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Journal articles on the topic 'Profiler lidar'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Compton, Jaime C., Ruben Delgado, Timothy A. Berkoff, and Raymond M. Hoff. "Determination of Planetary Boundary Layer Height on Short Spatial and Temporal Scales: A Demonstration of the Covariance Wavelet Transform in Ground-Based Wind Profiler and Lidar Measurements*." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1566–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00116.1.

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Abstract This article explores the application of the covariance wavelet transform (CWT) to lidar and, for the first time to the authors' knowledge, wind profiler data to examine the possibility of accurate and continuous planetary boundary layer (PBL) height measurements on short temporal resolution (1- and 15-min averages, respectively). Determining the mixing in the PBL was one goal of a study of the spatial and diurnal variations of the PBL height over Maryland for July 2011, during NASA's Earth Venture mission DISCOVER-AQ. The PBL heights derived from ground-based lidars [at University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC); 39.25°N, 76.70°W], a 915-MHz wind profiler, and radiosondes (at Beltsville, Maryland; 38.92°N, 77.02°W) were compared. Results from the comparison show an R2 = 0.89, 0.92, and 0.94 correlation between the radiosonde PBL heights and two lidars and wind profiler PBL heights, respectively. Accurate determination of the PBL height by applying the CWT to lidar and wind profilers will allow for improved air quality forecasting and understanding of regional pollution dynamics.
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2

Newchurch, Michael J., Raul J. Alvarez, Timothy A. Berkoff, William Carrion, Russell J. DeYoung, Rene Ganoe, Guillaume Gronoff, et al. "TOLNet ozone lidar intercomparison during the discover-aq and frappé campaigns." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 10007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817610007.

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The Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) is a unique network of lidar systems that measure atmospheric profiles of ozone and aerosols, to contribute to air-quality studies, atmospheric modeling, and satellite validation efforts. The accurate characterization of these lidars is of critical interest, and is necessary to determine cross-instrument calibration uniformity. From July to August 2014, three lidars, the TROPospheric OZone (TROPOZ) lidar, the Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and oZone (TOPAZ) lidar, and the Langley Mobile Ozone Lidar (LMOL), of TOLNet participated in the “Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality” (DISCOVER-AQ) mission and the “Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment” (FRAPPÉ) to measure sub-hourly ozone variations from near the surface to the top of the troposphere. Although large differences occur at few individual altitudes in the near field and far field range, the TOLNet lidars agree with each other within ±4%. These results indicate excellent measurement accuracy for the TOLNet lidars that is suitable for use in air-quality and ozone modeling efforts.
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3

Wang, Lihua, Michael J. Newchurch, Raul J. Alvarez II, Timothy A. Berkoff, Steven S. Brown, William Carrion, Russell J. De Young, et al. "Quantifying TOLNet ozone lidar accuracy during the 2014 DISCOVER-AQ and FRAPPÉ campaigns." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 10 (October 23, 2017): 3865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3865-2017.

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Abstract. The Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) is a unique network of lidar systems that measure high-resolution atmospheric profiles of ozone. The accurate characterization of these lidars is necessary to determine the uniformity of the network calibration. From July to August 2014, three lidars, the TROPospheric OZone (TROPOZ) lidar, the Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and oZone (TOPAZ) lidar, and the Langley Mobile Ozone Lidar (LMOL), of TOLNet participated in the Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) mission and the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment (FRAPPÉ) to measure ozone variations from the boundary layer to the top of the troposphere. This study presents the analysis of the intercomparison between the TROPOZ, TOPAZ, and LMOL lidars, along with comparisons between the lidars and other in situ ozone instruments including ozonesondes and a P-3B airborne chemiluminescence sensor. The TOLNet lidars measured vertical ozone structures with an accuracy generally better than ±15 % within the troposphere. Larger differences occur at some individual altitudes in both the near-field and far-field range of the lidar systems, largely as expected. In terms of column average, the TOLNet lidars measured ozone with an accuracy better than ±5 % for both the intercomparison between the lidars and between the lidars and other instruments. These results indicate that these three TOLNet lidars are suitable for use in air quality, satellite validation, and ozone modeling efforts.
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4

Wing, Robin, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Thomas J. McGee, John T. Sullivan, Sergey Khaykin, Grant Sumnicht, and Laurence Twigg. "Evaluation of the new DWD ozone and temperature lidar during the Hohenpeißenberg Ozone Profiling Study (HOPS) and comparison of results with previous NDACC campaigns." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 5 (May 25, 2021): 3773–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3773-2021.

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Abstract. A newly upgraded German Weather Service (DWD) ozone and temperature lidar (HOH) located at the Hohenpeißenberg Meteorological Observatory (47.8∘ N, 11.0∘ E) has been evaluated through comparison with the travelling standard lidar operated by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA GSFC Stratospheric Ozone (STROZ) lidar), satellite overpasses from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER), the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS), meteorological radiosondes launched from Munich (65 km northeast), and locally launched ozonesondes. The “blind” evaluation was conducted under the framework of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) using 10 clear nights of measurements in 2018 and 2019. The campaign, referred to as the Hohenpeißenberg Ozone Profiling Study (HOPS), was conducted within the larger context of NDACC validation activities for European lidar stations. There was good agreement between all ozone lidar measurements in the range of 15 to 41 km with relative differences between co-located ozone profiles of less than ±10 %. Differences in the measured ozone number densities between the lidars and the locally launched ozone sondes were also generally less than 5 % below 30 km. The satellite ozone profiles demonstrated some differences with respect to the ground-based lidars which are due to sampling differences and geophysical variation. Both the original and new DWD lidars continue to meet the NDACC standard for lidar ozone profiles by exceeding 3 % accuracy between 16.5 and 43 km. Temperature differences for all instruments were less than ±5 K below 60 km, with larger differences present in the lidar–satellite comparisons above this region. Temperature differences between the DWD lidars met the NDACC accuracy requirements of ±1 K between 17 and 78 km. A unique cross-comparison between the HOPS campaign and a similar, recent campaign at Observatoire de Haute-Provence (Lidar Validation NDACC Experiment; LAVANDE) allowed for an investigation into potential biases in the NASA-STROZ reference lidar. The reference lidar may slightly underestimate ozone number densities above 43 km with respect to the French and German NDACC lidars. Below 20 km, the reference lidar temperatures profiles are 5 to 10 K cooler than the temperatures which are reported by the other instruments.
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5

Kunz, Gerard J. "Field test of a lidar wind profiler." Optical Engineering 35, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 3074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.601045.

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6

Drechsel, Susanne, Georg J. Mayr, Michel Chong, Martin Weissmann, Andreas Dörnbrack, and Ronald Calhoun. "Three-Dimensional Wind Retrieval: Application of MUSCAT to Dual-Doppler Lidar." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1115.1.

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Abstract During the field campaign of the Terrain-induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX) in the spring of 2006, Doppler lidar measurements were taken in the complex terrain of the Californian Owens Valley for six weeks. While fast three-dimensional (3D) wind analysis from measured radial wind components is well established for dual weather radars, only the feasibility was shown for dual-Doppler lidars. A computationally inexpensive, variational analysis method developed for multiple-Doppler radar measurements over complex terrain was applied. The general flow pattern of the 19 derived 3D wind fields is slightly smoothed in time and space because of lidar scan duration and analysis algorithm. The comparison of extracted wind profiles to profiles from radiosondes and wind profiler reveals differences of wind speed and direction of less than 1.1 m s−1 and 3°, on average, with standard deviations not exceeding 2.7 m s−1 and 27°, respectively. Standard velocity–azimuth display (VAD) retrieval method provided higher vertical resolution than the dual-Doppler retrieval, but no horizontal structure of the flow field. The authors suggest a simple way to obtain a good first guess for a dual-lidar scan strategy geared toward 3D wind retrieval that minimizes scan duration and maximizes spatial coverage.
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7

Pershin, Sergey M., Boris G. Katsnelson, Mikhail Ya Grishin, Vasily N. Lednev, Vladimir A. Zavozin, and Ilia Ostrovsky. "Laser Remote Sensing of Lake Kinneret by Compact Fluorescence LiDAR." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 7307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197307.

