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Akande, Adebowale. "Sex differences in preferences for ideal female body shape." Health Care for Women International 14, no. 3 (May 1, 1993): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399339309516048.
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Hussein, Hisham M., Salma F. Alshammari, Ibtisam A. Alanazi, Gharam M. Alenzy, and Renad H. Alrashidy. "SEX-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL THERAPY CAREER EXPECTATIONS IN HA’IL, SAUDI ARABIA." Acta Neuropsychologica 20, no. 4 (November 13, 2022): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1050.
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Social and cultural factors can lead to gender-biased expectations in physical therapy (PT) career. In Saudi Arabia, female physical therapists might be undergoing more cultural competencies than males to develop their career. This study aimed to investigate whether there are differences between men and women physical therapists (PTs) in their career expectations in Saudi Arabia. We tested 496 responses 192 (38.7%) were males and 307 (61.3%) were females. 325 (65.5%) responses were obtained from students including those in the internship year while the rest of the responses 171 (34.5%) were from graduated PTs. A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken using a questionnaire sent electronically to PT students and graduates in Ha’il City, Saudi Arabia. The answers to questions regarding the future career expectation and the perception of PT career among other healthcare professions were analyzed. Statistically higher female numbers were expected to conduct research activity, become faculty teaching staff, continue their education, and attend special courses. No sex-related differences were found regarding the expectation to occupy a governmental job, own a private business and participate as an active member of the Saudi Physical Therapy Association. A higher proportion of females see that PT practice is as independent and prestigious as other medical and health specialties. Both genders considered PT is an prestigious as other heakth professions. There are sex-related differences in PT career expectations and the perception of PT career compared to other healthcare professions.
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Walton, Merrilyn, Patrick J. Kelly, E. Mary Chiarella, Terry Carney, Belinda Bennett, Marie Nagy, and Suzanne Pierce. "Profile of the most common complaints for five health professions in Australia." Australian Health Review 44, no. 1 (2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18074.
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Objective The aims of this study were to profile the most common complaints and to examine whether any demographic factors are associated with receiving a complaint for five health professions in Australia. Methods A national cohort study was conducted for all complaints received for medicine, nursing/midwifery, dentistry, pharmacy and psychology from 1 July 2012 to 31 December 2013 (18 months). Data were collected from the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), the New South Wales (NSW) Health Professional Councils’ Authority and the NSW Health Care Complaints Commission. The frequency and risk of complaints were summarised for the five professions and by demographic information. Results There were 545283 practitioners registered with AHPRA between 1 July 2012 and 31 December 2013, consisting of 20935 dentists, 101066 medical practitioners, 363040 nurses/midwives, 28370 pharmacists and 31872 psychologists. During the study period there were 12616 complaints, corresponding to an annual rate of 1.5 per 100 practitioners. Complaints were most common for doctors and dentists (5% per annum per practitioner) and least common for nurses/midwives (0.5% per annum per practitioner). Sex (P<0.01), age (P<0.01) and country of birth (P<0.01) were all associated with risk of complaint. The most common complaints were clinical care (44% of all complaints), medication (10%) and health impairment of the practitioner (8%). Types of complaints varied by profession, sex and age. Conclusions The risk of a complaint is low, but varies by profession and demographics. The types of complaints also vary by profession and demographics. Differences between professions is most likely driven by their different work tasks and work environments. What is already known on this subject? Although complaints are summarised annually from state and national health regulators, no overall national summary of complaints across professions exists. Thus, it is difficult to examine which complaints are most common, how professions differ from each other or what factors may be associated with risk and type of complaint. Previous studies have primarily focused on a single profession, such as medicine, where, for example, the number of prior complaints, sex, doctor speciality and age have been found to be associated with recurrent complaints. What does this paper add? This paper is the first of this kind to provide a national summary of all complaints from five of the most common health professions in Australia. We found that regardless of profession, men were at least twice as likely to have a complaint made against them than women. We also found that the types of complaint differed between men and women. There were similarities across professions for the most common types of complaints, but clear differences between professions were also noted. Not surprising, clinical care was typically the most common type of complaint for the five professions, but somewhat surprising was the inclusion of health impairment as one of the most common types of complaints. What are the implications for practitioners? Identifying the most common complaints, and the factors associated with these, may assist practitioners to understand their risk(s) of complaint and could potentially assist educators and regulators develop education programs that help reduce complaints.
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Geoffrion, Steve, Jane Goncalves, Richard Boyer, André Marchand, and Stéphane Guay. "The Effects of Trivialization of Workplace Violence on Its Victims: Profession and Sex Differences in a Cross-Sectional Study among Healthcare and Law Enforcement Workers." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 61, no. 3 (February 21, 2017): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxx003.
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Abstract Background: Workers from the law enforcement and healthcare sectors tend to normalize or mute their victimization from workplace violence (WPV). Objectives: This study aims to assess the impact of the trivialization of WPV on psychological consequences for workers who have been affected by a WPV incident. The second aim is to assess the moderating effect of sex on the trivialization of WPV. The third and overarching aim is to assess the moderating effect of professional identity on the relations between individual and organizational factors and psychological consequences following a WPV incident. Methods: The findings are based on a convenience sample of 377 (204 female and 173 male) workers from the law enforcement and healthcare sectors. Individual factors (sex, age, professional identity, prior victimization, witnessing WPV, injuries, and trivialization of violence) and perceived support factors (colleagues’ support and employer’s support) were used as predictor variables of psychological consequences in hierarchical linear regression models. Sex was used as a moderator of trivialization while professional identity was used as a moderator of all predictors. Findings: When individual and social support factors were controlled for, normalizing violence was negatively associated with psychological consequences while perceiving a taboo associated with complaining about WPV was positively associated for all participants. When these relations were moderated by the sex of the participants and then by their professional identity, normalization was found to decrease psychological consequences only for male healthcare workers. Implications: To help employees cope with WPV, organizations should promote strategies adapted to profession and sex differences. For male healthcare workers, normalization as a cognitive coping strategy should be formally recognized. For both professions and sexes, organizational strategies that counter the perceived taboo of complaining about violence should be reinforced.
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Khan, Maria. "STROKE IN WOMEN: TIME TO ACKNOWLEDGE SEX DIFFERENCES." KHYBER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.35845/kmuj.2022.22516.
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Historically, the stroke incidence, prevalence and mortality have been reported to be higher in men compared to women. But this gap seems to be narrowing over time. Recent data from high income countries suggests that the incidence of stroke varies with age, and older women beyond 75 years of age, may have a higher stroke incidence compared to men.1 Additionally, women below 40 years in some South East Asian countries showed an increase in ischemic stroke incidence over time.2 Moreover, Middle East and North Africa have reported higher stroke mortality amongst females compared to males. Keeping in view this changing epidemiology, it is imperative to have a better understanding of stroke in women.
When evaluating conventional risk factors for stroke, there are certain sex differences that need special mention. Hypertension has an overall lower prevalence in women compared to men, however, its prevalence as well as its association with ischemic stroke increases in older women. Diabetes is a stronger risk factor for stroke in women compared to men, and atrial fibrillation and migraine are both more prevalent and more strongly associated with ischemic stroke in women.3
Women are in addition exposed to sex-specific risk factors which do not receive much attention. Pregnant and post-partum women have been found to be at three times higher risk of stroke compared to other young adults and this is related to a number of changes associated with these states.4 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy not only raise the risk during pregnancy but a recent study on the Framingham cohort concluded that a history of pre-eclampsia confers a three-fold higher risk of experiencing a stroke in later life.5
Besides pregnancy, other hormonal changes also increase a woman’s stroke risk. An early menopause and a shorter reproductive lifespan have both been identified as increasing stroke risk in women.6,7 Similarly exogenous oestrogen, be it in the form of oral contraceptive pills or hormone replacement therapy, has also been shown to increase stroke risk in several studies.8,9
Stroke presentations are also more variable in women. Whereas men tend to present with the classic focal neurological deficits, women tend to present with more non-traditional symptoms like fatigue, light headedness, altered mental status etc.10 They also tend to present more often with stroke mimics. These and other reasons explain why women have longer delays in getting proper stroke care and several studies have reported worse outcomes for women.11,12
Very limited data is available on stroke in women from low and middle income countries. It is reasonable to believe that the social determinants of health would further compound the risk and outcomes for women in these areas. Lack of proper nutrition, poor pregnancy management and outcomes, multiparity and poor access to healthcare both for acute and secondary stroke prevention are important factors that are expected to affect stroke in women. Future research should focus on risk factors unique to women in these countries. In addition, awareness should be created amongst physicians so as to screen women early for potential risk factors and address them in a timely manner.
