Journal articles on the topic 'Products liability – European Economic Community countries'

Biotechnology or the engineering of the genetic material of species can give way to avenues of possibilities for the benefit of people, fauna and flora but also has the potential of posing untold and undiscovered threats to human beings and other living organisms. One of the first attempts to legislate on international rules on biotechnology can be traced back to article 19 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992. The CBD is indeed the first international legal instrument apart from the then European Community’s relevant directives to suggest that biotechnology is a matter of concern for the international community while providing a basis upon which more detailed procedures would be elaborated in the field of biosafety. While the CBD includes international rules on access to genetic resources, access to and the transfer of technology, the handling of biotechnology and the distribution of its benefits, it does not include a detailed regulation on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their possible adverse effects on the environment, human and animal health. It was only with the coming into existence of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (Cartagena Protocol) to the CBD in 2000 that the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) such as genetically engineered plants, animals, and microbes were at last being catered for, albeit leaving aside the broader categories of GMOs. Due to the need for the negotiators of this protocol to make compromises, there were still key issues on the international biosafety framework pertaining mainly to the scope of the GMOs to be covered by this protocol and by the Advanced Informed Agreement procedure; identification and traceability issues; and liability and redress issues.Nine years after the entry into force of the Cartagena Protocol the transboundary movements of GMOs have clearly increased with new categories of GMOs and genetically modified products to regulate. The debate on the safety of GMOs used for food and feed as well as the effects of GMOs on the receiving environment is still very lively throughout the world, amidst a lack of traceability of GMOs or epidemiological studies in the GMO-producing countries. However, there has been some progress on liability and redress with regard to damage resulting from the transboundary movement of LMOs with the adoption of rules and procedures for liability and redress in 2010 with the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol "(hereafter the Nagoya SP)" to the Cartagena Protocol, which is yet to enter into force. There are also concerns on the harmonisation of national biosafety regulation, risk assessment and risk management standards, the interpretation of socio-economic considerations, and the monitoring of compliance with the provisions of the Cartagena The scope of the GMOs covered by the Cartagena Protocol is discussed first, which discussion is followed by the discussion of identification and traceability issues, the harmonisation of national biosafety regulation, the harmonisation of risk assessment and risk management standards, the scope of the relevant socio-economic considerations, implementation, and concerns about the settlement of disputes.

Before the creation of the European Economic Community in 1957 the Italian legal system did not know the notion of consumer in its legal meaning: “consumer” was a sociological and economic concept. Buyt for a quotation of this term in the Report made in 1942 by the Minister of Justice to the King concerning the presentation of the new Civil Code no statute had any reference to it. Only with the enactement of EC directives in different fields and only with the development of products liability the notion of consumer began to be a solid concept with important legal aspects. Today consumers occupy a relevent place in themarket, in contract law, in tort law, and also in competition law, and concumers associations are strong counterparties of entrepreneurs.

The European Economic Community is overshadowing the great market potential of the emerging, newly liberated Eastern Bloc countries. Entering these formerly communist markets is challenging because of a lack of sound economies and weak currencies. This paper develops a model whereby North American businesses enter these markets and accept local currencies for products and services, purchase local goods with the local currency and then sell these goods through international commodity exchanges.

The article deals with North - South cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) with an emphasis on bilateral trade. Over the past decades, cooperation with the EU has been perceived in LAC as a counterweight to the US dominance and one of the priorities of external economic relations. The article presents a retrospective of theoretical approaches of the non-Western Latin American school of UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, CEPAL in Spanish) to the economic cooperation with the EU. A feature of the article is the study of trade interaction between the LCA and the EU countries. When analyzing the dynamics of trade during the first two decades of the 21st century the author of the article comes to the conclusion that the trade exchange between the EU and the LCA is uneven. There are many LAC countries that continue to export low-value-added products to the EU. Thus, the dichotomy between two models of commercial specialization of LAC has exacerbated. On one hand, there is a model of South American countries focused on raw materials (MERCOSUR, Andean Community), and, on the other hand, there is a model that includes the export of manufactured products and participation in industrial production chains (Mexico, Central America). The article concludes that MERCOSUR will probably face a number of trade challenges related to its model of economic globalization, particularly with regard to its export specialization in commodities and food. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in the context of exacerbation of geopolitical contradictions and a changing world order, it is important to analyze the Latin American approach to economic cooperation with the EU countries, among which, in turn, there is a growing understanding that still free niches in the Latin American market can be occupied by China or other partners not belonging to the collective West.

The article aims to present the benefits and costs for the SADC member countries of the conclusion of EPA and of the implementation of trade liberalisation thereunder, in the light of their trade relations with the European Union. The hypothesis adopted is that for the majority of the SADC countries entering into the agreement will involve improved access for their products to the EU market. The assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of the conclusion of an EPA will take account of a situation in which the countries of the region would not sign an EPA: how their customs status would change and whether it would affect the conditions of trade with the European Union.

AbstractApplication of The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union implies the existence of a single market (without customs duties on mutual trade), the community’s priority in meeting the needs for agricultural products (protection against imports) and the existence of financial solidarity (joint financing). Joining the European Union for new member states implies the termination of the implementation of the existing national agricultural policy and the the beginning of the implementation of the CAP. Although membership in the European Union implies many advantages, the period after joining this community can be quite economically unstable for some countries. One of the most significant problems is an increase in agricultural product prices and a rise in the general price level (inflation). The above can be confirmed by a simple empirical analysis of the economic indicators of the countries that joined the EU together in the period from 2004 until 2007.

