Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Produits chimiques – Évaluation du risque'
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Caudeville, Julien. "Développement d'une plateforme intégrée pour la cartographie de l'exposition des populations aux substances chimiques : construction d'indicateurs spatialisés en vu d'identifier les inégalités environnementales à l'échelle régionale." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1960.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to develop an integrated and spatialized platform that allows characterizing the inequality linked to environmental exposure of population to chemical substances. A multimedia exposure model was used to assess the exposure dose of target population via inhalation of atmospheric contaminants and via ingestion of soil, food and drinking water. This model uses geo-referenced databases implemented in a GIS including environmental (water, air, soil, food), behavioral, and demographic data. A case study was performed across two regions in France (Picardie and Nord-Pas-de-Calais) for cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead. Exposure hotspot areas and determinants were identified by the spatial analysis of risk indicator variations. Uncertainties are associated with highlighting areas where potential hotspot exposure have been detected. Some of these uncertainties are simulated by the platform. The case study has allowed to demonstrate the platform feasibility and functioning. Hotspot areas with significantly elevated exposure indicator values might be used to define environmental monitoring campaigns, to manage and plan remedial actions. This work proposes also to improve “classical” health risk assessment with a better integration of essential determinant for the real population exposure at the territory scale
Léca, Nicolas. "Etude du règlement REACH : gestion du risque juridique." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40027/document.
Full textREACH regulation aims at increasing the safety of chemical products thatcirculate in European Union by generalizing and detailing the assessment and management ofchemical risks. This generalization relies on four leading procedures (registration, evaluation,authorization and restriction) and on a disclosure obligation. The four leading procedures areopposable to any firm in a supply chain, so that this firm can manufacture, import or usechemical products in the European Union. Firm are also subject to the total disclosureobligation, mainly enforced through the Safety Data Sheet that publishes information relativeto the health and environmental risks of involved chemicals products. Both theimplementation of the procedures and the total disclosure obligation may represent a legal riskdue to several inadequacies in the REACH regulation. For a firm, this legal risk may hamperits competitiveness and consequently its survival. However, the damaging effect of this legalrisk may be circumvented using a methodology of legal risk treatments inspired bynormalization. In the last step of such a methodology, firms may eventually find economicaladvantages when implementing the REACH regulation
Garcia, Hernandez Elizabeth Antonia. "Analyse de sensibilité globale appliquée à l'évaluation des risques thermiques Kinetic modeling using temperature as an on-line measurement: application to the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride, a revisited kinetic model." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMIR10.
Full textThermal runaway is one of the main critical events in chemical industry accidents. To evaluate the risk of such events, thermal risk assessment, must be done. Nevertheless, based on thermal risk assessment, it is not possible to know the most influence model inputs on the thermal risk. Global sensitivity analysis was proposed as a new perspective to evaluate the influence and the interaction of the model inputs on thermal risk parameters. The following parameters were studied: maximum reaction temperature, temperature rise and time to reach the maximum reaction temperature. The method was applied to two reaction systems: a homogeneous phase system with a single reaction, hydrolysis of acetic anhydride, and a two-phase system with several reactions, epoxidation of cottonseed oil
Nedellec, Vincent. "Méthodes quantitatives pour évaluer les risques non mutagènes des substances chimiques : Application au cas du chlordécone." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM0997/document.
Full textRisk assessment of chemicals uses for non-mutagenic effects a threshold dose without effect. The aim is to develop a risk assessment framework that allows quantification of non-mutagenic risks. It is inspired by the approach used for genotoxic carcinogens. The added value for safety decision making is shown on the case of chlordecone exposure in Guadeloupe. The official assessment is 1 to 3% of the population are exposed above the threshold (kidney damage). No one has quantified the risks when the threshold is exceeded. However, several million euros (M€) are invested annually for the prevention of exposure to chlordecone in Guadeloupe.The study is based only on published data available in 2013. The analysis of modes of action will identify the possible effects of chlordecone at chronicle low doses. Multidoses experimental studies or epidemiological studies provide data to derive exposure-response functions (ERF). The internal exposure data (blood chlordecone concentration) are available for Guadeloupe before and after the introduction in 2003 of preventive actions. The external exposure data are available only after 2003. Risks, estimated with exposures and ERF, are converted into impacts through the number of people exposed. The impacts are monetized via DALYs and VOLY.Four effects of chlordecone can occur at chronic low dose: prostate and liver cancers, kidney damages and cognitive development impairments. Without threshold and with internal exposure data, the estimated numbers of deaths from liver cancer are respectively before and after 2003: 5.4 /year and 2.0 /year. That is 3.4 deaths avoided per year by reducing exposure. For prostate cancer there are respectively 2.8 and 1.0 /yr (gain: 1.8 /yr) and for kidney damages 0.10 and 0.04 /yr (gain: 0.06 /yr). Loss of IQ points are 1 173/yr and 1 003 /yr (gain = 168 pt./yr). Before 2003, the total annual cost of these impacts is 31.8 million €2006 [10.6 to 64.3]. Impacts on cognitive development account for 62% of the total, liver cancer 27%, prostate cancer 11% and kidney damage 0.6%. After 2003, the cost of impacts is 21.3 M€/yr [5.8 to 42.8]. The benefits due to the reduction of exposures (avoided impacts) are 10.5 M€/yr [4.8 to 21.5]. Compared to annual spending estimated at 3.25 M€/yr, the annual benefit is three times higher. Including a threshold dose in the model do not significantly change the results. Use of the external exposure data, dramatically decreased the costs of impacts down to 4% of the costs estimated with internal exposures data. A sensitivity analysis with Monte Carlo simulation show that the "exposure" variable is the one that most influences the results.This work is the first to consider a quantitative assessment of health risks scenario without threshold, which is more and more often recommended for endocrine disrupters. It is also the first to monetize health impacts of chlordecone in Guadeloupe. This approach proves fruitful of useful information for decision making. It enables to compare basic options such as whether or not a threshold should be used in the model, taking into account any external or internal exposures. It also allows a comparison of the cost of preventive actions with the health benefits they generate. The results obtained facilitate the prioritization of actions for health safety. This quantitative approach is recommended for environmental factors to which are already exposed populations. Actions for reducing exposure to chlordecone in Guadeloupe are justified and efficient in terms of social cost. Epidemiological surveys to study the role of chlordecone in diseases that could not been taken into account for lack of knowledge (adult neurotoxicity, autoimmune diseases, and other developmental effects) would be needed. It would be useful to provide mechanistic studies before epidemiological studies implementation. Extend follow-up of the TIMOUN cohort could reduce uncertainty about cognitive development
Bourrée, Fanny. "Comparaison de trois méthodes pour évaluer les risques professionnels liés à l'utilisation de produits chimiques cancérogènes, mutagènes et toxiques pour la reproduction et liés aux facteurs psycho socio organisationnels dans des laboratoires de recherche." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21555.
Full textThe occupational hazards evaluation in research laboratories is not nowadays developed enough, partly because expertise and load of work requested by actual methods. Main objective was to compare two innovative methods : Delphi and nominal group (NG), in a classical method founded on observation and interview. The realization order of consensus methods was drawn lots. Two hazards, chemical (carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMR) and psycho social organizational (PSO), were independently evaluated in 13 research laboratories wuth a standardized and common questionnaire. The sensitivity and specificity of NG method (Se = 0,86 ; Sp = 0,74) for identifying CMR used were superior to those of Delphi (Se = 0. 83 ; Sp = 0. 57). Probability of identifying PSO factors by NG method (OR = 2,4) and Delphi (OR = 1,6) were significantly higher ythan the observation. The correlation between the results of methods was between 0. 17 and 0. 33. Logistic regression showed that the size of the laboratory and the medium seniority of the participants were parameters on the methods performance for both types of hazards. NG seems preferable because of its performance, feasibility and acceptability. Occupational hazards evaluation was not yet sufficiently integrated into the research lab, NG could find its place in the occupational hazards evaluation paragdim. It could be a tool for identification and used internally and serve as a preliminary screening tool for the doctors at work of occupational safety and health person to guide and facilitate monitoring of workers and to feed the "document unique". Based on a simple methodology working group NG allows professionals more aware of the occupational hazards evaluation by placing them at the heart of the process
Janès, Agnès. "Caractérisation des dangers des produits et évaluation des risques d'explosion d'ATEX, contribution à l'amélioration de la sécurité des procédés industriels." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0346/document.
