businesses and its reported sustainability data. Return on equity has a weak positive correlation with a significance level of 0.05. After the analyze return on capital employed has a weak positive correlation with significance level of 0.1. The profit margin has the strongest relationship with an explanation rate of 52.1 percent and a significant correlation at a significance level of 0.01. Suggestions for future research: A proposal for further research is to make a study for a longer period, but also to compare the different European countries CSR. The new law that takes effect in 2017 is also an interesting position to see how it affects the relationship between CSR and corporate profitability during a specific timeline. Contribution of the thesis: This study practical contribution shows how the relationship between listed companies' sustainability performance and profitability looks. In 2013 it was approximately 226 companies that reported its sustainability work and these companies are the population in this study. The theoretical contribution of this study was to see what connection work on sustainability and profitability, indeed, and the study involves three different measures of corporate financial performances. If there was a positive, negative or neutral relationship between the dependent and independent variable.
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Zhang, Hongyi. "THE IMPACT OF FOOD RECALL ON THIRD-PARTY CERTIFICATION ADOPTION." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/43.
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Food safety problems have gained national attention, and food recall is one of the most important indications of this concern. Third-party certifications have become a popular way to improve the safety and quality of products for consumers. Publications related to third-party certification usually focus on the motives and benefits of a particular certification. However, to date, no existing research investigates the effects of food recalls on certification adoption.
This study uses Probit models with a binary endogenous explanatory variable to examine the relationship between food recalls and third-party certification, based on recalls occurring between January 1, 2015 and February 18, 2016. Marginal effects are used to interpret the impact of recalls and companies’ annual net sales on third-party certification adoption. Results reveal that past recalls significantly affect a firm’s likelihood of certification adoption.
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Zatloukalová, Nikola. "Podnikatelský plán založení čerpací stanice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224784.
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The main goal of this thesis is to create business plan for the establishment of the petrol station operating as BENZINA franchise. Entrepreneurship, requirements of the business plan, franchising and definition of used analysis are described in the theoretical part. Necessary analyses are performed in the analytical part. Suggested business plan and schedule of its implementation are described in the last part of this thesis.
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Fransson, Carita. "Finansiell risk och lönsamhet i Svenska fastighetsbolag under 2008." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Business and Economic Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-7009.
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Syfte: Studiens syfte är att analysera och undersöka om det finns något samband mellan den finansiella risken och lönsamheten. Det övergripande syftet är att se om valet av finansiell risk fungerar som finansieringsstrategi i verkligheten.
Metod: Studien bygger på den deduktiva ansatsen där teorier kommer att testas och analyseras mot empiriska data tagna från årsredovisningar. Den kvantitativa metoden används då data från 305 stycken årsredovisningar ska användas för att finna om det finns samband och variation mellan finansiell risk och lönsamhet definierad som vinstmarginal, Rt och Re. Årsredovisningarna utgörs av sekundärdata som samlats in från databasen Retriever. De statistiska metoder som används är bland annat medelvärde, standardavvikelse, regressions- och korrelationsanalys, hypotesprövning och t-test.
Resultat och slutsats: Såväl korrelation- och regressionsanalys som hypotesprövning och t-test visar att det finns samband mellan finansiell risk och lönsamhet definierad som Re. Studien visar även att det finns inget samband mellan finansiell risk och lönsamhet definierad som vinstmarginal eller Rt. Valet av finansiell risk fungerar alltså som finansieringsstrategi i verkligheten om lönsamheten är definierad som Re.
Uppsatsens bidrag: Resultaten påvisade att det finns samband mellan finansiell risk och Re precis som teorin förespråkar.
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Černá, Petra. "Hodnocení ekonomické situace zvolené korporace a návrh na její zlepšení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402145.
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The object of this master´s thesis is to analyse economic situation in the company Lékárna s. r. o. by used methods. The external and internal structure is gradually analyzed. Furter, Kralick´s Quick Test is performed. The result of the thesis is the identification of suggestions and recommendations for improvement of the state.
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Hetmánková, Gabriela. "Návrh podnikového finančního plánu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241217.
