Journal articles on the topic 'Profit intensity'
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Nivens, Heather D., Terry L. Kastens, and Kevin C. Dhuyvetter. "Payoffs to Farm Management: How Important is Crop Marketing?" Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 34, no. 1 (April 2002): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800002236.
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AbstractIn production agriculture, good management is demonstrated by profits that are persistently greater than those of similar neighboring farms. This research examined the effects of management practices on risk-adjusted profit per acre for Kansas farms over 1990-1999. The management practices were price, cost, yield, planting intensity, and technology adoption (less-tillage). Cost management, planting intensity, and technology adoption had the greatest effect on profit per acre, and cash price management was found to have the smallest impact. If producers wish to have continuously high profits, their efforts are best spent in management practices over which they have the most control.
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Fuertes-Callén, Yolanda, and Beatriz Cuellar-Fernández. "INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FIRM GROWTH AND PROFITABILITY IN A CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC CRISIS." Journal of Business Economics and Management 20, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2019.6928.
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This paper examines the dynamics between growth and profitability in an economic crisis context by considering the endogeneity of this relationship. It also analyzes the role of innovation and export intensity in the growth-profit relationship. Using a large firm-level dataset comprising Spanish manufacturing companies during the pre-crisis (2000–2007) and the crisis (2008–2014) period, static and dynamic panel data models are estimated. The analysis suggests the following results. First, in the short term, growth has a positive impact on profits, while the effect of profits on growth depends on the measure of growth used. So, employee’s growth requires previous profit but profit does not play a major role as determinant of sales growth. Second, profit rates are found to persist in the short term. In contrast, a reversion of turnover and employees growth rates is observed. Thirdly, the moderation analysis applied shows that the strategy that has enabled firms to grow is export. Moreover, the influence of the export intensity on profitability in the economic crisis period is obtained indirectly through sales and employee’s growth. Unlike expected, innovation efforts do not moderate the relationship between profitability and firm growth.
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Xiao, Lu, Hang Zhang, and Yong Qin. "Competitive Pricing of Innovative Products with Consumers’ Social Learning." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093806.
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Consumers often face valuation uncertainty when innovative products are introduced into market, and they may update the valuation about product quality based on historical sales information over time. Based on this background, this study constructed a two-period duopoly model of innovative products and investigated the effect of consumers’ social learning on enterprises’ pricing strategies and profits. Optimal pricing decisions for competitive enterprises with and without consumers’ social learning were obtained. It was found that consumers’ social learning will intensify competition between enterprises, which will lower their prices and profits. The stronger the learning intensity of consumers, the greater the profit loss for enterprises.
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Firmansyah, Amrie, and Ahmad Sigid Febriyanto. "The Effects of Tax Avoidance, Accrual Earnings Management, Real Earnings Management, and Capital Intensity on the Cost of Equity." Jurnal Dinamika Akuntansi 10, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jda.v10i1.12976.
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This study aims to examine the effects of tax avoidance, accrual profit management, real profit management, and capital intensity on equity costs. The population of this study is a manufacturing company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange which amounted to 146 companies. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling and resulted in 420 units of analysis. This type of research is quantitative causality by performing hypothesis testing analysis is done by using multiple linear regression model. The findings of this research are tax avoidance will add to the risks that must be borne by investors thus increasing uncertainty over their investment. Investors consider that accrual profit management actions are opportunistic as risk-taking actions as well as real profit management actions. While on Capital Intensity, investors assume the information on the company’s fixed assets is not useful in making investment decisions. The conclusions that can be taken are tax avoidance, accrual profit management, and earnings management real positive to the cost of equity. However, capital intensity has a negative effect.
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Mujennah, Mujennah, Safriansyah Safriansyah, and Kevin Tanu. "Influence of Incentives and Non-Incentives Tax on Profit Management." Journal of Governance Risk Management Compliance and Sustainability 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/jgrcs.v1i2.701.
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Disclosure of financial statement information for companies in Indonesia is very important, especially for stakeholders who do not have access to company information, especially in profit management, so that stakeholders are able to make the right decisions. Profit management is a managerial activity for management in influencing and interfering with financial statements. Public companies have benefited greatly because the effective tax rate of the company will become smaller so that the company is able to manage profits. Effective tax planning methods through tax incentives and non-tax incentives can help and provide convenience for companies in their profit management. Researchers want to find out how incentive taxes and non-incentive taxes affect profit management. The first results of the study showed that two variables of projected tax incentives with tax planning and deferred tax expense, as well as one variable non-incentive tax projected through leverage, had no effect on profit management. The second results of these studies showed that two other tax incentive variables were projected with the current tax expense and the number of shares paid, and the projection of one non-incentive variable of tax through variable capital intensity ratio had an effect on profit management. Researchers found difficulties when analyzing profit management since not all companies have positive test results against profit management values; there was a company with negative profit management values. The differences between this study to other researchers were the object and variable of research.
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Uemura, Wataru. "About Profit Sharing Considering Infatuate Actions." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 13, no. 6 (November 20, 2009): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2009.p0615.
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In reinforcement learning systems based on trial-and error, the agent, that is the subject or the system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success, is rewarded when it attains the target level of learning of the learning exercise. In Profit Sharing, the reinforcement learning process is pursued for the accumulation of such rewards. In order to continue the process of reward accumulation, the agent insists upon the repetition of the particular actions that are being learned and avoids selecting other actions, making the agent less adaptable to changes in the environment. In view of the above, this paper attempts to propose the introduction of the concept of infatuation to eliminate the reluctance of the agent to adapt to new environments. If the agent is a living being, when a single particular reinforcement learning process is repeated, the stimulus the agent perceives in each of the processes gradually loses its intensity due to familiarization. However, if the agent encounters a set of rules that are different from those of the particular repeated learning process, then the agent reverts to the previous particular learning process, and the stimulus the agent receives after the said reversion recovers its intensity. The intention here is to apply the concept of assimilation infatuation to Profit Sharing, and to confirm its effects through experiments.
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Amadieu, Paul, Carole Maurel, and Jean-Laurent Viviani. "Intangibles, Export Intensity, and Company Performance in the French Wine Industry." Journal of Wine Economics 8, no. 2 (November 2013): 198–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2013.27.