Full textControlling fire and explosion hazards in industrial processes is based on occurrence conditions and the assessment of possible effects and consequences of these events. The feedback from industrial accidents involving combustible products often reveals an insufficient identification of products hazards and/or an incorrect or incomplete risk assessment of the processes by the operators. The regulatory evolutions in the past decade were aimed at better identification and management of these risks. Nevertheless, in order to reduce the frequency and the severity of these accidents, it is necessary to further improve the safety procedures concerning combustible materials. When this evaluation is the most accurate and realistic, prevention and protection measures are the most adequate. This requires an accurate hazard characterization of the products stored, transported or used. It is also necessary to better identify and manage the risks associated. This work has been devoted primarily to the regulatory characterization of physical and chemical hazards of substances and mixtures, as well as evaluating the ability of flammable gas, vapour or dust to form explosive atmospheres and an eventual ignition. Secondly, this work have attempted to highlight the key elements of the regulatory, normative and methodological context concerning explosive atmospheres and to develop a specific methodology allowing explosive atmospheres explosion risk assessment in industrial facilities, consistent with applicable regulatory requirements
Munier, Laurent. "Simulations expérimentale et numérique des effets retardés d'une explosion en milieu clos et en présence de produits liquides." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10091/document.
Full textIs it possible to model collateral effects due to an explosion (on a chemical facility for instance) occuring in a closed volume containing liquid chemical products storage units ?This thesis deals with a zerodimensionnal modelisation of such a 3D complex problem to asses the final thermodynamic state of chemical products released in the atmosphere. Developped sub-models take into account:- the unsteady time histories of the internal overpressure and temperature,- the unsteady liquid ejection (droplets sizes)- the unsteady modelisation of the local heat and mass transfers between the gas phase and the liquid phase- the unsteady ejection process of the resulting multiphase mixture in the environment.Models and sub-models are validated thanks to many experimental results
Wu, Qier. "Développement de modèles bioinformatiques intégratifs et prédictifs pour comprendre la voie des effets indésirables (AOP) initiée par des petites molécules." Thesis, Université Paris Cité, 2021. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=4575&f=37745.
Full textHumans are daily exposed to amount of chemicals from different sources including environmental and drug molecules. The exposures of these chemicals are suspected as the etiology of certain pathologies. Evaluating and characterizing the toxicity of chemicals is crucial. However, the difficulties in chemicals risk assessment can be the result of low throughput of traditional methods and also the limited knowledge of the mechanisms of action of these chemicals in systems biology. To face these difficulties, recent innovative and efficient approaches have been developed. High-throughput screening (HTS) technology has largely improved the efficiency of hazard identification in the in-vitro platform. Integrating HTS data and in vivo data into the concept of `Adverse Outcome Pathways' (AOPs) combined with systems toxicological models could aid studying how chemicals interact with the human body at various levels (i.e, genes, proteins, cells, tissues, organs, etc) leading at the end to adverse effects. In this Ph.D. thesis, I elaborated on how systems toxicology models could contribute to determine chemical risk assessment. The systems toxicology models (i.e, network-based models) for chemicals were first constructed based on publicly available data. To better understand mechanisms of action of chemicals and move towards the development of AOPs, bioinformatics tools such as over representation analysis (ORA) were applied in the identification of potential pathways affected by chemicals. Furthermore, to show the predictive ability of the systems toxicology models, scoring systems were developed for predicting relationships between chemicals, biological targets and human pathologies. Finally, the predictions were externally validated through literature. The uncertainties of systems toxicology models were also measured in this thesis. Overall, the studies conducted in this thesis highlight that computational systems toxicology models are reliable and effective tools in illustrating the unknown toxicity mechanism of chemicals. Therefore, we suggested that systems toxicology models can be used as an alternative animal approach in chemical risk assessment
Denat, Tom. "Creation of a Biodiversity Severity Index to evaluate the risks of accidental pollutions in the industry : a multi-criteria sorting approach." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED013/document.
Full textThis thesis is based on two main axes. The first one deals with the creation of an indicator that aims at evaluating the expected severity of the consequences of a scenario of accidental pollution. In order to create this methodology ofevaluation, I chose to use methodological tools from multi-criteria decision aiding. So as to deal with the complexity of this problem, i decided to split it into several sub-problems using a hierarchy of criteria, being mainly inspired by the "value focused thinking approach". In this work, I interacted with several experts in toxicology and in ecology in order to betterdeal with every aspect of this problem.While studying several elicitation methods for the multi-criteria sorting problem, I proposed a new one that I named Dominance Based Monte Carlo algorithm (DBMC), which brings me to the secons axis of this thesis. This elicitation algorithm has two main specificities: being model free and a stochastic functionning. In this thesis, we study its theoretical properties. In particular, we prove that despite its stochastic nature, the result of the Dominance Based Monte Carlo algorithm converges almost surely. We also study its practical performances through a test named k-fold validation and we compared these performances to those of other elicitation algorithms for the sorting problem
Alileche, Nassim. "Etude des effets dominos sur une zone industrielle." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAM0013.
Full textDomino effects or cascading events in the chemical and process industries are recognized as credible accident scenarios since three decades. They are raising a growing concern, as they have the potential to cause catastrophic consequences. Domino effect, as phenomenon, is still a controversial topic when coming to its assessment. There is still a poor agreement on the definition of domino effect and its assessment procedures. A number of different definitions and approaches are proposed in technical standards and in the scientific literature. Therefore, one of this research objectives is to formalize domino effects knowledges in order to comprehend their occurrence mechanisms. Thus, the parameters that should be looked at so as to understand the escalation possibility and in order to identify domino scenarios, were analyzed. The aim is to improve domino effect hazards prevention, through the development of a methodology for the identification and the analysis of domino effects.We developed a method for the analysis of domino accident chain caused by loss of containments. It allow the identification and prioritization of accident propagation paths. The method is user-friendly and help decision making regarding the prevention of cascading events. The final outcomes of the model are given in form of quantitative rankings of equipment involved in domino scenarios, taking into account the effect of meteorological conditions and safety barriers. The rankings give a clear idea of equipment hazard for initiating or continuing cascading events.The methodology is based on a topography of the industrial area of concern, including the characteristics of each unit and accounting for protection and mitigation barriers. It is based on two main stages. The first is the identification of accident propagation paths. For this, the event tree method is used. The possible targets are identified combining the escalation thresholds and vulnerability models (to estimate damage probability). This first stage was implemented using the MATLAB® software and Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to enable an easy input procedure and output analysis in Microsoft Excel®.The second stage is the identification of the most dangerous equipment. It consists in prioritizing equipment involved in the propagation paths according to their likelihood to cause/propagate domino effect. The algorithm that performs this phase was coded in VBA.The method was designed so as it can be used without the need to rely on the results of safety reports. However, if such results are available, it is possible to lighten some steps of the method. It revealed easy to apply, this was confirmed through projects and student internships
Gli effetti domino, in cui un primo incidente causa in cascata altri scenari incidentali, sono tragli scenari incidentali più severi che avvengono nell’industria chimica. Nonostante l’attenzioneche anche la normativa dedica a tali scenari, la valutazione dell’effetto domino è un soggettocontroverso. L’analisi della letteratura tecnica e scientifica ha mostrato l’assenza di unadefinizione comune di « effetto domino » e di una semplice procedura per l’identificazione ditali scenari. È per tale motivo che uno degli obiettivi di questo lavoro di ricerca è diformalizzare le conoscenze relative agli effetti domino al fine di meglio comprendere imeccanismi che possono provocarli. A tal proposito sono stati studiati i parametri necessariper determinare la possibilità dell’insorgere di cascate di eventi e per essere in grado diidentificare i possibili scenari incidentali dovuti ad effetto domino. L’obiettivo finale del lavoroè stato di sviluppare un metodo per l’identificazione e l’analisi quantitativa della propagazionedi incidenti primari nell’ambito di scenari dovuti ad effetto domino.E’ stata sviluppata una metodologia generale per l’analisi degli effetti domino causati daperdite di confinamento. Tale metodologia permette l’identificazione e la classificazione deipercorsi di propagazione degli incidenti. Tale metodo facilita inoltre la prevenzione deglieffetti domino, proponendo uno strumento efficace e semplice da utilizzare.I risultati di questo studio sono forniti in forma di una classificazione delle apparecchiaturecoinvolte in scenari dovuti ad effetto domino, tenendo conto degli effetti delle condizionimeteorologiche e delle misure esistenti per la gestione del rischio. Tale classificazione fornisceanche un chiara idea dei pericoli rappresentati dalle singole apparecchiature nel caso diincidenti in cascata, in quanto precisando se la pericolosità delle attrezzature proviene dallaloro capacità di innescare o propagare un reazione a catena.Il metodo è basato su una descrizione topografica del sito studiato, che comprende anche lecaratteristiche di ogni attrezzatura, che tiene conto delle misure di gestione dei rischi e dellebarriere di sicurezza presenti, basato su due fasi principali. La prima è l’identificazione deipercorsi di propagazione degli incidenti. A tale scopo è stato utilizzato un metodo basatoVIsull’albero degli eventi. I potenziali bersagli vengono determinati combinando i valori di sogliaper la propagazione degli eventi ed i modelli di vulnerabilità delle apparecchiature. Questaprima fase è implementata in MATLAB® e Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) in modo dafacilitare la gestione dei dati e l’analisi dei risultati in Microsoft Excel®.La seconda fase è l’identificazione delle apparecchiature più pericolose per gli effetti domino.Tale fase consiste nel classificare le apparecchiature coinvolte nei percorsi di propagazione infunzione della loro capacità di causare o propagare un effetto domino. L’algoritmo dedicato inquesta fase è eseguito su VBA.I risultati ottenuti anche nell’applicazione ad un caso di studio hanno evidenziato le potenzialitàdel metodo, che rappresenta un significativo progresso nell’analisi quantitativa dell’effetto domino
Bart, Sylvain. "Impacts comportementaux, démographiques et fonctionnels des pesticides sur des annélides oligochètes du sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA023.