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Karpiak, Christie P., James P. Buchanan, Megan Hosey, and Allison Smith. "University Students from Single-Sex and Coeducational High Schools: Differences In Majors and Attitudes at a Catholic University." Psychology of Women Quarterly 31, no. 3 (September 2007): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00371.x.
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We conducted an archival study at a coeducational Catholic university to test the proposition that single-sex secondary education predicts lasting differences in college majors. Men from single-sex schools were more likely to both declare and graduate in gender-neutral majors than those from coeducational schools. Women from single-sex schools were more likely to declare gender-neutral majors, but were not different from their coeducated peers at graduation. A second study was conducted with a sample of first-year students to examine the correspondence between egalitarian attitudes, single-sex secondary education, and major choice. Egalitarianism was higher in students in nontraditional majors, but did not correspond in expected ways with single-sex education. Men from single-sex schools were less likely to hold egalitarian attitudes about gender roles, whereas women from single-sex and coeducational high schools did not differ in egalitarianism. Taken together, our results raise questions about the potential of single-sex high schools to reduce gender-stratification in professions.
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Campitelli, Anthony, Sally Paulson, Jennifer Vincenzo, Jordan Glenn, Megan Jones, Melissa Powers, Joshua Gills, and Michelle Gray. "Sex differences in power decrement identified across the lifespan." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 897–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3259.
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Abstract Muscular power has been shown to be a significant predictor of physical function in older adults, but assessments of power have traditionally been performed in movements not specific to activities of daily living (ADLs). Recent research examined power in the context of ADL-specific movements, but it is unclear how ADL-specific lower-body power differs over lifespan in males and females. This investigation sought to describe ADL-specific power decline across the lifespan and analyze differences between the sexes. Adults (n = 557) aged 18-89 volunteered and were divided into age cohorts (18-30, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80-89 years). Participants performed a sit-to-stand (STS) task with as much velocity as possible while connected to a linear position transducer (LPT). The LPT calculated average and peak power. The average result of 5 individual STS trials was analyzed for each of the power variables. The first significant decrement in average STS power (p < .01) was observed at an earlier age cohort in males than females (60-69 in males vs. 70-79 in females). The per decade magnitude of power decrement after age 60 was larger in males than females in both absolute magnitude and percent decrease (11.74 vs. 10.09% decrease per decade). As power and physical function are correlated, this may have implications for the rate and age of functional decline in males. Additionally, understanding the differences in ADL-specific power decline between males and females gives clinicians and health professionals valuable information for developing preventative fitness paradigms specific to members of a given sex.
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Kramer, Philip, Giovanna Distefano, Sofhia Ramos, Bret Goodpaster, Paul Coen, David Marcinek, Peggy Cawthon, and Anthony Molina. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE ENERGETICS AMONG OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 808–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2914.
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Abstract Mobility impairment is the most common disability among older adults, with an earlier presentation, higher prevalence, and greater severity in women compared to men. A decline in skeletal muscle metabolism contributes to the loss of mobility with age. However, it is unknown if sex-specific differences in muscle energetics can explain the disparity in mobility impairment among men and women. In the Study of Muscle, Mobility, and Aging (SOMMA), muscle energetics was characterized using in vivo Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and High-Resolution Respirometry of permeabilized fiber bundles from muscle biopsies. In this analysis of 773 participants aged 70–94 years, 519 were women, of which 16% were deemed lower extremity mobility impaired based on a Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score
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Adekunbi, Daniel, Cun Li, Peter Nathanielsz, and Adam Salmon. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN MITOCHONDRIAL RESILIENCE: EVIDENCE FROM BABOON HEPATOCYTES." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2928.
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Abstract Events that occur in utero set the trajectory for later-life diseases and longevity. Compelling data exist for interactions between developmental programming and aging, but the underlying mechanisms are not clearly defined. Fetal exposure to glucocorticoids (GC) is associated with alteration in hepatic enzymes and metabolic function in later life. We previously reported increased hepatic lipid accumulation and obese phenotype in middle-age male baboons exposed to GC as fetuses. The mitochondria play significant roles in cellular processes including stress responses and possibly a nexus between developmental programming and aging. The present study investigated the long-term effects of in utero GC exposure on mitochondrial bioenergetics using hepatocytes derived from aging baboons (16–18 years, average lifespan 21 years). Mitochondrial bioenergetics of both left and right lobe liver hepatocytes were examined as well as potential sex differences in mitochondrial function. Cell viability following isolation was similar among sexes and liver lobes but hepatocytes from males were highly energetic compared to females. Significant bioenergetic differences were observed in hepatocytes isolated from female baboons’ left and right liver lobes, with higher basal, maximal, and ATP-linked respiration in left lobe hepatocytes compared to the right lobe. These lobe-specific bioenergetic differences were absent in males. Interestingly, H2O2-induced oxidative stress significantly modified male baboon hepatocyte bioenergetics but females were unaffected, suggesting mitochondrial resilience in females compared to males. These data demonstrate that early life exposure to GC elicits a sex-specific effect on mitochondrial function. These mitochondrial differences might drive differences in cell senescence between males and females.
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Merriam, Sharan B. "Race, Sex, and Age-Group Differences in Occurrence and Uses of Reminiscence." Activities, Adaptation & Aging 18, no. 1 (January 14, 1994): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j016v18n01_01.
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Sialino, Lena, Susan Picavet, Hanneke Wijnhoven, Anne Loyen, Monique Verschuren, Marjolein Visser, Laura Schaap, and Sandra van Oostrom. "The Sex Difference in Physical Functioning: How Do Risk Factors Contribute?" Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 542–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2084.
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Abstract This study explores whether sex differences in the sensitivity to risk factors (strength of the association) and/or in the exposure to risk factors (prevalence) contributes to the sex difference in physical functioning, with women reporting more limitations. Data of the Doetinchem Cohort Study was used (n=5971, initial ages 26-70 years), with follow-up measurements every 5 years (up to 20). Physical functioning (subscale SF-36, range:0-100) and a number of socio-demographic, lifestyle and health-related risk factors were assessed. Mixed-model multivariable analysis was used to investigate sex differences in sensitivity (interaction term with sex) and in exposure (change of the sex difference when adjusting) to risk factors. The physical functioning score among women was 6.75 (95%CL:5.65,7.85,age-adjusted) points lower than among men. In general, men and women had similar risk factors, but pain was more strongly associated with physical functioning (higher sensitivity), and also more prevalent among women (higher exposure). The higher exposure to low educational level and not having a paid job also contributed to the lower physical functioning score among women. In contrast, smoking, mental health problems and a low educational level were more strongly associated with a lower physical functioning score among men and lower physical activity and higher BMI were more prevalent. So, few risk factors seem to contribute the more reported limitations in physical functioning among women aged 26 to 90 years. Our findings provide no indications for reducing this sex difference by promoting a healthy lifestyle but stress the importance of sex differences in pain, work and education.
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Rogers, Lesley J. "Sex Differences in Cognition: The New Rise of Biologism." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 10, no. 1 (May 1993): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200026730.
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AbstractCurrently there is an increase in the number of articles published in scientific journals and in the popular scientific media that claim a biological basis for sex differences in cognition and in certain structures in the brain. It can be argued that there is over-emphasis on the differences rather than similarities between the sexes, but it is even more important to question the assumed causation of the differences. This paper discusses recent evidence for an interactive role of early experience and hormonal condition in determining sex differences in brain structure and function. Although early studies using rats were thought to show that the male sex hormone, testosterone, acts on the brain in early life to direct its differentiation into either the male or female form, it is know known that this result comes about indirectly by changing the mother’s behaviour towards the pups. The hormone does not act on the brain directly but rather it alters the environment in which the young animals are rasied and this, in turn, influences the development of the brain. Indeed, the brain is in dynamic register with its environment both during development and in adulthood. Other examples also show that old ideas of rigid biological determination of brain structure and function need to be laid aside.The hypotheses for hormonal causation of sex differences humans rely heavily, if not exclusively, on the earlier interpretation of the experiments with rats, and there seems to be resistance to changing these notions based on the new discoveries. Apparently, there is strong pressure to cling on to biological determinist theories for sex differences in behaviour, and this has profound effects on social and educational policy. For example, biological determinism has been used to justify under representation of women in certain professions. Realisation of the dramatic effects that environmental stimulation and learning can have on the development of brain and behaviour leads us to an optimistic position for social change towards equality for women.