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AbstractIntangible assets can play a strategic role in the implementation of differentiated strategies in foreign markets. The literature has addressed the impact of intangible assets on both exports and financial performance and the effects of exports on company financial performance (profit and risk). This article aims to analyze the effect of exports on the relationship between intangibles and company performance in the wine industry. Empirical studies show that intangibles have a positive but diminishing impact on exports. The effect of exports on financial performance differs depending on whether we consider corporations or cooperatives. While intangible expenses reduce company risk in both samples whatever the level of export intensity, the effects are different with profit. In corporations, intangible expenses have a positive impact on profit only when there is a high level of expenses and a high level of export intensity. (JEL Classifications: G32, L25, Q12, Q13)
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Lubbe, Sam, Gary Parker, and Andrew Hoard. "The Profit Impact of IT Investment." Journal of Information Technology 10, no. 1 (March 1995): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026839629501000106.
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Two models were used to study the relationships between profitability and the level of information technology (IT) among long-term life insurance companies. The first compared the computerization index (CI) with profitability ratios. The second used the operating expense ratio (profitability measure) and the IT expense ratio to measure the level of IT capital intensity. The results of the present study showed a positive correlation between the CI and the financial ratios and the most profitable firms are more likely to spend a higher proportion of their non-interest operating expenses on IT.
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Zhu, Guiju, Jialing Li, Yi Zhang, and Haiyun Liu. "Differential Game Analysis of the Green Innovation Cooperation in Supply Chain under the Background of Dual-Driving." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (April 13, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5570285.
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Taking government environmental regulation and consumer’s green preference into a unified analytical framework, this study constructed a differential game model. With the joint effect of supplier and manufacturer green innovation efforts on the dynamic change of the product’s green level, it compared and analyzed the long-term dynamic equilibrium strategies of green innovation cooperation in a supply chain under decentralized and centralized decision-making situations. Accordingly, a scientific and reasonable profit-distribution contract was then proposed. On this basis, it further carried out a numerical simulation analysis on the dual-driving effects of the government and market. The results showed that the scientific and reasonable profit-distribution contract under the centralized decision-making situation, which was designed by using the Rubinstein bargaining game model, could effectively ensure that the supply chain members’ sharing profits would realize "Dual Pareto Improvements." With the increase of the environmental regulation’s intensity, the product’s green level kept rising and tended to be stable. However, the overall equilibrium profit of the supply chain was characterized by "U" fluctuation, which first descended and then ascended. In addition, the product’s green level, the green innovation investment and equilibrium (distributed) profits of supply chain members, and the overall profits of supply chain all increased with the consumers’ green preference.
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Kaminskyi, V., and N. Asanishvili. ",. Economic efficiency of maize growing technologies of different levels of intensity." UKRAINIAN BLACK SEA REGION AGRARIAN SCIENCE 107, no. 3 (2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/2313-092x/2020-3(107)-4.
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Economic efficiency of maize growing technologies of different levels of intensity The article presents the results of research on improving the economic efficiency of technologies for growing corn of different levels of intensity in the Forest-Steppe. Taking into account the production strategy, cost-effective resource-saving, intensive and high-intensity technologies have been singled out, which provide stable yield of early-ripening maize hybrid at the level of 6.16–7.08; 7.58–8.77 and 9.87 t/ha in the Forest-Steppe conditions, respectively, with a profit of 19.03–22.07; 19.7–23.96 and 25.13 thousand UAH/ha with a profitability of 128–166; 108–121 and 104%. Keywords: corn, growing technology, intensification, resource saving, yield, grain cost, profit, profitability.
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Fukawa, Nobuyuki, Yanzhi Zhang, and Sunil Erevelles. "Dynamic Capability and Open-Source Strategy in the Age of Digital Transformation." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030175.
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Today, Industry 4.0 technologies, such as Big Data analytics and mobile technologies, are forcing firms to seek new ways to create and deliver customer value. We argue that the Android project, one of the most successful open-source digital platforms, reflects a new business model in the age of digital transformation. In the Android community, application developers create and sell applications for the Android operating system provided by the open-source firm (Google), and share the profit with Google. Such an open-source strategy forces the open-source firm to give up the profits from selling the operating system to customers. A firm generally chooses an open-source strategy to increase its user network size. Using the concept of creative intensity, or the speed of idea generation, we offer a new explanation regarding the benefits of an open-source strategy in the age of digital transformation. We investigate how to enhance creative intensity and profit on the open-source digital platform. Our model suggests that an open-source strategy effectively manages the diminishing value of ideas and, thus, facilitates the dynamic capability of an open-source firm.
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Ma, Wanglin, Alan Renwick, and Kathryn Bicknell. "Higher Intensity, Higher Profit? Empirical Evidence from Dairy Farming in New Zealand." Journal of Agricultural Economics 69, no. 3 (February 9, 2018): 739–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12261.
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Jaisinghani, Dinesh. "Impact of R&D on profitability in the pharma sector: an empirical study from India." Journal of Asia Business Studies 10, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-03-2015-0031.
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Purpose The purpose of the current paper is to examine the nature of profit persistence and to estimate the dynamic relationship between research and development (R&D) intensity and firm profitability in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Design/methodology/approach A dynamic panel data model with generalized methods of moments (GMMs) technique has been deployed to estimate the relationship between R&D intensity and performance. Arellano and Bond (1991) estimation methodology has been used to generate the estimates. A sample of 55 publicly listed firms operating in the Indian pharmaceutical industry for the period 2005-2014 has been considered. Findings The study finds moderate to heavy profit persistence in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. The study also finds that there exists a positive relationship between R&D intensity and performance for the Indian pharmaceutical Industry. The results hold even after considering two separate measures of profitability – return on assets and return on sales. The results also hint at a possible non-linear relationship between R&D intensity and profitability. Research limitations/implications The results highlight positive profit persistence among pharmaceutical firms. The results also highlight the need for a sustained investment in R&D, as its benefits are driven in the long run. Thus, managers should devise proper policies R&D investments. Also, prospective entrants should properly study the existing entry barriers before deciding upon the mode and timing of entry. Originality/value The degree of profit persistence and the dynamic nature of relationship between R&D intensity and firm performance in the Indian pharmaceutical sector has not been studied. Thus, this paper fills this gap and also highlights the impact of certain firm- and industry-specific variables on profitability.
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Reddy, M. S., and R. W. Willey. "Evaluations of Alternate Cropping Systems for Alfisols of the Indian Semi-arid Tropics." Experimental Agriculture 21, no. 3 (July 1985): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970001262x.