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Harmful algal blooms in freshwater reservoirs became a steady phenomenon in recent decades, so instruments for monitoring water quality in real time are of high importance. Modern satellite remote sensing is a powerful technique for mapping large areas but cannot provide depth-resolved data on algal concentrations. As an alternative to satellite techniques, laser remote sensing is a perspective technique for depth-resolved studies of fresh or seawater. Recent progress in lasers and electronics makes it possible to construct compact and lightweight LiDARs (Light Detection and Ranging) that can be installed on small boats or drones. LiDAR sensing is an established technique; however, it is more common in studies of seas rather than freshwater reservoirs. In this study, we present an experimental verification of a compact LiDAR as an instrument for the shipborne depth profiling of chlorophyll concentration across the freshwater Lake Kinneret (Israel). Chlorophyll depth profiles of 3 m with a 1.5 m resolution were measured in situ, under sunlight conditions. A good correlation (R2 = 0.89) has been established between LiDAR signals and commercial algae profiler data. A non-monotonic algae depth distribution was observed along the boat route during daytime (Tiberias city–Jordan River mouth–Tiberias city). The impact of high algal concentration on water temperature laser remote sensing has been studied in detail to estimate the LiDAR capability of in situ simultaneous measurements of temperature and chlorophyll concentration.
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8

Bühl, J., R. Leinweber, U. Görsdorf, M. Radenz, A. Ansmann, and V. Lehmann. "Combined vertical-velocity observations with Doppler lidar, cloud radar and wind profiler." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-353-2015.

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Abstract. Case studies of combined vertical-velocity measurements of Doppler lidar, cloud radar and wind profiler are presented. The measurements were taken at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg, Germany. Synergistic products are presented that are derived from the vertical-velocity measurements of the three instruments: A comprehensive classification mask of vertically moving atmospheric targets and the terminal fall velocity of water droplets and ice crystals corrected for vertical air motion. It is shown that the measurements of the Doppler lidar can extent the view of the cloud radar and the wind profiler, especially when observing clouds.
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9

Debnath, Mithu, Giacomo Valerio Iungo, W. Alan Brewer, Aditya Choukulkar, Ruben Delgado, Scott Gunter, Julie K. Lundquist, John L. Schroeder, James M. Wilczak, and Daniel Wolfe. "Assessment of virtual towers performed with scanning wind lidars and Ka-band radars during the XPIA experiment." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 3 (March 29, 2017): 1215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1215-2017.

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Abstract. During the eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment (XPIA) campaign, which was carried out at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) in spring 2015, multiple-Doppler scanning strategies were carried out with scanning wind lidars and Ka-band radars. Specifically, step–stare measurements were collected simultaneously with three scanning Doppler lidars, while two scanning Ka-band radars carried out simultaneous range height indicator (RHI) scans. The XPIA experiment provided the unique opportunity to compare directly virtual-tower measurements performed simultaneously with Ka-band radars and Doppler wind lidars. Furthermore, multiple-Doppler measurements were assessed against sonic anemometer data acquired from the meteorological tower (met-tower) present at the BAO site and a lidar wind profiler. This survey shows that – despite the different technologies, measurement volumes and sampling periods used for the lidar and radar measurements – a very good accuracy is achieved for both remote-sensing techniques for probing horizontal wind speed and wind direction with the virtual-tower scanning technique.
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10

Cheynet, Etienne, Martin Flügge, Joachim Reuder, Jasna B. Jakobsen, Yngve Heggelund, Benny Svardal, Pablo Saavedra Garfias, et al. "The COTUR project: remote sensing of offshore turbulence for wind energy application." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 6137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6137-2021.

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Abstract. The paper presents the measurement strategy and data set collected during the COTUR (COherence of TURbulence with lidars) campaign. This field experiment took place from February 2019 to April 2020 on the southwestern coast of Norway. The coherence quantifies the spatial correlation of eddies and is little known in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. The study was motivated by the need to better characterize the lateral coherence, which partly governs the dynamic wind load on multi-megawatt offshore wind turbines. During the COTUR campaign, the coherence was studied using land-based remote sensing technology. The instrument setup consisted of three long-range scanning Doppler wind lidars, one Doppler wind lidar profiler and one passive microwave radiometer. Both the WindScanner software and LidarPlanner software were used jointly to simultaneously orient the three scanner heads into the mean wind direction, which was provided by the lidar wind profiler. The radiometer instrument complemented these measurements by providing temperature and humidity profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer. The scanning beams were pointed slightly upwards to record turbulence characteristics both within and above the surface layer, providing further insight on the applicability of surface-layer scaling to model the turbulent wind load on offshore wind turbines. The preliminary results show limited variations of the lateral coherence with the scanning distance. A slight increase in the identified Davenport decay coefficient with the height is partly due to the limited pointing accuracy of the instruments. These results underline the importance of achieving pointing errors under 0.1∘ to study properly the lateral coherence of turbulence at scanning distances of several kilometres.
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11

Chen, Zhong, Matthew DeLand, and Pawan K. Bhartia. "A new algorithm for detecting cloud height using OMPS/LP measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2016): 1239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1239-2016.

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Abstract. The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite Limb Profiler (OMPS/LP) ozone product requires the determination of cloud height for each event to establish the lower boundary of the profile for the retrieval algorithm. We have created a revised cloud detection algorithm for LP measurements that uses the spectral dependence of the vertical gradient in radiance between two wavelengths in the visible and near-IR spectral regions. This approach provides better discrimination between clouds and aerosols than results obtained using a single wavelength. Observed LP cloud height values show good agreement with coincident Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) measurements.
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12

Chen, Z., M. DeLand, and P. K. Bhartia. "A new algorithm for detecting cloud height using OMPS/LP measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 10 (October 2, 2015): 10159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-10159-2015.

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Abstract. The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite Limb Profiler (OMPS/LP) ozone product requires the determination of cloud height for each event to establish the lower boundary of the profile for the retrieval algorithm. We have created a revised cloud detection algorithm for LP measurements that uses the spectral dependence of the vertical gradient in radiance between two wavelengths in the visible and near-IR spectral regions. This approach provides better discrimination between clouds and aerosols than results obtained using a single wavelength. Observed LP cloud height values show good agreement with coincident Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) measurements.
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13

Shaw, W. J., M. S. Pekour, R. L. Coulter, T. J. Martin, and J. T. Walters. "The daytime mixing layer observed by radiosonde, profiler, and lidar during MILAGRO." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 5 (October 19, 2007): 15025–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-15025-2007.