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Austad, Steven. "THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIAL-NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS IN SEX DIFFERENCES IN AGING." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.658.
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Abstract Sex differences in longevity and the aging phenotype are rampant if not ubiquitous. They are also highly variable and content dependent. That is, although there appears to be an overall female longevity bias in many species, that pattern has many exceptions. In virtually all of the best-studied species, with humans being a notable exception, longevity sex bias is context-dependent. To try to understand sex differences in aging, it is useful to consider the impact of mitochondria, which are exclusively inherited through the female lineage. Mitochondria are endosymbiotic bacteria that have given away most of their genes to the nucleus. Therefore, mitochondrial function depends on compatibility and coordination of the mitochondrial genome with the nuclear genome. The evolutionary success of mitochondrial genomes, specifically, will depend on how effectively they interact with female nuclear genomes, male nuclear genomes being evolutionary dead-ends for them. This talk will employ this logic to examine observations of sex differences in the aging phenotype.
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Maciaszek, Julian, Marta Ciulkowicz, Blazej Misiak, Dorota Szczesniak, Dorota Luc, Tomasz Wieczorek, Karolina Fila-Witecka, Pawel Gawlowski, and Joanna Rymaszewska. "Mental Health of Medical and Non-Medical Professionals during the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 2527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082527.
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Background: The study aimed to compare psychopathological expressions during the COVID-19 (novel coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, as declared on March 11th 2020 by the World Health Organization, with respect to which institutional variables might distinguish the impact of COVID-19 in medical and non-medical professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed nationwide between 16th March and the 26th April 2020 in Poland. A total of 2039 respondents representing all healthcare providers (59.8%) as well as other professionals filled in the sociodemographic section, the General Health Questionnaire-28 and the author’s questionnaire with questions related to exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the availability of protective measures, quarantine, change of working hours and place of employment during the pandemic, as well as feelings associated with the state of the pandemic. Results: Medical professionals more often presented with relevant psychopathological symptoms (GHQ-28 (General Health Questionnaire-28) total score >24) than the non-medical group (60.8% vs. 48.0%, respectively) such as anxiety, insomnia and somatic symptoms even after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Male sex, older age and appropriate protective equipment were associated with significantly lower GHQ-28 total scores in medical professionals, whereas among non-medical professionals, male sex was associated with significantly lower GHQ-28 total scores. Conclusions: Somatic and anxiety symptoms as well as insomnia are more prevalent among medical staff than workers in other professions. Targeting the determinants of these differences should be included in interventions aimed at restoring psychological well-being in this specific population. Apparently, there are present gender differences in psychological responses that are independent of profession.
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Salmon, Adam, and Daniel Adekunbi. "CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND RESILIENCE AS A POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM DRIVING SEX DIFFERENCES IN AGING." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1735.
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Abstract There are substantial differences in the progression of aging between males and females including in progression and prevalence of disease and longevity. Not all can be explained solely by sex-specific endocrine regulation and growing evidence suggests there are basic biological and genetic differences in sex that drive disparity in physiological function. In this study, we describe metabolic differences at the cellular level that both define some of these biological differences as well as provide a potential mechanism for delineating relevant molecular mechanisms of aging. Using HET3 mice, a genetically heterogeneous model with a consistent female advantage in longevity, we show that primary fibroblast lines retain functional metabolic characteristics, including mitochondrial response and stress resilience, which are representative of the sex of the donor animal. These differences persist even after several rounds of passage using standard culturing techniques suggesting these differences are not driven by direct impact of circulating sex hormones. Moreover, we find that differences in these cellular responses have some predictive power to determine both sex- and individual-specific responses to physiological challenge including obesity and longevity. In addition, we are able to use this model to delineate how donor sex affects cellular responses within defined pillars of aging including proteostasis, metabolic function, and adaption to stress. Overall, our model then provides valuable in defining the cellular responses that contribute to the mammalian aging process.
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Dubal, Dena. "X CHROMOSOME-DERIVED MECHANISMS OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN LIFESPAN AND BRAIN AGING." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.659.
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Abstract Women live longer than men worldwide – and also show cognitive resilience in many aging populations. One major source of biologic difference between the sexes is that females have two X chromosomes and males have one. This difference in sex chromosome complement causes unique X-derived mechanisms that are sex-specific. In mammalian development, one X randomly inactivates in XX cells. One X-derived sex difference is that females are mosaics with the active X chromosome in each cell being either maternally-derived (Xm) or paternally-derived (Xp), whereas males harbor only a maternally-derived X (Xm) in all cells. Interestingly, some females show considerable or complete skew toward Xm or Xp. We utilized several genetic models of sex biology to understand mechanisms of sex difference in aging. We found that the X chromosome contributes to longevity and better cognition in male and female mice. In aging, a genetic manipulation in females to express only the maternally-derived X (Xm), like males, accelerated cognitive decline and epigenetic brain aging. This suggests that Xm is harmful and that female mosaicism (Xm+Xp) provides a buffer to deleterious processes in aging. To assess if Xm alters transcription, we used mice with nuclear localized genetic reporters and sorted Xm from Xp neurons from young and aging XX hippocampi. We found that Xm imprinted several genes within aging hippocampal neurons, suggesting silenced cognitive loci. Our data suggests that Xm – the maternal X – accelerates brain aging and causes cognitive deficits. Understanding how Xm impairs brain function could increase understanding of female heterogeneity and of sex differences in cognitive heath – and unlock new X-derived pathways against cognitive deficits and brain aging of males, females, or both.
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Ukhanova, Maria, Sheila Markwardt, Jon Furuno, Laura Davis, Brie Noble, and Ana Quiñones. "Sex Differences in Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing Among Older Adults With Multimorbidity." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1296.
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Abstract Sex differences in prescribing potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for various multimorbidity patterns are not well understood. This study sought to identify sex specific risk of PIMs in older adults with cardiovascular-metabolic patterns. Secondary analysis of the Health and Retirement Study interview data (2004-2014; n=6,341, ≥65 y/o) linked to Medicare claims data was conducted. Four multimorbidity patterns were identified based on the list of 20 chronic conditions and included: ‘cardiovascular-metabolic only’, ‘cardiovascular-metabolic plus other physical conditions’, ‘cardiovascular-metabolic plus mental conditions’, and ‘no cardiovascular-metabolic disease’ patterns. Presence of PIM prescribing was identified using the 2015 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria, limited to the list of medications to avoid in older adults. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions were used to identify sex differences in prescribing PIMs across multimorbidity patterns: (1) for PIMs overall and (2) for each PIM drug class. Results indicate that on average women were prescribed PIMs more often than men (39.4% and 32.8%, respectively). Women with cardiovascular-metabolic plus other physical patterns (Adj.OR=1.25, 95% CI: 1.07-1.45) and cardiovascular-metabolic plus mental patterns (Adj.OR=1.25, 95% CI: 1.06-1.48) had higher odds of PIM compared to men, however, there were no sex differences in PIM prescribing in the cardiovascular-metabolic only patterns (Adj.OR=1.13, 95% CI: 0.79-1.62). There was variation by sex across different PIM drug classes. Our study emphasizes the need to further reduce PIM prescribing among older adults, and identifies target populations for potential interventions to improve medication prescribing practices.
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Madsen, Tracy E., Ghada Bourjeily, Memoona Hasnain, Marjorie Jenkins, Mary F. Morrison, Kathryn Sandberg, Iris L. Tong, Justina Trott, Janice L. Werbinski, and Alyson J. McGregor. "Article Commentary: Sex- and Gender-Based Medicine: The Need for Precise Terminology." Gender and the Genome 1, no. 3 (September 2017): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gg.2017.0005.
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As our knowledge of sex- and gender-based medicine (SGBM) continues to grow, attention to precision in the use of related terminology is critical. Unfortunately, the terms sex and gender are often used interchangeably and incorrectly, both within and outside of the typical binary construct. On behalf of the Sex and Gender Women's Health Collaborative (SGWHC), a national organization whose mission is the integration of SGBM into research, health professions education, and clinical practice, our objective was to develop recommendations for the accurate use of SGBM terminology in research and clinical practice across medical specialties and across health professions. In addition, we reviewed the origins and evolution of SGBM terminology and described terms used when referring to individuals outside the typical binary categorization of sex and gender. Standardization and precision in the use of sex and gender terminology will lead to a greater understanding and appropriate translation of sex and gender evidence to patient care along with an accurate assessment of the impact sex and gender have on patient outcomes. In addition, it is critical to acknowledge that SGBM terminology will continue to evolve and become more precise as our knowledge of sex and gender differences in health and disease progresses.