Full textPesticide risk assessment for soil invertebrates is currently performed using the earthworm model species Eisenia fetida through the use of standardized ecotoxicological tests (ISO and OECD) on mortality or reproduction. These two points should be revised since (i) the model species is rarely found in agroecosystems where pesticides are used, (ii) the tests performed are unrealistic and their statistical analysis does not allow any extrapolation in time or at higher organizational levels (population). Thus, after a thorough reading of the literature, a new model species has been proposed: Aporrectodea caliginosa. In addition, in order to analyze the ecotoxicological effects of pesticides on this species, an energy-based model has been calibrated. Then, the ecotoxicological impacts of two commercial pesticide formulations, commonly used in Europe, were assessed on the entire life cycle (mortality, behavior, reproduction, growth). The growth data were analyzed with the energy-based model coupled with a toxicokinetic model. These analyzes provided a mechanistic understanding of the effects and the estimation of non-time-dependent threshold values (The no effect concentrations, NEC). Finally, for the purpose of an integrated pesticide risk assessment, it has been demonstrated that earthworms mitigate pesticide effects on soil microbial activity, involved in the soil organic matter degradation. All of the results are intended to be used, beyond the thesis, for the calibration of a spatialized population dynamics model with an Individual-based model approach (IBM). This model could be use in risk assessment, as performed by industrials and risk-assessment agencies
Ainou, Viou. "La gestion du risque de longévité et évaluation de produits dérivés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10127.
Full textThis thesis discuss about the longevity / mortality risk and its impact on pension funds and insurers. In the first part, we consider and expose the different mortality models. The state of art done, we propose an extension, using the Lévy processes, of the well-known model CBD. The Lévy processes are considered to take in account of jumps in mortality curve. The new model will be used, in the second part of this thesis, as underlined index to value the longevity derivatives. We use the Wang and Esscher Transforms as martingales measure because of incompleteness of the longevity market. These two measures are, beforehand, defined and the ways they represent pricing measures are exposed. Finally, we propose a new contract “the mortality collar”, which is a hedging instrument against the longevity or mortality risk, as well as for insurer, but also for pension fund. We give a complete analysis of this new management tool regarding its mechanism and its pricing
Soldatenko, Alexandra. "Les implications juridiques des nanotechnologies." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA033.
Full textWhile a significant number of products containing nanomaterials is already in widespread use, we have little understanding of risks and benefits they can bring to the society in the long term. The objective of this PhD thesis is to answer the following question: which regulatory framework can ensure a high level of protection against real or suspected risks of nanotechnologies while promoting competitiveness and innovation ? Although the European Union and the United States have attempted to find nuanced solutions according to the needs, capacities and challenges, which are proper to each sector concerned and their respective legal traditions, the emerging regulatory framework for nanotechnologies is characterised by a high degree of fragmentation
Dorn, Jochen. "Évaluation, modélisation et couverture des produits structurés de crédit." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010059.
Full textPrompt-Crabieres, Anne. "Risque chimique." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11218.
Full textGallet, Sébastien. "Conception, synthèse et évaluation pharmacologique de thiadiazépines et oxathiazépines potentiellement anticancéreuses." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2P002.
Full textLeonardi, Marie-Pascale. "Essais sur l'évaluation de produits dérivés sur actifs non négociés : de l'assurance à la finance." Paris 9, 2004. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2004PA090070.
Full textThe goal of this dissertation is to study a valuation method of contingent claims in incomplete markets given that the investor tries to maximize his expected wealth with his attitude towards risk. We make the assumption that there exists at least one untraded source of risk in the financial market and that contingent claims written on this source of risk are illiquid. We also make the assumption that it is possible to hedge the investor’s position with a liquid proxy. The first contribution of this work is to show that the price of the contingent claim, namely the indifference price, lies between financial and actuarial pricing. We show the this price can be expressed as the certainty equivalent with a modified risk aversion parameter and under a given probability measure which is not the historical one. The second contribution is directly linked to the first one as it is an empirical illustration of the theoretical result for different types of contingent claims: weather derivatives and options on funds. As for weather derivatives, we consider different valuation approaches and compare them to the indifference price. As for options on funds, we give the price of both a standard option and a barrier option. Lastly, the third contribution provides comprehensive coverage of macro-economic derivatives as inflation-linked options and options written on the French Livret A
Schiopu, Nicoleta. "Caractérisation des émissions dans l'eau des produits de construction pendant leur vie en oeuvre." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0076/these.pdf.
Full textThe various French and European regulatory or voluntary actions push more and more the construction products manufacturers to an environmental assessment policy. A « horizontal » approach (i. E. , applicable to one or several families of products used in a certain scenario) is considered the best route for the assessment. Moreover, it is required by the Mandate M/366 addressed to CEN. The aim of this research is to contribute to the development of this kind of approach, in order to assess the substances emission from construction products into water, during their service life. Three products were tested: concrete slabs, wood duckboards and zinc gutters. The experiments were carried out at two scales: laboratory scale (controlled conditions) and pilot scale (outdoor / not-controlled conditions, with meteorological monitoring). At pilot scale the products were exposed to meteoric water, during one year. A release model (chemical and transport modelling) was developed for the case of the concrete slabs. PHREEQC software was adapted and used. The main results show that in order to assess the substances emission from construction products into water, in a « horizontal » approach framework, the following steps are required and must take into account the product and the exposure conditions specificities: - physicochemical characterisation of the product, which could be more or less complex, depending on the product and on the knowledge already available ; - characterisation of leaching behaviour, under static (equilibrium) and dynamic conditions, which must take into account especially the use and the evolution of the product during its service life. The Continuous Monolithic Leaching Test (CMLT) seems more suitable for release dynamic assessment ; - modelling of the products behaviour in a specific exposure scenario. The laboratory data cannot be directly transferred to service conditions but they are essential for the modelling of environmental behaviour
Sauleau, Erik-André. "Évaluation de l'exposition professionnelle pour l'épidémiologie prospective : propositions de stratégies de mesures." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10163.