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Abstract. During the MILAGRO campaign centered in the Mexico City area, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) operated atmospheric profiling systems at Veracruz and at two locations on the Central Mexican Plateau in the region around Mexico City. These systems included radiosondes, wind profilers, a sodar, and an aerosol backscatter lidar. An additional wind profiler was operated by the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) at the Mexican Petroleum Institue (IMP) near the center of Mexico City. Because of the opportunity afforded by collocation of profilers, radiosondes, and a lidar, and because of the importance of boundary layer depth for aerosol properties, we have carried out a comparison of mixing layer depth as determined independently from these three types of measurement systems during the campaign. We have then used results of this comparison and additional measurements to develop a detailed description of the daily structure and evolution of the boundary layer on the Central Mexican Plateau during MILAGRO. Our analysis indicates that the profilers were more consistently successful in establishing the mixing layer depth during the daytime. The boundary layer growth was similar at the three locations, although the mixing layer tended to be slightly deeper in the afternoon in central Mexico City. The sodar showed that convection began about an hour after sunrise. Maximum daily mixing layer depths always reached 2000 m a.g.l. and frequently extended to 4000 m. The rate and variability of mixing layer growth was essentially the same as that observed during the IMADA-AVER campaign in the same season in 1997. This growth did not seem to be related to whether deep convection was reported on a given day. Wind speeds within the boundary layer exhibited a daily low-altitude maximum in the late afternoon with lighter winds aloft, consistent with previous reports of diurnal regional circulations. Norte events, which produced high winds at Veracruz, did not appreciably modulate the winds on the plateau. Finally, despite the typically dry conditions at the surface, radiosonde profiles showed that relative humidity often exceeded 50% in the early morning and in the upper part of the boundary layer. This suggests that aerosol particles would have experienced hygroscopic growth within the boundary layer on many days.
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14

Saïd, Frédérique, Bernard Campistron, and Paolo Di Girolamo. "High-resolution humidity profiles retrieved from wind profiler radar measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 3 (March 26, 2018): 1669–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1669-2018.

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Abstract. The retrieval of humidity profiles from wind profiler radars has already been documented in the past 30 years and is known to be neither as straightforward and nor as robust as the retrieval of the wind velocity. The main constraint to retrieve the humidity profile is the necessity to combine measurements from the wind profiler and additional measurements (such as observations from radiosoundings at a coarser time resolution). Furthermore, the method relies on some assumptions and simplifications that restrict the scope of its application. The first objective of this paper is to identify the obstacles and limitations and solve them, or at least define the field of applicability. To improve the method, we propose using the radar capacity to detect transition levels, such as the top level of the boundary layer, marked by a maximum in the radar reflectivity. This forces the humidity profile from the free troposphere and from the boundary layer to coincide at this level, after an optimization of the calibration coefficients, and reduces the error. The resulting mean bias affecting the specific humidity profile never exceeds 0.25 g kg−1. The second objective is to explore the capability of the algorithm to retrieve the humidity vertical profiles for an operational purpose by comparing the results with observations from a Raman lidar.
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15

Päschke, E., R. Leinweber, and V. Lehmann. "An assessment of the performance of a 1.5 μm Doppler lidar for operational vertical wind profiling based on a 1-year trial." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 6 (June 3, 2015): 2251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2251-2015.

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Abstract. We present the results of a 1-year quasi-operational testing of the 1.5 μm StreamLine Doppler lidar developed by Halo Photonics from 2 October 2012 to 2 October 2013. The system was configured to continuously perform a velocity-azimuth display scan pattern using 24 azimuthal directions with a constant beam elevation angle of 75°. Radial wind estimates were selected using a rather conservative signal-to-noise ratio based threshold of −18.2 dB (0.015). A 30 min average profile of the wind vector was calculated based on the assumption of a horizontally homogeneous wind field through a Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of the overdetermined linear system. A strategy for the quality control of the retrieved wind vector components is outlined for ensuring consistency between the Doppler lidar wind products and the inherent assumptions employed in the wind vector retrieval. Quality-controlled lidar measurements were compared with independent reference data from a collocated operational 482 MHz radar wind profiler running in a four-beam Doppler beam swinging mode and winds from operational radiosonde measurements. The intercomparison results reveal a particularly good agreement between the Doppler lidar and the radar wind profiler, with root mean square errors ranging between 0.5 and 0.7 m s−1 for wind speed and between 5 and 10° for wind direction. The median of the half-hourly averaged wind speed for the intercomparison data set is 8.2 m s−1, with a lower quartile of 5.4 m s−1 and an upper quartile of 11.6 m s−1.
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16

Cohn, Stephen A., and R. Kent Goodrich. "Radar Wind Profiler Radial Velocity: A Comparison with Doppler Lidar." Journal of Applied Meteorology 41, no. 12 (December 2002): 1277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<1277:rwprva>2.0.co;2.

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17

Mettig, Nora, Mark Weber, Alexei Rozanov, Carlo Arosio, John P. Burrows, Pepijn Veefkind, Anne M. Thompson, et al. "Ozone profile retrieval from nadir TROPOMI measurements in the UV range." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 6057–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6057-2021.

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Abstract. The TOPAS (Tikhonov regularised Ozone Profile retrievAl with SCIATRAN) algorithm to retrieve vertical profiles of ozone from space-borne observations in nadir-viewing geometry has been developed at the Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP) of the University of Bremen and applied to the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) L1B spectral data version 2. Spectral data between 270 and 329 nm are used for the retrieval. A recalibration of the measured radiances is done using ozone profiles from MLS/Aura. Studies with synthetic spectra show that individual profiles in the stratosphere can be retrieved with an uncertainty of about 10 %. In the troposphere, the retrieval errors are larger depending on the a priori profile used. The vertical resolution above 18 km is about 6–10 km, and it degrades to 15–25 km below. The vertical resolution in the troposphere is strongly dependent on the solar zenith angle (SZA). The ozone profiles retrieved from TROPOMI with the TOPAS algorithm were validated using data from ozonesondes and stratospheric ozone lidars. Above 18 km, the comparison with sondes shows excellent agreement within less than ±5 % for all latitudes. The standard deviation of mean differences is about 10 %. Below 18 km, the relative mean deviation in the tropics and northern latitudes is still quite good, remaining within ±20 %. At southern latitudes, larger differences of up to +40 % occur between 10 and 15 km. The standard deviation is about 50 % between 7–18 km and about 25 % below 7 km. The validation of stratospheric ozone profiles with ground-based lidar measurements also shows very good agreement. The relative mean deviation is below ±5 % between 18–45 km, with a standard deviation of 10 %. TOPAS retrieval results for 1 d of TROPOMI observations were compared to ozone profiles from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite and the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite Limb Profiler (OMPS-LP). The relative mean difference was found to be largely below ±5 % between 20–50 km, except at very high latitudes.
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18

Vecchiotti, Andrea, Hannah Blackburn, Kyle Kirian, Joseph Vignola, Diego Turo, Jeff Foeller, and Teresa J. Ryan. "Scanning Doppler LIDAR wind profiles to inform near shore atmospheric acoustic propagation modeling." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015531.

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This work presents a comprehensive experimental system to measure concurrent atmospheric acoustic transmission loss and meteorological conditions. A three-dimensional scanning Doppler lidar wind profiler captures real-time wind speed gradients at many locations along the acoustic propagation path of a simple pitch catch style study. A long-range acoustic device on an anchored pontoon sends known chirp sequences to a seven-channel receiver array at the water’s edge at ranges up to approximately one kilometer. Additional synchronized meteorological observations include temperature, humidity, and wind measured with anemometers. The meteorological data stream is used to inform the sound speed gradient implemented in a parabolic equation based numerical model of atmospheric acoustic propagation. The model can account for sea surface roughness and accommodate a sound speed profile that changes along the propagation range. Model predictions are compared to measured transmission losses. An assessment of the value of the computational cost of incorporating the varying sound speed profiles in the model is presented.
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Bühl, Johannes, Patric Seifert, Martin Radenz, Holger Baars, and Albert Ansmann. "Ice crystal number concentration from lidar, cloud radar and radar wind profiler measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 12 (December 13, 2019): 6601–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6601-2019.

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Abstract. A new method for the retrieval of ice crystal number concentration (ICNC) from combined active remote-sensing measurements of Raman lidar, cloud radar and radar wind profiler is presented. We exploit – for the first time – measurements of terminal fall velocity together with the radar reflectivity factor and/or the lidar-derived particle extinction coefficient in clouds for retrieving the number concentration of pristine ice particles with presumed particle shapes. A lookup table approach for the retrieval of the properties of the particle size distribution from observed parameters is presented. Analysis of methodological uncertainties and error propagation is performed, which shows that a retrieval of ice particle number concentration based on terminal fall velocity is possible within 1 order of magnitude. Comparison between a retrieval of the number concentration based on terminal fall velocity on the one hand and lidar and cloud radar on the other shows agreement within the uncertainties of the retrieval.
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20

Liu, Qi, Bingyi Liu, Songhua Wu, Jintao Liu, Kailin Zhang, Xiaoquan Song, Xiangcheng Chen, and Peizhi Zhu. "Design of the Ship-Borne Multi-Wavelength Polarization Ocean Lidar System and Measurement of Seawater Optical Properties." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 07007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023707007.