The article deals with issues of product certification in the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union. The objects of study are the economic systems of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union. The area of research is the theoretical basis for monitoring the development of economic systems of these associations. According to the authors, the plan for an agreement on economic rapprochement between the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union today seems fantastic. Relations between Russia and the European Union are currently in a significant crisis. Cooperation in the economic field is reduced in terms of mutual sanctions. At the same time, the authors believe that the European Union is capable of playing a major role in solving the issues of improving the states of the Eurasian Economic Union member states, primarily on an economic scale. The role of the Russian food import limit showed the degree of interdependence in foreign trade and the interest of European companies in the normalization of commercial and economic relations. The countries of the world community, including Russia, confirm the unity of their views on the process of harmonization of standards, understanding that in practice harmonized standards guarantee the quality of products and services, the environmentally friendly production and goods, occupational safety, interoperability of products and, if necessary, its interchangeability. In this regard, the issue of harmonization of European and Russian standards of conformity, paperwork for certification and assessment of conformity and quality of exported and imported products, the mechanism of quality management of works and services is relevant. The certification rules in the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union have been analyzed in the article, the CE and EAU marking and problems arising when applying these symbols have been considered, the influence of external (market requirements, competition) and internal (organizational, economic, etc.) factors on development of markets, placement of productive forces, increasing the efficiency of social production have been examined. It has been concluded, that standardization should be perceived as an effective element of the mechanism for managing the quality of products, works and services. This is confirmed by the fact, that the creation and application of harmonized standards allows one to get closer to the benchmarks of sustainable development and to remove many of the modern challenges from the agenda in a timely manner.

Abstract. This first article on Product Liability in Europe focuses on the implementation of the Council Directive no. 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 and its interpretation. Ten out of twelve Member States have now adopted legislation to implement the Directive. The author gives a survey of the way in which the various countries have made use of the options which the Directive leaves them. He submits that late implementation of the Directive may lead to state liability towards victims of defective products. The author then points to the influence the Directive has. Existing national law in the field of product liability must be interpreted with regard to the Directive. The Directive also transposes other Community texts into liability law. Finally, various non-EC Member States have adopted the Directive, which has also had an impact on some non-European countries. It is unlikely that the Commission will submit proposals for a fundamental revision of the Directive in 1995. Résumé. Ce premier article sur la responsabilité du fait des produits en Europe met plus spécialement l’accent sur l’étude de la mise en oeuvre de la directive communautaire n° 85/374 adoptée par le Conseil le 25 juillet 1985 et son interprétation. Dix des douze Etats membres ont maintenant adopté des législations spécifiques dans ce but. L’auteur étudie ainsi la façon dont les différents pays ont usé des options que leur laissait le texte. Il soutient en outre qu’une application tardive de son dispositif pourrait entraîner la responsabilité des Etats envers les victimes de produits défectueux. Il relève ensuite l’influence que peut avoir la directive. Les droits nationaux existants doivent d’abord être interprété au regard de ses dispositions. La directive transpose en outre d’autres textes communautaires en droit de la responsabilité. Enfin, divers Etats non membres de la Communauté ont adopté la directive, qui a ainsi eu une influence sur plusieurs pays non européens. Il est donc peu probable que la commission soumette de nouvelles propositions en vue d’une révision fondamentale de la directive en 1995.

The paper provides an overview of existing research on Ukraine’s cultural diplomacy and sets the framework for further research. In other sections, the gathered practical insights about Ukraine’s cultural activity abroad and in the EU can be applied to the development of a new approach to the promotion of national interests and the examination of their impact on the current state of regional cooperation. The main time period covered in this study is the time after 2014, when Ukraine signed the Association Agreement with the EU. The paper uses a descriptive and interpretative approach, which is based on the review of previous research, as well as documentary and institutional analysis. It was found that the promotion of Ukrainian cultural products contributes to the deepening of the state’s integration into Europe and the developing of political, economic and civic relations between Ukraine and other countries of the region. The most important purpose of cultural activities approaching Ukraine to Europe is the prudent and consistent strategy of integrating the state in the European information space and the spread of positive information about Ukraine in European media. The research of the promotion of Ukraine’s cultural diplomacy in the EU made it possible to determine that the state’s perception by the European community is formed under the influence of several factors, in particular, national, tourist, social, political as well as economic. The paper draws conclusions about the main com­ponents of Ukraine’s cultural diplomacy strategy in the EU, which can be an area for further research. As a result of this, the main components of Ukraine’s cultural diplomacy strategy in the EU may be the explanation of Ukraine’s historic heritage, cultural and religious contacts with the European countries; communication with the international community about the great historic, cultural and religious heritage of Ukraine, unique travel opportunities and security; support of the famous European artists visits to Ukraine; the participation of Ukrainian artists in European art events; the attraction of the audience to using Ukrainian art products; the establishment of a joint Ukrainian-European forum on sensitive historic events to explain their historic background.