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Benayoun, Bérénice. "SEX DIMORPHISM IN AGING." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.656.
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Abstract In this symposium, the speakers will discuss how sex can influence aging trajectories using complementary perspectives and approaches across multiple biological scales and systems. Indeed, accumulating evidence across species has revealed that aging is a highly sex-dimorphic process. On the one hand, women outlive men consistently across populations, and most supercentanarians are women. On the other hand, especially after the onset of menopause, women are at increased risk for most age-related diseases (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease, osteoporosis, etc.). However, the molecular pathways underlying such sex-differences in aging and longevity are still largely unexplored and poorly understood. Dr. Austad will discuss how compatibility between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes during aging is influenced as a function of sex. Dr. Dubal will discuss the impact of sex chromosome complement on cognition with aging in mouse models, and how sex chromosomes may underlie sex-differences in brain aging. Dr. Ucar will discuss work from her lab revealing that the genomic signatures of immune aging in humans are specific to sex. Finally, Dr. Benayoun will discuss how aging of innate immune cells (e.g. macrophages or neutrophils) is regulated by the female vs. male milieu, with sex-specific age-related trajectories remodeling the immune compartment in mice.
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Massihzadegan, Setarreh, and Jan Mutchler. "Evaluating The Economic Impact Of Marriage Versus Cohabitation In Same-Sex Couples Age 50+." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3172.
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Abstract Utilizing the first set of 5-year American Community Survey data available since the United States’ legalization of same-sex marriage in mid-2015, this poster investigates the economic security of older adults (age 50+) in same-sex marriages compared to those in same-sex partnerships who are cohabiting but not married. Viewed through the lens of cumulative disadvantage theory, we consider differences in the economic circumstances of same-sex couples by gender and by geographic location. Findings point to gender differences in economic well-being, but relatively few differences based on marital status. For example, rates of low income are somewhat higher among female couples than among their male counterparts, but marital status differences are not substantial. These findings suggest that the benefits of being married that have long been recognized among older adults may not extend equally to same-sex couples. Findings are discussed with respect to the emerging salience of marriage within the LGBTQ older community, future research opportunities, and important policy implications.
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Averill, Lynnette A., Noelle B. Smith, Pamela L. Holens, Lauren M. Sippel, Aimee R. Bellmore, Natalie P. Mota, Jitender Sareen, Steven M. Southwick, and Robert H. Pietrzak. "Sex Differences in Correlates of Risk and Resilience Associated with Military Sexual Trauma." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 28, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 1199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1522408.
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Ng, Ted, James Carollo, Alex Tagawa, Zhaoxing Pan, and Patricia Heyn. "Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Markers and BDNF between Cerebral Palsy and Mild Cognitive Impairment." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3736.
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Abstract Adults with cerebral palsy (CP) have higher risk of developing geriatric syndromes. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate stage between healthy aging and dementia, often co-morbid with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We recently showed an “accelerated aging model”, where CP shares similar CVD risk factors with MCI, potentially accounting for CP’s increased risk of dementia. In this study, we further examined sex differences between CP and MCI (aim 1) and within CP (aim 2). From an accredited clinical motion analysis laboratory at Children’s Hospital Colorado (CP) and a university in Singapore (MCI), we recruited 72 adults with CP [mean (SD) of age=20 (5.3), Sex: men=47.2% and women=52.8%] and MCI [mean (SD) of age=71.28 (6.03), Sex: men=29.2% and women=70.8%]. We analyzed blood Pressure (BP), Framingham Heart Study Score (FHSS), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Compared to MCI, women with CP had lower BDNF (β=-3.550, 95% CI=-5.659 to -1.441, p=0.001), while men with CP had lower diastolic BP (β=-28.204, 95% CI=-52.148 to -4.260, p=0.022). Both women and men with CP also had lower FHSS, compared to MCI (β=-2.515, 95% CI=-3.721 to -1.309, p<0.001; β=-3.724, 95% CI=-5.561 to -1.888, p<0.001, respectively). Women in the CP cohort showed lower FHSS (β=-0.172, 95% CI=-0.310 to -0.033, p=0.016). We found sex-related differences in BDNF and CVD markers. Comparing across and within cohorts, although having lower BDNF levels, women with CP had better FHSS. These findings support our accelerated aging hypothesis, and further suggest sex differences in aging-related risk factors in CP, supporting sex-related precision medicine approach.
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Jiang, Nisi, Vivian Diaz, Randy Strong, and James Nelson. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN LIFESPAN RESPONDING TO EARLY AND LATE ONSET DIETARY RESTRICTION." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2937.
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Abstract Dietary restriction (DR) extends lifespan in many animal models. In mice, a range of factors affects the magnitude of the pro-longevity effect of DR, including the strain, restriction level, sex, and age of treatment onset. Early onset DR dramatically prolongs lifespan, whereas DR started later in life has diminished or no significant effect. The lifespan responses of males and females to DR also differ. Whether there is a sex difference in the lifespan response to the age of onset of DR has not been examined. Probing the basis for the variable response to DR can help elucidate the underlying mechanisms that mediate lifespan extension. We diet restricted UM-HET3 mice of both sexes from either 5 months (early-onset) or 20 months (late-onset) of age and monitored their survival. Early onset DR significantly prolonged lifespan in both males and females, which increased median lifespans by 54% and 18.5%, respectively. By contrast, although late onset DR prolonged lifespans in both sexes, the magnitude of increase in males (1.4%) was significantly lower than in females (15.8%, p=0.0474). Moreover, the decrease in the magnitude of the response to late-onset DR compared to that of early-onset DR is more dramatic in males than females. Further analysis found a significant interaction (p=0.0001) between early and late-onset DR in males but not in females (p=0.3818). Together, these results indicate that the lifespan response to delayed onset of DR diminishes more in males than in females, providing another model to probe the underlying mechanisms of DR.
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Noblitt, Jessica, and Anne Barrett. "HETERONORMATIVE DEFINITIONS OF SEX: IMPLICATIONS FOR LGBT+ WOMEN’S PREVENTIVE HEALTHCARE." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1919.
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Abstract The dominant cultural definitions of sex, which is heteronormative, has implications for preventive health screening among LGB+ women. Medical recommendations for women’s screening exclude some same-sex behaviors from this definition, and they center on reproduction – both of which can discourage LGB+ women’s preventive health screening. Qualitative studies have found that sexual minority women, as well as their doctors, are less likely to see sexual health exams as important for sexual minority women’s healthcare because many are not engaging in penile-vaginal intercourse. However, we are aware of no study that has used a large, nationally representative dataset to examine potential differences in health screening by sexual identity. We used data from the National Health Interview Survey (2018; n=1394) to examine differences by sexual identity in having Pap tests and mammograms. We found that sexual minority women were about 40% less likely than heterosexual women to have ever had a Pap test. Moreover, among sexual minority women, lesbian women were about 50% less likely than bisexual women to have ever had one. Sexual minority women also were 22% less likely than heterosexual women to have had a Pap test in the last 12 months. Differences by sexual identity in receiving mammograms were less striking. We found, however, that bisexuals were 25% less likely than lesbians to have ever had a mammogram. In addition, these differences in health screening were more pronounced in younger than older women.
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Wang, Kun, and Zainab Suntai. "Racial/ Ethnic and Gender Differences in Older Adults’ Chronic Stress Patterns." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3303.
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Abstract Chronic stress has been associated with several adverse psychological, physical, and cognitive outcomes. While there exists a baseline level of stress among all individuals, certain groups of people are at risk of developing chronic stress due to existing hardships and stressors. Black Indigenous and/or people of color (BIPOC) and women have historically experienced several inequities including higher rates of certain chronic illnesses, interpersonal discrimination, socioeconomic disparities, and several other adverse outcomes. In addition to stressors from racial/ethnic and gender identities, older adulthood is a major transitional period marked by changes in physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being, which have been shown to affect overall well-being and mental health. As such, this study aimed to examine the association between chronic stress and cognition among older adults, using the intersectionality of race and sex. Data from the 2016 Health and Retirement Study were used, resulting in a final sample of 6,015 adults aged 50 and older. Latent class analysis was used to determine chronic stress patterns by sex and race, and a three-step method was used to examine the effects of covariates on stress class memberships by race and sex subgroups. Results indicated that compared to White men, the high stress classes among White women, BIPOC men and BIPOC women contained more stressors. Interventions targeted towards the mitigation of chronic stress among older adults should consider how intersectional identities combine to create increased hardships and stressors.