Full textRoul, Annick. "Exposition de la peau aux produits chimiques : méthodologie et évaluation de la décontamination par la terre de foulon." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1134/document.
Full textCutaneous exposure to contaminants chemicals after criminal or accidental release enforces a rapid and efficient decontamination to save lives and avoid cross contamination. A bibilographic exploration of this work identifies toxic chemical (chemical warfare agents, toxic industrial chemicals), raw and synthetic decontaminants and their application methods applied in emergency. The aim of this study focuses on a decontamination tool qualification, the fuller’s earth (FE), simple formulated, easy to apply in emergency by civil Security services (fire fighter brigades). The work performed includes :The chemical and structural characterization of the powder of fuller’earth NBC-Sys , that lead to identify the palygorskite as main component, The formulation of dispersed systems and their physico chemical characterization (granulometry, zêta potentiel) in concentrated or diluted medium. The adsorption capacity of the FE and formulations for a contaminant model, the 4-cyanophenol, to assess decontamination in vitro, in aqueous medium, ex vivo on cutaneous explant.4-CP adsorption in aqueous solutions (10, 100 et 500 mg/L-1) is rapid (5-15min), when contact with FE, vary with the ratio FE/ 4-CP, to reach a plateau phase (saturation) between 45 and 60 minutes, and an steady state between 60 and 120 min. FE suspensions are more efficient (90%) than powder (70%) and water (60%) in the same experimental conditions. L’évaluation de la terre de foulon et ses formulations sur les paramètres physiologiques de la peau (perte insensible en eau et conductance) in vivo chez l’homme ne montre pas d’altération de la fonction barrière cutanée. FE and its suspensions were assessed on physiological skin parameters (Transepidermal water loss and conductance) in vivo in a human study and exhibit no alteration on the skin barrier function. Results obtained is a first step towards a reference (that actually don’t exist) including a chemical decontamination method
Herbinski, Aurélien. "Synthèse et évaluation des propriétés physico-chimiques de nouveaux hydrotropes biosourcés." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1257.
Full textHydrotropes are small amphiphilic molecules with applications in numerous fields such as extraction, detergency, solubilization, etc … Generally, hydrotropes are petrosourced, thereby biosourced alternatives molecules have been synthesized using eco-compatible synthesis.Two tetraols, erythritol and pentaerythritol, were used as polar head. Ethers bond was retained to link the two parts of the amphiphilic molecule due to its better resistance in saline media. Using carbonyl derivatives, the reductive alkylation didn’t allow to reach the corresponding ethers. A two-step strategy of acetalisation and hydrogenolysis was developed to reach good yields in ethers. The physico-chemical properties of these compounds are better than standard hydrotropes, but they are not sufficient for the targeted application. Thereby, functionalized glycerol ethers with a carboxylic acid have been synthesized. First, reductive alkylation led to glycerol mono-ethers in good yields. Then, acetalisation/hydrogenolysis cascade using ceto-ester enable the addition of carboxylic acid in good yields. Free hydroxyl group can be methylated using trimethylphosphate. This methylation process has been extended to other polyols (erythritol, pentaerythritol, glycerol, diglycerol, etc …). The permethylated products have been obtained in good yields, and the acid catalyst is a recyclable resin
Balde, Alseny. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés physico-chimiques du lait cryoconcentré et évaluation de son potentiel d'application technologique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27924.
Full textCryoconcentration has great potential to produce foods of high nutritional and organoleptic quality. Moreover, it can be very competitive in comparison with vacuum evaporation and reverse osmosis. Despite these substantial benefits and the considerable technological developments, the use of cryoconcentration at industrial scale is still limited. However, some products are produced by cryoconcentration at high scale such as concentrated fruit juices, coffee and tea extracts, as well as different flavorings. Thus, the aim of this project was to study effect of cryoconcentration on skim milk properties and to use this technique as a concentration step for the production of concentrated skim milk and skim milk powder. The first objective was aimed to study the effects of cryoconcentration carried out in a cascade effect on skim milk properties such as casein micelles, color and rheological properties of concentrated skim milk during five weeks of storage. Fresh skim milk with X = 9.24% total dry matter was used as feed material (control). By using three cryoconcentration cycles, it was possible to reach concentrations of: 1.6X, 2.3X and 2.7X at the end the 1st, 2nd and 3rd cryoconcentration cycles, respectively. Moreover, the obtained results showed that cryoconcentration cycle had no significant effect on the inter-micellar distance and the spherical shape of the caseins, but an increase of the cryoconcentration cycle modified the distribution of the mean particle size of the casein micelles towards the smaller units. Furthermore, at all cryoconcentration cycles, monomodal distributions of the micelles particle size were observed where about 60% of the total volume was occupied by the casein micelles which have a size of 100-200 nm. Moreover, the obtained results clearly showed that cryoconcentration significantly improved the color of the cryoconcentrated skim milk by increasing the L* value up to 67 which is similar to that of whole milk. Finally, during storage, a transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian behavior of the cryoconcentrated skim milk corresponding to the one obtained at the end of the 3rd cycle (2.7X) was observed from the fourth week of storage with a slight increase of size of the caseins micelles. The aim of the second objective was to compare the effect of sterilization on the quality of concentrated skim milk obtained by cryoconcentration, vacuum evaporation and reverse osmosis during storage. The results showed that sterilization increased viscosity of the evaporated milk nearly 9 times versus 2 times the viscosity of the cryoconcentrated milk and the concentrated milk by reverse osmosis. During storage, the protein net charge of milk produced by vacuum evaporation decreased, while that of cryoconcentrated milk and reverse osmosis remained more stable. The aim of the third objective was to study the pre-concentration of milk by cryoconcentration for the manufacture of skim milk powder in comparison with vacuum evaporation and reverse osmosis. The physico-chemical characterization and techno-functional properties of the powder was also carried out. Observation of powder morphology, shape and particle size analyses revealed that the surface of the particles was smooth with a small number of substructures visible on the surface of the sample from vacuum evaporation and reverse osmosis. The powder of the cryoconcentrated milk and those of the concentrated milk by reverse osmosis had fewer fragmented particles and larger particles than the evaporated milk powder. At the particle size of 250 µm, the cryoconcentrated milk powder had three times the volume of the milk powder concentrated by reverse osmosis and vacuum evaporation. After reconstitution, the casein micelles of the powder obtained from cryoconcentrated milk showed the largest size followed by that obtained from concentrated skim milk by reverse osmosis with distribution peaks at 190 nm and 164 nm, respectively, for the powder obtained from cryoconcentrated milk and reverse osmosis concentrated milk. Despite the differences in the pre-concentration techniques, all the powders had a high solubility index (> 85%), but the powders with small granulometry (75 µm) showed a low solubility. For dispersion, only the optimum particle size (105 µm) showed the greatest dispersion index, but they did not show good dispersion (< 90%) according to the international dairy federation (IDF) standard. Irrespective of size and pre-treatment, all powders have low wettability. Thus, this project contributed to knowledge advancement on the use of cryoconcentration as a promising technique in the manufacture of concentrated sterilized skim milk and skim milk powder.
Planche, Christelle. "Impact de la cuisson et de la digestion sur les micropolluants à risque des produits carnés." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22749/document.