In 2002 the international community adopted a new system of hazard classification and labeling of chemical products, which is recommended to be implemented by all the Member- countries of the United Nations through national legislation and international acts. Within the frame of the implementation of this decision, in 2015 the amendments were made to the Directive of the European Community of June 24, 1982, № 82/501/EEC on the prevention of major industrial accidents, and to the United Nations Convention onthe prevention of major industrial accidents, and a little later to the national legislation of the European countries establishing measures on preventing major accidents. In 2017, the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union adopted the technical regulation on the safety of chemical products, which establishes classification criteria that are completely identical to the criteria for the system of hazard classification and labeling of chemical products. Entry into force of the technical regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union will lead to the need for amending all theregulatory legal acts and regulations that contain regulations based on the classification of chemical products, including in the Federal Law № 116-FZ of July 21, 1997, On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities. The task of harmonizing the legislation on industrial safety with the international documents in terms of the classification of chemicals was planned to be solved when developing a new law on industrial safety. During the discussion, the developers encountered different approaches to the definition of classes of hazardous substances, the analysis of which became the subject of this article. The authors formulated proposals that can be used at the next round of harmonization of the Russian legislation on industrial safety with the international documents. When preparing proposals with classes and lists of hazardous chemicals for use in the industrial safety legislation, a comparison was made not only of the definitions of classes of chemicals in different documents, but also of their quantities, which are the criteria for qualifying objects as hazardous production facilities. It is noted that the term «flammable liquids», used in 116-FZ, practically does not occur in the international classifications, therefore, when developing new documents, it was proposed not to use it.

Negotiations for Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between European Union (EU) and the African Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) have been on the spotlight since 2002. The negotiations seek to replace the Lome Conventions which provided for a one way non-reciprocal trading regime between the EU and the ACP countries. The paper examines the position of Namibia in relation to EPAs and the lessons that Africa can derive from Namibia’s stance. Namibia which is negotiating under the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has declined to sign the Interim Partnership Agreements, besides initialing them in 2007, arguing that EPAs are not consistent with the objective of advancing African economies into competitive outfits in the global economy. Some of the sticking issues that need to be addressed concern EU’s demand for trade liberalization and a near elimination of import duty on all EU products to ACP zone. The paper argues that the major lessons for Africa are that EPA negotiations are much a political activity in as much as they involve the advancement of collective national interest by the EU. The paper therefore implores African countries to safeguard both political and economic interest in the process in the same manner as their EU counterparts are doing. Again, the paper exhorts Africa to negotiate from a position of strength and refuse to give in to unfair trade terms given the evident competition that is looming between the West and the East to partner Africa in development matters.

AbstractThe increasing number of regional blocs and interdependence of nations have become important aspects of global economic integration. The European Union (EU28) as one of the most advanced regional bodies has had preferential trade agreements with other regional bodies, such as the East African Community (EAC). Historically, the EU28 has been the EAC’s leading trading partner. Against this background, this paper analyses the dynamics of bilateral trade in agri-food between the two regional blocs for the period 2000–2018, using the battery of empirical tools.The findings indicate that even though the EU has finalised trade agreements with the EAC, it holds on the region regarding trade has diminished. The EAC bloc has diversified its trading partners (to other African countries, India and China) beyond the EU28 markets. The results further reveal that the EU28 has comparative advantages in 32 out of 46 agri-food products in trading with EAC. The export concentration ratios show the EU28 slightly concentrated more in exporting products to the EAC than EAC to the Union. The BCG findings reveal (un)competitive and/or promising (dropping) products in export structures of both regions. By and large, the results indicate certain shifts in the comparative advantage, specialisation/diversification of exports and competitiveness of specific products on the bilateral level between EU28 and EAC. Policymakers, especially from EAC should continue to create enabling environments to stimulate food processing, trade and monitor changes in trade patterns or shocks within the framework of the Partnership Agreement.

The article deals with the current and insufficiently explored issue of Portugal's international relations with Latin American countries. It is shown that after a series of crises, the Portuguese economy managed to reach a growth trajectory, change the image of a European outsider and gain the authority in the world community. Special attention is paid to the current stage of structural modernization, the characteristic of which is the innovatization and digitalization of production processes, the development of high-tech industries. The ongoing changes have led to significant edits in the foreign economic strategy of the Portuguese authorities and the transition to an offensive export policy. The growth of the economy, the course towards its internationalization by supporting exports and expanding foreign economic relations have contributed to the intensification of cooperation with other regions of the world, including Latin American countries. It is noted that the Latin American direction is an important element of the foreign policy activities of the Portuguese authorities. Historically, Portugal's relations with the countries of the region have been built in different formats: at the bilateral level and through participation in regional and interregional groupings. In recent years, there has been an increase in the expansion of Portuguese business in Latin America. And although the process of trade development of Latin American markets faces objective difficulties and develops relatively slowly, the region is assigned the role of a promising partner of Portugal in the implementation of the strategy of export diversification, increasing the share of innovative products of high processing in it. It is emphasized that in every Latin American country, Portugal is trying (sometimes very effectively) to find its trade and economic niche. At the same time, Brazil has a special status in Portugal's relations with Latin American partners.

Italy, like other European countries, has produced a series of regulations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compulsory vaccination has been introduced for the Italian population. Meanwhile, the Decree-Law 27 January 2022 n. 4 provided for the compensation mechanism for those who have received damage of the psycho-physical integrity due to the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination recommended by the Italian Health Authority. Law 1992 no. 210 already provided for the indemnity system for persons damaged by irreversible complications due to compulsory vaccinations, transfusions, and the administration of blood products. The legislator intended to attribute the right to an indemnity that is not compensatory in order to repair a wrong connected to some hypothesis of liability, but it rather has a welfare character in the broad sense, being attributable to Constitutional fundamentals. In the Italian panorama, although the vaccination damages have been fully included in the already existing law no. 210/1992, to date, no precise indications have been provided regarding the ascertainment of the causal link and the extent of the compensable damage. In the near future, the interest of the scientific community will focus on the evaluation of applications for access to the benefit.