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A ship-borne multi-wavelength polarization ocean lidar system LOOP (Lidar for Ocean Optics Profiler) is introduced in detail, aiming to obtain high-precision vertical profiles of seawater optical characteristics. Based on Monte-Carlo simulation, the receiving telescope is designed with a variable field of view, producing system attenuation coefficient (Klidar) approximating the optical parameters of seawater under a different field of view and water body conditions. At first, a sea trial was conducted in Jiaozhou Bay, and the measured diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd) of seawater was 0.3m−1, being in good agreement compared with the results measured by field instrument TriOS. Then a field campaign was organized in the South China Sea. The measurement of the seawater diffuse attenuation (Kd) was 0.035m−1. These results support the prospects that lidar, as an effective tool supplement to traditional passive ocean color remote sensing, can provide the vertical distributions of optical properties in the upper ocean.
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21

Zalach, Jacob, Christian von Savigny, Arvid Langenbach, Gerd Baumgarten, Franz-Josef Lübken, and Adam Bourassa. "A Method for Retrieving Stratospheric Aerosol Extinction and Particle Size from Ground-Based Rayleigh-Mie-Raman Lidar Observations." Atmosphere 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080773.

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We report on the retrieval of stratospheric aerosol particle size and extinction coefficient profiles from multi-color backscatter measurements with the Rayleigh–Mie–Raman lidar operated at the Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research (ALOMAR) in northern Norway. The retrievals are based on a two-step approach. In a first step, the median radius of an assumed monomodal log-normal particle size distribution with fixed width is retrieved based on a color index formed from the measured backscatter ratios at the wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm. An intrinsic ambiguity of the retrieved aerosol size information is discussed. In a second step, this particle size information is used to convert the measured lidar backscatter ratio to aerosol extinction coefficients. The retrieval is currently based on monthly-averaged lidar measurements and the results for March 2013 are discussed. A sensitivity study is presented that allows for establishing an error budget for the aerosol retrievals. Assuming a monomodal log-normal aerosol particle size distribution with a geometric width of S = 1.5, median radii on the order of below 100 nm are retrieved. The median radii are found to generally decrease with increasing altitude. The retrieved aerosol extinction profiles are compared to observations with the OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System) and the OMPS-LP (Ozone Mapping Profiling Suite Limb Profiler) satellite instruments in the 60∘ N to 80∘ N latitude band. The extinction profiles that were retrieved from the lidar measurements show good agreement with the observations of the two satellite instruments when taking the different wavelengths of the instruments into account.
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Chen, Xinghong, and Li Tao. "Dynamic Path Planning of Underwater Vehicle Based on Pulse Lidar Profiler." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1813, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1813/1/012025.

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Di Girolamo, P., D. Summa, R. Bhawar, T. Di Iorio, E. G. Norton, G. Peters, and Y. Dufournet. "Lidar and radar measurements of the melting layer in the frame of the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study: observations of dark and bright band phenomena." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 11 (November 21, 2011): 30949–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-30949-2011.

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Abstract. During the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS), lidar dark and bright bands were observed by the University of BASILicata Raman lidar system (BASIL) during several intensive (IOPs) and special (SOPs) observation periods (among others, 23 July, 15 August, and 17 August 2007). Lidar data were supported by measurements from the University of Hamburg cloud radar MIRA 36 (36 GHz), the University of Hamburg dual-polarization micro rain radars (24.1 GHz) and the University of Manchester UHF wind profiler (1.29 GHz). Results from BASIL and the radars for 23 July 2007 are illustrated and discussed to support the comprehension of the microphysical and scattering processes responsible for the appearance of the lidar and radar dark and bright bands. Simulations of the lidar dark and bright band based on the application of concentric/eccentric sphere Lorentz-Mie codes and a melting layer model are also provided. Lidar and radar measurements and model results are also compared with measurements from a disdrometer on ground and a two-dimensional cloud (2DC) probe on-board the ATR42 SAFIRE.
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24

Collaud Coen, M., C. Praz, A. Haefele, D. Ruffieux, P. Kaufmann, and B. Calpini. "Determination and climatology of the planetary boundary layer height above the Swiss plateau by in situ and remote sensing measurements as well as by the COSMO-2 model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 23 (December 11, 2014): 13205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13205-2014.

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Abstract. The planetary boundary layer (PBL) height is a key parameter in air quality control and pollutant dispersion. The PBL height cannot, however, be directly measured, and its estimation relies on the analysis of the vertical profiles of the temperature, turbulence or the atmospheric composition. An operational PBL height detection method including several remote sensing instruments (wind profiler, Raman lidar, microwave radiometer) and several algorithms (Parcel and bulk Richardson number methods, surface-based temperature inversion, aerosol or humidity gradient analysis) was developed and tested with 1 year of measurements, which allows the methods to be validated against radio sounding measurements. The microwave radiometer provides convective boundary layer heights in good agreement with the radio sounding (RS) (median bias < 25 m, R2 > 0.70) and allows the analysis of the diurnal variation of the PBL height due to its high temporal resolution. The Raman lidar also leads to a good agreement with RS, whereas the wind profiler yields some more dispersed results mostly due to false attribution problems. A comparison with the numerical weather prediction model COSMO-2 has shown a general overestimation of the model PBL height by some hundreds to thousand meters. Finally the seasonal cycles of the daytime and nighttime PBL heights are discussed for each instrument and each detection algorithm for two stations on the Swiss plateau.
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25

Tan, Pei-Hua, Wei-Kuo Soong, Shih-Jie Tsao, Wen-Jou Chen, and I.-Han Chen. "Impact of Lidar Data Assimilation on Simulating Afternoon Thunderstorms near Pingtung Airport, Taiwan: A Case Study." Atmosphere 13, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091341.

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This study focused on improving the forecasting of the afternoon thunderstorm (AT) event on 5 August 2018 near Pingtung Airport in southern Taiwan through a three-dimensional variational data assimilation system using Doppler lidar-based wind profiler data from the Weather and Research Forecast model. The assimilation of lidar wind profiler data had a positive impact on predicting the occurrence and development of ATs and wind fields associated with the local circulations of the sea–land breeze and the mountains. Evaluation of the model quantitative precipitation forecast by using root-mean-square error analysis, Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient analysis, Spearman rank correlation coefficient analysis, and threat and bias scores revealed that experiments using data assimilation performed much better than those not using data assimilation. Among the experiments using data assimilation, when the implementation time of assimilation of the wind profiler data in the model was closer to the occurrence time of the observed ATs, the forecast performance greatly improved. Overall, our assimilation strategy has crucial implications for the prediction of short-duration intense rainfall caused by ATs with small temporal and spatial scales of few hours and a few tens of kilometers. Our strategy can help guarantee the flight safety of aircraft.
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26

Couach, O., I. Balin, R. Jiménez, P. Ristori, S. Perego, F. Kirchner, V. Simeonov, B. Calpini, and H. van den Bergh. "An investigation of ozone and planetary boundary layer dynamics over the complex topography of Grenoble combining measurements and modeling." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 1 (February 14, 2003): 797–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-797-2003.