Full textLivestock animals are exposed to various chemical contaminants during breeding. These contaminants are rapidly transferred from the environment to animal edible tissues, thus representing a public health risk. This risk is classically assessed based on the level of contaminants in raw meat. However, due to technological processes such as cooking or physiological transformations such as digestion, only a fraction of meat contaminants can be absorbed by the body. The purpose of this PhD thesis is to investigate the modulating effect of cooking and digestion on chemical contaminants in meat and on their bioaccessibility. Thanks to a GC×GC-TOF/MS multiresidue method developed in this study for the analysis of 206 environmental pollutants and to collaborations with French National Reference Laboratories, the first aim of this work was to assess the effects of pan cooking on a broad range of chemical contaminants in spiked meat. Cooking did not impact the level of PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in meat whereas significant losses (more important as cooking conditions were more intense) of PCBs, antibiotics and pesticides were observed. These losses may originate from juice expelling of heat-resistant compounds or from degradation by breakdown of thermolabile compounds such as the sulfamethoxazole antibiotic. The second aim was to assess the bioaccessibility of chemical contaminants in meat based on a standardized in vitro static digestion. For PCBs, results showed that their bioaccessibility was low (26%). Both the meat fat content and the age of consumer significantly affect this bioaccessibility value. In contrast, meat cooking was shown to have less influence on PCB bioaccessibility. The ultimate goal of the project will be to improve chemical risk assessment procedures taking into account the changes induced by cooking and digestion on micropollutants in meat
Freville, Vianney. "Caractérisation et évaluation des performances de nouveaux solvants synthétisés à partir d'agroressources." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1964.
Full textSolvents are essential products in many fields of applications. However, their use is now prohibited because they mostly derive from petroleum and they are toxic to health and the environment. Therefore, currently, eco-responsible technologies are developed to replace these compounds. Among these alternatives, agrosolvents represent one of the most important ways to substitute petrochemical solvents. They are produced by at least one part of renewable raw materials and they are eco-friendly (non-VOC, biodegradable, non-toxic and non eco-toxic). In this context, this thesis is part of the AGROSOLVANT project, supported by the Region Picardie and the Region Champagne-Ardenne and accredited by the world-scale competitive cluster Industries and Agro-Resssources (IAR). The objective of the project is to substitute solvents derived from petroleum by new green solvents derived from renewable resources, in order to use them in two different applications: degreasing and agrochemical formulations. This work is dealing with the evaluation of properties and performances of agrosolvents synthesized from agricultural products which allow the valorization of biofuels co-products (glycerol, amyl alcohols) and the fermentative succinic acid production. The study is structured around a substitution process in order to examine the physico-chemical properties, the solvent power and the application performances of the molecules. At each step, a comparison is made with petrochemical solvents. In the context of substitution, the last part concerns agrosurfactant aqueous solutions and focuses on the physico-chemical mechanisms involved in aqueous degreasing processes
Perez, Marc. "Conception, hémisynthèse et évaluation biologique de composés à visée antitumorale à partir de produits naturels." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066760.
Full textThis manuscript reports the semisynthesis of anticancer compounds starting from securinine, an alkaloid found in the shrub Securinega suffruticosa. A set of compounds was obtained by cleavage and functionnalization of the scaffold of securinine. 1,6-addition reaction have been developed to afford further analogues. Palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions such as Heck, Sonogashira and Suzuki couplings have been used for the synthesis of new C14 or C15 substituted securinine derivatives. The anticancer properties of these derivatives were assayed against four cancer cell lines and were used to define the structure-activity relationship of securinine. Noteworthy, potent cytotoxic derivatives displaying an IC50 of 60 nM have been obtained
Wiss, Jacques. "Contribution à l'étude de la sécurité des réacteurs chimiques au point d'ébullition par utilisation du refroidissement par évaporation : techniques d'évaluation des risques, méthodes de conception d'installations sûres." Mulhouse, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MULH0250.
Full textBoissonnot, Romain. "Risques sanitaires et perception chez les agriculteurs utilisateurs de produits phytopharmaceutiques." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM0958/document.
Full textIntroductionMany factors influence the exposure of farmers to pesticides. Technical (spraying equipment, type of pesticides used), agronomic (type of crop, doses used, frequency) and human factors. The perception of risk is a determinant key of human behavior and how human faces to risk. Pest risk perception among farmers and the consequences of exposure to active substances of farmers have not been clearly studied.AimsThe objective of this study is to evaluate how risk perception affects farmers' practices. It also aims to describe and assess the determinants of this perception, and their impact on the health risk of pesticides users.Individual interviews are conducted to describe the perception of risk of pesticides' users. Measurements and modeling of exposure complement these observations. The measures focus on the parameters influenced by the perception of risk described in the interviews. The results of exposure measurements are compared to practices observed and used to qualify and quantify the impact of perception on health risk.ResultsThis work shows that farmers' perceptions of risk related to pesticides used is empirical and based on criteria such as smell, type, form or effectiveness of products to estimate the risk. Farmers' behavior to reduce exposure is correlated with their perception of the products used. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is the strongest marker of perception. The higher the risk perceived, the greater the use of PPE is high. But the practical risk reductions are not always effective in reducing exposure. Indeed, exposure measurements show that operators, even in users of PPE, are unaware of indirect contamination (cab tractors, work environment). Combined with frequent misuse of PPE (reuse of disposable PPE, partial or improper use), these defects perception are increase exposure to pesticides.Modeling and exposure’s measurement based on observed practices are used to quantify the health consequences of these behaviors. It appears that the health risk of pesticides is acceptable when used as recommended. However, recommended practices are theoretical and observations show that operators have behaviors that deviate from recommended practices depending on pesticides used. But these behaviors are not perceived as risky. The health risks associated with individual practice is very difficult to generalize. However, this work highlights profiles of risk and describes strong determinants of perception. The risk-control feeling is the key determinant in risk acceptance by farmers.ConclusionThis work shows that the perception of risk plays a decisive role in the exposure to pesticide of farmers. The health risk is substantially dependent on the perception of risk. The risk prevention policies must support this risk perception to adapt messages and educate the operators to not adapted practices such as indirect contamination or improper use of PPE, few considered by some pesticides users
Scholtus, Marie. "Construction d'un indicateur de qualité des eaux de surface vis-à-vis des produits phytosanitaires à l'échelle du bassin versant viticole." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2004_THIOLLET-SCHOLTUS_M.pdf.
Full textThe degradation of surface water quality is mainly due to intensive agricultural practices. The main goal of this PhD program is to construct a watershed decision aid tool from a field decision aid tool which already exists. I-PhyField is calculated in 2 experimental French watersheds (Chablis, Rouffach). The adaptation proposed for the I-Phy indicator is to add a module which accounts for the distance between field and outlet and characteristics of the runoff water way : field connectivity index" (Ci). Ci index deals with factors outlying the field of study which may influence pesticide runoff and also, hydrological characteristics of the water way between the field and the watershed outlet. Ci index and I-Phy-BV indicator were calculated and validated for the 2 vineyard watersheds. Further research is needed for the validation
Fuhrer, Mélanie. "TRANSPORT MARITIME DE PRODUITS CHIMIQUES LIQUIDES ET FLOTTANTS : ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE DU REJET ACCIDENTEL SOUS-MARIN SUITE A UN NAUFRAGE." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00849580.
Full textDoutrellot, Catherine. "Enquete de mortalite dans une usine de produits chimiques ; relation entre le risque de cancer et l'exposition cumulee evaluee a l'aide d'une matrice emplois-expositions." Lille 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL2P266.
Full textMuralidhara, Anitha. "Physico-chemical safety issues pertaining to biosourced furanics valorization with a focus on humins as biomass resource." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2508.