In this study we introduce a comparative analysis of the current situation in the sector of small yield agriculture in Ukraine and some countries belonging to the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, such as Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde, in the context of the international policies for the Strategy of Nutritional and Food Security (Estratégia de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional). We used materials from the United Nations on Food Security, secondary sources from Ukrainian, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Cape Verdean researchers on the characteristics of the sector, as well as, the results from personal experience and research during the stay in those countries. Portugal and Ukraine are both European countries, Portugal is a member European Union and Ukraine is on its way to joining. Portugal, Brazil and Cape Verde are characterized by their common history, dating back to the days of colonialism, and belong to The Community of Countries of Portuguese Language. All these countries are located in different economic-geographical zones and because of their levels of development they belong to different worlds in economy. It is noticeable, in any of them, that small rural agricultural businesses have an important role in ensuring sustainable food security. Also shared by all three is the fact that small agricultural producers suffer from being invisible to public policy, in comparison with larger industrial agriculture, taking into account the different factors from each country in particular. As such, one of the main goals of the present study is to reflect on the importance of small agriculture, or family agriculture, on providing for society and ensuring nutritional and food security in those countries. According to Ukrainian researchers, the per capita consumption of food products has significantly decreased over the past two decades, which is reflected in a steady decrease in the amount of milk and meat in the daily consumption of dietary products. This is a very important factor for the food safety of the entire population and, above all, the preservation of the health of the most vulnerable groups, including children. The Community of Countries of Portuguese Language (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, CPLP), to which Brazil, Cape Verde and Portugal belong to, has approximately 250 million of inhabitants. It is predicted that that number will increase up to 323 million in 2050. Today, in absolute terms, and considering the CPLP as a whole, around 28 million people are malnourished. In general, from all the countries in the CPLP, Portugal is the only country free from problems having to do with food security, but the level of dependence from imports has risen in the last decade, especially of cereals (from 55.6% to 82.8%). Brazil reduced the prevalence of malnutrition to less than half, in comparison with the levels from 1990 and the dependence on imports of cereals in this country remains the lowest compared to other countries and stands at 14.2%. Cape Verde maintains a high level of dependence on imports of food products, including cereals (94.3%). It turns out that in all the countries studied it is common ground that, despite their importance for sustainable food security, small family farms do not receive the necessary support from the state authorities for their technical and technological progress, in order to produce and sell on equal conditions with large enterprises its products in competitive markets. The lack of competitiveness from national food products, which is also seen in all countries, is one of the first factors that cause the objective necessity of an innovative transformation of the field of small agricultural production.

Import substitution is an integral part of the strategy to improve the competitiveness of the national agri-food complex. It should be a stimulus that will accelerate the economy and will contribute to the formation of a self-replicating mechanism of economic growth. The study analyzed the development of import substitution during the introduction of economic sanctions by Western countries and the United States. The study showed that the need for import substitution was brewing for a long time, however, the sanctions served as the impetus for its acceleration. The introduction by the President of the Russian Federation of special economic measures did not contradict the existing legislation and was aimed at restricting the importation of many types of products from abroad for the development of domestic production. The commodity structure of domestic exports and imports was also analyzed: the export of hydrocarbons has been prevailing for many years, but over the past two years their share in the total export structure has decreased. Most of the country imports machinery, equipment, vehicles, food and agricultural products, chemical products. For most indicators, there is a negative trend, due to which domestic imports decreased over the period of the sanctions by more than 100 billion US dollars. Despite economic sanctions, the European Union remains the main trading partner of Russia. Over the past 25 years, Russia has been a passive participant in international trade and, despite its high potential in the development of agriculture, was perceived by the world community as a country focused on the export of raw materials and hydrocarbons to a foreign market, rather than on the development of its own production, including agricultural production.

Introduction. Global changes in society and the rapid development of financial technologies identify major trends in the global insurance market. At the same time there are changes to the functioning of the global insurance market and the organization of insurance companies it according to the new paradigm of the economic community. Purpose. The aim of the research is to evaluate the trends of the global insurance market, identifying characteristics and problematic aspects of its operation in the changing paradigm of progress, to identify key priorities for further evolution in the regional dimension. Results. The features and problems outlined aspects of the global insurance market in terms of a paradigm shift. The estimation of trends in its evolution in terms of developed and developing countries. The basic innovations in insurance-related robotics market development and risks of cyber-attacks, information and digitalization society. The basic priorities of the further evolution of the global insurance market in regional terms. The ways of improvement principles Solvensy II, which will improve the efficiency of the European insurance market. Conclusion. For today for the world market of insurance services characteristic are next tendencies and range of problems of further advancement: acceleration of increase of volume of insurance bonuses, that get insurers from the risk types of insurance, life-insurance and reinsurance; activations of demand are on insurance services in countries that develop, especially in China, to South Korea and others like that; declines of cost of insurance products in the field of commercial insurance and strengthening of insurance interest in cyber-insurance and insurances of robots; consolidations of leading insurers are in a few highly developed countries.