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SUMMARYA three-year experiment examined the possibility of increasing the cropping intensity of a medium-deep Alfisol (red soil) by using sequential, relay, ratoon or intercropping systems. It was found that a short-season mungbean (Vigna radiata) crop could be taken before the commonly-grown castor crop but that castor yields were reduced by the delayed sowing. If the castor was sown after the harvest of mungbean in a sequential system the profits were less than from a sole castor system. Relay-sowing the castor 20 days before the harvest of mungbean gave 9 $US ha−1 greater profit than sole castor, but this is probably not enough to justify the more intensive double crop system. On the other hand a reasonable yield of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) could be produced after an early pearl millet crop, giving a worthwhile extra profit of 21 $US ha−1 compared with sole pearl millet. Ratooning the sorghum gave ratoon yields that averaged only 14% of the first crop, so this system was not considered suitable for these lighter Alfisols.Intercropping systems of pearl millet/groundnut, sorghum/pigeonpea and groundnut/pigeonpea gave average yield increases of 24, 47 and 46%, respectively, compared with both component crops grown separately. Compared with growing only the higher value sole crop, increases in profits were 16, 82 and 120 $US ha−1 for the same three systems, respectively. It is concluded that intercropping systems provide the best opportunity for increasing cropping intensity on medium-deep Alfisols.
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Neogi, MG, MAH Miah, JC Biswas, AKMS Uddin, and MM Rashid. "Established Rice Ratoon for Improving Cropping Intensity and Income." Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture 25, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aba.v25i1.58153.
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Transplanted aman rice suffers from frequent flash flood damage in northern Bangladesh and thus grain yield decreases. An experiment was conducted at the RDRS Farm, Rangpur, Bangladesh to evaluate production opportunity and income generation from growing ratoon rice in between boro and aman seasons during May to July in fallow land as additional harvests. Ratoon seedlings of ACI-2 boro hybrid rice was transplanted and tested against the performance of conventional transplanted BR11 and BRRI dhan46. BR11 gave higher grain yield and profit than ratoon cropping. However, ratoon crop required only 75-80 days for maturity. Thus, it would be possible to incorporate rice ratoon cropping in fallow lands immediately after harvest of boro rice in April- May as additional crop. After harvests of the ratoon rice, farmers can grow traditional aman varieties as conventional practice. If ratoon of ACI-2 (hereafter ratoon rice)-BRRI dhan46 cropping system is practiced then total grain yield from the system was 8.42 t ha-1, which was almost double than conventional BR11 or BRRI dhan46 cultivation. Total net income of boro and ratoon rice-BRRI dhan46 system was also higher (Tk 55,090 ha-1) compared to traditional BR11 aman rice cultivation (Tk 35,802 ha-1). The overall result indicated that just immediate after boro rice harvests, growing rice from ratoon seedlings of ACI-2 followed by BRRI dhan46 in aman season provided higher net profit than traditional cultivation of BR11. The result also implies that growing rice by using ratoon seedlings can ensure three harvests (boro rice-ratoon rice-aman rice) in the same year instead of growing two traditional rice (boro rice-aman rice) crops in a year with additional net profit of Tk 19,288 ha-1 year-1. Moreover, use of rice ratoon seedlings might help farmers in intensification of crop in flash flood prone areas of the country. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2021) 25 (1) : 33-41
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Xu, Lang, Jia Shi, and Jihong Chen. "Pricing and Collection Rate for Remanufacturing Industry considering Capacity Constraint in Recycling Channels." Complexity 2020 (June 11, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8391252.
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This paper explores the decision-making and coordination mechanism of pricing and collection rate in a closed-loop supply chain with capacity constraint in recycling channels, which consists of one manufacturer and one retailer. On the basis of game theory, the equilibriums of decisions and profits in the centralized and decentralized scenarios are obtained and compared. Through the performance analysis of a different scenario, a higher saving production cost and lower competition intensity trigger the members to engage in remanufacturing. Furthermore, we try to propose a two-part tariff contract through bargaining to coordinate supply chain and achieve a Pareto improvement. The results show that when the capacity constraints in recycling channels exceed a threshold, the decisions and profit will change. Additionally, for closed-loop supply chain, the selling price is more susceptible to the influence of capacity constraint in recycling channel than the members’ profit.
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Wulandari, Dian Sulistyorini. "Tindakan Agresivitas Pajak dipandang dari Teori Akuntansi Positif." Owner 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 554–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/owner.v6i1.631.
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Taxes are one of the state's largest sources of income. For businesses, taxes are a burden that can reduce profits. The government wants high tax revenues, but businesses want low tax revenues. Therefore, this is a tax avoidance act that seeks to minimize the amount of tax a company pays for violating or being legal. This study aims to determine how tax aggressiveness can be seen from aggressive accounting theory. The tax aggressiveness measure uses the company's ETR. This is the income tax expense divided by the profit before income tax. The sample of this survey consists of manufacturers listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) between 2017 and 2019. Targeted sampling was used to select the samples, and 54 companies obtained samples. The analytical method used is multiple regression analysis. The results of this study show that the Inventory Intensity does not affect tax aggressiveness. Capital Intensity, Fixed Assets Intensity, and Firm Size have a significant positive impact on tax aggressiveness.
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Yuan, Xigang, Fei Tang, Dalin Zhang, and Xiaoqing Zhang. "Green Remanufacturer’s Mixed Collection Channel Strategy Considering Enterprise’s Environmental Responsibility and the Fairness Concern in Reverse Green Supply Chain." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 3405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073405.
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In reverse green supply chain, the mixed collection channel strategy of green remanufacturer is analyzed by building a dynamic game model in which we consider that the green remanufacturer undertakes the environmental responsibility and the green collector shows strong fairness concern for the profit. We analyze the impact of the environmental responsibility level of the green remanufacturer, the preference coefficient of the green remanufacturer, the fairness concern coefficient of the green collector, and the coefficient of cross collection price on optimal decision and profit of the green remanufacturer. The result shows that (1) the green remanufacturer can further improve the collection price, so that it makes many more customers participate in the collection activity; (2) the green remanufacturer pays more attention to fulfill the environmental responsibility, which will increase the intensity of collection of the waste green product, and improve the collection price, as the old green product’s remanufacturing cost is lower than the production cost of the new product, and it can improve the green remanufacturer’s profits; (3) the green remanufacturer’s profit in the mixed collection channel is higher than those in online or offline collection channels.