Full textThe present research work was integrated as part of the EU-funded project named HUGS (HUmins as Green and Sustainable precursors for eco-friendly building blocks and materials), involving 5 main partners (Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques - France, Avantium - the Netherlands, Institut de Chimie de Nice - France, Universidad De Cordoba- Spain and Leibniz - Institut Fur Katalyse Ev An Der Universitat Rostock- Germany). The project is essentially supported through five European Industrial Doctorate fellowships put in place when the HUGS-MSCA-ITN-2015 program was launched in 2016. The primary objective of the HUGS project was to explore several valorization pathways of so-called “humins” in order to add value and create better business cases. Humins (and similarly lignins) are the side products that may become low-cost feedstock resulting from a number of future biorefineries and sugar conversion processes. Humins are complex residues resulting from the Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration and condensation of sugars, having furan-rings in their polymeric structures. The work presented in this specific part of the HUGS project is essentially focusing on safety-related topics of all components and subsequent applications related to sugar dehydration technology. Priority actions were devoted to a first insight on the characterization of physicochemical safety profiles of the side-product humins and main (parent) furanic products. Some members of this large family of compounds (e.g. RMF and FDCA) have high volume potential which results in opening new doors towards the development of furanbased building blocks and a bio-based economy. Humins are residues or side products which can be burnt for energy. However, its safe and sustainable use in high-value applications could also become a key milestone in the so-called circular economy. In practice, the work has been developed in two main locations: primarily at the INERIS lab, located in Verneuil-en-Halatte and at Avantium, located in Amsterdam. Nearly all experimental research after the production of the components at Avantium was performed at INERIS. This involved the evaluation of physicochemical hazards of both humins (crude industrial humins and humin foams obtained by thermal curing) and a series of furanic compounds. Avantium is involved in the commercialization of humins, furanics and furanic polymers/materials as novel chemicals and materials. The work has encompassed: An extensive bibliographical review of humins, furanics, and their related products (polymers, composites) resulted in the following main conclusions o A lack of physicochemical safety-oriented studies for many furanic compounds and for humins was observed as these products are still in the early stage of development and only a few may be commercialized in the next 5 years.o Despite the limited availability of safety-related data, more studies on toxicity aspects have been conducted for a selected number of furanics than physicochemical safety-related aspects. o A few furanic family members that have been evaluated as biofuel components were found to have given better emphasis on addressing some physicochemical safety attributes. o Every modification of the process for acid-catalyzed sugar dehydration (such as solvent, temperature, residence time and sugar concentration) will result in different humins, which would certainly demand further characterization and safety profiling of the resulting humins. • Analytical development integrating the first examination of flash point distribution versus the Net Heating Values, and analysis of total heats of combustion of furanic compounds. • Design and development of experimental plan addressing the safety-related key parameters such as thermal stability, self-heating risks, fire-risk-assessment and flammability limits depending on the need for specific tests and availability of the test samples
Riu, Anne. "Devenir des retardateurs de flammes bromés chez le rat et l'homme : caractérisation des métabolites et évaluation de l'exposition fœtale." Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000479/.
Full textBrominated flame retardants (BFR) are chemical compounds widely used for the manufacture of different equipments (plastics, textiles…), to prevent fire damage. Tetrabromobisphenol A and decabromodiphenyl ether are the largest sell BFR worldwide. These pollutants are found in the environment, in animals and in human. They could act as endocrine disruptors. Due to the limited amount of information available, it is currently difficult to assess the threat associated with human exposure to brominated flame retardants, one major knowledge gap being the lack of data regarding the metabolic fate of these compounds. We carried out detailed in vivo studies in pregnant rats, and compared human/rat metabolic in vitro studies, to investigate the biotransformation of tetrabromobisphenol A and decabromodiphenyl ether. Our results show that the biotransformations of BFR are a key point to understand their potential toxicity towards human
Gojon, Christine. "Préparation par procédé sol-gel et évaluation des performances analytiques d'un capteur chimique spécifique de l'hydrazine." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20203.
Full textMézière, Patrick. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'une méthodologie pour l'évaluation des risques sanitaires et environnementaux des produits de construction : cas d'illustration avec deux usages du PVC dans le bâtiment." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0121/these.pdf.
Full textNowadays, in the field of building, there does not exist systematic and unified approach to assess environmental and sanitary risks of building products considered during their setting up, their use phase and their end-of-life. Therefore, we aim at suggesting a methodology allowing to assess this type of risks. The developed methodology applies to a building product considered in its "use scenario" (standard EN 12920). It is composed of five main parts : 1 – inventory of the assessment scenarios, 2 – description of the assessment scenarios, 3 – organisation into a hierarchy of each assessment scenario and identification of priority scenarios, 4 – characterisation of the assessment scenarios, 5 – synthesis of the assessment. We test its applicability using a PVC cladding and a PVC floor covering as examples. Specific tests elaborated to assess emission of pollutants from PVC building products in water and air show that, for PVC cladding, emissions phenomena in water are mainly controlled by the solubility of species contained in this cladding. Moreover, the role of the degradation phenomena of the material, in particular UV action, is very important. Risks linked to the exposition of cladding to rain are acceptable. For the original PVC floor covering, VOC quantities in air decrease rapidly and risks associated to this type of emission are juged acceptable. Nevertheless, physico-chemical ageing phenomena that can occur during its use were not considered. Applicability of the proposed methodology is globally demonstrated. Moreover, we discuss the limits and prospects of our work
Mater, Gautier. "Caractérisation des mesures d’exposition à des produits chimiques dans les bases de données françaises COLCHIC et SCOLA pour la prévention des maladies professionnelles." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0210/document.
Full textTwo occupational exposure databases of occupational exposures to chemicals, COLCHIC and SCOLA, coexist in France with different objectives (prevention and compliance). Little is known about their representativeness of exposures in the general population. We explored to what extent COLCHIC and SCOLA adequately reflect occupational exposures in France. After performing a descriptive and comparative analysis, associations between exposure levels and ancillary information were explored for each agent, separately for COLCHIC and SCOLA and in a common dataset, using statistical modelling. Modelling results were synthesized across agents using Meta analysis. COLCHIC and SCOLA contain, respectively, 929 700 (670 chemicals) and 429 104 records (105). Three predictors "Sample Time", "Personal protective equipment" and "Year" are strongly associated with exposure levels across a large majority of chemicals in both databases, and 3 others are specific to each one. Exposure levels are in average twice higher in COLCHIC compared to SCOLA in 2007, but become comparable from 2012-2015. COLCHIC and SCOLA are an important source of information. Inclusion of descriptors associated with exposure levels in our study and the use of predictive methods should help to improve their interpretation
Cariou, Ronan. "Évaluation de l'exposition du foetus et du nouveau-né aux perturbateurs endocriniens de type retardateurs de flamme bromés." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2007.
Full textBrominated flame retardants are mainly used today for the reduction of fire risks. However, they are, for the most part, persistent environmental pollutants showing endocrine disrupting activities. Their bioaccumulation properties make mankind a particularly exposed species, especially via feeding and inhalation. The need to evaluate exposure levels, particularly in France, has been clearly identified. A multi-residue (polybromodiphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane) and multi-matrices (animal origins) analytical method based on LC-MS/MS and GC-HRMS couplings, was developed, with special attention paid to analytical contamination management. Then, more than 170 samples, collected in Toulouse during caesarian deliveries, were analyzed and gave access to information relative to the evaluation of mothers and newborns exposure
Zouinkhi, Ahmed. "Contribution à la modélisation de produit actif communicant : spécification et évaluation d'un protocole de communication orienté sécurité des produits." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10010/document.
Full textMonitoring of chemical product storage is a delicate operation in the sense that it requires knowledge of the nature of each stored product, their location, their interaction and possible actions to be implemented in case of emergency. To facilitate the storage management, this thesis proposes to use the concept of ambient where the product has its own information system and wireless communication so as to make it intelligent and autonomous. This thesis proposes and develops a model of internal behavior of active product that allows a distributed approach of active security. This can lead to a communication protocol of application level to embed the active products. This protocol is formally assessed using hierarchical colored Petri nets. Finally, this protocol is implemented in the simulator Castalia/Omnet++ to analyze it in several scenarios and also for the experience when going to scale. The results show the usefulness and feasibility of the concept of active product
Diop, Mamadou. "Évaluation du niveau de contamination chimique et de la qualité des ressources vivantes aquatiques." Thesis, Littoral, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DUNK0435/document.