Abstract. Introduction For the development of the circular economy, many countries have begun to actively use various tools and mechanisms of public policy to ensure its complexity: from technology, financing and forms of business to the readiness of society as a whole to change their habits and create new schemes. However, achieving this goal is impossible without changing existing production strategies, taking into account the world's best practices for the implementation of the concept of circular economy, providing a positive economic effect for both producers and consumers. Expanding the circular economy at the global level requires a combination of business models, technological advances and innovations, as well as the joint efforts of stakeholders to secure its financing, including business and government. Purpose. The main purpose of the article is to study the views of the European community on the possibilities of financing projects in the field of circular economy, as well as to identify key recommendations for accelerating the funding cycle in the light of changes in the circular economy, taking into account best European practices. Results. The article examines the peculiarities of forming an opinion on the circularity of business processes by the European community; approaches to classifying projects as circular are given; There are three groups of circular economy business projects that differ significantly in terms of financing and cash flow: product as a service, joint models or industrial symbioses with other organizations, innovative models of products and processes; it is substantiated that the implementation of business projects requires a new perspective on their financing; the main sources of financing of circular economy projects are considered; the main barriers to accessing bank financing are presented, as well as the experience of foreign banks in their commitments to facilitate the transition to a circular economy; examples of European organizations and associations that take an active position on the financing of circular economy projects are given; It is argued that the growth of circular business models will require innovation and structural changes in production and consumption systems and related technological changes, which in turn requires a new view of banking institutions, insurers and investors to accelerate the financing cycle in the circular economy. sector by government organizations, creating a favorable policy and legal framework to accelerate a systematic, concrete and scalable approach to integrating circularity into financial products and services. Conclusions. Studies show that the implementation of circular economy projects requires a balanced approach to their financing, and there is no single right option for choosing a source of funding. Given the three groups of circular economy business projects that differ significantly in terms of financing and cash flow, financing will also differ in the way and by organization. It is established that the effective development of the circular business requires the use of several financing instruments, and in accordance with the partners in the chain of movement of materials. In order to expand the sources of possible financing of circular projects, it is necessary to consolidate the circular economy both as a strategic direction of economic development in order to achieve sustainable development, and as a priority area of investment.

The article examines the formation of natural gas prices in the Ukrainian and world energy markets. The role of energy as a driver of economic development of national and international economy due to the penetration of energy into other sectors of the economy and the formation of close relationships that promote mutual development, innovation, and competitive environment. The paper identifies the legal framework through which the natural gas market regulation in the European Union (in particular directives of the European Parliament and of the Council and guidance note on directives) and Ukraine and legislates the vector of development of the energy sector following strategic economic and environmental goals (in particular Treaty establishing the Energy Community, Association Agreement between Ukraine, of the one part, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the other part, and laws of Ukraine). Based on the analysis of natural gas prices in the world energy market, the attractiveness of using natural gas as a substitute for energy products of oil refining is substantiated. To identify the pricing mechanisms used to form natural gas prices in the natural gas market in Ukraine pricing approaches used in different countries of the world are defined and described, in particular, gason-gas competition (GOG)), oil price escalation (OPE), regulated prices (including regulation: cost of service (RCS)), regulation: social and political (RSP), regulation below cost (RBC), bilateral monopoly (BIM)), free use of natural gas (No price (NP)). Based on the study of natural gas price formation mechanisms, it is established that at the present stage of development of Ukraine's energy sector is characterized by the transition from a regulated pricing mechanism in the natural gas market to gas and gas competitive prices. However, the transition phase is characterized by the partial use of the mechanism of bilateral monopoly prices. Simultaneously, it was determined that the formation of costs according to the oil formula is not typical for Ukraine's natural gas market.

The current stage of development of Ukraine's economy is characterized by changing priorities of national progress. Thus, in the context of globalization of social and socio-economic processes, the world community determines the starting point of social progress is human development and qualitative contributions to human potential, in relation to which the culture of production, productivity and other priorities are secondary. Today, the achievement of economic development through large-scale introduction of economic products of intellectual labor such as knowledge, technology, scientific and technical developments, etc. for their commercialization and socio-economic effect, is recognized as a model of innovative development of the EU economy. Ukraine's chosen path of integration into the European Union requires convergence and integration of the national economic system into the systems of EU countries. This puts Ukraine in front of the choice of implementing the development model that the EU has adopted as the basic one, ie the model of innovative development. Special requirements for the nature and pace of development of the national economy after its recovery from many years of deep crisis are the tasks of ensuring its reproductive innovation cycle on a new technological basis in a market economy, as well as ensuring the social orientation of this reproductive cycle. , internal and external resources, achieving a faster pace of development dynamics compared to the leading countries of the world in accordance with the direction of progress of the world economy. Thus, the adoption of an innovative model of development of the national economy will ensure its competitiveness and entry into the trajectory of sustainable development. Therefore, the transition to an innovative model of national economic development is gradually becoming an imperative of public policy. This is, first of all, to establish effective legal regulation of relations in the field of innovation.

An international effort is under way to harmonize the procedures and assumptions used for establishing maximum residue levels (MRL) for residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides. Apparent conflicts in MRLs may not actually reflect differing safety assessments for the residues but may be due to different safety factors, methods of analysis, consumption factors, etc. Equivalence is an important principle in the U.S. position on agricultural trade. Countries wishing to export food products to the U.S. must demonstrate that their country's residue control programs are equivalent to the U.S. program. From the U.S. export perspective, there have been several instances of trade problems resulting from different MRLs. The most significant was the decision by the European Economic Community not to accept U.S. beef if the animals were administered anabolic steroids. Another example involved the Japanese rejection of U.S. pork because of sulfamethazine residues. These examples illustrate the importance of harmonization to future efforts to facilitate free trade and reduce the resource burden on government regulatory bodies.