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Abstract. This paper concerns an evaluation of ozone (O3) and planetary boundary layer (PBL) dynamics over the complex topography of the Grenoble region through a combination of measurements and mesoscale model (METPHOMOD) predictions for three days, during July 1999. The measurements of O3 and PBL structure were obtained with a Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system, situated 20 km south of Grenoble at Vif (310 m a.s.l.). The combined lidar observations and model calculations are in good agreement with atmospheric measurements obtained with an instrumented aircraft (METAIR). Ozone fluxes were calculated using lidar measurements of ozone vertical profiles concentrations and the horizontal wind speeds measured with a Radar Doppler wind profiler (DEGREANE). The ozone flux patterns indicate that the diurnal cycle of ozone production is controlled by local thermal winds. The convective PBL maximum height was some 2700 m above the land surface while the nighttime residual ozone layer was generally found between 1200 and 2200 m. Finally we evaluate the magnitude of the ozone processes at different altitudes in order to estimate the photochemical ozone production due to the primary pollutants emissions of Grenoble city and the regional network of automobile traffic.
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27

Couach, O., I. Balin, R. Jiménez, P. Ristori, S. Perego, F. Kirchner, V. Simeonov, B. Calpini, and H. van den Bergh. "An investigation of ozone and planetary boundary layer dynamics over the complex topography of Grenoble combining measurements and modeling." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 3 (May 27, 2003): 549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-549-2003.

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Abstract. This paper concerns an evaluation of ozone (O3) and planetary boundary layer (PBL) dynamics over the complex topography of the Grenoble region through a combination of measurements and mesoscale model (METPHOMOD) predictions for three days, during July 1999. The measurements of O3 and PBL structure were obtained with a Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system, situated 20 km south of Grenoble at Vif (310 m ASL). The combined lidar observations and model calculations are in good agreement with atmospheric measurements obtained with an instrumented aircraft (METAIR). Ozone fluxes were calculated using lidar measurements of ozone vertical profiles concentrations and the horizontal wind speeds measured with a Radar Doppler wind profiler (DEGREANE. The ozone flux patterns indicate that the diurnal cycle of ozone production is controlled by local thermal winds. The convective PBL maximum height was some 2700 m above the land surface while the nighttime residual ozone layer was generally found between 1200 and 2200 m. Finally we evaluate the magnitude of the ozone processes at different altitudes in order to estimate the photochemical ozone production due to the primary pollutants emissions of Grenoble city and the regional network of automobile traffic.
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28

Shibata, Yasukuni, Nagasawa Chikao, and Makoto Abo. "Observations of The Lower-Tropospheric Temperature Profiles Using Three Wavelength CO2-DIAL." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 03021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023703021.

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The eye-safe lower-tropospheric temperature profiler with three wavelength differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique which can perform the continuous temperature profile observation through daytime and nighttime is conducted. The DIAL consists of a Nd:YAG laser pumped an OPG tuned around 1573 nm of an CO2 absorption line with 2 mJ/pulse at 400 Hz repetition rate and a receiving telescope of 25cm diameter. In this paper, we show the result of continuous temperature profile observations over 25 hours from 0.39 to 2.5 km altitude in the lower-troposphere. We can see temporally the generation and disappearance of the temperature inversion layers in the planetary boundary layer.
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29

Lopes, Fábio, Jonatan Silva, Juan Marrero, Ghassan Taha, and Eduardo Landulfo. "Synergetic Aerosol Layer Observation After the 2015 Calbuco Volcanic Eruption Event." Remote Sensing 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2019): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11020195.

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On 22 April 2015, the Calbuco volcano in Chile (Lat: 41.33 ∘ S, Long: 72.62 ∘ W) erupted after 43 years of inactivity followed by a great amount of aerosol injection into the atmosphere. The pyroclastic material dispersed into the atmosphere posed a potential threat to aviation traffic and air quality over affected a large area. The plumes and debris spread from its location to Patagonian and Pampean regions, reaching the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and neighboring countries, such as Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, driven by the westerly winds at these latitudes. The presence of volcanic aerosol layers could be identified promptly at the proximities of Calbuco and afterwards by remote sensing using satellites and lidars in the path of the dispersed aerosols. The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board of AQUA/TERRA satellites and Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on board of Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite were the space platforms used to track the injected layers and a multi-channel lidar system from Latin America Lidar Network (LALINET) SPU Lidar station in South America allowed us to get the spatial and temporal distribution of Calbuco ashes after its occurrence. The SPU lidar stations co-located Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sunphotometers to help in the optical characterization. Here, we present the volcanic layer transported over São Paulo area and the detection of aerosol plume between 18 and 20 km. The path traveled by the volcanic aerosol to reach the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) was tracked by CALIPSO and the aerosol optical and geometrical properties were retrieved at some points to monitor the plume evolution. Total attenuated backscatter profile at 532 nm obtained by CALIPSO revealed the height range extension of the aerosol plume between 18 and 20 km and are in agreement with SPU lidar range corrected signal at 532 nm. The daily evolution of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 532 and 355 nm, retrieved from AERONET sunphotometer, showed a substantial increasing on 27 April, the day of the volcanic plume detection at Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), achieving values of 0 . 33 ± 0 . 16 and 0 . 22 ± 0 . 09 at 355 and 532 nm, respectively. AERONET aerosol size distribution was dominated by fine mode aerosol over coarse mode, especially on 27 and 28 April. The space and time coincident aerosol extinction profiles from SPU lidar station and OMPS LP from the Calbuco eruption conducted on 27 April agreed on the double layer structure. The main objective of this study was the application of the transmittance method, using the Platt formalism, to calculate the optical and physical properties of volcanic plume, i.e., aerosol bottom and top altitude, the aerosol optical depth and lidar ratio. The aerosol plume was detected between 18 and 19.3 km, with AOD value of 0.159 at 532 nm and Ånsgtröm exponent of 0 . 61 ± 0 . 58 . The lidar ratio retrieved was 76 ± 27 sr and 63 ± 21 sr at 532 and 355 nm, respectively. Considering the values of these parameters, the Calbuco volcanic aerosol layers could be classified as sulfates with some ash type.
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30

Bühl, J., R. Leinweber, U. Görsdorf, M. Radenz, A. Ansmann, and V. Lehmann. "Combined vertical-velocity observations with Doppler lidar, cloud radar and wind profiler." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 8 (August 31, 2015): 3527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3527-2015.

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Abstract. Case studies of combined vertical-velocity measurements of Doppler lidar, cloud radar and wind profiler are presented. The measurements were taken at the Meteorological Observatory, Lindenberg, Germany. Synergistic products are presented that are derived from the vertical-velocity measurements of the three instruments: a comprehensive classification mask of vertically moving atmospheric targets and the terminal fall velocity of water droplets and ice crystals corrected for vertical air motion. It is shown that this combination of instruments can up-value the measurement values of each single instrument and may allow the simultaneous sensing of atmospheric targets and the motion of clear air.
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31

Pearson, Guy, Fay Davies, and Chris Collier. "An Analysis of the Performance of the UFAM Pulsed Doppler Lidar for Observing the Boundary Layer." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1128.1.

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Abstract The performance of the 1.5-μm pulsed Doppler lidar, operated by the U.K. Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM) over a 51-day continuous and unattended field deployment in southern England, is described and analyzed with a view to demonstrating the capabilities of the system for remote measurements of aerosols and velocities in the boundary layer. A statistical assessment of the vertical pointing mode in terms of the availability and errors in the data versus range is presented. Examples of lidar data are compared to theoretical predictions, radiosondes, the UFAM radar wind profiler, and an ultrasonic anemometer.
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32

Wagner, Timothy J., Alan C. Czarnetzki, Megan Christiansen, R. Bradley Pierce, Charles O. Stanier, Angela F. Dickens, and Edwin W. Eloranta. "Observations of the Development and Vertical Structure of the Lake-Breeze Circulation during the 2017 Lake Michigan Ozone Study." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 79, no. 4 (April 2022): 1005–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-20-0297.1.