Full textMuch appreciated by consumers for its nutritional qualities, seafood plays an important role in human diet. Consumer confidence in the quality of these foodstuffs is nevertheless affected by concerns about risks associated with exposure to chemical contaminants and the freshness of these products. If the first of these is the result of pollution resulting from increasing human activities along coastlines, the second is linked to the highly perishable nature of these products. An evaluation of the levels of chemical contaminants in seafood and of its freshness is therefore a necessity. It is within this context that the work presented in this thesis was carried out. Two principal objectives were targeted in the present study. The first objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial and seasonal variability of seafood contamination by elements (including metals) and organic pollutants (PAHs and PCBs) along the Senegalese coast. We studied 7 marine species representative of different trophic level (a green macro algae, a bivalve mollusc, a crustacean and 4 species of fish) sampling them along the coastline at 5 sites representing different human activity pressur. The result of this study showed that contamination levels varied with species, underlining the importance of a multi-species approach to study contamination in the marine environment. Variations between sites were also observed. Sites with the greatest human activity, such as Soumbédioune and Rufisque, were also those where the highest levels of contaminants in seafood were found. The levels of contamination measured along the Senegalese coast, of both elements and organic pollutants, were inferior or of the same order of magnitude as those reported from other West African sites or from other regions of the globe. The risks associated with eating theseseafood products were low, with contaminant levels generally below the admissible limits (EU) for human consumption. Only a few samples of certain species (mussels, sardines) exceeded these limits at Soumbédioune and Rufisque. The second objective of this study was to develop methods to evaluate the freshness of fish fillets, and to distinguish fresh fillets from previously frozen ones. The methods developed were based upon a measure of cellular permeability within the fish muscle tissue. The conservation of fish fillets ar 4°C results in increased permeability of cells over time, measurable by studying the liberation of intra-cytoplasmic enzymes or the increasing permeability of cells to fluorescent colouring agents. The measurements of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is doubly interesting in this contex : on the one hand it enables a measure of cell lysis, and so the level of alteration of the fillets over time, to be established. It also, thanks to its sensitivity to freezing, to better distinguish fresh fillets from those that have been frozen then thawed
Juc, Diana. "Extraction, analyse et traitement des sols pollués par des hydrocarbures pétroliers." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0084.
Full textThe present work concerns the extraction, analysis and treatment of polluted soils by petroleum hydrocarbons. A complete bibliographic study has been carried out on the different parts of this work. The choice of the study of three polluted Moldavian sites has been done after a thorough examination of polluted sites in Republic of Moldova. The best conclusions of sampling, extraction and analysis have been rested in the laboratory in order to obtain reliable and easy analysis. The extraction has been carried out by sonication and the analysis has been done by gas chromatography simultaneously two original techniques have been developed for VOC analysis: Setting up development of microsublimation apparatus with high sensibility and a linear response for the study of lightly polluted soils. Evaluation of new techniques for using the microchromatograph MTI in the case of petroleum VOC's. The airport is currently the most important source of pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons in Moldova; the methodological estimation of the environmental risk has been carried out and migration study of the aviation fuel has been done. Laboratory pilots scale studies on polluted soils and oils has been achieved and their functionary has been carried out. This led us to propose low-cost easy and reliable biotreatments
Denieul, Myriam. "Procéduralisation de la décision publique face aux risques sanitaires et environnementaux posés par les produits." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCB033.
Full textIn the past few years, procedures have multiplied for structuring and framing the decision-making process of public entities when they are confronted with environmental and health-related risks caused by products. This trend first emerged in the US, and then spread over in the EU and in France. The patchy and disorganised development of such procedures yet begs the question of a common procedural framework for public decision-making when dealing with risks, and of its associated consequences. In this view, two main categories of procedures can be distinguished. The first one applies to the scientific assessment of risks, and its consequences for the final decision. Those procedures have been stirred by external drivers, namely successive health and environmental crisis, the ever-growing necessity to cope with situations characterised by scientific uncertainty, or by influences at the supranational level. The second category covers procedures aiming at assessing the impacts of the contemplated decision, and at ensuring participation from the public. The development of this second category results more of a deliberate choice than a constraint, and the respective weight of such procedures within the decision-making process is also more limited. This so-called 'proceduralisation' facilitates the judicial review of risks-related decisions, and requires a more pragmatic approach when examining procedural irregularities. This research aims to highlight key general principles that public decision-makers may use when confronted to identified or suspected risks
Tison, Isabelle. "L' autorisation de mise sur le marché des produits à risque pour la santé publique ou l'environnement en droit de l'Union Européenne : étude réglementaire et contentieuse." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS010S.
Full textIn the absence of harmonization, Member States are authorized to prohibit or restrict the free movement of products presenting a risk to public health or to the environment such as drugs, GMOs, or plant protection products. To overcome this antagonism between freedom of movement and risk to public health or environment, the Community has followed different paths, often simultaneously : harmonization of conditions of risk assessment and issuance of national marketing authorizations, centralized authorization procedures at EU level, mutual recognition of national authorizations. This policy generally has succeeded in regard to drugs, and, to some extent, plant protection products. It is a failure in the case of GMOs, as many Member States refuse GM crops still authorised in their territory, in defiance of Community law
Souton, Emilie. "Utilisation de biotests in vitro, en complément d’analyses chimiques, pour l’évaluation du danger lié aux matériaux papiers-cartons recyclés destinés au contact alimentaire." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCK057.
Full textFood contact materials (FCM) are a major issue of concern for European packaging and food companies as FCM must be produced in accordance with the good manufacturing practices and be in compliance with European Regulation 1935/2004/UE. FCM could be a potential source of food contamination because they could release chemicals by a phenomenon called migration. Among FCM, paperboards are the most common materials after plastics and the recycling rate of paperboards is high and was 72% in Europe in 2015. In addition to started substances also called Intentionally Added Substances (IAS), Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) such as impurities, degradation products, contaminants from recycled materials etc, are also able to migrate from the FCM to food and many of them are not always fully characterized. Assessing the risk of recycled paperboards FCM is difficult because of NIAS and as recycled paperboards can be complex mixtures of substances. This thesis project uses a methodology combining chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays to evaluate the potential hazard of recycled food contact paperboard extracts. For this study, recycled paperboards have been sampled at different steps a food packaging production chain (the starting paperboard of the beginning of the production chain and the end paperboard issued from the recycling process), extracted with water and the dry matter content was recovered by freeze-drying. Chemical analysis of the extracts was performed by spectrophotometry and by chromatographic methods (HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS and ICP-MS). Chemical analysis showed the presence of a higher number of substances in the starting paperboard than the end paperboard issued from the recycling process. Among these substances, several natural substances were detected in both extracts such as wood extractives (polymers of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, fatty acids, sugars, resin acids and phenols). Other substances identified as additives and contaminants were characterized in both extracts such as bisphenols, phthalates, aromatic amins or mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons. It is important to precise that a large number of the substances of the starting paperboard were not detected in the end paperboard. In parallel to chemical characterization, bioassays were used as relevant tools to identify mechanisms of action and potential “cocktail effects”. A battery of bioassays has been performed using different human cell lines (two hepatic cell lines HepG2 and HepaRG, the hERα-HeLa-9903 cell line and the MDA-kb2 cell line) to check toxicological endpoints which are relevant to low exposure: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and potential endocrine disruption. No cytototoxic effects of both extracts were observed on both human hepatic cell lines HepG2 and HepaRG neither on the HeLa 9903 cell line; whereas the end paperboard extract had cytotoxic effects on MDA-kb2 cells at the highest tested concentration. However, in the same conditions, the starting and the recycled end paperboard extracts were able to induce oxidative stress in the used cell lines. The results of the genotoxicity study showed genotoxic effects of the starting paperboard and the end paperboards. The DNA damage induced by the starting paperboard in the used cellular models might be repaired by cell repair systems. In contrast, data of this study suggest that the end paperboard was able to induce DNA damage that might turn into chromosomal mutations. Data of the endocrine disruption potential showed that the tested FCM paperboard extracts induced significant agonist and dose dependent estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities in the used cell lines. The correlation of the results of the in vitro toxicological study and chemical analysis offers a relevant strategy for hazard assessment of FCM in order to help manufacturers to manage the risk of NIAS
Al-Kharaz, Mohammed. "Analyse multivariée des alarmes de diagnostic en vue de la prédiction de la qualité des produits." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/211207_ALKHARAZ_559anw633vgnlp70s324svilo_TH.pdf.
