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1
Hartten, Leslie M., Paul E. Johnston, Valerie M. Rodríguez Castro, and Paola S. Esteban Pérez. "Postdeployment Calibration of a Tropical UHF Profiling Radar via Surface- and Satellite-Based Methods." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 9 (September 2019): 1729–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0020.1.
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Wind profiling radars are usually not calibrated with respect to reflectivity because such calibrations are both unnecessary for good wind measurements and costly. However, reflectivity from calibrated profilers can reveal many atmospheric attributes beyond winds. Establishing ways to calibrate these radars even after they have been taken out of service would expand the utility of archived profiler data. We have calibrated one operating mode of a 915-MHz profiler deployed at Manus, Papua New Guinea (1992–2001), using two methods. The first method adjusts a radar parameter until the profiler’s estimate of rainfall during stratiform events closely matches surface observations. The second adjusts the parameter so that mean brightband heights observed by the profiler (July 1992–August 1994) match the mean brightband reflectivities over the profiler as observed by the TRMM Precipitation Radar (January 1998–July 2001). The results differ by about 5% and yield very similar precipitation errors during tested stratiform events. One or both of these methods could be used on many other wind profilers, whether they have been decommissioned or are currently operational. Data from such calibrated profilers will enable research employing the equivalent reflectivity factor observed by profilers to be compared with that from other radars, and will also enable turbulent studies with C n2.
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El-Korchi, Tahar, and John Collura. "Comparative Study of Ride Quality Measuring Devices." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1643, no. 1 (January 1998): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1643-16.
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State highway agencies (SHAs) in New England have an ongoing interest in providing the public with smoother rides. As an incentive to contractors, some SHAs include a bonus and penalty clause for new construction based on profile measurements and smoothness indices. These states are considering the use of high-speed profilers for profile measurements and quality control/quality assurance implementation. Therefore, an assessment of the accuracy and repeatability of these devices is essential. A comparative study of high-speed profilers owned by the New England SHAs was conducted in Worcester, Massachusetts. Two sites were profiled using the dipstick and the high-speed profiling devices. Statistical analysis of International Roughness Index measurements were used for evaluation of precision and bias, profiler speed, and sensor type. The repeatability for the profilers was good, especially for combined wheel paths (standard deviation between 0.016 and 0.079 m/km). The accuracy for the profilers varied depending on profiler type.
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Runciman, Colin, and Niklas Röjemo. "New dimensions in heap profiling." Journal of Functional Programming 6, no. 4 (July 1996): 587–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679680000188x.
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AbstractFirst-generation heap profilers for lazy functional languages have proved to be effective tools for locating some kinds of space faults, but in other cases they cannot provide sufficient information to solve the problem. This paper describes the design, implementation and use of a new profiler that goes beyond the two-dimensional ‘who produces what’ view of heap cells to provide information about their more dynamic and structural attributes. Specifically, the new profiler can distinguish between cells according to their eventual lifetime, or on the basis of the closure retainers by virtue of which they remain part of the live heap. A bootstrapping Haskell compiler (nhc) hosts the implementation: among examples of the profiler's use we include self-application to nhc. Another example is the original heap-profiling case study clausify, which now consumes even less memory and is much faster.
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Zang, Xiaoya, Zhujun Zhang, and Wei Fan. "A Novel Profiler Driven by Tidal Energy for Long Term Oceanographic Measurements in Offshore Areas." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5 (May 16, 2021): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050534.
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In this paper, an innovative profiler driven by tidal energy for long-term oceanographic measurements in offshore areas with abundant tidal resources is investigated. The profiler is mainly composed of an oceanographic data collection system equipped with various sensors and a cross-plate that can make an upward or downward movement under the impact of tidal currents. Theoretical research is carried out through static analysis and numerical simulation, mainly studying the hydrodynamic characteristics of the cross-plate and its dynamic response to the current velocity. The theoretical model is verified by comparison with experiments. The research results show that tidal energy can be used as a kind of energy to drive the profiler’s ascent and descent motion and to continuously measure ocean parameters without using electric energy. The theoretical model established in this study can roughly predict the position of the profiler observation platform in the vertical direction under various current velocities. Furthermore, by studying the relationship between the current velocities and the lift and drag forces of the cross-plate in the fluid, it is recognized that the current velocity is an important factor affecting the stability of the system’s motion. It is hoped that this research will contribute to the development of profilers.
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Perera, Rohan W., Starr D. Kohn, and Sohila Bemanian. "Comparison of Road Profilers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1536, no. 1 (January 1996): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153600117.
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Devices available to measure road profiles vary from the hand-held Dipstick to high-speed, vehicle-based profilers. High-speed, vehicle-based profilers generally use an ultrasonic, laser, or optical measuring system. A profiler calibration study was conducted by the road profiler user group in 1994 by establishing regional calibration centers in Mississippi, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and South Dakota. The study compared the data collected by the profilers with the Dipstick data, and analyzed the effect of surface texture on data collection. At each regional calibration center, asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete test sections were established. Thirty-eight road profilers belonging to state agencies, equipment manufacturers, and FHWA participated in the calibration study. Dipstick measurements and sand-patch tests were conducted at all test sites. The International Roughness Index (IRI) was used as the parameter for performing the analyses. The results of the analyses for the sites in Pennsylvania and South Dakota are presented. The agreement between Dipstick IRI and profiler IRI for a specific profiler varied from site to site. For a specific profiler at some sites, the agreement with the Dipstick IRI was good, while at other sites the agreement was poor. The profilers with ultrasonic measuring systems generally had poor agreement with Dipstick IRI values for asphalt-surfaced sites that had aggregate seal coats.
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Monna, W. A. A. "On the use of wind profilers in meteorology." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 6 (May 31, 1994): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0482-9.
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Abstract. As an introduction to this special issue of Annales Geophysicae a review is given of the applicability and performance of wind profilers. In meteorology, wind profilers play an increasingly important role. They can provide upper-wind measurements with an accuracy comparable to radiosonde data, but with a significantly higher temporal resolution. Height coverage and vertical resolution depend on the operating frequency, which, depending on the application, is usually chosen to be around 50, 400 or 1000 MHz. Measurements from stand-alone profilers in sparse data areas as well as data from wind profiler networks - which have increased the spatial resolution of an existing radiosonde network - have shown a positive impact on numerical weather forecasting. Information from nearby profilers can help the individual meterologist to optimize local short-term weather forecasts. In atmospheric research, wind profilers have been used for various boundary layer studies. In several mesoscale monitoring experiments wind profilers have played an important role. In Europe the development and implementation of wind profiler networks have been supported since 1987 by the CEC-sponsored COST-74 project. A follow-up project will probably start in 1994. Several topics deserve attention. A further assessment of the quality of wind profiler measurements is important. Automatic quality control procedures should be refined. Improved data assimilation techniques in numerical models will enable a better use of the high temporal resolution of wind profiler data. For a cost-effective development and use of wind profilers, the realization of frequency allocations, as globally harmonized as possible, is essential. Finally, the integration of wind profilers with other complementary measuring techniques is important.