Case overview This case uniquely challenges students by introducing the history of how LIXIL transformed its corporate social responsibility (CSR) program to create shared value within the global sanitation sector by launching the SATO business unit as a social enterprise. SATO is a “self-sustaining social business that establishes a local Make, Sell, Use cycle in the community – creating jobs and allowing local manufacturers and stakeholders to continue the business independently” (LIXIL, 2019). From 2012 to 2021, NGOs helped the company design and market the SATO toilet pan and other products that form the SATO business unit. The SATO business unit must balance its social mission of improved sanitation with the need to gain a profit and become a sustainable business – the ongoing challenge of social entrepreneurship. Leaning objectives After completing this case study, students will be able to meet the following objectives: understand the difference in corporate strategy between CSR and ventures that create shared value; understand the sometimes-competing goals of social enterprises and analyze how they can balance both economic and social objectives; understand that developing and emerging markets are different from each other; explain how corporations can decide which markets to pursue, and how they can meet the needs of the diverse BOP markets; understand how the pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals can create economic opportunities for corporations; and (optional: suggested for post-graduates) identify activities and challenges of MNC market entry in developing country contexts. Analyze institutional voids in developing country contexts and explore how partnerships can help to address these voids. Complexity academic level This case is most appropriate for the study of international business, corporate social responsibility, and social entrepreneurship students at both the undergraduate and post-graduate levels. The case may be used for undergraduate students to illustrate corporate social entrepreneurship, creating shared value, NGO partnerships, and marketing to the base of the pyramid (BOP) consumers. An optional section on BOP market entry is presented for early- and late-stage post-graduate students, illustrating the concepts of the liability of foreignness and institutional voids. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CCS 3: Entrepreneurship.

A review of foreign and native sources of literature from scientometric databases provides data on the harmful and beneficial properties of such well-known nutrients as table salt and sugar in essential hypertension and associated diseases, primarily in abdominal obesity and diabetes mellitus. The historical aspects of obtaining these nutrients, their participation in the pathogenesis of hypertension, the physiology of sodium and glucose metabolism are considered; the evidence base for prospective epidemiological studies is provided; the negative impact of these products on the intestinal microbiota, alarming statistics of salt and added free sugar abuse in population of different countries, social, economic and medical aspects of excess salt and sugar as risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases emergence and progression of arterial hypertension are noted. The methods for assessing their amount in food, approaches to inhibiting salt and sugar-rich food abuse are given; the attention on the materials of the WHO, European, American, and Ukrainian guidelines on the safe amount of both nutrients is focused. The paper gives advice on rational nutrition of patients and options for modern diets, first of all, a low-salt DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) from the standpoint of salt and sugar limiting.

The authors of the article argue the problem and complexity of the agroindustrial complex of Russia from the point of view of sustainable development and innovation. The features of the agricultural sector of the economy are systematized. Analyses the current situation of the agricultural sector of Russia, and it presents the dynamics of exports and imports with countries of the CIS, Eurasian economic community and Abroad; calculated the growth rate of exports and imports of agricultural products of the Russian Federation; the structure of Russia's exports reflected the export of essential goods; the dynamics of investments in the agroindustrial complex by economic activity is given; the growth rates of investments in the agricultural sector of the country are calculated. The priorities of the strategy of the agroindustrial complex of the European Union are considered. The conclusion is made about the extensive model of functioning of the agro industrial complex. The reasons for the low export orientation of the agroindustrial complex of the country are revealed. Macrofactors influencing the development of the Russian agroindustrial complex are identified. The internal factors of inefficient development of the agricultural sector are revealed. The negative consequences of the longterm implementation of the import substitution policy in our country are reflected. Scenarios of the development of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation are considered and their comparative analysis is given. Formulated strategic impetus for development of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation aimed at reducing the gap APK from developed countries.

The environmental manifestation of the course of economic processes is important because of the causal system of consequences that cause changes in all spheres of life of the country and its regions. The environmental vector of economic development, which is recognized in the world as a priority for the economy of the countries of the European community, is formed at the regional level, whose economic entities provide production, promotion and marketing of products. Ecological and economic competitiveness of Ukrainian regions is a response to globalization challenges, reflection of transformation processes, enterprises' readiness for innovation, development of ecological production and high competition in the world market. Its manifestation has a long-term basis and a complex system of consequences, embodied in the competitive advantages of manufacturers in the world and domestic markets. Assessment of the ecological and economic competitiveness of the territory and directions of its strengthening should be based on the analysis not only of individual indicators, which are the final result of the formation of ecological and economic competitiveness, but the dynamics and synchronicity of their interaction, which will provide concretization of the priority factors of influence on the eco-economic and economic opportunities. regional entities. At the regional level, ecological and economic competitiveness is formed through the activity of economic entities and the development of the market for environmental products. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the directions of strengthening the ecological and economic competitiveness of the regions on the basis of the analysis of synchronous dynamics of the system-forming indicators. The dynamics of the indices of ecological and economic competitiveness of the regions of Ukraine and ecological advantages are not synchronous in all regions, but in some they have distant positions (Odessa, Poltava, Sumy, Kharkov regions). Three groups of regions by rank index synchrony are distinguished: high level of synchrony, middle level and low level. Analysis of the synchronicity of the dynamics of groups of indicators that shape the ecological and economic competitiveness of territories shows that the index of ecological and economic competitiveness is a secondary, resultant indicator, primary groups of indicators (economic, environmental benefits, human development). The presented approaches to assessing the ecological and economic competitiveness of a region through an analysis of the synchronicity of indices of environmental, economic benefits and human development indicate that, first, the more economically powerful regions should stimulate this property by influencing economic performance; second, the review of the synchronicity of the dynamics of the indices of ecological and economic competitiveness, environmental, economic advantages and human development indicates the increased influence of the human factor, in particular, of the social component; third, the environmental and economic competitiveness of a small number of regions is determined by indicators other than selected ones (e.g. specific services). Priority directions of formation and strengthening of their ecological and economic competitiveness should be, first of all, economic indicators: stimulation of the market of ecological products and its ecological value. The quantitative assessment of the ecological value of economic products (services) can be made on the basis of a system of indicators proposed by the author, which reflects the social, technological, environmental, economic, etc. effects of the use of ecological-economic products (services) in the process of interaction between the participants of ecological and economic relations. Taking into account the presence in the innovative economic products or services of the environmental component allowed to offer indicators, the dynamics of which will allow to diagnose and evaluate the dynamics of the ecological value of products and to evaluate it from the point of view of ecological and economic com