Full textThis thesis addresses the prediction of product quality and improving the performance of diagnostic alarms in a semiconductor facility. For this purpose, we exploit the alarm history collected during production. First, we propose an approach to model and estimate the degradation risk of the final product associated with each alarm triggered according to its activation behavior on all products during production. Second, using the estimated risk values for any alarm, we propose an approach to predict the final quality of the product's lot. This approach models the link between process alarm events and the final quality of product lot through machine learning techniques. We also propose a new approach based on alarm event text processing to predict the final product quality. This approach improves performance and exploits more information available in the alarm text. Finally, we propose a framework for analyzing alarm activations through performance evaluation tools and several interactive visualization techniques that are more suitable for semiconductor manufacturing. These allow us to closely monitor alarms, evaluate performance, and improve the quality of products and event data collected in history. The effectiveness of each of the above approaches is demonstrated using a real data set obtained from a semiconductor manufacturing facility
Couderc, Mickaël. "Évaluation de la contamination des sédiments et de l'anguille européenne (Anguilla anguilla) dans l'estuaire de la Loire par des substances chimiques de type perturbateurs thyroïdiens et interprétation en termes d'écotoxicité et de risque sanitaire." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=f4f32f33-3d30-4a1f-8133-b362e42f24f4.
Full textAmong endocrine disruptors, compounds acting on the thyroid system have only recently been studied despite the great importance of this function in many physiological processes (e. G. Growth, metabolism, development). The Loire estuary is an area subject to strong anthropogenic pressures, sources of contaminations potentially harmful to the functioning of the thyroid system of living organisms including humans. In this study, six families of potential or recognized thyroid disruptor compounds (TDC) were investigated: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), alkylphenols (AP), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and bisphenol A (BPA). The presence of TDC has been demonstrated in the sediments of the estuary, which also revealed a disruptive activity assessed using in vitro assays. Due to its ecological and economic importance, the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) was also studied as a sentinel species of the chemical contamination of the estuary. In this species, correlations between the presence of TDC in the body and the thyroid status (hormone concentrations and gene expression) were found. Eventually, in order to determine the effects of contamined fish consumption in humans, a specific focus in terms of hazard characterization targeting specifically 4-nonylphenol, allowed highlighting a causal relationship between exposure to this chemical and neurodevelopment in rats
Gorand, Olivier. "Création d'une base de données informatique de toxicologie industrielle dans la centrale nucléaire du Blayais." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR23069.
Full textDeparis, Philippe. ""Coups de fumées" : approche du risque respiratoire chez des sapeurs-pompiers professionnels. A propos de 80 cas d'inhalations accidentelles de fumées d'incendies à la brigade de sapeurs-pompiers de Paris, de 1993 à 1995. Etude des conséquences à court et moyen terme." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23019.
Full textDiallo, Alpha Oumar. "Contribution à la caractérisation des profils de dangers physico-chimiques des liquides ioniques." Thesis, Compiègne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013COMP2124/document.
Full textIonic liquids are advanced chemicals promised according to many people to a brilliant future in a number of strategic applications that might serve greener future in chemistry and energy related technological developments. However, lack of appropriate thermodynamic data as well as some what misleading discourse advocating on high thermal stability and absence ofany intrinsic hazard as absolute trends of these chemicals have led to initiate this thesis workwith the objective to develop a dedicated and pertinent methodology aiming at characterizing the comprehensive physico-chemical hazards profile of such chemical.Indeed, given the huge potential number of ionic liquids, a better strategy consists in exploring real world properties of these materials, not neglecting potential physico-chemical hazards,including the fire hazards, as to contribute to their green use. For that purpose, experimental tools have been implemented and used; obtained results so far confirm that the physico-chemical hazards potential must be assessed on a case by case approach. Finally, perspectives regarding future work with regard to better knowledge and assessmentof ionic liquids physico-chemical related issues are given with the aim of serving sustainable design and use of ionic liquids
De, vaugelade du breuillac Segolene. "Évaluation des paramètres nécessaires à la détermination de la Date de Durabilité Minimale (DDM) et de la Période après Ouverture (PAO) des émulsions cosmétiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX022.
Full textAccording to Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009, implemented in July 2013, the manufacturer must mention the Date of Minimum Durability (DMD), or if DMD exceeds 30 months, the Period After Opening (PAO) on the product packaging. At the present time, no text regulates the procedures applicable to the validation of a DMD or a PAO. Some guidelines are published by Cosmetics Europe, the National Agency for the safety of medicines and health products, the Scientific Committee for consumer safety, or the European Commission; but the evaluation remains at the discretion of the person responsible for marketing the product. In this context, this work proposes recommendations to establish a stability protocol in order to quickly determine the DMD. Experimental approaches on an emulsion representative of the major category in the cosmetics industry have been established. Organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological stabilities were evaluated. The emulsion stability has been tested in accelerated conditions and in real time. A statistical approach has been proposed to evaluate the product shelf life according to its organoleptic properties. The sensory properties of the cosmetic emulsion changed differently depending on the temperature and the material in which it has been stored. A mathematical correlation between the results of studies under normal and those obtained under accelerated conditions has been proposed for some parameters. A microbiological study focused on the validation of a commercially available method, alternative to total count of aerobic microorganisms, normed by the ISO 21149 for cosmetic application. Once validated, this method has been used as an economical, quick and easy tool to evaluate the microbiological stability of cosmetic emulsions. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to follow the degradation of antioxidant and preservatives. To take into account the photostability of the emulsion, an analytical strategy was proposed to identify the mechanisms involved in phototransformation reactions. The study focused on two molecules: dehydroacetic acid and alpha-tocopherol. Both gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (LC-UHR-MS) were used for the separation and the structural identification of photoproducts. The main photoproducts were detected in the reference emulsion after UV-visible irradiation, thus showing the possible formation of photoproducts in a complex oil/water emulsion. Both in silico and in vitro toxicity tests highlighted the need for taking into account the potential formation of photoproducts in the safety evaluation of a cosmetic product
Boullier, Henri. "Autoriser pour interdire : la fabrique des savoirs sur les molécules et leurs risques dans le règlement européen REACH." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0044.
Full textHow can toxic chemicals be regulated with limited and incomplete data on their properties ? Since the Toxic Substances Control Act was adopted in the United States in 1976, information asymmetries and the multiplication of specific applications for chemicals had apparently made their control almost impossible. With the authorisation procedure, the european regulation on the registration, evaluation and authorisation of chemicals (REACH), adopted in 2006, introduces a novel way of controlling the most toxic chemicals. The dissertation shows how such a procedure sets new standards in regulatory control in spite of information asymmetries between regulators and firms. The authorisation procedure renders public authorities able to ban « substances » based on their hazards while some « uses » of these chemicals can be maintained on the market on the basis of invidual applications submitted by firms. In order have such applications accepted, firms provide public authorities with new toxicological and exposure data for very specific uses, and socio-economic analyses that had never been produced before. Although REACH is based on existing regulatory tools, the autorisation procedure profoundly modifies the relationship between regulators and firms, modifies the objects of regulation and transforms the ways in which regulatory knowledge for decision making is produced
Fuster, Laura. "Mise en oeuvre d’une démarche intégrée pour identifier des contaminants pertinents dans l’environnement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0880/document.
Full textTo date, environmental risk assessment is based on a restricted number of molecules assessed by targeted chemical analyses. However, this approach give a partial picture of co-occurrence of known and unknown compounds. Moreover, in the aquatic environment, chemicals are not completely mineralized and are subject to abiotic and biotic processes. Transformation products (TPs) can be more toxic and more persistent than the parent compound. However, TPs are not typically included in classical monitoring and risk assessment. Because of complexity and variability of these matrices and the restricted number of molecules focused in targeted chemical analyses, selection of relevant molecules for environmental monitoring is often laborious.In this context, an integrative approach was used in order to identify chemicals of concern for a classical monitoring. This work has been realized on environmental complex samples and on laboratory-generated samples. A combination of targeted, non-targeted analyses and in vitro bioassays was performed and allowed to: (1) identify polar chemical of concern in the Seine estuary on the basis of occurrence and persistence, (2) identify new transformation products and (3) identify compounds responsible of biological activity observed in complexes matrices