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St-James, Judy S., and Stéphane Laroche. "Assimilation of Wind Profiler Data in the Canadian Meteorological Centre’s Analysis Systems." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1765.1.
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Abstract Real-time horizontal wind observations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) Profiler Network (NPN) are assessed in preparation for their assimilation in the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) analysis systems. As a first step, radiosonde winds from 20 stations were compared to the central U.S. profiler stations over the 2001/02 winter season. It was found that profilers are at least as good as conventional radiosonde data. The 2001/02 winter season data were also used to examine the vertical correlation structure of the observation error for profilers. Using a statistical analysis of innovations, the observation error standard deviation of the wind components is estimated as 2.2 m s−1 and the vertical correlation length is approximately 500 m. These results suggest that the data are vertically correlated because they are available every 250 m. Therefore, a thinning process is proposed in which one out of three data are selected in the vertical for each station. Since January 2004, a close monitoring of NPN profiler data revealed significant errors at some stations in the lower and upper troposphere. Consequently, a monthly blacklist of NPN profilers is built based on data from the previous month. A data impact study with both the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) and four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) analysis systems was conducted using data from the 2003/04 winter season in which the vertical thinning was tested. It was found that the vertical thinning improves slightly the 6-h forecast error, especially in the 4DVAR over the central United States in which 6 times more profilers are assimilated. The impact of the vertical thinning is found to be neutral in the 3DVAR. Also, the impact of profiler data is significant over the central U.S. domain compared to a control run with the only difference being the addition of profiler data. These results were sufficiently good to implement NPN profilers in both the CMC global and regional analysis systems with the thinning process in fall of 2004.
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Borelli, Noah, Bouzid Choubane, James Greene, Charles Holzschuher, and James Fletcher. "Cross-Correlation Analysis of Line Laser High-speed Inertial Profilers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 5 (May 2020): 626–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120917371.
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Thirteen different line-laser high-speed inertial profilers from four different manufacturers were recently tested at the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Inertial Profiler Test Track. The hot-mix asphalt (HMA) track incorporates both dense and open-graded sections with international roughness index (IRI) values ranging from 34 to 104 in./mi. A cross-correlation analysis was performed on the resulting ride data. The accuracy comparison was performed using a SurPro reference profiler. The profilers as a group met the AASHTO R 56 cross-correlation criteria on each section except on a smooth, open-graded section. The profilers as a group met the repeatability cross-correlation on this section, but did not meet the accuracy cross-correlation requirement. This paper presents a description of the testing program, data collection efforts and subsequent analyses and findings.
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Madžuls, Juris. "SELECTION AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF PERSON PROFILERS IN THE STATE BORDER GUARD OF THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 6 (May 20, 2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol6.5187.
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The effectiveness of profiling depends directly on the professional skills of the employee – profiler. The special attention should be paid to the selection and training of profilers. Profiling is a matter of state, public or company security and it is not acceptable that accidental person enters the profilers’ community. The aim of the paper is to identify the possibilities of improving the profiler candidates selection system and their professional preparedness in line with current socio-economic, political and migration trends in Europe and in the world. The research was done in the State Border Guard College of the Republic of Latvia. For this purpose analysis and evaluation of documents, scientific, pedagogical and psychological literature was performed and conclusions about the necessity of profiler selection and preparedness processes development were summarized.The author brought forward conclusion that with strict selection criteria and future qualification raising possibility - the special position held – profiler, should be established.
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Barth, M. F., R. B. Chadwick, and D. W. van de Kamp. "Data processing algorithms used by NOAA's wind profiler demonstration network." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 6 (May 31, 1994): 518–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0518-1.
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Abstract. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Wind Profiler Demonstration Network consists of 32 wind profiling radars, based primarily in the central United States. The network is being used to determine the operational feasibility and characteristics of a possible future nationwide profiler network. Data processing is performed both at the individual profiler sites and at a central hub processing system. This paper documents the algorithms used at the profilers to produce profiles of the moments of the velocity spectrum every 6 minutes, as well as those used on the hub to produce quality-controlled hourly winds.
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Hu, Huiqin, Juanzhen Sun, and Qinghong Zhang. "Assessing the Impact of Surface and Wind Profiler Data on Fog Forecasting Using WRF 3DVAR: An OSSE Study on a Dense Fog Event over North China." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 4 (April 2017): 1059–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0246.1.
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AbstractBecause fog is a high-impact weather phenomenon, there has been increased demand for its accurate prediction. Both surface data and wind profiler data possess great potential for improved fog prediction. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the impact of surface and wind profiler data on fog prediction in terms of their spatial resolutions and distributions and also to assess the relative effect of these two types of observations. A dense fog event in northern China that occurred on 20 February 2007 was studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model’s three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system with observing system simulation experiments (OSSE). The results indicated that the incorporation of surface data has an obvious positive impact on fog forecasts, especially with respect to effective assimilation of automated weather station data. Dense planetary boundary layer (PBL) wind profilers are more beneficial for fog forecasting than troposphere wind profilers, and an even spatial distribution over a large region is superior to a localized distribution. Surface data show greater benefit for fog forecasting than wind profiler data, with a 6.6% increase of skill score as a result of the improvement of near-surface thermal stratification. Moreover, combining both types of data greatly enhances fog predictive skill, with a 13.6% increase in skill score relative to the experiment assimilating only surface data, as a result of better dynamically balanced fields of thermodynamic and kinematic variables within the PBL with the assimilation of PBL wind profiler data.
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Schafer, Robert, Susan K. Avery, Kenneth S. Gage, and George N. Kiladis. "Wind Profiler Observations over the Central Equatorial Pacific: Optimizing Processing to Improve Quality and Height Coverage." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 1710–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech2072.1.
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Abstract UHF (boundary layer) and VHF (troposphere–stratosphere) wind profilers have operated at Christmas Island (2°N, 157°W) in the central equatorial Pacific from 1986 to 2002. Observed profiles of winds are sparse over the tropical oceans, but these are critical for understanding convective organization and the interaction of convection and waves. While the zonal winds below about 10 km have previously shown good agreement with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis (RI), significant differences were found above a height of 10 km that were attributed to the low detectability of the wind signal in the profiler observations. Meridional winds at all levels show less agreement, with differences attributed to errors of representativeness and the sparseness of observations in the region. This paper builds on previous work using the Christmas Island wind profilers and presents the results of reprocessing the 17-yr profiler record with techniques that enhance the detectability of the signal at upper heights. The results are compared with nearby rawinsonde soundings obtained during a special campaign at Christmas Island and the RI, NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis (RII), and the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The newly processed profiler zonal and meridional wind observations show good agreement with rawinsonde observations from 0.5 to 19 km above sea level, with difference statistics similar to other studies. There is also significant improvement in the agreement of RI and RII reanalysis and profiler upper-level zonal and meridional winds from previous studies. A comparison of RII and ERA-40 reanalysis shows that difference statistics between the reanalyses are similar in magnitude to differences between the profiler and the individual reanalyses.