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D’Aurizio, Giulia, Fabrizio Santoboni, Francesca Pistoia, Laura Mandolesi, and Giuseppe Curcio. "Moral Judgement along the Academic Training." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010010.
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Moral reasoning and consequent decision making are central in the everyday life of all people, independent of their profession. It is undoubtedly crucial in the so-called “helping professions”, when the professional through his/her decisions can support or not support others. Our study aimed to investigate whether academic training can play an essential role in influencing moral reasoning. We used three different conditions: 20 moral personal, 20 moral impersonal, and 20 nonmoral dilemmas to assessed differences in moral judgement between students of Economics, Medicine, and Psychology at their first year and at the end of university training. We observed a difference between school and year of course: psychology students showing more time when asked to read and answer the proposed questions. Moreover, medical students showed a significant increase in sensitiveness to moral issues as a function of academic ageing, whereas such a moral sense regressed from the first to the fifth year of academic training in other students. Gender was also relevant, with women showing an increased response and reading times compared to than men when asked to cope with moral decisions. This study shows that the main factor driving moral decision making is the faculty to which one is enrolled, significantly modulated by sex and academic seniority.
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Thangwaritorn, Pilar, Hilary Hicks, Alex Laffer, Genna Losinski, Kayla Meyer, Elizabeth Tran, Keri Cox, and Amber Watts. "THE EFFECT OF ACTIGRAPHY MEASURED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2387.
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Abstract Executive function (i.e., decision making, self-control, planning) is important for facilitating independent living in older adults. Physical activity may preserve executive function, but previous research has demonstrated sex differences in both physical activity and executive function among older adults. Few studies have investigated sex differences in the association between the two. We examined associations between objectively measured physical activity and executive function with attention to sex differences. We recruited N = 204 participants (Mage =71, SD=6.36; 57% women) with (n=47) and without (n=157) Alzheimer’s disease from the University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. We used wrist-worn accelerometers (Actigraph GT9X) to measure physical activity 24 hours a day for 7 days in a free-living environment. We categorized physical activity as moderate to vigorous (MVPA) based on the Montoye (2020) Adult Vector Magnitude cut-points. We evaluated sex differences in the association between executive function and MVPA using multiple regression with an interaction term, adjusting for age, education, and dementia status. We used a composite score to combine tests of executive function (Digit Symbol Substitution, Stroop Interference, Trail making Part B, and Verbal Fluency). Results indicated, older age and lower education were associated with lower executive function scores (β=-2.12, p < 0.001; B=2.13, p < .05). In contrast to previous research, we did not find evidence for sex differences in the MVPA, executive function, nor the association between the two in our sample. Future research should investigate whether individualized exercise-based interventions and treatment between men and women may differentially benefit cognitive function.
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Westrick, Ashly, Justina Avila-Rieger, Alden Gross, and Lindsay Kobayashi. "CROSS-NATIONAL VARIABILITY IN SEX/GENDER DIFFERENCES AND LATER-LIFE MEMORY: INDIA AND THE UNITED STATES." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.412.
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Abstract Little is known about the extent of sex/gender differences in later-life cognitive health in low-income countries such as India. We compared sex/gender differences in later-life memory, overall and by educational attainment, across men and women aged ≥65 years in India and the United States. Data were from Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocols (HCAP) in the population-representative Longitudinal Study of Aging in India (LASI; N=4,096;) and U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N=3,345). Multiple-group models estimated interactions between sex/gender and educational attainment on harmonized episodic memory scores across countries. In the U.S., women had a memory performance advantage compared to men across all education levels. In India, men had a memory performance advantage compared to women overall, interactions revealed that this advantage was only present among those with no formal education. Among those with at least lower secondary education, women demonstrated an advantage that increased with increasing education.
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Vitale, Elsa. "Work Conditions of Italian Nurses and Their Related Risk Factors: A Cohort Investigatory Study." Diseases 10, no. 3 (August 3, 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases10030050.
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(1) Background: Nursing is a satisfying employment pathway, as nurses preserve lives, but it is also considered one of the most stressful care professions. Nursing is a lifesaving and highly satisfying profession, yet it is considered one of the most stressful occupations. This study aimed to assess differences in anxiety, depression and stress states among nurses according to gender, work history, shift and body mass index (BMI) characteristics. (2) Methods: An online questionnaire was addressed to all Italian nurses during May 2022, investigating anxiety, depression and stress conditions according to the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) and sampling characteristics, such as sex, work experience, shift and BMI values. (3) Results: A total of 408 Italian nurses answered the questionnaire. Significant differences between the following were reported: anxiety levels and work experience, since nurses employed over 6 years reported higher anxiety levels than their younger colleagues (p = 0.035); depression levels and sex (p = 0.017), as females reported higher depression levels than males; and also between depression levels and BMI levels (p = 0.003), as 5.90% of overweight and 2.50% of obese participants reported extremely severe depression. By considering stress levels according to sampling characteristics, significant differences were registered according to BMI levels (p < 0.001), as overweight subjects reported higher stress levels (7.40%) than the other subgroups. Finally, significant associations were recorded between anxiety, depression and stress conditions with sex, work experience, shift and BMI. (4) Conclusions: The data were in agreement with the current literature, indicating that nurses might take care not only of their patients but also of themselves, in both the physical and mental aspects.
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Epstein, Michael H., Douglas Cullinan, and John Wills Lloyd. "Behavior-Problem Patterns among the Learning Disabled: III — Replication across Age and Sex." Learning Disability Quarterly 9, no. 1 (February 1986): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1510400.
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Teachers completed rating scales on learning disabled male and female students ranging in age from 6 to 18 years. Responses were factor-analyzed to identify characteristic behavior problems of the learning disabled. While replicating findings from previous studies, the results revealed some important differences, that is, problems found to be characteristic of the learning disabled students differed according to sex and age level. These findings have implications for understanding the nature of learning disabilities and for designing appropriate educational programs for learning disabled students.
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Marroig, Alejandra, Fernando Massa, Scott Hofer, and Graciela Muniz Terrera. "SEX DIFFERENCES AND LONGITUDINAL QUANTILES OF FRAILTY TRAJECTORIES WITH MISSING DATA DUE TO DEATH." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2997.
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Abstract Scarce evidence exists about frailty trajectories, but the evidence suggests that women live longer with higher levels of frailty. When progression of frailty was studied, the focus has been on mean trajectories and research has ignored death. Here, we aim to assess the role of sex, age, and education in different quantiles of the distribution of frailty trajectories. We derived a frailty index (FI, range 0–1) based on the accumulation of deficits in individuals aged 65 at baseline (n=6929) using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). We applied weighted Generalized Estimating Equations (weighted GEE) to adjust the quantiles of the FI trajectory by sex, and education. The results show that the median FI trajectory increases with age (b_age0.5=0.008, p < 0.001) and this increase is higher for women than men (b_age*sex0.5=0.003, p < 0.001), but sex differences disappear for the most frail (0.9 percentile) once the missing data process is accounted for (b_age*sex0.9=0.002, p=0.085). For the most frail the increase with age is higher than for those at the median (b_age0.9=0.018, p < 0.001; test diff, p < 0.001) and education reduces the progression of the median FI (b_age*edu0.5=-0.0003, p < 0.001). Our approach advances the understanding of frailty trajectories of older adults, showing differences across quantiles. Thus, this may improve the practice and design of interventions aimed at older adults. In addition, we address the process of missing information and the results show new insights, particularly for those who are most frail.
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Amgalan, Anar, Alexander Mayer, Michelle Ha, and Andrei Irimia. "Sex and Age Differences in Default Mode Network Functional Correlation After Traumatic Brain Injury." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 824–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3025.
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Abstract The extent to which brain functional correlations (FCs) are modulated by age and sex is unknown. We studied default mode network (DMN) FC changes in 136 participants with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI; 52 females, age range: 19 – 79 years, age μ = 42, age σ = 17; 72 participants younger than 40). Structural and functional magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were acquired ~1 week and ~6 months post-injury; the FreeSurfer Functional Analysis STream (FS-FAST) was used for group-level FC comparisons across sexes and age groups (younger vs. older than 40). FC seeds were two sub-networks of the DMN, M1 and M2, defined by the standard Yeo parcellation scheme. For M1, clusters with significant FC differences across sexes were in the right paracentral lobule, central sulcus, postcentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, and precentral sulcus (p = 0.0001), and in the left paracentral lobule and central sulcus (p = 0.022). For M2, clusters spanned the right postcentral gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, transverse occipital sulcus, and central sulcus (p = 0.0001), the left precuneus and inferior parietal lobe (p = 0.0096). Females either exhibited no significant FC change or underwent FC increases. Males underwent significant FC decreases within all clusters, suggesting their increased vulnerability to mTBI-related effects. Clusters whose FCs differed significantly across age groups were localized to the left superior temporal gyrus (p = 0.0078), highlighting the vulnerability of temporal regions to age effects. Future studies should explore the age × sex interaction and uncover the mechanisms for these observed findings.