The peculiarities of legal support of excise taxation of energy products in the EU and Ukraine are investigated, in particular, the basic Directives of the Council of the EU in the field of specific excise taxation: Council Directive 2008/118/EC on the general excise duty regime Council Directive 2011/64/EU on the structure and rates of excise duty on tobacco products Council Directive 92/83/EEC on the harmonisation of excise duty structures on alcohol and alcoholic beverages; Council Directive 2003/96/EC on the restructuring of the Community system on the taxation of energy and electricity products and the Tax Code of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine “On the Electricity Market”. A comparative analysis of the excise tax rates on some energy products for the period before the termination or cancellation of martial law in the territory of Ukraine and those that were in effect before the introduction of martial law has been carried out. Attention is focused on the legislative peculiarities of the introduction of excise taxation of electricity in Ukraine and the fulfillment of Ukraine's obligations under the Treaty establishing the Energy Community and the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU on the implementation of acts of energy community legislation in the field of energy. The practice of collecting excise tax on electricity has been characterized, according to which during 2018-2020 the state budget received about UAH 13 billion of excise tax on electricity. The results of the activities of controlling bodies to ensure the completeness and timeliness of excise tax revenues on electricity have been analyzed, it was clarified that the work on providing explanations to taxpayers on the correctness of tax reporting (excise tax declarations) was not ensured. The factors influencing the implementation of Council Directive No. 2003/96/EC in Ukraine under martial law and post-war recovery are identified, in particular, the priority of protecting the Ukrainian energy market and minimizing the provision of energy products from the aggressor countries – the Russian Federation and Belarus; the need to expand energy and resource efficient technologies in the context of joining the European energy system ENTSO-E; postwar restoration of power grids etc. The problematic aspects and directions of ensuring harmonization of tax legislation of the EU and Ukraine in the field of excise taxation of energy products and electricity, which included mental, political, socio-economic, institutional and taxation, are outlined.

Abstract The ever-increasing interest in organic farming products on the part of consumers stimulates organic producers to expand their product range and search for new markets and distribution channels. Especially demanded organic products in European countries and the United States. Increased requirements for the production of organic matter presupposes the presence of certain conditions in terms of certification of lands, technologies and quality characteristics of organic products. This, in turn, requires a regulatory and legal framework at the state level, a certification system, including the rules and procedure for certification of land and products, organizations with the right to conduct accreditation procedures, pricing and possible preferences for small businesses and the private sector of the population. This will optimize the requirements for the phased passage of the certification procedure and serve as a stimulating element for attracting new producers of organic products. An equally important strategic problem is the organization of effective marketing channels for organic products. The relevance of food security and the availability of food are topical issues in Russia. In the agro-industrial multifaceted, issues related to low profitability of production, preservation of the genetic material of farm animals, and others have not been resolved. The main measures to increase the economic accessibility of food can be implemented through regional programs for sustainable development of country area One of the urgent problems of the world community is the development of organic farming and the formation of markets for organic products. At the same time, commodity differentiation of organic products and geographic segmentation are the main factors influencing the development of organic farming. The producers of organic products in Russia, as a rule, are small businesses. Development of organic farming is of particular importance for cross-border agro-oriented regions, since it contributes to the development of export activities and commodity diversification. For the Altai Territory, the development of organic farming makes it possible to effectively develop new areas of gastronomic and rural tourism.