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Tridon, Frédéric, Alessandro Battaglia, Pavlos Kollias, Edward Luke, and Christopher R. Williams. "Signal Postprocessing and Reflectivity Calibration of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program 915-MHz Wind Profilers." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 1038–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00146.1.
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Abstract The Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program has recently initiated a new research avenue toward a better characterization of the transition from cloud to precipitation. Dual-wavelength techniques applied to millimeter-wavelength radars and a Rayleigh reference have a great potential for rain-rate retrievals directly from dual-wavelength ratio measurements. In this context, the recent reconfiguration of the ARM 915-MHz wind profilers in a vertically pointing mode makes these instruments the ideal candidate for providing the Rayleigh reflectivity/Doppler velocity reference. Prior to any scientific study, the wind profiler data must be carefully quality checked. This work describes the signal postprocessing steps that are essential for the delivery of high-quality reflectivity and mean Doppler velocity products—that is, the estimation of the noise floor from clear-air echoes, the absolute calibration with a collocated disdrometer, the dealiasing of Doppler velocities, and the merging of the different modes of the wind profiler. The improvement added by the proposed postprocessing is confirmed by comparison with a high-quality S-band profiler deployed at the ARM Southern Great Plains site during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment. With the addition of a vertically pointing mode and with the postprocessing described in this work in place, besides being a key asset for wind research wind profilers observations may therefore become a centerpiece for rain studies in the years to come.
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Adachi, Ahoro, Takahisa Kobayashi, Kenneth S. Gage, David A. Carter, Leslie M. Hartten, Wallace L. Clark, and Masato Fukuda. "Evaluation of Three-Beam and Four-Beam Profiler Wind Measurement Techniques Using a Five-Beam Wind Profiler and Collocated Meteorological Tower." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1777.1.
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Abstract In this paper a five-beam wind profiler and a collocated meteorological tower are used to estimate the accuracy of four-beam and three-beam wind profiler techniques in measuring horizontal components of the wind. In the traditional three-beam technique, the horizontal components of wind are derived from two orthogonal oblique beams and the vertical beam. In the less used four-beam method, the horizontal winds are found from the radial velocities measured with two orthogonal sets of opposing coplanar beams. In this paper the observations derived from the two wind profiler techniques are compared with the tower measurements using data averaged over 30 min. Results show that, while the winds measured using both methods are in overall agreement with the tower measurements, some of the horizontal components of the three-beam-derived winds are clearly spurious when compared with the tower-measured winds or the winds derived from the four oblique beams. These outliers are partially responsible for a larger 30-min, three-beam standard deviation of the profiler/tower wind speed differences (2.2 m s−1), as opposed to that from the four-beam method (1.2 m s−1). It was also found that many of these outliers were associated with periods of transition between clear air and rain, suggesting that the three-beam technique is more sensitive to small-scale variability in the vertical Doppler velocity because of its reliance on the point measurement from the vertical beam, while the four-beam method is surprisingly robust. Even after the removal of the rain data, the standard deviation of the wind speed error from the three-beam method (1.5 m s−1) is still much larger than that from the four-beam method. Taken together, these results suggest that the spatial variability of the vertical airflow in nonrainy periods or hydrometeor fall velocities in rainy periods makes the vertical beam velocities significantly less representative over the area across the three beams, and decreases the precision of the three-beam method. It is concluded that profilers utilizing the four-beam wind profiler technique have better reliability than wind profilers that rely on the three-beam wind profiler technique.
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Jofri, Muhamad Hanif, Mohd Farhan Md Fudzee, Mohd Norasri Ismail, SHAHREEN KASIM, and Jemal Abawajy. "Quality of Experience (QOE) Aware Video Attributes Determination for Mobile Streaming Using Hybrid Profiling." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v8.i3.pp597-609.
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<p>Today, consumers use a smartphone device to display the media contents for work and entertainment purposes, as well as watching online video. Online video streaming is the main cause that consume smartphone’s energy quickly. To overcome this problem, smartphone’s energy management is crucial. Thus, a hybrid energy-aware profiler is proposed. Basically, a profiler will monitor and manage the energy consumption in the smartphone devices. The hybrid energy-aware profiler will set up a protocol preference of both the user and the device. Then, it will estimates the energy consumption in smartphone. However, saving energy alone can contribute to the Quality of Experience (QoE) neglection, thus the proposed solution takes into account the client QoE. Even though there are several existing energy-aware profilers that have been developed to manage energy use in smartphones however, most energy-aware profilers does not consider QoE at the same time. The proposed solution consider both, the performance of the hybrid energy-aware profiler is compared with the baseline energy models against a variation of content adaptation according to the pre-defined variables. Three types of variables were determined; resolution, frame rate and energy consumption in smartphone devices. In this area, QoE subjective methods based on MOS (Mean Opinion Score) are the most commonly used approaches for defining and quantifying real video quality. Nevertheless, although these approaches have been established to consistently quantify users’ amounts of approval, they do not adequately realize which are the criteria of video attribute that important. In this paper, we conducted an experiment with a certain devices to measures user’s QoE and energy usage of video attribute in smartphone devices. Our results demonstrate that the list of possible solution is a relevant and useful video attribute that satify the users.</p>
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Li, Yongqi, and James Delton. "Approaches to Evaluation of Profiler Accuracy." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1860, no. 1 (January 2003): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1860-14.
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The inadequacy of the existing ASTM E950 method for definition of the bias of an inertial profiler in the measurement of a pavement profile is analyzed. An improved bias calculation method is proposed. An analysis of the profile measurements and international roughness indexes (IRIs) of four pavement locations was conducted, and the results show that there is no statistical correlation between the profile biases and IRI bias. This analysis demonstrates that a profiler classified as having high accuracy in measuring profiles by ASTM E950 or other proposed bias criteria does not necessarily provide an accurate measurement of IRI. Therefore, it is recommended that the accuracy of a profiler in the measurement of IRI be evaluated independently when IRI, instead of profile, is used for a smoothness specification or other purposes. A criterion to evaluate profilers’ accuracy to measure IRI is developed based on the concept of probability.
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Poulain, P. M., R. Barbanti, J. Font, A. Cruzado, C. Millot, I. Gertman, A. Griffa, et al. "MedArgo: a drifting profiler program in the Mediterranean Sea." Ocean Science 3, no. 3 (August 8, 2007): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-3-379-2007.
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Abstract. In the framework of the EU-funded MFSTEP project, autonomous drifting profilers were deployed throughout the Mediterranean Sea to collect temperature and salinity profile data and to measure subsurface currents. The realization of this profiler program in the Mediterranean, referred to as MedArgo, is described and assessed using data collected between June 2004 and December 2006 (including more than 2000 profiles). Recommendations are provided for the permanent future implementation of MedArgo in support of operational oceanography in the Mediterranean Sea. More than twenty drifting profilers were deployed from research vessels and ships-of-opportunity in most areas of the Mediterranean. They were all programmed to execute 5-day cycles with a drift at a parking depth of 350 m and CTD profiles from either 700 or 2000 m up to the surface. They stayed at the sea surface for about 6 h to be localised by, and transmit the data to, the Argos satellite system. The temperature and salinity data obtained with pumped Sea-Bird CTD instruments were processed and made available to the scientific community and to operational users in near-real time using standard Argo protocols, and were assimilated into Mediterranean numerical forecasting models. In general, the cycling and sampling characteristics chosen for the MedArgo profilers were found to be adequate for the Mediterranean. However, it is strongly advised to use GPS and global cellular phone telemetry or the future Argos bi-directional satellite system in order to avoid data compression and losses, for the continuation of the Mediterranean drifting profiler program.