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Köhler, Holm-Detlev. "Profit and Innovation Strategies in Low-Tech Firms." Studies of Applied Economics 26, no. 3 (June 27, 2021): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v26i3.5671.
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The present article outlines the main developments of what may be called the ‘new innovation theory’. This theory is based on the work of Schumpeter and combines it with the profit strategy approach. The purpose of this combination is to show that innovation needs to be embedded in coherent profit strategies in order to be effective. Innovation capacity and economic performance are much more the result of the smooth interplay between the stake- holders of firms than of high-tech or the intensity of research and development. The argument is illustrated in a comparative case-study of two firms.
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Berta, Whitney, Audrey Laporte, and Vivian Valdmanis. "Observations on Institutional Long-Term Care in Ontario: 1996–2002." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 24, no. 1 (2005): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2005.0002.
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ABSTRACTWe provide descriptive statistics for data collected via the Residential Care Facilities Survey (RCFS), from long-term care (LTC) facilities operating in Ontario between 1996 and 2002. The LTC sector in Ontario is dominated by large, proprietary for-profit facilities. The proportion of residents receiving extended care has increased from 53 per cent in 1996 to over 61 per cent in 2002. Government-owned facilities are significantly larger than both for-profit proprietary facilities and lay non-profit facilities. Religious and lay non-profit facilities provide care to more residents 85 years of age and older than do for-profit and government-owned facilities, while government-owned facilities provide care to a greater proportion of higher needs residents. Government-owned facilities have higher nursing intensity levels and higher direct care staffing levels than other ownership types, while for-profit facilities have significantly lower levels than other facility types. Non-profit operators have higher ratios of administrative to care staff than proprietary and government-owned facilities.
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Lee, Hannah Soobin, and David A. Griffith. "The Balancing of Country-Based Interaction Orientation and Marketing Strategy Implementation Adaptation/Standardization for Profit Growth in Multinational Corporations." Journal of International Marketing 27, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x18819757.
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For business success and continued growth, multinational corporations (MNCs) must work to efficiently leverage interactions with customers dispersed across geographic boundaries. Under the framework of the attention-based view, this study examines the MNC strategic approach of country-based interaction orientation and marketing strategy implementation adaptation/standardization as drivers of global profit growth, contingent on the environmental conditions of competitive intensity and market dynamism. The findings from a survey of U.S.-based MNCs indicate that managerial attention focused on country-based interaction orientation and marketing strategy implementation standardization, when considered jointly, have a positive effect on MNC profit growth. The findings also show that the effect of a country-based interaction orientation on MNC profit growth is not as susceptible to competitive intensity and market dynamism when MNCs standardize their marketing strategy implementation, but it varies when MNCs take a more adapted approach to their implementation strategies across country markets. These findings bring to light important implications for international marketing theory and practice.
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Makowski, Marcin, Edward W. Piotrowski, Jan Sładkowski, and Jacek Syska. "Profit intensity and cases of non-compliance with the law of demand/supply." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 473 (May 2017): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.01.016.
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Zhang, Qianxi, Zehui Chen, and Fei Li. "Appropriate Management Scale of Farmland and Regional Differences under Different Objectives in Shaanxi Province, China." Land 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030314.
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Agricultural development is facing two problems: insufficient grain production and low profit of farmers. There is a contradiction between the government’s goal of increasing production and the farmer’s goal of increasing profit. Exploring the appropriate management scale of farmland under different objectives is of great significance to alleviate the conflict of interests between the government and farmers. In this study the Cobb-Douglas production function model was used to measure the appropriate management scale of farmland under different objectives in Shaanxi Province and analyze the regional differences. Under the two objectives, the appropriate management scale of the Loess Plateau was the largest in the three regions, followed by Qinba Mountains and Guanzhong Plain. Farmland area and quality were the main influencing factors for the appropriate management scale of farmland under the goal of maximizing the farmland yield, while the nonagricultural employment rate and farmland transfer rate were the main influencing factors under the goal of maximizing farmers’ profits. It is easy for Shaanxi Province to increase farmers’ profits, but more land needed to be transferred to increase farmland yield. These results suggest that in order to balance the goal of increasing yield and profit, the transfer of rural surplus labor should be promoted, and the nonagricultural employment rate should be improved. In Loess Plateau, restoring the ecological environment and enhancing the farmland quality. In Guanzhong Plain, avoiding urban land encroachment on farmland. In Qinba Mountains, developing farming techniques and moderately increasing the intensity of farmland exploit.
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ZHANG, Guangsheng, Xiao WANG, Zhijun GAO, and Tianyu XIANG. "Research on Risk Diffusion Mechanism of Logistics Service Supply Chain in Urgent Scenarios." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (February 29, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5906901.
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Although there are some studies on the risk management of logistics service supply chain (LSSC), we still know little about the effects of risk evolution and interactional mechanism of subjects in different urgent scenarios of logistics service supply chain from a micro perspective. Based on the structures of the LSSC, this study thus analyzed the risk evolution and the main actors’ reactions in the LSSC, including categorizing the urgent scenarios, analyzing their impacts on the diffusion intensity of pricing, profit and demand, and verifying the models’ validity with the numerical analysis. The results indicate divergent impacts of the different urgent scenarios on the logistics service supply chain: the price fluctuation can cause similar profit declines of the supplier and integrator, the reduced capacity can cause the supply chain’s price increase by 50%, and the demand risks can lead to similar changes of the upstream orders, prices and profits. The findings may provide clues for firms to develop effective countermeasures against the risks.
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Sugeng, Sugeng, Eko Prasetyo, and Badrus Zaman. "Does capital intensity, inventory intensity, firm size, firm risk, and political connections affect tax aggressiveness?" JEMA: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Akuntansi dan Manajemen 17, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31106/jema.v17i1.3609.
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Tax aggressiveness is one of a critical issue in the world of taxation. Many companies do tax planning to minimize their tax abilities. This study aims to examine how capital intensity, inventory intensity, firm size, firm risk, and political connections, relate to the tax aggressiveness of manufacturing listed companies in Indonesia, an emerging economy of Southeast Asia. This study combined the tax aggressiveness factor from different perspectives into one model. This study used purposive sampling with manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2015-2017 and experienced a consecutive profit as the main criteria. Panel data regression used as a data analysis technique. The result shows that there is a significant effect between capital intensity, political connection, and tax aggressiveness. The relationship between inventory intensity, firm size, firm risk, and tax aggressiveness failed to prove in this study. This result is consistent across several measures of tax aggressiveness.