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Abstract Ground-based thermodynamic and kinematic profilers were placed adjacent to the western shore of Lake Michigan at two sites as part of the 2017 Lake Michigan Ozone Study. The southern site near Zion, Illinois, hosted a microwave radiometer (MWR) and a sodar wind profiler, while the northern site in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, featured an Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI), a Doppler lidar, and a High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL). Each site experienced several lake-breeze events during the experiment. Composite time series and time–height cross sections were constructed relative to the lake-breeze arrival time so that commonalities across events could be explored. The composited surface observations indicate that the wind direction of the lake breeze was consistently southeasterly at both sites regardless of its direction before the arrival of the lake-breeze front. Surface relative humidity increased with the arriving lake breeze, though this was due to cooler air temperatures as absolute moisture content stayed the same or decreased. The profiler observations show that the lake breeze penetrated deeper when the local environment was unstable and preexisting flow was weak. The cold air associated with the lake breeze remained confined to the lowest 200 m of the troposphere even if the wind shift was observed at higher altitudes. The evolution of the lake breeze corresponded well to observed changes in baroclinicity and calculated changes in circulation. Collocated observations of aerosols showed increases in number and mass concentrations after the passage of the lake-breeze front.
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33

de Bruine, Marco, Arnoud Apituley, David Patrick Donovan, Hendrik Klein Baltink, and Marijn Jorrit de Haij. "Pathfinder: applying graph theory to consistent tracking of daytime mixed layer height with backscatter lidar." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 5 (May 30, 2017): 1893–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1893-2017.

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Abstract. The height of the atmospheric boundary layer or mixing layer is an important parameter for understanding the dynamics of the atmosphere and the dispersion of trace gases and air pollution. The height of the mixing layer (MLH) can be retrieved, among other methods, from lidar or ceilometer backscatter data. These instruments use the vertical backscatter lidar signal to infer MLHL, which is feasible because the main sources of aerosols are situated at the surface and vertical gradients are expected to go from the aerosol loaded mixing layer close to the ground to the cleaner free atmosphere above. Various lidar/ceilometer algorithms are currently applied, but accounting for MLH temporal development is not always well taken care of. As a result, MLHL retrievals may jump between different atmospheric layers, rather than reliably track true MLH development over time. This hampers the usefulness of MLHL time series, e.g. for process studies, model validation/verification and climatology. Here, we introduce a new method pathfinder, which applies graph theory to simultaneously evaluate time frames that are consistent with scales of MLH dynamics, leading to coherent tracking of MLH. Starting from a grid of gradients in the backscatter profiles, MLH development is followed using Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm (Dijkstra, 1959). Locations of strong gradients are connected under the condition that subsequent points on the path are limited to a restricted vertical range. The search is further guided by rules based on the presence of clouds and residual layers. After being applied to backscatter lidar data from Cabauw, excellent agreement is found with wind profiler retrievals for a 12-day period in 2008 (R2 = 0.90) and visual judgment of lidar data during a full year in 2010 (R2 = 0.96). These values compare favourably to other MLHL methods applied to the same lidar data set and corroborate more consistent MLH tracking by pathfinder.
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34

Tucker, Sara C., Carl S. Weimer, Sunil Baidar, and R. Michael Hardesty. "The Optical Autocovariance Wind Lidar. Part I: OAWL Instrument Development and Demonstration." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 10 (October 2018): 2079–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0024.1.

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AbstractWe present the motivation, instrument concept, hardware descriptions, and initial validation testing for a Doppler wind lidar (DWL) system that uses optical autocovariance (OA) in a field-widened quadrature Mach–Zehnder interferometer lidar to measure Doppler shifts from atmospheric-aerosol-backscattered laser light. We describe system architectures for three different generations of the direct-detection aerosol Optical Autocovariance Wind Lidar (OAWL) system, including the current two-line-of-sight, dual-wavelength (355 and 532 nm) airborne configuration, designed to be an airborne demonstrator for potential space-based global wind measurement applications. We provide meter-per-second-precision results from a ground-based 355-nm OAWL aerosol winds measurement validation study alongside another DWL, results from an autumn 2011 airborne validation testing performed with radar wind profiler data, and wind measurement results from airborne validation flight testing using the 532-nm wavelength in spring 2016.
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35

Päschke, E., R. Leinweber, and V. Lehmann. "A one year comparison of 482 MHz radar wind profiler, RS92-SGP Radiosonde and 1.5 μm Doppler Lidar wind measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 11 (November 19, 2014): 11439–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-11439-2014.

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Abstract. We present the results of a one-year quasi-operational testing of the 1.5 μm StreamLine Doppler lidar developed by Halo Photonics from 2 October 2012 to 2 October 2013. The system was configured to continuously perform a velocity-azimuth display (VAD) scan pattern using 24 azimuthal directions with a constant beam elevation angle of 75°. Radial wind estimates were selected using a rather conservative signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based threshold of −18.2 dB (0.015). A 30 min average wind vector was calculated based on the assumption of a horizontally homogeneous wind field through a singular-value decomposed Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of the overdetermined linear system. A strategy for a quality control of the retrieved wind vector components is outlined which is used to ensure consistency between the retrieved winds and the assumptions inherent to the employed wind vector retrieval. Finally, the lidar measurements are compared with operational data from a collocated 482 MHz radar wind profiler running in a four-beam Doppler beam swinging (DBS) mode and winds from operational radiosonde measurements. The intercomparisons show that the Doppler lidar is a reliable system for operational wind measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL).
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36

Di Girolamo, P., D. Summa, M. Cacciani, E. G. Norton, G. Peters, and Y. Dufournet. "Lidar and radar measurements of the melting layer: observations of dark and bright band phenomena." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 9 (May 10, 2012): 4143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4143-2012.

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Abstract. Multi-wavelength lidar measurements in the melting layer revealing the presence of dark and bright bands have been performed by the University of BASILicata Raman lidar system (BASIL) during a stratiform rain event. Simultaneously radar measurements have been also performed from the same site by the University of Hamburg cloud radar MIRA 36 (35.5 GHz), the University of Hamburg dual-polarization micro rain radar (24.15 GHz) and the University of Manchester UHF wind profiler (1.29 GHz). Measurements from BASIL and the radars are illustrated and discussed in this paper for a specific case study on 23 July 2007 during the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS). Simulations of the lidar dark and bright band based on the application of concentric/eccentric sphere Lorentz-Mie codes and a melting layer model are also provided. Lidar and radar measurements and model results are also compared with measurements from a disdrometer on ground and a two-dimensional cloud (2DC) probe on-board the ATR42 SAFIRE. Measurements and model results are found to confirm and support the conceptual microphysical/scattering model elaborated by Sassen et al. (2005).
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37

Nelson, R., T. Gobakken, E. Næsset, T. G. Gregoire, G. Ståhl, S. Holm, and J. Flewelling. "Lidar sampling — Using an airborne profiler to estimate forest biomass in Hedmark County, Norway." Remote Sensing of Environment 123 (August 2012): 563–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.10.036.

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38

Chen, T., J. Y. Fu, P. W. Chan, Y. C. He, A. M. Liu, and W. Zhou. "Wind characteristics in typhoon boundary layer at coastal areas observed via a Lidar profiler." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 232 (January 2023): 105253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105253.

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39

Otkin, Jason A., Daniel C. Hartung, David D. Turner, Ralph A. Petersen, Wayne F. Feltz, and Erik Janzon. "Assimilation of Surface-Based Boundary Layer Profiler Observations during a Cool-Season Weather Event Using an Observing System Simulation Experiment. Part I: Analysis Impact." Monthly Weather Review 139, no. 8 (August 2011): 2309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011mwr3622.1.