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Zaroubi, Lara, Tiffany Samaan, and Angela S. Alberga. "Predictors of Weight Bias in Exercise Science Students and Fitness Professionals: A Scoping Review." Journal of Obesity 2021 (July 5, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5597452.
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Background. Although previous studies have reported weight bias among students and professionals in exercise science, physical education, kinesiology, and fitness instruction, predictors of weight bias in these professions have not been extensively reviewed. Aim. The purpose of this scoping review was to explore the available literature on predictors of weight bias in exercise science students and fitness professionals to identify key concepts and research gaps. Methods. PubMed and ERIC were searched from January 1990 to May 2019. Eighteen studies were included in this review. A thematic analysis was conducted. Findings. Six main themes were drawn from these studies including beliefs in the personal controllability of weight; sex differences; enrollment in a health sciences-related program; psychosocial and personal factors; knowledge of obesity; lack of personal history, family, or friend with obesity. Our scoping review highlighted diverse predictors of weight bias among exercise science students and professionals that warrant further study and intervention.
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González, Estela, Carmen Requena, and Paula Alvarez. "Older Men's Participation in Cognitive Training: A Review." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2822.
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Abstract Background: Cognitive training for healthy older adults living in a community is an essential resource that allows them to live at home for as long as possible. Objective: The purpose of the review is to examine the degree of participation of males and females in longitudinal studies of cognitive training. Moreover, we want to identify if these studies include the gender variable in their analyzes or reflect on its importance. Method: This review considered longitudinal cognitive training studies were published in English and Spanish and conducted with healthy older adults living in a community. Results: The Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study (in English) and the Memoria Mejor (MM) Longitudinal Study (in Spanish), both illustrate the trend of sex/gender treatment of the studies reviewed: a) high participation of older people seventy and more years b) recruiting stratified by age and sex; c) males are disproportionately underrepresented in cognitive training studies [24% - 14%]; d) the evaluation measures (baseline, follow-up, and final) and dropout data are provided but not stratified by age and sex/gender. Conclusions: Researchers demonstrate awareness about the impact of sex/gender differences but do not focus on it. Understanding sex/gender differences are necessary for understanding not only that these differences occur, but also why they occur; this will allow policies or intervention programs with approaches that are more equitable for both sexes/genders to be formulated.
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Davey-Rothwell, Melissa, Norah Crossnohere, Paige Hammond, Tuo-Yen Tseng, Marlesha Whittington, Karin Tobin, Carl Latkin, and Amy Knowlton. "Exploring the role of sex differences in the relationship between sex partner attitudes and current quit attempt among a sample of smokers." Tobacco Prevention & Cessation 7, July (July 23, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18332/tpc/138943.
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Latimer, Abigail, Jennifer Miller, Misook Lee Chung, Muna Hammash, and Debra Moser. "Perceived Control and ICD Concerns in Older ICD Recipients: Sex as a Moderator." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1892.
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Abstract Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death for those with a history of or high risk for lethal arrhythmias. In 2016, 105,000 ICDs were implanted in older adults (age ≥ 60) in the US. Approximately 25% of ICD recipients report significant ICD concerns with women reporting higher levels than men. Little is known about the experience of older adults living with life-saving/extending medical technologies, particularly related to sex differences in ICD concerns. Perceived control may decrease ICD concerns, but sex differences have not been explored. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the moderation effect of sex on the association between perceived control and ICD concerns in older adults (age≥ 60). Participants completed a questionnaire on ICD Concerns (ICDC-8) and the Control Attitudes Scale-Revised, a measure of perceived control. We conducted a moderation analysis using Hayes’ PROCESS for SPSS with 5,000 bootstrap samples. Of the 99 participants (73.7% male; age 70 + 7 years; education 13 + 3 years), most participants were white (79.8%) and married (69.7%). There were no differences in participant characteristics, perceived control, or ICD concerns, by sex. We found an interaction between sex and perceived control (b= -.5715, p= 02), indicating that for women (-.5801, p =.007), as perceived control increased, ICD concerns decreased. For men (-.0089, p =.9439), ICD concerns remained the same despite level of perceived control. Future clinical and research interventions to decrease ICD concerns should include ways to increase perceived control particularly for older women living with ICDs.
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Sialino, Lena, Laura Schaap, Sandra van Oostrom, Susan Picavet, Johannes Twisk, Monique Verschuren, Marjolein Visser, and Hanneke Wijnhoven. "The Sex Difference in Gait Speed: How Do Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, Social, and Health Determinants Contribute?" Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.642.
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Abstract This study explores whether a sex difference in sensitivity to (strength of the association) and/or in exposure to (prevalence) determinants of gait speed contributes to the observed lower gait speed among women compared to men. Data from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) were used. In total 2407 men and women aged 55-81 years were included, with baseline measurements in 1992/2002 and follow-up measurements every 3-4 years for 15/25 years. Multivariable mixed model analysis was used to investigate sex differences in sensitivity (interaction term with sex) and in exposure to (change of the sex difference when adjusted) for socio-demographic, lifestyle, social and health determinants of gait speed. On average, women had a 0.054 m/s (95%CI:0.076-0.033, adjusted for height and age) lower mean gait speed compared to men. Higher BMI and lower physical activity were more strongly associated with lower gait speed in women compared to men (i.e. higher sensitivity). Lower educational level, living alone and having more chronic diseases, pain and depressive symptoms among women compared to men also contributed to observed lower gait speed in women (i.e. higher exposure). In conclusion, both a higher sensitivity and higher exposure to determinants of gait speed among women compared to men contributes to the observed lower gait speed among women aged 55 years and older. The identified (modifiable) contributing factors should be taking into account when developing prevention and/or treatment strategies aimed to enhance healthy physical aging. This might require a sex-specific approach in both research and clinical practice.
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Maidlow, Sarah. "The Experiences, Attitudes and Expectations of Music Students from a Feminist Perspective." British Journal of Music Education 15, no. 1 (March 1998): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051700003752.
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Attempting to explain the mis-match between women's low profile in most music professions and females' success in formal music education, I looked for differences in the attitudes, experiences and expectations of music students. This was done by using repertory grids with relatively small numbers of A-level and undergraduate music students, and postgraduate student teachers with music degrees. Constructivist psychology, of which repertory grid technique is a practical example, offers approaches in harmony with feminist preferences for the meaning people attach to their situation and the usefulness of their interpretation over notions of truth. Thus participants' responses dictate any groupings to emanate from analysis, rather than their being placed in pre-determined categories.The outcomes of the study suggested, however, that little differentiates female and male musicians, as represented by these music students. Conversely, the results implied that the sexes are inclined to think similarly, insofar as likenesses in their attitudes could be associated with their instrument, and, crucially, that each sex tended to look to mo dels I mentors who reflected their sex as well as instrument. The sexes' inconsistency of achievement might then be explained by differences between sex-role models.
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Lee, Daehyun, Miji Kim, Hyung Eun Shin, Jae Young Jang, and Chang Won Won. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BODY COMPOSITION AND 2-YEAR CHANGE IN COGNITIVE FUNCTION." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2271.
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Abstract In the process of aging, the loss of lean mass and increase in fat mass are associated with cognitive decline. This study investigated sex differences in the association between body composition and changes in cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults in Korea. A total of 1,420 participants (aged 70–84 years, 54.2% men) of the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study with data from baseline and 2-year follow-up surveys were included. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and cognitive function was assessed using the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Packet. The total fat mass was lower in men than in women (p< 0.001), whereas total lean mass was higher in men than in women (p< 0.001). Total body fat mass was positively associated with the time taken to finish the Trail Making Test-A only in women (standardized beta coefficient [ß]= -1.371, p=0.018), and a negative association was observed between trunk fat mass and digit span total only in men (ß= -0.092, p=0.039). Appendicular lean mass was significantly positively associated with word list recognition only in women (ß=0.087, p=0.010) and was significantly positively associated with digit span total (ß=0.108, p=0.027) and digit span forward (ß=0.081, p=0.025) only in men. The results of this study indicated that higher fat mass was associated with the protection of decline in cognitive function only in women, while lean mass was positively associated with a change in cognitive function in both sexes.