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Chaganti, Radha, Rajeswararao Chaganti, and Vijay Mahajan. "Profitable Small Business Strategies under Different Types of Competition." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 13, no. 3 (April 1989): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225878901300304.
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This study empirically examines the profit impact of different strategies under four different types of competition: 1. Low-intensity price and promotion competition; 2. Price competition; 3. Promotion competition; and 4. High-intensity price and promotion competition. The study finds that broad product scope is a key determinant of a firm's profitability in low-intensity price and promotion competition, price competition, and high-intensity price and promotion competition. However, under promotion competition, quality-image orientation was the most profitable strategy.
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Xiao, Kai, and Yonghui Zhou. "Linear Bayesian equilibrium in insider trading with a random time under partial observations." AIMS Mathematics 6, no. 12 (2021): 13347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2021772.
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<abstract><p>In this paper, the insider trading model of Xiao and Zhou (<italic>Acta Mathematicae Applicatae, 2021</italic>) is further studied, in which market makers receive partial information about a static risky asset and an insider stops trading at a random time. With the help of dynamic programming principle, we obtain a unique linear Bayesian equilibrium consisting of insider's trading intensity and market liquidity parameter, instead of none Bayesian equilibrium as before. It shows that (i) as time goes by, both trading intensity and market depth increase exponentially, while residual information decreases exponentially; (ii) with average trading time increasing, trading intensity decrease, but both residual information and insider's expected profit increase, while market depth is a unimodal function with a unique minimum with respect to average trading time; (iii) the less information observed by market makers, the weaker trading intensity and market depth are, but the more both expect profit and residual information are, which is in accord with our economic intuition.</p></abstract>
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Soares de Almeida, Carlos Alano, Jansen Maia Del Corso, Leonardo Andrade Rocha, Wesley Vieira da Silva, and Claudimar Pereira da Veiga. "Innovation and Performance: The Impact of Investments in R&D According to the Different Levels of Productivity of Firms." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 16, no. 05 (August 2019): 1950036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877019500366.
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The objective of this paper is to verify how investments in R&D influence the measures of performance (sales and operating profit) of companies. Based on the EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard, a 2003–2013 information panel was developed for 548 companies. Regression with panel data and Quantile Regression were used. The results indicate that investments in R&D positively influence sales and operating profit of companies as a whole, varies according to the R&D intensity when companies are analyzed in groups and that the distance from the frontier influences the relationship between R&D and performance. The companies of the upper quantiles have better relation R&D and profit than the companies more distant from the frontier. Companies with higher profit can transform R&D investments more efficiently into profit.
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Konduru, Srinivasa, and Bruce Bjornson. "Changing Factor Income Shares in Agri-Food Industries." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 36, no. 3 (December 2004): 747–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800026997.
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A concern in the political economy is how national income is shared between labor and capital. This study evaluates long-term changes in factor income shares in three agri-food industries, their attribution to the level of factor usage or to factor compensation rates, and relation to changes in capital intensity and factor productivity. We find long-term stability in the profit and labor shares of farm income, decline in the profit share of agricultural services industry income, and increase in the profit share of food manufacturing income due to fewer productivity improvements being passed on to wage increases.
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Kuzmin, О. Ye, N. S. Stanasiuk, D. A. Berdnik, and O. V. Gaiduchok. "Forecasting economic result of business logic improvements using Game Theory for modeling user scenarios." Mathematical Modeling and Computing 8, no. 3 (2021): 560–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/mmc2021.03.560.
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A new approach to user behavior modeling based on Game Theory was proposed. It was developed to consider initial intensity, a strategy applied, a profit gained, and resources utilized as inalienable attributes of users' behavior. The approach covers various aspects of users' motivation and rational actions, not only a statistical image of a pool's summary. Additionally, the given model is strongly connected to profit and loss parameters by operating with profit and utilized resources as parts of model inputs. The proposed model can enable efficient modeling aimed to validate an economic result of existing interfaces and assume results of new ones.
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Zheng, Haoxuan, Xingwei Li, Xiaowen Zhu, Yicheng Huang, Zhili Liu, Yuxin Liu, Jiaxin Liu, Xiangye Li, Yuejia Li, and Chunhui Li. "Impact of Recycler Information Sharing on Supply Chain Performance of Construction and Demolition Waste Resource Utilization." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073878.
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In recent years, the generation of a large amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) has threatened the public environment and human health. The inefficient supply chain of CDW resource utilization hinders the green development of countries around the world, including China. This study aims to reveal the impact of information sharing regarding recyclers’ market demand forecast on the performance of CDW resource utilization supply chains. Therefore, this paper uses the incomplete information dynamic game method to establish and solve the decision-making model of the construction and demolition waste resource utilization supply chain under the conditions of recyclers sharing and not sharing their information. The paper then obtains the Bayesian equilibrium solution and the optimal expected profit for each party. Finally, a numerical simulation was used in order to verify the validity of the model and conclusions. The main conclusions are as follows. In the CDW resource utilization supply chain, if the recycler is more pessimistic about the market’s demand forecast, their information sharing makes the remanufacturer more motivated to improve their level of environmental responsibility. In addition, information sharing by recyclers is always beneficial in increasing the profit of the remanufacturer, but it also may make the recycler lose profit. When the efficiency of the environmental responsibility investment of remanufacturers is in a high range, information sharing increases the profits of recyclers. Conversely, information sharing has no significant effect on the profits of recyclers. The impact on the profits of the entire CDW resource utilization supply chain depends on the intensity of competition among channels, the market share of offline recycling channels and the efficiency of environmental responsibility investments.
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Harahap, Rosna K., and Dwi Mradipta Jiwana. "ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP PEMILIHAN METODE AKUNTANSI PERSEDIAAN PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR DI BURSA EFEK JAKARTA." Media Riset Akuntansi, Auditing dan Informasi 9, no. 3 (December 22, 2009): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/mraai.v9i3.738.