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AbstractIn this study, an Observing System Simulation Experiment was used to examine how the assimilation of temperature, water vapor, and wind profiles from a potential array of ground-based remote sensing boundary layer profiling instruments impacts the accuracy of atmospheric analyses when using an ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation system. Remote sensing systems evaluated during this study include the Doppler wind lidar (DWL), Raman lidar (RAM), microwave radiometer (MWR), and the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI). The case study tracked the evolution of several extratropical weather systems that occurred across the contiguous United States during 7–8 January 2008. Overall, the results demonstrate that using networks of high-quality temperature, wind, and moisture profile observations of the lower troposphere has the potential to improve the accuracy of wintertime atmospheric analyses over land. The impact of each profiling system was greatest in the lower and middle troposphere on the variables observed or retrieved by that instrument; however, some minor improvements also occurred in the unobserved variables and in the upper troposphere, particularly when RAM observations were assimilated. The best analysis overall was achieved when DWL wind profiles and temperature and moisture observations from the RAM, AERI, or MWR were assimilated simultaneously, which illustrates that both mass and momentum observations are necessary to improve the analysis accuracy.
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40

Langford, A. O., C. J. Senff, R. J. Alvarez, R. M. Banta, R. M. Hardesty, D. D. Parrish, and T. B. Ryerson. "Comparison between the TOPAZ Airborne Ozone Lidar and In Situ Measurements during TexAQS 2006." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-10-05043.1.

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Abstract The NOAA airborne ozone lidar system [Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and Ozone (TOPAZ)] is compared with the fast-response chemiluminescence sensor flown aboard the NOAA WP-3D during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS). TOPAZ measurements made from the NOAA Twin Otter, flying at an altitude of ~3300 m MSL in the Houston, Texas, area on 31 August, and the Dallas, Texas, area on 13 September, show that the overall uncertainty in the 10-s (~600-m horizontal resolution) TOPAZ profiles is dominated by statistical uncertainties (1σ) of ~8 ppbv (6%–10%) at ranges of ~2300 m from the aircraft (~1000 m MSL), and ~11–27 ppbv (12%–30%) at ranges of ~2800 m (~500 m MSL). These uncertainties are substantially reduced by spatial averaging, and the averages of 11 profiles (of 110 s or 6.6-km horizontal resolution) at ~1000 m MSL are in excellent agreement (±2%) with the in situ measurements at ~500 m MSL. The TOPAZ measurements at lower altitudes on 31 August exhibit a negative bias of up to ~15%, however, when the lidar signals were strongly attenuated by very high ozone levels in the plume from the Houston Ship Channel. This bias appears to result from nonlinear behavior in the TOPAZ signal amplifiers, which is described in the companion paper by Alvarez et al. An empirical correction is presented.
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41

Thobois, L., J. Freedman, P. Royer, J. Brotzge, and E. Joseph. "Validation and deployment of the first Lidar based weather observation network in New York State: The NYS MesoNet Project." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 09010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817609010.

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The number and quality of atmospheric observations used by meteorologists and operational forecasters are increasing year after year, and yet, consistent improvements in forecast skill remains a challenge. While contributing factors involving these challenges have been identified, including the difficulty in accurately establishing initial conditions, improving the observations at regional and local scales is necessary for accurate depiction of the atmospheric boundary layer (below 2km), particularly the wind profile, in high resolution numerical models. Above the uncertainty of weather forecasts, the goal is also to improve the detection of severe and extreme weather events (severe thunderstorms, tornadoes and other mesoscale phenomena) that can adversely affect life, property and commerce, primarily in densely populated urban centers. This paper will describe the New York State Mesonet that is being deployed in the state of New York, USA. It is composed of 126 stations including 17 profiler sites. These sites will acquire continuous upper air observations through the combination of WINDCUBE Lidars and microwave radiometers. These stations will provide temperature, relative humidity & “3D” wind profile measurements through and above the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and will retrieve derived atmospheric quantities such as the PBL height, cloud base, momentum fluxes, and aerosol & cloud optical properties. The different modes and configurations that will be used for the Lidars are discussed. The performances in terms of data availability and wind accuracy and precision are evaluated. Several profiles with specific wind and aerosol features are presented to illustrate the benefits of the use of Coherent Doppler Lidars to monitor accurately the PBL.
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42

Bruneau, Didier, and Jacques Pelon. "A new lidar design for operational atmospheric wind and cloud/aerosol survey from space." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): 4375–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4375-2021.

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Abstract. Global wind profile measurement has, for a long time, been a first priority for numerical weather prediction. The demonstration, from ground-based observations, that a double-edge Fabry–Pérot interferometer could be efficiently used for deriving wind profiles from the molecular scattered signal in a very large atmospheric vertical domain has led to the choice of the direct detection technique in space and the selection of the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM)-Aeolus by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 1999. ADM-Aeolus was successfully launched in 2018, after the technical issues raised by the lidar development had been solved, providing the first global wind profiles from space in the whole troposphere. Simulated and real-time assimilation of the projected horizontal wind information was able to confirm the expected improvements in the forecast score, validating the concept of a wind profiler using a single line-of-sight lidar from space. The question is raised here about consolidating the results gained from ADM-Aeolus mission with a potential operational follow-on instrument. Maintaining the configuration of the instrument as close as possible to the one achieved (UV emission lidar with a single line of sight), we revisit the concept of the receiver by replacing the arrangement of the Fizeau and Fabry–Pérot interferometers with a unique quadri-channel Mach–Zehnder (QMZ) interferometer, which relaxes the system's operational constraints and extends the observation capabilities to recover the radiative properties of clouds. This ability to profile wind and cloud/aerosol radiative properties enables the meeting of the two highest priorities of the meteorological forecasting community regarding atmospheric dynamics and radiation. We discuss the optimization of the key parameters necessary in the selection of a high-performance system, as based on previous work and development of our airborne QMZ lidar. The selected optical path difference (3.2 cm) of the QMZ leads to a very compact design, allowing the realization of a high-quality interferometer and offering a large field angle acceptance. Performance simulation of horizontal wind speed measurements with different backscatter profiles shows results in agreement with the targeted ADM-Aeolus random errors, using an optimal 45∘ line-of-sight angle. The Doppler measurement is, in principle, unbiased by the atmospheric conditions (temperature, pressure, and particle scattering) and only weakly affected by the instrument calibration errors. The study of the errors arising from the uncertainties in the instrumental calibration and in the modeled atmospheric parameters used for the backscattered signal analysis shows a limited impact under realistic conditions. The particle backscatter coefficients can be retrieved with uncertainties better than a few percent when the scattering ratio exceeds 2, such as in the boundary layer and in semi-transparent clouds. Extinction coefficients can be derived accordingly. The chosen design further allows the addition of a dedicated channel for aerosol and cloud polarization analysis.
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43

Mona, L., A. Amodeo, G. D'Amico, A. Giunta, F. Madonna, and G. Pappalardo. "Multi-wavelength Raman lidar observations of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic cloud over Potenza, Southern Italy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 26, 2011): 12763–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-12763-2011.