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Poulain, P. M., R. Barbanti, J. Font, A. Cruzado, C. Millot, I. Gertman, A. Griffa, et al. "MEDARGO: A drifting profiler program in the Mediterranean Sea." Ocean Science Discussions 3, no. 6 (November 3, 2006): 1901–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-3-1901-2006.
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Abstract. In the framework of the EU-funded MFSTEP project, autonomous drifting profilers were deployed throughout the Mediterranean Sea to collect temperature and salinity profile data and to measure subsurface currents. The realization of this profiler program in the Mediterranean, referred to as MEDARGO, is described and assessed using data collected between June 2004 and March 2006 (including more than 1500 profiles). Recommendations are provided for the permanent future implementation of MEDARGO in support of operational oceanography in the Mediterranean Sea. More than twenty drifting profilers were deployed from research vessels and ships-of-opportunity in most areas of the Mediterranean. They were all programmed to execute 5-day cycles with drift at a neutral parking depth of 350 m and CTD profiles from either 700 or 2000 m up to the surface. They stayed at the sea surface for about 6 h to be localised by, and transmit the data to, the Argos satellite system. The temperature and salinity data obtained with pumped Sea-Bird CTD instruments were processed and made available to the scientific community and to operational users in near-real time using standard ARGO protocols, and were assimilated into Mediterranean numerical forecasting models. In general, the cycling and sampling characteristics chosen for the MEDARGO profilers were found to be adequate for the Mediterranean. However, it is strongly advised to use GPS and global cellular phone telemetry or the future Argos bi-directional satellite system in order to avoid data compression and losses, for the continuation of the Mediterranean drifting profiler program.
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Cohn, Stephen A., Vanda Grubišić, and William O. J. Brown. "Wind Profiler Observations of Mountain Waves and Rotors during T-REX." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 4 (April 2011): 826–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2611.1.
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A network of three boundary layer radar wind profilers is used to study characteristics of mountain waves and rotors and to explore the utility of such a network. The data employed were collected as part of the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX), which took place in Owens Valley, California, in early 2006. The wind profilers provide a continuous time–height representation of wave and rotor structure. During intensive observing period 3 (IOP 3), the profiler network was positioned in an L-shaped configuration, capturing key features of the mountain waves and rotor, including the boundary layer vortex sheet (or shear layer), turbulence within this shear layer, the classical lower turbulence zone (LTZ), and wave motion above the LTZ. Observed features were found to be in good agreement with recent high-resolution numerical simulations. Using the wind profiler with superior time resolution (Multiple Antenna Profiler Radar), a series of updraft–downdraft couplets were observed beneath the first downwind wave crest. These are interpreted as signatures of subrotors. Such detailed observations of subrotors are rare, even though subrotors are believed to be a common feature of rotor circulations in Owens Valley. During IOP 6, the network was repositioned to form a line across the valley. A simple algorithm was used to determine the amplitude, wavelength, and phase of the primary wave over the valley and to observe their changes over time and height. In the IOP-6 case, the wavelength increased over time, the phase indicated an eastward-shifting wave crest, and the amplitude increased with height and also varied over time.
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Lehmann, V., and G. Teschke. "Advanced intermittent clutter filtering for radar wind profiler: signal separation through a Gabor frame expansion and its statistics." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 4 (May 13, 2008): 759–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-759-2008.
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Abstract. A new signal processing method is presented for the suppression of intermittent clutter echoes in radar wind profilers. This clutter type is a significant problem during the seasonal bird migration and often results in large discrepancies between profiler wind measurements and independent reference data. The technique presented makes use of a discrete Gabor frame expansion of the coherently averaged time series data in combination with a statistical filtering approach to exploit the different signal characteristics between signal and clutter. The rationale of this algorithm is outlined and the mathematical methods used are presented in due detail. A first test using data obtained with an operational 482 MHz wind profiler indicates that the method outperforms the previously used clutter suppression algorithm.
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Todd, Robert E., Daniel L. Rudnick, Jeffrey T. Sherman, W. Brechner Owens, and Lawrence George. "Absolute Velocity Estimates from Autonomous Underwater Gliders Equipped with Doppler Current Profilers." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 2 (February 2017): 309–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0156.1.
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AbstractDoppler current profilers on autonomous underwater gliders measure water velocity relative to the moving glider over vertical ranges of O(10) m. Measurements obtained with 1-MHz Nortek acoustic Doppler dual current profilers (AD2CPs) on Spray gliders deployed off Southern California, west of the Galápagos Archipelago, and in the Gulf Stream are used to demonstrate methods of estimating absolute horizontal velocities in the upper 1000 m of the ocean. Relative velocity measurements nearest to a glider are used to infer dive-dependent flight parameters, which are then used to correct estimates of absolute vertically averaged currents to account for the accumulation of biofouling during months-long glider missions. The inverse method for combining Doppler profiler measurements of relative velocity with absolute references to estimate profiles of absolute horizontal velocity is reviewed and expanded to include additional constraints on the velocity solutions. Errors arising from both instrumental bias and decreased abundance of acoustic scatterers at depth are considered. Though demonstrated with measurements from a particular combination of platform and instrument, these techniques should be applicable to other combinations of gliders and Doppler current profilers.
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Compton, Jaime C., Ruben Delgado, Timothy A. Berkoff, and Raymond M. Hoff. "Determination of Planetary Boundary Layer Height on Short Spatial and Temporal Scales: A Demonstration of the Covariance Wavelet Transform in Ground-Based Wind Profiler and Lidar Measurements*." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1566–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00116.1.
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Abstract This article explores the application of the covariance wavelet transform (CWT) to lidar and, for the first time to the authors' knowledge, wind profiler data to examine the possibility of accurate and continuous planetary boundary layer (PBL) height measurements on short temporal resolution (1- and 15-min averages, respectively). Determining the mixing in the PBL was one goal of a study of the spatial and diurnal variations of the PBL height over Maryland for July 2011, during NASA's Earth Venture mission DISCOVER-AQ. The PBL heights derived from ground-based lidars [at University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC); 39.25°N, 76.70°W], a 915-MHz wind profiler, and radiosondes (at Beltsville, Maryland; 38.92°N, 77.02°W) were compared. Results from the comparison show an R2 = 0.89, 0.92, and 0.94 correlation between the radiosonde PBL heights and two lidars and wind profiler PBL heights, respectively. Accurate determination of the PBL height by applying the CWT to lidar and wind profilers will allow for improved air quality forecasting and understanding of regional pollution dynamics.