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<p><em>The objective of this research is to know whether inventory variability, </em><em>company size, Leverage, gross profit margin, current ratio, inventory intensity </em><em>and cost of goods sold variability are factors that influence the choice of </em><em>inventory accounting method in manufacturing companies listed at Jakarta </em><em>Stock Exchange. The samples are 36 listed manufactured company at Jakarta </em><em>Stock Exchange during 2002-2006 which selected using purposive non </em><em>random sampling. Data analyzed methods used are univariate test using Mann </em><em>Whitney and t-test and multivariate test using logistic regression method. The </em><em>result of univariate test is that inventory variability, company size, Leverage, </em><em>current ratio, inventory intensity and cost of goods sold variability of </em><em>companies using FIFO method differ than those are from companies using average method. However, gross profit margin of companies using FIFO </em><em>method is the same as the profit margin of companies using average method. </em><em>The result of multivariate test shows that company size, current ratio, </em><em>inventory intensity, and cost of goods sold variability influence the choice of </em><em>inventory accounting method. In contrary, inventory variability, Leverage, </em><em>and gross profit margin of companies using FIFO method have no influence to </em><em>companies using average method.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Inventory Method, Inventory Variability, Company Size, </em><em>Leverage, Gross Profit Margin, Current Ratio, Inventory </em><em>Intensity, Cost of Goods Sold Variability.</em></p>
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Sharipovna, Nazarova Nodira, Rakhimberdiev Rustam Abdunosirovich, Bakirov Asadullo Abdikodirovich, and Sultonov Odiljon Raimovich. "The Intensity Of Dental Caries In Workers Is Harmful Industry." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 03, no. 05 (May 19, 2021): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume03issue05-12.
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Among the production of harmful industry all over the world, including in our repub-lic, tobacco production occupies a significant place. In Uzbekistan, tobacco cultivation is car-ried out by workers of the Urgut district of the Samarkand region, which accounts for a large share in agriculture and brings significant economic profit. The available literature does not cover the issue of the effect of tobacco dust and pes-ticides in combination with uncomfortable microclimatic conditions on the organs and tissues of the oral cavity of tobacco growers. Some aspects of the mechanism of development of pathological changes in the oral cavity of tobacco growers are not specified in the conditions of Uzbekistan, and accordingly there is no data on adequate methods of their prevention and treatment [1,3]. In this regard, there is a need to study the features of the clinic and the course of the main dental diseases in tobacco growers in order to develop a set of organizational, sanitary, hygienic and therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at improving the quality of the production environment, pre-venting the development and reducing the frequency of dental morbidity among tobacco growers.
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Lubbe, Sam, Gary Parker, and Andrew Hoard. "The profit impact of IT investment." South African Journal of Business Management 25, no. 2 (June 30, 1994): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v25i2.845.
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Two models were used to study the relationships between profitability and the level of information technology (IT) sophistication among long-term life insurance companies in South Africa. The first model was submitted by Kwong et al. in a study of six petroleum producing companies in Malaysia. They proposed a computerization index (CI) which incorporated factors that affect the level of computerization in a company and compared the CI with profitability ratios such as profit/total assets, profit/turnover, turnover/total assets, gross margin/turnover, profit growth rate and sales growth rate. The second model was proposed by Harris et al. in a study among forty long-term life insurance companies in America. They used the ratio of non-interest operating expense to premium income (operating expense ratio) to measure profitability, and the ratio of IT expense to non-interest operating expense (IT expense ratio) to measure the level of IT capital intensity. The results of the study showed a positive correlation between the Cl and the financial ratios, indicating that as the level of computerization increases, profitability also increases. The results also showed that the most profitable firms are more likely to spend a significantly higher proportion of their non-interest operating expenses on IT, and that the least profitable firms are likely to spend a significantly lower proportion of their non-interest operating expenses on IT. The study concludes by accepting the two studies as valid among the long-term life insurance industry in South Africa.
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Pasternak, H., and J. I. Weller. "Optimum linear indices for non-linear profit functions." Animal Science 56, no. 1 (February 1993): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100006140.
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AbstractAn iterative method is presented, based on the method of Moav and Hill (1966) to derive the optimum linear selection index for any number of traits with linear or non-linear profit functions. For non-linear profit functions the index weights will be functions of the trait means prior to selection and the selection intensity. Using the equations developed, the optimum selection index for three dairy cattle milk production traits was computed. Convergence was obtained after three to four iterations, and was robust to the starting values used for iteration. The ratio of expected genetic gains were only marginally different for selection intensities of 1 and 4 standard deviation units. Differences were greater for the index coefficients. All alternative indices tested gave lower gains in profit than the optimum index. For linear profit functions this index reduces to the standard linear index, and for two uncorrelated traits this index reduces to the index of Moav and Hill (1966).
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Gopal Das, Gouranga. "Ability-Biased Technical Change and Productivity Bonus in a Nested Production Structure: A Theoretical Model with Endogenous Hicks-Neutral Technology Spillover." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 66, no. 3 (2019): 415–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2019-0030.
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This paper develops a model of endogenous trade-mediated productivity spillover in which jointly trade-intensity, capital-intensity of production, and skill-intensity for adoption of technology from an exogenously available stock of world knowledge determine firm’s productivity. The representative firm, in the process of maximising profit (or minimising costs), takes into account the benefits of technological improvements embodied in imported intermediates. Sectors with higher skilled labour intensity will have an advantage in extracting the ‘bonuses’ from spillovers. The framework is useful for exploring technology adoption, considering wage premium, investigating innovative changes in sectors, and analysing productivity differences.
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Ristić, Bojan, Dejan Trifunović, and Tomislav Herceg. "Capacity Competition in Differentiated Oligopolies: Entry Deterrence with Alternative Objective Functions." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2021-0007.
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Abstract This paper aims to identify the possible implications of quantity competition in markets with differentiated products on entry deterrence. If capacity commitments characterise this industry, quantities can be expected as the choice variable of rational players, even in the presence of product differentiation. Different equilibria of a static game occur depending on the degree of asymmetry of players, incumbent and entrant, which will crucially affect the shape of their best response functions. Asymmetry can stem from players’ advantage in demand and costs, their different objective functions, or the first-mover advantage. We will analyse entry where incumbent maximises the weighted average of profit and revenue while entrant is maximising profit. The reduction of asymmetry may intensify competition in the industry and, consequently, reduce entry barriers. Our findings provide an insight that could be used for practical recommendations for conducting competition policy and other sector-specific regulations, where the introduction and higher intensity of competition are desirable.