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Abstract. Multi-wavelength Raman lidar measurements were performed at CNR-IMAA Atmospheric Observatory (CIAO) during the entire Eyjafjallajökull explosive eruptive period in April–May 2010, whenever weather conditions permitted. A methodology for volcanic layer identification and accurate aerosol typing has been developed on the basis both of the multi-wavelength Raman lidar measurements and EARLINET measurements performed at CIAO since 2000. The aerosol mask for lidar measurements performed at CIAO during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption has been obtained. Volcanic aerosol layers have been observed in different periods: 19–22 April, 27–29 April, 8–9 May, 13–14 May and 18–19 May. A maximum aerosol optical depth of about 0.12–0.13 was observed on 20 April, 22:00 UTC and 13 May, 20:30 UTC. Volcanic particles have been detected both at low altitudes, in the free troposphere and in the upper troposphere. Intrusions into the PBL have been revealed on 21–22 April and 13 May. In the April–May period Saharan dust intrusions typically occur in Southern Italy. For the period under investigations, a Saharan dust intrusion was observed on 13–14 May: dust and volcanic particles have been simultaneously observed at CIAO both at separated different levels and mixed within the same layer. Lidar ratios at 355 and 532 nm, Ångström exponent at 355/532 nm, backscatter related Ångström exponent at 532/1064 nm and particle linear depolarization ratio at 532 nm measured inside the detected volcanic layers have been discussed. The dependence of these quantities on relative humidity (RH) has been investigated by using co-located microwave profiler measurements. The particle linear depolarization ratio increasing with RH, lidar ratio values at 355 nm around 80 sr, and values of the ratio of lidar ratios greater than 1 suggest the presence of sulfates mixed with continental aerosol. Lower lidar ratio values (around 40 sr) increasing with RH and values of the ratio of lidar ratios lower than 1 indicate the presence of some aged ash inside these sulfate layers.
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44

Senff, Christoph, Andrew Langford, Raul Alvarez, Tim Bonin, Alan Brewer, Aditya Choukulkar, Guillaume Kirgis, et al. "Entrainment and Mixing of Transported Ozone Layers: Implications for Surface Air Quality in the Western U.S." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023703012.

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Recently, two air quality campaigns were conducted in the southwestern United States to study the impact of transported ozone, stratospheric intrusions, and fire emissions on ground-level ozone concentrations. The California Baseline Ozone Transport Study (CABOTS) took place in May – August 2016 covering the central California coast and San Joaquin Valley, and the Fires, Asian, and Stratospheric Transport Las Vegas Ozone Study (FAST-LVOS) was conducted in the greater Las Vegas, Nevada area in May – June 2017. During these studies, nearly 1000 hours of ozone and aerosol profile data were collected with the NOAA TOPAZ lidar. A Doppler wind lidar and a radar wind profiler provided continuous observations of atmospheric turbulence, horizontal winds, and mixed layer height. These measurements allowed us to directly observe the degree to which ozone transport layers aloft were entrained into the boundary layer and to quantify the resulting impact on surface ozone levels. Mixed layer heights in the San Joaquin Valley during CABOTS were generally below 1 km above ground level (AGL), while boundary layer heights in Las Vegas during FAST-LVOS routinely exceeded 3 km AGL and occasionally reached up to 4.5 km AGL. Consequently, boundary layer entrainment was more often observed during FAST-LVOS, while most elevated ozone layers passed untapped over the San Joaquin Valley during CABOTS.
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45

Yang, Zhongyi, and Li Tao. "Application of Semantic Analysis System in Intelligent Navigation Path Planning Based on Pulse Lidar Profiler." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1813, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1813/1/012042.

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46

NELSON, R., C. KELLER, and M. RATNASWAMY. "Locating and estimating the extent of Delmarva fox squirrel habitat using an airborne LiDAR profiler." Remote Sensing of Environment 96, no. 3-4 (June 30, 2005): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.02.012.

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47

Alijani, Zohreh, Julien Meloche, Alexander McLaren, John Lindsay, Alexandre Roy, and Aaron Berg. "A comparison of three surface roughness characterization techniques: photogrammetry, pin profiler, and smartphone-based LiDAR." International Journal of Digital Earth 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 2422–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2022.2160842.

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48

Alvarez, R. J., C. J. Senff, A. O. Langford, A. M. Weickmann, D. C. Law, J. L. Machol, D. A. Merritt, et al. "Development and Application of a Compact, Tunable, Solid-State Airborne Ozone Lidar System for Boundary Layer Profiling." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1258–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-10-05044.1.

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Abstract The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory/Chemical Sciences Division (NOAA/ESRL/CSD) has developed a versatile, airborne lidar system for measuring ozone and aerosols in the boundary layer and lower free troposphere. The Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and Ozone (TOPAZ) lidar was deployed aboard a NOAA Twin Otter aircraft during the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS 2006) and the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex 2010) field campaigns. TOPAZ is capable of measuring ozone concentrations in the lower troposphere with uncertainties of several parts per billion by volume at 90-m vertical and 600-m horizontal resolution from an aircraft flying at 60 m s−1. The system also provides uncalibrated aerosol backscatter profiles at 18-m vertical and 600-m horizontal resolution. TOPAZ incorporates state-of-the-art technologies, including a cerium-doped lithium calcium aluminum fluoride (Ce:LiCAF) laser, to make it compact and lightweight with low power consumption. The tunable, three-wavelength UV laser source makes it possible to optimize the wavelengths for differing atmospheric conditions, reduce the interference from other atmospheric constituents, and implement advanced analysis techniques. This paper describes the TOPAZ lidar, its components and performance during testing and field operation, and the data analysis procedure, including a discussion of error sources. The performance characteristics are illustrated through a comparison between TOPAZ and an ozonesonde launched during the TexAQS 2006 field campaign. A more comprehensive set of comparisons with in situ measurements during TexAQS 2006 and an assessment of the TOPAZ accuracy and precision are presented in a companion paper.
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49

Ståhl, Göran, Sören Holm, Timothy G. Gregoire, Terje Gobakken, Erik Næsset, and Ross Nelson. "Model-based inference for biomass estimation in a LiDAR sample survey in Hedmark County, NorwayThis article is one of a selection of papers from Extending Forest Inventory and Monitoring over Space and Time." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 1 (January 2011): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-161.

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In forest inventories, regression models are often applied to predict quantities such as biomass at the level of sampling units. In this paper, we propose a model-based inference framework for combining sampling and model errors in the variance estimation. It was applied to airborne laser (LiDAR) data sets from Hedmark County, Norway, where the model error proportion of the total variance was found to be large for both scanning (airborne laser scanning) and profiling LiDAR when biomass was estimated. With profiling LiDAR, the model error variance component for the entire county was as large as 71% whereas for airborne laser scanning, it was 43% of the total variance. Partly, this reflects the better accuracy of the pixel-based regression models estimated from scanner data as compared with the models estimated from profiler data. The framework proposed in our study can be applied in all types of sample surveys where model-based predictions are made at the level of individual sampling units. Especially, it should be useful in cases where model-assisted inference cannot be applied due to the lack of a probability sample from the target population or due to problems of correctly matching observations of auxiliary and target variables.
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50

Clements, Craig B., and Andrew J. Oliphant. "The California State University Mobile Atmospheric Profiling System: A Facility for Research and Education in Boundary Layer Meteorology." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 95, no. 11 (November 1, 2014): 1713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00179.1.

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The California State University Mobile Atmospheric Profiling System (CSU-MAPS) is a shared facility between San Francisco and San José State Universities providing researchers and students state-of-the-art atmospheric profiling measurements that require fast deployments and ease of use. CSU-MAPS is intended for boundary layer field research and comprises a suite of commercially available instruments including micrometeorological sensors mounted on a 32-m extendable tower trailer, a scanning Doppler wind lidar, a microwave temperature–humidity profiler, and upper-air sounding systems. The trailer is towed using a Ford F250 4 × 4 truck equipped with surface weather instrumentation and workstations for operating the lidar and microwave profiler. The flexible design of the measurement system allows for a large range of important research projects to be tackled. To date, the system has been used in four major field experiments. During 2011, CSU-MAPS was deployed to Salt Lake City, Utah, to investigate the behavior of persistent cold-air pools that lead to weeklong periods of extremely poor air quality that frequently exceed national health standards. In 2012, CSU-MAPS was deployed to three wildfire experiments in California, Florida, and Texas. CSU-MAPS has also been used to measure carbon, water, and energy cycling between ecosystems and the atmosphere. In addition, the system has been extensively used as an educational tool. This includes an annual field trip where students from both San José and San Francisco State Universities deploy the system in a mountain valley over the period of a week and analyze the data.
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