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Newman, Andrew J., Paul A. Kucera, Christopher R. Williams, and Larry F. Bliven. "Snowflake Size Spectra Retrieved from a UHF Vertical Profiler." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 180–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1105.1.
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Abstract This paper develops a technique for retrieving snowflake size distributions (SSDs) from a vertically pointing 915-MHz vertical profiler. Drop size distributions (DSDs) have been retrieved from 915-MHz profilers for several years using least squares minimization to determine the best-fit DSD to the observed Doppler spectra. This same premise is used to attempt the retrieval of SSDs. A nonlinear search, the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) method, is used to search the physically realistic solution space and arrive at a best-fit SSD from the Doppler spectra of the profiler. The best fit is assumed to be the minimum of the squared difference of the log of the observed and modeled spectrum power over the precipitation portion of the spectrum. A snowflake video imager (SVI) disdrometer was collocated with the profiler and provided surface estimates of the SSDs. The SVI also provided estimates of crystal type, which is critical in attempting to estimate the density–size relationship. A method to vary the density–size relationship during the event was developed as well. This was necessary to correctly scale the SVI SSDs for comparison to the profiler-estimated distributions. Five events were examined for this study, and good overall agreement was found between the profiler and SVI for the lowest profiler gate (225 m AGL). Vertical profiles of SSDs were also produced and appear to be physically reasonable. Uncertainty estimates using simulated Doppler spectra show that the retrieval uncertainties are larger than that for rainfall and can approach and exceed 100% for situations with large spectral broadening as a result of atmospheric turbulence. The larger uncertainties are attributed to the lack of unique Doppler spectra for quite different SSDs, resulting in a less well-behaved solution space than that of rainfall retrievals.
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Krasnodubets, L. A. "Concept of using and modeling of a marine autonomous smart profiler." Monitoring systems of environment, no. 3 (September 24, 2020): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33075/2220-5861-2020-3-106-113.
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The article focuses on the development of technical support in terms of expanding the measuring base and improving marine profilers for operational observation systems as part of a new and developing scientific and applied field – operational oceanography. The concept of using a marine autonomous intelligent profiler for operational measurements of the thermohaline profile parameters of a stratified ocean environment with a significant reduction in the time to conduct an experiment using smart profiling is presented. At the same time, time savings are achieved due to the flexible control of the high-speed modes of vertical movement of the marine autonomous profiler with adjustable buoyancy. Low profiling speeds avoid significant dynamic distortions in the measurements obtained from inertial sensors. However, in a homogeneous environment, after taking measurements, the speed of the profiler can be significantly increased. The purpose of the smart profiler as a mobile data collection platform is to analyze its own motion and the properties of the surrounding ocean environment and choose, on this basis, a high-speed profiling mode that provides an acceptable level of dynamic distortion in the sensor data installed on board the measuring equipment. The results of computer simulation of the proposed smart structure in the MATLAB & Simulink environment based on the original mathematical models that make up its subsystems are presented. We studied the process of “smart” profiling during the transition of the profiler from a cruising speed mode (fast) to a working speed mode (slow), as well as its return to cruising speed in a stratified ocean environment. In this case, the behavior strategy of the smart profiler (ensuring the specified accuracy of thermohaline measurements) was implemented by choosing a speed mode based on the analysis of dynamic measurements of its motion parameters and stratification of the profile by density.
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Williams, Christopher R., Allen B. White, Kenneth S. Gage, and F. Martin Ralph. "Vertical Structure of Precipitation and Related Microphysics Observed by NOAA Profilers and TRMM during NAME 2004." Journal of Climate 20, no. 9 (May 1, 2007): 1693–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4102.1.
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Abstract In support of the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) field campaign, NOAA established and maintained a field site about 100 km north of Mazatlán, Mexico, consisting of wind profilers, precipitation profilers, surface upward–downward-looking radiometers, and a 10-m meteorological tower to observe the environment within the North American monsoon. Three objectives of this NOAA project are discussed in this paper: 1) to observe the vertical structure of precipitating cloud systems as they passed over the NOAA profiler site, 2) to estimate the vertical air motion and the raindrop size distribution from near the surface to just below the melting layer, and 3) to better understand the microphysical processes associated with stratiform rain containing well-defined radar bright bands. To provide a climatological context for the profiler observations at the field site, the profiler reflectivity distributions were compared with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) reflectivity distributions from the 2004 season over the NAME domain as well as from the 1998–2005 seasons. This analysis places the NAME 2004 observations into the context of other monsoon seasons. It also provides a basis for evaluating the representativeness of the structure of the precipitation systems sampled at this location. The number of rain events observed by the TRMM PR is dependent on geography; the land region, which includes portions of the Sierra Madre Occidental, has more events than the coast and gulf regions. Conversely, from this study it is found that the frequencies of occurrence of stratiform rain and reflectivity profiles with radar bright bands are mostly independent of region. The analysis also revealed that the reflectivity distribution at each height has more year-to-year variability than region-to-region variability. These findings suggest that in cases with a well-defined bright band, the vertical profile of the reflectivity relative to the height of the bright band is similar over the gulf, coast, and land regions.
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Sayers, Michael W., and Steven M. Karamihas. "Estimation of Rideability by Analyzing Longitudinal Road Profile." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1536, no. 1 (January 1996): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153600116.
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A method for estimating pavement rideability by computing a statistic called ride number (RN) from measured longitudinal profiles of the pavement is presented. The computational algorithm was developed with two objectives in mind: (a) relevance, as established by correlation between RN and mean panel ratings obtained for profiled pavements, and (b) portability, as determined by the ability of different profiling systems to obtain comparable RN values for profiles taken on the same pavement. Experimental data show that the new algorithm is comparable to previously developed RN algorithms in terms of its correlation with panel ratings. The new algorithm is much more portable; comparable RN values can be obtained from different profilers and the quasi-static Dipstick device. However, measures from ultrasonic profilers are not as accurate, and in some cases these devices are not acceptable for measuring RN. Although the fundamental relationships between profile characteristics and the human perception of rideability are still not understood, the algorithm is recommended as the best way to apply the results of past research investigating rideability.
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May, Peter T., and Thomas D. Keenan. "Evaluation of Microphysical Retrievals from Polarimetric Radar with Wind Profiler Data." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2230.1.
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Abstract Polarimetric radar data have been used to produce microphysical classifications. This kind of analysis is run in a real-time mode from several research radars, including the C-band polarimetric (C-Pol) radar in Darwin, Australia. However, these classifications have had very little systematic evaluation with independent data. Using surface data is often difficult because of sampling issues, particularly for hail. The approach taken here is to use a combination of 50- and 920-MHz wind profiler estimates of rain and hail to provide validation data for the radar pixels over the profiler. The profilers also observe signals associated with lightning, and some comparisons are made between lightning occurrence and the radar measurements of graupel. The retrievals of hail–rain mixtures are remarkably robust; there are some issues regarding other microphysical classes, however, including difficulties in detecting melting snow layers in stratiform rain. These difficulties are largely due to the resampling of the radar volume data onto a grid and to poor separation of the snow classes.