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Millbank, Jenni. "Serious misconduct of health professionals in disciplinary tribunals under the National Law 2010–17." Australian Health Review 44, no. 2 (2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18239.
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Objective There is a gap in knowledge regarding serious disciplinary matters concerning health professionals under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act 2009 (hereafter ‘National Law’). The present study applies a typology of misconduct to the first 7 years of available tribunal cases under the National Law brought against the five most populous regulated health professions with the overarching goal of mapping the relationship between type of misconduct and outcome. As subquestions, the study examined whether the ostensibly uniform law is producing consistency of outcomes, both between the professions and between jurisdictions. Methods All publicly available Australian tribunal-level decisions concerning complaints of serious misconduct and/or impairment brought against the five most populous regulated health professions (nurses and midwives, doctors, psychologists, pharmacists, and dentists) were gathered from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2017. Decisions were coded for case and respondent attributes, the type/s of misconduct alleged, whether proved, and the relevant disciplinary outcome. Respondent attributes were: profession, sex, legal representation, and certain identified ‘risk’ factors from previous studies. The type of allegation was coded based on five main categories or heads of misconduct, with subtypes within each. Outcomes for proved conduct were coded and categorised for severity. Analyses of cases was conducted using SPSS, version 21 (IBM, New York, NY, USA). Data was subject to statistical analysis using Pearson’s Chi-squared test with an α value of 0.05. Results Major variations were identified in outcomes across the professions, with doctors being subject to less severe outcomes than other professions, in particular compared with nurses, even when the same main head of misconduct was in issue. Differences in legal representation did not completely account for such variation. Marked disparities were also identified between outcomes in different states and territories, suggesting that the National Law is not being applied in a uniform manner. Conclusion Tribunal cases reflected complaint data in that: (1) male practitioners were greatly over-represented as respondents; (2) outcomes were most severe for sexual misconduct and least severe for clinical care; and (3) doctors faced less severe outcomes than other professions. There were also significant variations in severity of outcome by jurisdiction. Variations were more pronounced when deregistration was the focus of analysis. What is known about this topic? Existing research on complaints data under the National Law in place since 2010 has suggested that doctors may be receiving less severe outcomes than other professions at board level. There is a gap in knowledge concerning serious disciplinary matters heard by tribunals. Unlike data on complaints against regulated health professionals collated by AHPRA, legal tribunals, which hear only the most serious matters, do not record data on cases in a consistent or centralised form. What does this paper add? This study is the first to compare tribunal outcomes for the five most populous professions by reference to the type of misconduct proved. The finding that different professions are receiving different outcomes for the same malfeasance is novel. Other novel findings include significant variations in severity of outcome by jurisdiction, more pronounced variations in outcomes by both profession and jurisdiction when deregistration was the focus of analysis and variations in outcome according to legal representation. What are the implications for practitioners? There are major implications for policy makers and decision makers in terms of whether the National Law is operating consistently, with important outcomes for practitioners in terms of equitable and fair treatment when facing disciplinary charges.
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Hartnett, Jack, and Gayle Secord. "Perception of Unethical Behavior in an Attorney as a Function of Sex of Observer and Transgressor." Perceptual and Motor Skills 61, no. 3_suppl (December 1985): 1159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.61.3f.1159.
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This study investigated the notion that competent women in traditionally male-dominated professions are often the victims of erroneous stereotypes and are judged to be less deserving than men of praise, promotions, and raises. In addition, the role of ethical versus unethical practices is examined in the context of the above issues, with a further manipulation of guilt versus innocence. Results indicate that sex biases persist but in a more complex and less generalized fashion. Sex differences regarding ethical standards appear negligible, emerging primarily in complex interactions. Ethical behavior elicited more favorable descriptions and higher ratings for remuneration and confidence. Yet, when guilty, male and female subjects alike showed a significant preference for procuring the unethical lawyer's services. Possible explanations for the various findings are discussed and suggestions for research proffered.
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Arnocky, Steven, and Tracy Vaillancourt. "Sex Differences in Response to Victimization by an Intimate Partner: More Stigmatization and Less Help-Seeking among Males." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 23, no. 7 (August 9, 2014): 705–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2014.933465.
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Jingru, Wang, Yu Ying, and Guo Qi. "Sex differences in Speech and High-frequency Hearing Loss Association With Cognitive Impairment Among Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2659.
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Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between speech-frequency hearing loss (SFHL), high-frequency hearing loss (HFHL), and cognitive impairment (CI). Then to determine whether there are any differences in gender among older community dwellers in China. Methods: This study involved 1,012 adults aged ≥60 years (428 male; average age, 72.61±5.51 years). The participants had their hearing and cognition measured using pure tone audiometry and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), respectively. We used the audiometric definition of hearing loss (HL) adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO). Speech-frequencies were measured as 0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, and 4 kHz; high-frequencies were measured as 4 kHz and 8 kHz. Pure tone average (PTA) was measured as hearing sensitivity. Results: Our studies demonstrated a 37.6% prevalence of HL in males and a 36.0% prevalence of HL in females. Adjusted for confounding variables, the results from a multivariate analysis showed that SFHL was associated with CI in females (OR=2.400, 95% Confidence Interval=1.313–4.385) and males (OR=2.189, 95% Confidence Interval=0.599–2.944). However, HFHL was associated with CI only in females (OR=2.943, 95% Confidence Interval=1.505–5.754). HL was associated with poorer cognitive scores (P<0.05). “Registration” (P<0.05) in MMSE was associated with speech and high-frequency hearing sensitivity. Conclusion: The associations between HL and CI varied according to gender in older community-dwellers, suggesting that different mechanisms are involved in the etiology of HL. Moreover, hearing sensitivity was negatively associated with cognition scores; therefore, early screening for HL and CI among older community-dwelling adults is advised.
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Литневская, Е. И., and Н. Ян. "MEANS OF DESIGNATING WOMEN'S PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIAN." Russkii iazyk za rubezhom, no. 5(294) (November 7, 2022): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2022.294.5.012.
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В статье проанализированы главные средства обозначения профессий женщин в русском языке – феминитивы и существительные переходного к общему рода, сравнены формы, семантика, синтаксис, частотность употребления слов этих двух типов. Отмечается, что феминитивы всегда соотнесены с женским полом, их грамматический род совпадает с биологическим полом женщины, однако их употребление часто имеет стилистические ограничения. Семантика и стиль существительных переходного к общему рода, обозначающих женщину, могут быть нейтральными или сниженными, а их род выражен особым образом. При анализе словообразования, семантики, синтаксиса и особенностей слов двух этих способов обобщены различия в употреблении слов этих типов. Статья будет полезна иностранным учащимся (особенно тем, в чьих родных языках отсутствует морфологический род – китайский, японский и др. языки) как для понимания названий женских профессий, так и особенно для их употребления, поскольку многие из них являются стилистически окрашенными. The paper analyzes the main ways of expressing women's professions in the Russian language – feminitives and nouns of transitive-to-the general gender, compares the forms, semantics, syntax, and particularity of the use of two types of words. It is noted that the genus of feminitives describes only the female gender, their grammatical gender coincides with the biological sex of a woman. The semantics and style of nouns transitive-to-the general gender, denoting a woman, can be neutral or reduced, and their gender is expressed in special ways. When analyzing the word formation, semantics, syntax and features of words in two ways, the differences in the use of words of these two types are generalized. The article will be useful for foreign students (especially those whose native languages lack morphological gender – Chinese, Japanese, etc. languages) both for understanding the names of women's professions, and especially for their use, since many of them are stylistically colored.
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Benayoun, Bérénice. "SEX-DIMORPHIC REGULATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY DURING AGING." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.657.
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Abstract Aging is accompanied by striking changes in chromatin and gene expression across cell types and species. Yet, how chromatin landscapes change with age and regulate transcription, and how epigenomic changes in turn influence aging in response to external or internal cues, is largely unknown. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that sex hormones play a key role in driving aspects of cellular and molecular sex-dimorphism. In parallel to sex hormones, karyotypic sex (i.e. XX vs. XY) is also likely to have important impact outside of gonadal sex determination. A key compartment whose activity can be actively modulated by sex-dimorphic mechanisms throughout life is the immune system, whose function declines sharply with aging and may be actively modulated by sex. Indeed, aspects of the immune responses differ between sexes, with a more robust immune response in females and an increased susceptibility to infection in males. Thus, our main cell models of study are key components of the innate immune system and the inflammatory response: macrophages, which accomplish key tasks such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation and cytokine production, and neutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte type serving as a “first line of defense” against infection. Excitingly, we and others have observed strong sex-related differences in the transcriptional and functional phenotypes of these cells and have observed sex-dimorphic “omic” trajectories for these cells with aging. Based on our data and published literature, it is likely that mechanisms involving both gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes may fine-tune different aspects of immunity and, thus, overall health and lifespan.