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Jaisinghani, Dinesh, Harwinder Kaur, Jatin Goyal, and Mahesh Joshi. "Marketing intensity and persistence of firm performance: empirical evidence from Indonesia." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 69, no. 6 (November 6, 2019): 1109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-02-2019-0072.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the degree of persistence of firm performance for publicly listed firms in Indonesia. The study also explores the impact of marketing expenditure on firm’s performance. Design/methodology/approach The data comprise 165 listed firms operating in Indonesia over the period 2007–2016. Dynamic panel regression estimations using Arellano and Bond (1991) and Blundell and Bond (1998) techniques have been deployed to generate the results. Findings The findings show the existence of positive persistence and sub-optimal level of competition in the performance of Indonesian firms. The results highlight that marketing intensity has a positive and significant impact on firm performance. The positive persistence hints at creation of substantial entry and exit barriers by the Indonesian firms and also indicate that Indonesian firms are able to create behavioral inertia among their consumers by properly directing their marketing efforts. Practical implications There is a need on the part of management to strengthen the short-term profit capabilities to nurture long-term benefits of profit maximization. On the regulators part, the authorities should frame the policies to foster long-run competition. Originality/value The current study contributes to the sparse literature on persistence of firm performance in the context of emerging economies like Indonesia. This is the first study on persistence of firm performance for publicly listed firms in Indonesia.
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Ahmad Andrabi, Javaid. "A Spatio-Temporal Changes in Cropping Pattern and Cropping Intensity in Agriculture to Get a Business Profit in Jammu and Kashmir." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 4 (December 22, 2018): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v1i4.85.
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In the present paper an attempt has been made to analyze spatio-temporal changes in cropping pattern and cropping intensity in agriculture of Jammu and Kashmir. Data were obtained from Statistical Abstract of Jammu and Kashmir. Copping pattern and cropping intensity have been presented in the percentage forms. Results of the study reveal that cropping pattern is much diverse with high level of cropping intensity in agriculture of the state. It has been found that maize is still most cultivated crop in the state, covering an area of 27.4 % to total cropped area during 2010-11. Wheat has been found second most cultivated crop with increasing trend of area. The area under rice and pulses crop has decreased rapidly over the period. Cropping intensity has also continuously increased from 119.70% in 1965-66 to 155.79 % in 2010-11. The highest cropping intensity has been recorded in samba (212.63%) whereas lowest registered in Kupwara (100%) district of the state.
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Guo, Tianyi, Chaonan Li, and Yan Chen. "Remanufacturing Strategy under Cap-and-Trade Regulation in the Presence of Assimilation Effect." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 2878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052878.
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In this paper, we consider the choice of remanufacturing strategy of a monopolist original equipment manufacturer under the cap-and-trade regulation in the presence of the assimilation effect. We model the manufacturer’s optimal decision-makings and associated profits under three different remanufacturing strategies. Our results indicate that the assimilation effect reduces the manufacturer’s motivation to become engaged in remanufacturing. Specifically, there exists a threshold for the intensity of the assimilation effect for the manufacturer to enter remanufacturing. First, when the assimilation effect is below the threshold, the manufacturer should choose to remanufacture. Otherwise, the manufacturer should only produce new products. Second, the value of the threshold for the assimilation effect is further determined by the remanufacturing’s emission advantage and the carbon trading price. In addition, when the intensity of the assimilation effect is high enough, the carbon trading price and carbon emission advantage no longer impacts the remanufacturing strategy. Lastly, our numerical examples reveal that ignoring the assimilation effect can lead to up to 56.2% loss of potential profit for the manufacturer.
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DAVIS, LEWIS S., and FUAT ŞENER. "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 03, no. 01 (February 2012): 1240005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993312400054.
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We consider intellectual property rights (IPRs) in a Schumpeterian growth model in which patent holders face the threats of profit loss due to imitation and complete valuation loss due to outside innovation. We disaggregate IPR policies by distinguishing between the quality of the IPR regime and the intensity of IPR enforcement. An increase in the quality of the IPR regime unambiguously promotes growth. However, the relationship between IPR enforcement intensity and growth follows an inverted U-shaped curve. The growth-maximizing intensity of IPR enforcement is decreasing in institutional quality. We also investigate the model's welfare implications and examine the economy under a no-growth equilibrium.
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Reed, Michael R., and Sayed H. Saghaian. "Measuring the Intensity of Competition in the Japanese Beef Market." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 36, no. 1 (April 2004): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800021891.
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A residual demand model for beef exports to Japan is specified and estimated. The objective is to estimate the extent of market power. It is assumed that each exporting country faces a downward-sloping residual demand curve, which reflects the market demand minus the supplies of competitors, and that exporters maximize profit through their output decisions. The analysis is disaggregated by beef cut and form to capture the variation by beef market segments. The results indicate that the highest markup of price over marginal cost belongs to U.S. frozen ribs, the only indication of market power by U.S. exporters. Canada is found to have limited market power, whereas Australia and New Zealand enjoy some market power, including five chilled beef categories.
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Xu, Wen Jie. "The Empirical Analysis of Market Performance of Automobile Industry Market in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 1997–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.1997.
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This text finds that the concentration ratio of automobile industry market in China overall takes on rising trend, which is based on the calculation of automobile industry market's concentration ratio in China between 2001 and 2008, the characteristics of market structure is similar to oligarch competition since 2008. According to industrial organization theory, people come up with the theoretical model of automobile industrial performance, including the variables of industry concentration ratio, profit ratio, research and development intensity, product differentiation, entry barriers and so on. Empirical evidence shows that the relation between profit ratio and the concentration ratio of automobile industry market is remarkably positive, while it is negatively related with research and development density and product differentiation. It also finds that the key point to improve profit ratio of China's automobile industry is enhancing central technical level.
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Zhao, Du, Xumei Zhang, Tinghai Ren, and Hongyong Fu. "Optimal Pricing Strategies in a Product and Service Supply Chain with Extended Warranty Service Competition considering Retailer Fairness Concern." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (August 27, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8657463.