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Biswas, Pooshpanjan Roy, Alessandro Beltrami, and Joan Saez Gomez. "A testing paradigm for quantifying ICC profilers." Color and Imaging Conference 2019, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-2629.2019.27.15.
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To reproduce colors in one system which differs from another system in terms of the color gamut, it is necessary to use a color gamut mapping process. This color gamut mapping is a method to translate a specific color from a medium (screen, digital camera, scanner, digital file, etc) into another system having a difference in gamut volume. There are different rendering intent options defined by the International Color Consortium [5] to use the different reproduction goals of the user [19]. Any rendering intent used to reproduce colors, includes profile engine decisions to do it, i.e. looking for color accuracy, vivid colors or pleasing reproduction of images. Using the same decisions on different profile engines, the final visual output can look different (more than one Just Noticeable Difference[16]) depending on the profile engine used and the color algorithms that they implement. Profile performance substantially depends on the profiler engine used to create them. Different profilers provide the user with varying levels of liberty to design a profile for their color management needs and preference. The motivation of this study is to rank the performance of various market leading profiler engines on the basis of different metrics designed specifically to report the performance of particular aspects of these profiles. The study helped us take valuable decisions regarding profile performance without any visual assessment to decide on the best profiler engine.
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Monna, Wim A. "Wind profiler radar." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 10, no. 6 (December 20, 2001): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2001/0010-0443.
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Teshiba, M., M. D. Yamanaka, H. Hashiguchi, Y. Shibagaki, Y. Ohno, and S. Fukao. "Secondary circulation within a tropical cyclone observed with L-band wind profilers." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 11 (November 29, 2004): 3951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3951-2004.
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Abstract. In association with the passage of a Tropical Cyclone (TC) around Japan, the secondary circulation in the region from the outer side to the center was investigated in detail by two separately located L-band wind profilers and the rawinsonde observations from 1 to 2 October 2002, for the first time. As the wind profilers can observe wind fields not only within rainbands but also in between, the mesoscale wind circulation including the vertical wind component in wide areas from the lower layer to the upper layer was investigated. While the TC center approached the profiler stations, several rainbands associated with the TC subsequently passed. Relatively warm, moist inflow with a cyclonic rotation was observed in the lower-troposphere while the TC center approached. The inflow reached the inside of the main rainband where the updraft was observed. Above 5-km height (with temperature below 0°C), outflow and weak downdraft corresponding to falling frozen particles were observed. It is considered that the frozen particles formed precipitating clouds mainly in the outer rainband region. The continuous wind circulation transported water vapor from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere via the vicinity of TC center. On the other hand, after the passage of the TC center, the developed rainband passed, which was located in the south and southwest quadrant of the TC. It is suggested with the profilers' data that the rainband was intensified mainly by warm and moist outflow below 3-km height.
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Barth, Ingrid, and Esther Klein-Wohl. "Teaching Students to Use Text-Profilers." International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 1, no. 3 (July 2011): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.2011070106.
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In this paper the authors suggest that teaching students to use freely available text-profiling software represents an innovative strategy and possible solution to needs of non-native English speakers who leave school without an adequate English vocabulary. First the research basis is described for a new text-profiler designed to help students acquire the high-frequency vocabulary they need in order to become effective readers of academic texts published in English. The authors then illustrate relative advantages of this tool and show how these features address specific issues related to learning English vocabulary at college or university. Finally pedagogic implications of teaching students to use text-profilers are presented and suggestions are offered for future directions.
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Alford, Matthew H., Tim McGinnis, and Bruce M. Howe. "An Inductive Charging and Real-Time Communications System for Profiling Moorings." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 12 (December 2015): 2243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0103.1.
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AbstractThis paper describes a system for providing power and communications to moored profiling vehicles. A McLane Moored Profiler (MP) was equipped with a rechargeable battery pack and an inductive charging system to allow it to move periodically to a charging dock at the top of a subsurface mooring. Power was provided from a large bank of alkaline batteries housed in two 0.94-m steel spheres. Data were transferred inductively from the profiler to a mooring controller, and from there back to shore via radio and Iridium satellite modems housed in a small surface communications float on an “L” tether. An acoustic modem provided backup communications to a nearby ship in the event of loss or damage to the surface float. The system was tested in a 180-m-deep fjord (Puget Sound, Washington) and at Station ALOHA (A Long-Term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment), a 4748-m-deep open-ocean location north of Hawaii. Basic functionality of the system was demonstrated, with the profiler repeatedly recharging at about 225 W (with an overall efficiency of about 70%). Data were relayed back to shore via Iridium and to a nearby ship via the radio and acoustic modems. The system profiled flawlessly for the entire 6-week test in Puget Sound, but charging at the deep site stopped after only 9 days in the deep-ocean deployment owing to damage to the charging station, possibly by surface wave action.
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Sari, Rini Arvika. "ANALISIS PROFIL USAHA EKONOMI DESA SIMPAN PINJAM (UED SP) BIDANG PERKEBUNAN DI DESA BANTAN TENGAH KECAMATAN BANTAN KABUPATEN BENGKALIS." Inovbiz: Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis 6, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35314/inovbiz.v6i1.382.
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This research aimed to know the economic effort’s profile saving and loan village (UED SP) about plantation in Bantan Tengah district of Bengkalis regency. The background of the research was UED SP program as the government effort to reduce destitute society in economic policy continuously. Meanwhile there were some obstacle in implementation of UED SP activities were not effective in the real implementation .it can be proven from the arrear every month and abuse fund from UED SP members. The objectives of the research were to know the profile comparison of UED SP from every effort that conducted by the profiler. This research was implemented in Bantan Tengah and used qualitative descriptive method to collect the information from UED SP Program. The result showed that there is significant effect of UED SP program toward receiver’s income. It can be concluded that there was a significant effect increasing of UED SP profiler’s income. The significant factors that influence the income of profiler UED SP such as education level, effort experience, family financial burden. In addition the highest participation of the society in every steps in program is the most important thing to determine the successfully of the program to increase social welfare of society in Bantan village Bengkalis regency.
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Halliwell, George R., Gustavo J. Goni, Michael F. Mehari, Villy H. Kourafalou, Molly Baringer, and Robert Atlas. "OSSE Assessment of Underwater Glider Arrays to Improve Ocean Model Initialization for Tropical Cyclone Prediction." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 3 (March 2020): 467–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0195.1.