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Fang, Yuan, Jiachen Chen, Kathryn Lunetta, Joanne Murabito, and Margaret Doyle. "AGE-RELATED IMMUNE CELL PHENOTYPES IN THE FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY PARTICIPANTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2529.
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Abstract Mounting evidence supports a role for the immune system in the pathophysiology of dementia. Alterations in the composition of circulating immune cells is one of the key changes associated with age. However, the role of age and sex on immune cell phenotypes and their contribution to disease pathogenesis remains to be unraveled. We identified a study sample of 996 participants (mean age 62 years, range 40 to 88 years, 52% female, 22% APOE-ϵ4 carriers) from the community-based Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort who were dementia and stroke free at the seventh examination (1998-2001), the first exam with existing stored peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We profiled 132 circulating immune cell phenotypes from cryopreserved PBMCs by flow cytometry using standardized protocols. T cells, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes were reported as percentage of gated lymphocytes or monocytes. All other subsets were reported as percentage of the appropriate parent (e.g. CD4+ and CD8+). We summarized the distributions of each phenotype with age, sex, and APOE-ϵ4 genotype. We also evaluated the differences in percentages of T-cell subtypes including CD4+, and CD8+ T cells and their naïve, effector memory, and central memory subsets across age groups and sex. We observed that for both CD4 and CD8, naïve cells decrease with age, whereas effector/memory cells increase with age with no difference by sex. Future analyses will explore the association between immune cell phenotypes with cognitive test performance and risk of dementia in the context of exposure to cytomegalovirus infection.
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Ahmed, Mohammad Shameem, Ayesha Yasmin, Rashed Mustafa, Abdullah Al Masud, and Ashrafuzzaman. "Effect of Vitamin E on Serum Creatinine level on Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Long Evans rats." KYAMC Journal 13, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v13i3.63195.
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Background: The kidneys are one of the vital organs of our body to excrete metabolic waste products, drugs and chemicals in the form of urine. Objectives: This study was carried out to observe the effect of Vitamin E on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by assessing serum creatinine level in Long Evans rats. Materials and Methods: The experimental study was carried out on 40 Long Evans rats of both sex with the weight ranges from 172-255 gm and the age ranges from 7 to 10 weeks. The rats were divided into four groups- Group A (control) received normal saline, group B, C and D received gentamicin for 6 days, rats of group C received vitamin E capsule for 9 days with gentamicin whereas, group D received vitamin E capsule with gentamicin for total 10 days. Serum creatinine level was measured at the end of experiment. Results: The mean (mean+ SD) serum creatinine levels in group A, B, C and D were 0.98+0.34, 2.36+ 0.44, 1.39+0.18 and 1.30+0.18 respectively. The differences between the groups were highly significant (p<0.001) in group A&B, B&C and B&D whereas the difference between C&D was not significant (p>0.50). Serum creatinine level on the normal saline control (group A) was within normal limit (0.98mg/dl). Serum creatinine level in gentamicin treated (group B) rats were more in comparison to gentamicin and vitamin E treated rats (group C&D) and pretreatment with longer duration group (group D) showed lower serum creatinine level than the shorter one (group C) though there was no significant difference. Conclusion: Vitamin E treatment showed some protective effects against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. The results also indicated that effectiveness of vitamin E depends on a suitable duration of pretreatment for better protection against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. KYAMC Journal Vol. 13, No. 03, October 2022: 149-152
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Bajracharya, Rashmita, Jack Guralnik, Jay Magaziner, Michelle Shardell, Alan Rathbun, Takashi Yamashita, and Denise Orwig. "Sex Difference in All-Cause and Infection-Specific Mortality Over 10 Years Post Hip Fracture." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.627.
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Abstract Men die at a twice higher rate than women in the first two years after fracture and also experience higher infection-related mortality. Most research has only looked at differences in short-term mortality after hip fracture. The objective was to determine if cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality and infection-specific mortality is higher in men compared to women over ten years. Data came from Baltimore Hip Studies7th cohort. Women were frequency-matched (1:1) to men on timing of fracture to ensure equal numbers of men and women. The association of sex and all-cause mortality was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard model and a cause-specific hazard model for infection-specific mortality. Both models controlled for age, cognition, comorbidity, depressive symptoms, BMI, and pre-fracture ADL limitations. Complete-case sample size was 300 (men=145, women=155). By the end of ten years from the date of admission for a hip fracture, there were 237 (men=132, women=105) all-cause deaths and 38 (men=25, women=13) infection-specific deaths. Men had significantly higher all-cause mortality risk [73.7% vs 59.3%; HR=2.31(2.02-2.59)] and infection-specific mortality [17.2% vs 8.3%; HR=4.43(2.07-9.51)] compared to women. In addition to sex, older age, cognition, and comorbidities were associated with all-cause mortality whereas only BMI was associated with infection-specific mortality in adjusted models. Men had a higher risk of mortality over 10 years compared to women, specifically two-fold higher risk of infection-specific mortality compared to all-cause mortality. Findings imply that interventions to prevent/treat infection, tailored by sex, may be needed to narrow significant differences in long-term mortality rates between men and women.
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Mutz, Julian, and Cathryn Lewis. "Depression and Age-Related Changes in Body Composition, Cardiovascular Function, Grip Strength, and Lung Function." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1709.
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Abstract Individuals with mental disorders, on average, die prematurely, have higher levels of physical comorbidities and may experience accelerated ageing. In individuals with lifetime depression and healthy controls, we examined associations between age and multiple physiological measures. The UK Biobank study recruited >500,000 participants, aged 37-73, between 2006–2010. Generalised additive models were used to examine associations between age and grip strength, cardiovascular function, body composition, lung function and bone mineral density. Analyses were conducted separately in males and females with depression compared to healthy controls. Analytical samples included up to 342,393 adults (mean age = 55.87 years; 52.61% females). We found statistically significant differences between individuals with depression and healthy controls for most physiological measures, with standardised mean differences between -0.145 and 0.156. There was some evidence that age-related changes in body composition, cardiovascular function, lung function and heel bone mineral density followed different trajectories in individuals with depression. These differences did not uniformly narrow or widen with age. For example, BMI in female cases was 1.1 kg/m2 higher at age 40 and this difference narrowed to 0.4 kg/m2 at age 70. In males, systolic blood pressure was 1 mmHg lower in cases at age 45 and this difference widened to 2.5 mmHg at age 65. Individuals with depression differed from healthy controls across a broad range of physiological measures. Differences in ageing trajectories differed by sex and were not uniform across physiological measures, with evidence of both age-related narrowing and widening of case-control differences.
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Kim, Miji, and Chang Won Won. "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CALF MUSCLE FATTY INFILTRATION AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE AMONG HEALTHY OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2601.
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Abstract Muscle fatty infiltration is associated with impaired physical performance. However, the association between ectopic fat, such as lower extremity fat distribution, and sex-specific differences among older adults remains to be determined. This study aimed to examine sex-specific differences in calf muscle fat infiltration and their association with physical performance among healthy older adults aged 76 to 80 years. The pilot study comprised 40 subjects (20 men; 20 women) matched by age and body mass index. The participants underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to assess body composition and lower extremity fat distribution. The tibialis anterior intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) as assessed by 1H-MRS was negatively associated with the five-times sit-to-stand test scores (rs=0.518, p=0.023) in men, while the soleus IMCL content was negatively associated with the timed up-and-go test scores (rs=0.472, p=0.048) in women. However, the soleus extramyocellular lipid (EMCL) content was positively associated with the five-times sit-to-stand test scores (rs=−0.488, p=0.040) in women, but this association was not statistically significant in men. Regarding the calf cross-sectional area (CSA) parameters assessed by MRI, calf subcutaneous fat CSA was positively associated with the usual gait speed (rs=0.447, p=0.048) in women only. To conclude, this study showed an inverse correlation between IMCL content and physical performance in healthy older individuals and calf muscle-specific IMCL based on sex differences. Furthermore, our results suggest that greater EMCL content in the soleus and calf subcutaneous fat might affect physical performance positively in older women but not older men.