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This diploma thesis aims to create a draft of a Corporate Financial Plan for a chosen company. It describes the procedure of analysis making, which precedes the financial plan, it explains necessary calculations which are vital for the plan creation and evaluation of both possible variants from the financial point of view.
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Turk, Ana. "Warranty claims analysis for household appliances produced by ASKO Appliances AB." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statistik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-96955.
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The input collected from warranty claims data links customer feedback with product quality. Results from warranty claim analysis can potentially improve product quality, customer relationships and positively affect business. However working on warranty claims data holds many challenges that requires a significant share of time devoted to data cleaning and data processing. The purpose of warranty claims analysis is to get the comprehensive overview of the reliability, costs and quality of household appliances produced by ASKO. While there are different ways to approach this problem, we will focus on non-parametric and semi-parametric methods, by using Kaplan-Meier estimators and Cox proportional hazard model respectively. These kinds of models are time dependent and therefore used for prediction of household appliance reliability. Even though non-parametric models are quite informative they cannot handle additional characteristics about observable product hence the semi-parametric Cox proportional hazard model was proposed. Apart from the reliability analysis, we will also predict warranty costs with probit model and observe inequality in household appliances part failures as a part of quality control analysis. Described methods were selected due to the fact that the warranty claims analysis will be practiced in future by ASKO’s quality department and therefore straight forward methods with very informative results are needed.
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Leprêtre, Angélique. "Contraintes par imagerie sismique pénétrante sur l'évolution d'une marge Cénozoïque réactivée en compression (cas de la marge algérienne, secteur de Tipaza)." Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0079/document.
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L'inversion des marges passives apparaît comme le premier stade vers l'initiation de nouvelles zones de subduction. Cette étape cruciale dans la tectonique des plaques soulève néanmoins encore de nombreuses questions. L'étude des marges actuellement réactivées en compression apparaît ainsi comme essentielle pour mieux comprendre ce processus. Ces marges sont peu nombreuses, situées dans des contextes géodynamiques variés, et les facteurs déterminant leur évolution mal contraints. Située au nord de l'Afrique, la marge algérienne fait partie de ces rares exemples potentiels à travers le monde. L'évolution de cette marge formée au Miocène en contexte d'arrière-arc s'intègre dans le puzzle complexe de l'histoire de la Méditerranée occidentale. Elle est depuis quelques millions d'années réactivée en compression dans le cadre de la convergence lente entre les plaques européenne et africaine, générant un potentiel sismogène fort au nord de l'Algérie. La relative jeunesse du bassin algérien, la charge sédimentaire, les forces aux limites compressives, constituent des conditions favorables à la formation d'une future subduction. A la suite des travaux menés depuis une dizaine d'années, les principales lacunes de connaissances identifiées portent sur (1) la structuration profonde du bassin algérien et de sa marge sud (type de marge, nature du socle,dimension et nature de la transition océan-continent, style et distribution de la déformation compressive), et (2) l'histoire de l'évolution cinématique et géodynamique du bassin, ce qui limite à l'heure actuelle une analyse approfondie des modalités d'inversion de cette marge. L'étude menée se focalise sur la marge centre-algérienne, dans le secteur de Tipaza (à l'ouest d'Alger), un endroit clé pour la compréhension des mécanismes d'ouverture du bassin algérien. Le traitement et l'analyse de nouvelles données de sismique profonde grand-angle et multitraces acquises dans le cadre du projet franco-algérien SPIRAL (Sismique Profonde et Investigations Régionales en Algérie, 2009) ont notamment permis de déterminer la structure crustale du bassin algérien et de sa marge sud, ainsi que la structuration pseudo-3D d'une structure spécifique au secteur d'étude constituée par le haut topographique sous-marin de Khayr-al-Din. L'analyse de la structure profonde de la marge indique un certain nombre de structures héritées de son évolution complexe : (1) une croûte de nature continentale de plus de 15 km d'épaisseur sur le haut de marge (banc de Khayr-al-Din), (2)une croûte fine de nature océanique de 5-6 km d'épaisseur dans le bassin incluant des vitesses légèrement élevées à sa base (7,2 km/s - 7,3 km/s), (3) des similitudes avec des marges formées dans des contextes de déformation transformante, (4) un approfondissement progressif de l'ensemble de la pile sédimentaire et l'épaississement des sédiments Plio-Quaternaire, depuis le bassin profond distal vers le pied de marge,coïncidant avec (5) une flexuration à grande longueur d'onde du socle. Les résultats obtenus apportent de nouvelles contraintes sur (1) la géométrie et la nature de la marge et du bassin, (2) l'évolution de la marge,suggérant une histoire multiphasée comprenant un stade de rifting et/ou d'accrétion océanique, suivi d'un épisode de déformation coulissante tardive liée à la migration du bloc Alboran vers l'ouest, et d'une reprise en compression distribuée du bassin profond au haut de la marge au Plio-Quaternaire; (3) les modalités de réactivation qui se traduisent par des chevauchements aveugles néoformés à pendages sud, notamment au pied du banc de Khayr-al-Din, suggérant un soulèvement du banc de 0,2 mm/an à 0,75 mm/an au Plio-Quaternaire et un début d'écaillage crustalThe inversion of passive margins appears to be one of the first steps towards the initiation of new subduction zones. This crucial step in plate tectonics nevertheless still raises many questions. The study of margins currently reactivated by compressional tectonics is thus essential to better understand this process. These margins are uncommon, located in different geodynamic settings, and the factors determining their evolution are poorly constrained. The Algerian margin, located in North Africa, is one of handful of modern examples worldwide. The evolution of this margin, rifted during the Miocene, in a back-arc setting, is part ofthe complex puzzle of the western Mediterranean. Since a few million years, the margin has suffered inversion and compression in the framework of slow on going convergence between the European and African plates. This convergence generates moderate to strong earthquakes in North Algeria. The relatively young age of the Algerian basin, the large sediment load, and the compressive forces, constitute favorable conditions to the formation of a future subduction zone. Studies from the past ten years indicate, that themain unresolved questions are related to (1) the deep structure of the Algerian basin and its southern margin (the type of margin, the nature of the basement, the dimension and nature of the ocean-continent transition, the style and the distribution of the compressional deformation), and (2) the history of the kinematic and geodynamic evolution of the basin. All of these unknowns have prevented a complete and thorough analysis of modalities of the Algerian margin inversion. This study focuses on the Central Algerian margin, in the area of Tipaza (West of Algiers), a key region to understand the mechanism of the opening of the Algerian basin. Processing and analysis of a deep wide-angle and multichannel seismic new data set acquired in the context of the French-Algerian project SPIRAL (Sismique profonde et Investigation Régionales en Algérie, 2009)have enabled us to determine the crustal structure of the Algerian basin and its southern continental margin,as well as the pseudo-3D structure of a specific feature in the study area: the submarine topographic highformed by the Khayr-al-Din bank. The analysis of the deep structure of the margin reveals features inherited from its complex evolution: (1) a crust of continental nature of more than 15 km thick at the upper margin(Khayr-al-Din Bank), (2) a thin crust of oceanic nature, 5-6 thick in the deep basin, including slightly high velocities at its base (7.2 km/s - 7.3 km/s), (3) similarities with margins formed in context of transform deformation, (4) a progressive deepening of the whole sedimentary cover and the thickening of the Plio-Quaternary sediments, from the distal deep basin towards the margin foot, coeval with (5) a long wavelengthflexuration of the basement in the basin. Results from this study provide new constraints on (1) the geometryand nature of the margin and the basin, (2) the evolution of the margin, suggesting a multiphased history including a stage of rifting and/or oceanic spreading, a transcurrent episode due to the westward migration of the Alboran block, and a diffuse Plio-Quaternary compressional reactivation distributed from the deep basinto the upper margin; (3) the mechanisms of the reactivation marked by newly formed south-dipping blind-thrusts, especially at the foot of the Khayr-al-Din bank, and suggesting a Plio-Quaternary uplift of the bankof 0.2 mm/y to 0.75 mm/y and the early stages of imbricate thrusting of crustal scales