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AbstractCredible tropical cyclone (TC) intensity prediction by coupled models requires accurate forecasts of enthalpy flux from ocean to atmosphere, which in turn requires accurate forecasts of sea surface temperature cooling beneath storms. Initial ocean fields must accurately represent ocean mesoscale features and the associated thermal and density structure. Observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) are performed to quantitatively assess the impact of assimilating profiles collected from multiple underwater gliders deployed over the western North Atlantic Ocean TC region, emphasizing advantages gained by profiling from moving versus stationary platforms. Assimilating ocean profiles collected repeatedly at fixed locations produces large root-mean-square error reduction only within ~50 km of each profiler for two primary reasons. First, corrections performed during individual update cycles tend to introduce unphysical eddy structure resulting from smoothing properties of the background error covariance matrix and the tapering of innovations by a localization radius function. Second, advection produces rapid nonlinear error growth at larger distances from profiler locations. The ability of each individual moving glider to cross gradients and map mesoscale structure in its vicinity substantially reduces this nonlinear error growth. Glider arrays can be deployed with horizontal separation distances that are 50%–100% larger than those of fixed-location profilers to achieve similar mesoscale error reduction. By contrast, substantial larger-scale bias reduction in upper-ocean heat content can be achieved by deploying profiler arrays with separation distances up to several hundred kilometers, with moving gliders providing only modest additional improvement. Expected sensitivity of results to study region and data assimilation method is discussed.
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Van Ewijk, Hans. "Positioneren en profileren." Maatwerk 15, no. 2 (April 2014): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12459-014-0017-8.
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Kim, Campistron, and Kwon. "Frontal Wind Field Retrieval Based on UHF Wind Profiler Radars and an S-band Radar Network." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2019): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090547.
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The three-dimensional wind field (WPR3D) and the multiple WPR3D (M-WPR3D) associated with the passage of a stationary front was derived from observations made by a network of eight wind profiler radars (WPR) being operated by the Korea Meteorological Administration during the summer “Jangma” season. The effectiveness of the WPR3D was determined through numerical model analysis and wind profilers at three sites, and the accuracy of the M-WPR3D was validated by comparing the trajectory of the radiosonde. The discontinuity of the wind field near the frontal interface was clearly retrieved and the penetration of the air mass in the southern front was detected. Compared with either the wind vector of three single wind profiler or a local data assimilation and predication system, the WPR3D wind field showed a wind speed accuracy of approximately 70% at an altitude of 1.5 km and underestimated the wind speed by 0.5–1.5 m s−1. The M-WPR3D with three S-band Doppler radars successfully retrieved the backing wind field as well as the pre-Jangma-frontal jet. The results of this study showed that severe weather can be effectively analyzed using a three-dimensional wind field generated on the basis of a remote sensing network.
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Nash, Jonathan D., Eric Kunze, Craig M. Lee, and Thomas B. Sanford. "Structure of the Baroclinic Tide Generated at Kaena Ridge, Hawaii." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2883.1.
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Abstract Repeat transects of full-depth density and velocity are used to quantify generation and radiation of the semidiurnal internal tide from Kaena Ridge, Hawaii. A 20-km-long transect was sampled every 3 h using expendable current profilers and the absolute velocity profiler. Phase and amplitude of the baroclinic velocity, pressure, and vertical displacement were computed, as was the energy flux. Large barotropically induced isopycnal heaving and strong baroclinic energy-flux divergence are observed on the steep flanks of the ridge where upward and downward beams radiate off ridge. Directly above Kaena Ridge, strong kinetic energy density and weak net energy flux are argued to be a horizontally standing wave. The phasing of velocity and vertical displacements is consistent with this interpretation. Results compare favorably with the Merrifield and Holloway model.
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Pile, David. "Portable profiler." Nature Photonics 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.257.
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Alijani, Zohreh, John Lindsay, Melanie Chabot, Tracy Rowlandson, and Aaron Berg. "Sensitivity of C-Band SAR Polarimetric Variables to the Directionality of Surface Roughness Parameters." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2021): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112210.
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Surface roughness is an important factor in many soil moisture retrieval models. Therefore, any mischaracterization of surface roughness parameters (root mean square height, RMSH, and correlation length, ʅ) may result in unreliable predictions and soil moisture estimations. In many environments, but particularly in agricultural settings, surface roughness parameters may show different behaviours with respect to the orientation or azimuth. Consequently, the relationship between SAR polarimetric variables and surface roughness parameters may vary depending on measurement orientation. Generally, roughness obtained for many SAR-based studies is estimated using pin profilers that may, or may not, be collected with careful attention to orientation to the satellite look angle. In this study, we characterized surface roughness parameters in multi-azimuth mode using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). We characterized the surface roughness parameters in different orientations and then examined the sensitivity between polarimetric variables and surface roughness parameters; further, we compared these results to roughness profiles obtained using traditional pin profilers. The results showed that the polarimetric variables were more sensitive to the surface roughness parameters at higher incidence angles (θ). Moreover, when surface roughness measurements were conducted at the look angle of RADARSAT-2, more significant correlations were observed between polarimetric variables and surface roughness parameters. Our results also indicated that TLS can represent more reliable results than pin profiler in the measurement of the surface roughness parameters.
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Savage, Neil. "Laser-beam profilers." Nature Photonics 1, no. 8 (August 2007): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2007.143.
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Olszak-Häußler, Karolina. "Profiler as an expert – selected issues." Issues of Forensic Science 298 (2017): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2017.298.4.
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Despite the fact that criminal profiling attracts massive media attention, our knowledge about the process of elaborating expert opinions containing criminal profiles is very limited. Based on the literature review, the author attempts to answer the questions: what is the objective of appointing an expert in the field of criminal profiling? and, which criteria should be applied to the evaluation of expert opinion?. Based on the content of the present article, it can be concluded that the current state of knowledge does not allow to determine unequivocally whether the profiler needs special knowledge, nor what should be the scope of such knowledge. Moreover, it cannot be clearly determined, whether the profile provides information of relevance to the resolution of the case. However, there is no doubt that wherever criminal profile takes the form of an expert opinion, it should be subject to very careful control, in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure and doctrine recommendations regarding this matter.
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Snook, Brent, Richard M. Cullen, Craig Bennell, Paul J. Taylor, and Paul Gendreau. "The Criminal Profiling Illusion." Criminal Justice and Behavior 35, no. 10 (October 2008): 1257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854808321528.
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There is a belief that criminal profilers can predict a criminal's characteristics from crime scene evidence. In this article, the authors argue that this belief may be an illusion and explain how people may have been misled into believing that criminal profiling (CP) works despite no sound theoretical grounding and no strong empirical support for this possibility. Potentially responsible for this illusory belief is the information that people acquire about CP, which is heavily influenced by anecdotes, repetition of the message that profiling works, the expert profiler label, and a disproportionate emphasis on correct predictions. Also potentially responsible are aspects of information processing such as reasoning errors, creating meaning out of ambiguous information, imitating good ideas, and inferring fact from fiction. The authors conclude that CP should not be used as an investigative tool because it lacks scientific support.
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Rao, T. Narayana, N. V. P. Kirankumar, B. Radhakrishna, D. Narayana Rao, and K. Nakamura. "Classification of Tropical Precipitating Systems Using Wind Profiler Spectral Moments. Part II: Statistical Characteristics of Rainfall Systems and Sensitivity Analysis." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 898–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jtecha1032.1.