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This paper examines optimal pricing in a two-tier product and service supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer in the context of vertical competition in extended warranty in two cases: one considering the retailer’s fairness concerns and one without considering the retailer’s fairness concerns. A manufacturer-dominated product and service supply chain game-theoretic model on the Stackelberg model is developed to analyse how the level of vertical competition in extended warranty service and the intensity of a retailer’s fairness concerns influence the optimal pricing of products and extended warranties for the manufacturer and retailer. This study finds the following: (i) Two parties of the supply chain employ differential pricing strategies for extended warranties when the retailer has fairness concerns. (ii) Compared to the same pricing strategies for extended warranty service when the retailer has no fairness concerns, the increase of competition intensity of vertical extended warranty service will enlarge the price difference of extended warranty service. Meanwhile, it is the intensity of fairness concerns that determines the influences of retailer’s fairness concerns on the price difference of extended warranties. (iii) If no fairness concerns are raised, an increase in the level of vertical competition in extended warranty service would benefit both supply chain parties, rather than hurting their profit. If the retailer is fair-minded, its fairness utility increases when the intensity of the fairness concerns rises in a reasonable range and decreases when the intensity exceeds the reasonable range, but for the manufacturer, its profits will be damaged as long as the retailer raises fairness concerns.
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Xie, Jiaping, Jing Li, Ling Liang, Xu Fang, Guang Yang, and Lihong Wei. "Contracting Emissions Reduction Supply Chain Based on Market Low-Carbon Preference and Carbon Intensity Constraint." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 37, no. 02 (March 16, 2020): 2050003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595920500037.
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Carbon emissions reduction has become a frequently discussed topic in industry and academia. However, how can reduction effects be enhanced with dominant brand and downstream manufacturer? This paper incorporates emissions reduction into a green supply chain which considers consumers’ low-carbon preference behavior and government intensity regulations, in order to discuss the impacts of consumers’ environmental awareness and government constraints on optimal emissions reduction and profit, respectively. The paper first constructs three reduction models on the basis of reality: independent reduction by manufacturer, contractual reduction by brand and collaborative reduction by both. Then it concludes the optimal decisions and compare the models. The results show that both the profits and emissions reduction will be decreased with the strengthened carbon intensity constraint, but the cost-sharing contract can mitigate this negative effect on dominant brand and society. Meanwhile, the acceptable range of cost-sharing ratio will be smaller with a lower cost coefficient of emissions reduction and a higher consumers’ preference. Furthermore, government should design the incentive method or regulate the carbon market to improve the social welfare level. Lastly, a numerical study is conducted, the impact of several key factors on supply chain performance and model selection are presented for management decisions.
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Moilanen, Sinikka, and Seppo Ikäheimo. "Managerial intentions for and employee perceptions of group-based incentives." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 15, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 605–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-04-2019-0043.
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Purpose This paper aims to interpret and compare managerial intentions for and employee perceptions of group-based incentive systems. Design/methodology/approach The data comprise interviews with managers and employees in four Finnish firms with experience of company-wide incentive systems involving profit-sharing and team-based rewards. Benefitting from social exchange theory, managers’ intentions and employees’ perceptions are examined. Findings Managers’ and employees’ views resemble each other concerning profit-sharing as reflecting reciprocity rooted in perceived distributive fairness, whereas examination of the team-based rewards revealed impediments in reciprocity. While managerial intentions for team-based rewards refer to social exchange with economic intensity via selection of controllable performance measurements aimed at making individual-level effort count, the employees’ perceptions deem such metrics non-controllable, reflecting perceived distributive and procedural unfairness. Practical implications Profit-sharing seems to create fair social obligation and goal congruence between managers and employees, whereas team-based incentives easily suffer from unfairness, reducing their effectiveness. Originality/value Distinguishing between managerial intentions and employee perceptions pertaining to incentive systems facilitated in-depth exploration of the social exchange inherent in them, conceptualized in terms of economic intensity, fairness and controllability. With this lens, qualitative analysis revealed differences in interpretations of controllability and fairness between the managerial intentions and employee perceptions. The central contribution to scholarship takes the form of interpretations reflecting upon these key findings.
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Zhang, Xuemei, Qianwen Li, and Guohu Qi. "Decision-Making of a Dual-Channel Closed-Loop Supply Chain in the Context Government Policy: A Dynamic Game Theory." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (May 26, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2313698.
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To analyze the effect of government reward-penalty policies (RPPs) on the decisions of a dual-channel closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), this paper endogenizes government decision variables to maximize social welfare and builds four decision-making models (without RPP, with carbon emission RPP, with recycling amount RPP, and with double RPP) by using a Stackelberg dynamic game between the government and supply chain members. The research results show that, (1) in the four models, there exist optimal prices and reward-penalty coefficients to maximize the supply chain members’ profits and social welfare. (2) Comparing with model W, under most conditions, three government RPPs decrease the demand for new products and increase the demand for remanufactured products. Comparing the case without RPP, R’s profit decreases, and when the carbon emission cap is very big and the lowest recycling amount is very small, M’s profit increases. (3) In most cases, the three government RPPs can effectively control the total carbon emission and increase the social welfare, but they damage the benefits of retailers and consumers. With the increase of the carbon emission intensity of remanufactured products, the government can implement the double RPP, the carbon emission RPP, and the recycling amount RPP in turn.
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Fadina, Tolulope, and Thorsten Schmidt. "Default Ambiguity." Risks 7, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks7020064.
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This paper discusses ambiguity in the context of single-name credit risk. We focus on uncertainty in the default intensity but also discuss uncertainty in the recovery in a fractional recovery of the market value. This approach is a first step towards integrating uncertainty in credit-risky term structure models and can profit from its simplicity. We derive drift conditions in a Heath–Jarrow–Morton forward rate setting in the case of ambiguous default intensity in combination with zero recovery, and in the case of ambiguous fractional recovery of the market value.
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Costello, Joyce, Fabian Homberg, and Davide Secchi. "The Public Service Motivated Volunteer: Devoting Time or Effort?" Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 49, no. 5 (March 13, 2020): 989–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764020911200.
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Non-profit organizations, corporate volunteer programs, and government workplace schemes are asking volunteers for their time and effort. But, with the changes in how people volunteer, such as episodic, micro, and cyber volunteering, those managing volunteers need to understand whether they should focus on encouraging volunteers to donate more time or effort. Using public service motivation to measure volunteer’s propensity to engage in volunteering, we compare three outcomes: time spent volunteering, frequency of volunteering, and volunteering intensity. In a sample of 411 volunteers, we find public service motivation is associated with more time spent volunteering, increased frequency, and higher levels of volunteering intensity. However, volunteering intensity explains the most variance. These findings suggest that how the individual perceives they exert volunteering intensity may be useful among public service motivated volunteers.
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Yaoita, Hideomi. "Numerical Management of Rice Crop Farming: The Analysis of Intensity and Cost of Production & Profit." Agricultural Information Research 4, no. 2 (1995): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3173/air.4.145.
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