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Abstract An automated precipitation algorithm to classify tropical precipitating systems has been described in a companion paper (Part I). In this paper, the algorithm has been applied to 18 months of lower atmospheric wind profiler measurements to study the vertical structure and statistical features of different types of tropical precipitating systems over Gadanki, India. The shallow precipitation seems to be an important component of tropical precipitation, because it is prevalent for about 23% of the observations, with a rainfall fraction of 16%. As expected, the deep convective systems contribute maximum (60%) to the total rainfall, followed by transition and stratiform precipitation. Nonprecipitating clouds (clouds associated with no surface rainfall) are predominant in transition category, indicating that evaporation of precipitation is significant in this region. The quantitative rainfall statistics in different precipitation regimes are compared and contrasted between themselves and also with those reported at different geographical locations obtained with a wide spectrum of instruments, from rain gauges to profilers and scanning radars. The results herein agree with the reports based on scanning radar measurements but differ from profiler-based statistics. The discrepancies are discussed in light of differences in classification schemes, variation in geographical conditions, etc. The sensitivity of the algorithm on the choice of thresholds for identifying different types of precipitating systems is also examined.
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Lipner, Ian. "Survey ProfilesAN&AAReaders." Anthropology News 39, no. 6 (September 1998): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.1998.39.6.18.2.
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Cohen, J. "PROFILE:An Ambassador of Research." Science 288, no. 5474 (June 23, 2000): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5474.2162.
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Li, Shuhan, Qisheng Zhang, Xiao Zhao, Shenghui Liu, Zhenzhong Yuan, and Xinyue Zhang. "Dynamic data transmission technology for expendable current profiler based on low-voltage differential signaling." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 6, no. 2 (July 14, 2017): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-263-2017.
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Abstract. A dynamic data transmission technology for expendable current profilers (XCPs) is proposed in this paper. Two parallel varnished wires are employed as the data transmission medium. By testing the transmission properties of the varnished wires, a baseband transmission system is studied and designed. Modified low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) is adopted as the physical layer for data transmission. The data transmission protocol is modified and optimized in accordance with the RS-232 protocol, and the Manchester code is superimposed. According to the results of indoor and marine tests, the data transmission distance of the designed system, which employs a 0.1 mm diameter varnished wire, extends to 2 km with high efficiency and accuracy for data transmission, exhibiting excellent performance. Moreover, this data transmission technology could be used for other expendable marine-environment parametric measuring instruments such as an expendable bathythermograph and an expendable conductivity temperature depth profiler.
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Williams, Christopher R., and Peter T. May. "Uncertainties in Profiler and Polarimetric DSD Estimates and Their Relation to Rainfall Uncertainties." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 1881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1038.1.
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Abstract Polarimetric weather radars offer the promise of accurate rainfall measurements by including polarimetric measurements in rainfall estimation algorithms. Questions still remain on how accurately polarimetric measurements represent the parameters of the raindrop size distribution (DSD). In particular, this study propagates polarimetric radar measurement uncertainties through a power-law median raindrop diameter D0 algorithm to quantify the statistical uncertainties of the power-law regression. For this study, the power-law statistical uncertainty of D0 ranged from 0.11 to 0.17 mm. Also, the polarimetric scanning radar D0 estimates were compared with the median raindrop diameters retrieved from two vertically pointing profilers observing the same radar volume as the scanning radar. Based on over 900 observations, the standard deviation of the differences between the two radar estimates was approximately 0.16 mm. Thus, propagating polarimetric measurement uncertainties through D0 power-law regressions is comparable to uncertainties between polarimeteric and profiler D0 estimates.
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Gostiaux, Louis, and Hans van Haren. "Extracting Meaningful Information from Uncalibrated Backscattered Echo Intensity Data." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecho704.1.
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Abstract The authors present an original method for the analysis of acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) echo intensity profiles measured in the ocean, especially when no calibration has been performed. This study is based on data from Teledyne RD Instrument acoustic profilers but provides a methodology that can be extended to other kinds of hardware. To correctly interpret data for which the signal-to-noise ratio is below a factor of 10, the authors propose isolating the backscattered signal from noise in arithmetic space before resolving the sonar equation and compensating for transmission loss in logarithmic space. The robustness of the method is shown for several independent datasets from the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. Estimation of sediment concentration, planktonic migrations, or air bubbles is now possible at less than 10 dB above noise level, which can concern half of the ADCP’s range under common circumstances.
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Lau, Elías, Scott McLaughlin, Frank Pratte, Bob Weber, David Merritt, Maikel Wise, Gary Zimmerman, Matthew James, and Megan Sloan. "The DeTect Inc. RAPTOR VAD-BL Radar Wind Profiler." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 1978–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00259.1.
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Abstract The DeTect Inc. RAPTOR velocity–azimuth display boundary layer (VAD-BL) radar wind profiler is a pulsed Doppler radar used to make automatic unattended measurements of wind profiles in the lower atmosphere. All data products are produced on site, in real time, and utilize quality control software to screen out interference. The nominal frequencies are 915 and 1290 MHz but other frequencies can be accommodated. While the architecture is similar to other boundary layer wind profilers, the RAPTOR VAD-BL is designed to provide consistently superior data quality due to its antenna design and signal processing capabilities. The antenna is a high-performance parabolic reflector with a feed that is designed in house for the operational frequency of the radar. The antenna is mounted on a robust military-grade azimuth-only positioner. The RAPTOR VAD-BL can collect data from several opposing beam positions with the goal of producing higher-quality wind data using the velocity–azimuth display (VAD) algorithm. The Advanced Signal Processing Engine (ASPEN) software used to calculate winds outperforms conventional consensus algorithms. The health and status of all critical subsystems is monitored via the profiler health monitor (PHM), a stand-alone monitor with its own microprocessor. Results from systems deployed for operational applications show the potential for the retrieval of high-quality data with excellent height coverage and a solid design that allows the antenna to perform under sustained high wind loading.
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Zedel, Len, and Francis-Yan Cyr-Racine. "Extracting fish and water velocity from Doppler profiler data." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 9 (June 23, 2009): 1846–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp168.
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Abstract Zedel, L., and Cyr-Racine, F-Y. 2009. Extracting fish and water velocity from Doppler profiler data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1846–1852. Doppler current profilers are optimized for measuring water velocities, but have the demonstrated capability to measure fish swimming speeds. This is possible when fish form schools that are large enough for all multiple Doppler sonar beams to sample the fish speeds at the same time. In situations where fish are not present in at least three acoustic beams, it is impossible to extract fish velocity with the data-processing algorithms normally used to extract water velocity. We present an alternative method of analysing Doppler sonar data that treats data from individual acoustic beams independently, so that velocities can be extracted when fish appear intermittently in the sonar beams. The method determines the variance for each velocity estimate so that data averaging can be adjusted to achieve the desired accuracy. The algorithm is applied to extract both water and fish velocities from Doppler profiler observations of overwintering Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Smith Sound, Newfoundland. Currents in this enclosed coastal area are slow (∼10 cm s−1), and the fish appear to move passively with the water much of the time. However, there are times when the fish have velocities different from those of the water, and profiles averaged over 20 d show clear differences in fish and water velocities.