In the light of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (Treaty of Rome) of 25 March 1957, the primary aim of the Common Agricultural Policy is to provide European Economic Community citizens with adequate amounts of food at reasonable prices and to guarantee farmers a decent standard of living. That is more, the EU fund transfers were to eliminate differences between regions and promote development of individual regions. These aims proved to be particularly important following the EU enlargement in 2004. The indispensible effect of the integration process has been connected with changes in the directions of agricultural production and efficiency of utilisation of individual inputs. Nevertheless, it is difficult to evaluate the effects of the implemented policy based on univariate comparisons. In view of the above, the aim of this paper is to assess the effects of the agricultural policy and the cohesion policy implemented in the EU, focusing on the valuation of the impact of the greatest EU enlargement on this relationship. This goal was achieved thanks to constructing multivariate rankings applying the DEA super-efficiency model for average farms specialising in plant, animal and mixed production in individual EU member countries for two period. The application of the DEA efficiency model makes it possible in the computation process to take into consideration the fact that in the course of agricultural production three groups of products are manufactured involving four basic types of inputs. The starting point for the analyses was provided by data published within the FADN agenda for average farms operating in the countries being the EU members. The results showed that after the largest enlargement of the EU, in the case of plant and livestock production, a simultaneous increase in agricultural production and improvement in efficiency in the individual EU members was achieved, with a gradual reduction of disproportions in the efficiency of agricultural production between regions. The only area where such a relationship could not be observed was related to the production of mixed-type farms. The novelty of the proposed in this article approach is that it allows for simultaneous analysing of changes in EU agriculture while taking into account several perspectives: changes in the assumptions of the common agricultural policy, the consequences of EU enlargement, and results of the implementation of the cohesion policy.

The author investigates the impact of COVID‑19 and macro-policy adjustment on China’s economic development. The aim is to describe the situation and trend of China’s economic development before and after COVID‑19. The research method is the comparative data analysis. The study shows that in response to COVID‑19, the Chinese government, on the one hand, has accelerated its opening-up, taken the opportunity of fighting against the pandemic to provide medical assistance to and cooperate with other countries, and actively promoted the building of a community with a shared future for mankind and the process of globalization. On the basis of the Belt and Road Initiative and multilateral, regional, and subregional cooperation mechanisms such as the United Nations, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), G20 (Group of 20), and APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), China and the Eurasian Economic Union began to cooperate more frequently and the trade relations between Japan, South Korea, and European developed countries became closer. Meanwhile, committed to building a global interconnection partnership, China actively participates in global economic governance and provides various public products. The Chinese government has proposed “Six Guarantees” on the basis of “Six Stability”. In order to achieve the purpose of stabilizing foreign trade and expanding imports, China has imposed various measures to accelerate the liberalization and facilitation of international trade and investment, such as implementing the new version of the “Foreign Investment Law”, establishing free trade zones, and promoting its experience and organizing international import expositions. Additionally, the Chinese government also implemented targeted fiscal and monetary policies, increased support for enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, and promoted the construction of “new infrastructure” and innovation of business model, which have formed the driving forces for the transformation of the economic development model in China from traditional business to cloud business, from traditional marketing to live streaming marketing, from traditional sales to online sales. The author concluded thatChina’s adjustment of macro policies in response to COVID‑19 was effective and played an important role in the resumption of production and life, stabilizing foreign trade activities, releasing domestic demand and promoting stable and sustained growth of the economy

Pharmaceutical production is a strategic sector of the EU economy. The authorities of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries that became EU members in 2004 have been building up domestic pharmaceutical industries for purposes of production and distribution of medical drugs (MDs) and medical products (MPs), on the one hand, and government assistance to business entities and public procurement, on the other. The article’s objective is to assess the change in economic performance of the pharmaceutical industry in Poland, Hungary and Czechia after their accession to EU, to make a comparative statistical analysis with Germany, the leader of pharmaceutical production in EU, and to reveal key problems of this industry development in CEE countries, in order to elaborate recommendations for Ukraine on replication of best practices and avoidance of potential risks. Results of research show that pharmaceutical producers (group 54 SITC Rev.4) in CEE countries have been focusing mostly on EU market, with Germany being their main partner. The turnover of high tech pharmaceutical goods in CEE countries has significantly grown after the accession to EU, along with the significantly grown imports of these goods and the increasing negative trade balance. Pharmaceutical companies in CEE countries could increase the salaries and the apparent labor productivity, but the gap between them and Germany in salary and productivity terms still remains too wide. In the studied CEE countries there has been significant increase in pharmaceutical R&D spending, but its estimated share remains quite low compared with average figures for EU (16.1%) and Germany (25.6%). It is substantiated that because the future Agreement between the European Community and Ukraine on conformity assessment and acceptance of industrial products (ACAA agreement, or “Industrial visa-free regime”), which is being negotiated right now, will cover the pharmaceutical industry, the Ukrainian pharmaceutics will gain benefits only given the consolidated endogenous capacities of the industry and firmly established advantages of localization providing stimuli for European companies to create production facilities and R&D centers in Ukraine (including ones for contract-based R&D and productions). It is demonstrated that the inflow of investment and technologies from European pharmaceutical companies is capable of accelerating production start-up and exports of MDs and MPs (as time need not be lost for setting up all the links of the chain), thus adding up to the assets of Ukrainian producers (through transfer of knowledge and skills), but all the above cannot compensate for domestic efforts aimed at creating tangible and intangible assets in the industry. Given its Eurointegration context, Ukraine needs to pursue the policy of increasing the industry’s endogenous capacities and rely on the comprehensive approach (instead of focusing on MDs and MPs) that will cover the following key areas: biological and chemical ingredients, medical equipment, pharmaceutical fillers and packages, equipment and apparatus for pharmaceutical production. This is expected to reduce the dependence of Ukrainian pharmaceutics on imports and eliminate the problem of “truncated industrialization” that can cause structural imbalances, worsen the balance of payments and weaken the national currency.

Since 1995, the integration of Vietnam into regional and global trade agreements, for example ASEAN, WTO and recent free trade agreements (FTA) with South Korea, Japan, EU has boosted the country’s import export volume tremendously. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) formed in late 2015 creates not only opportunities but also challenges for the Vietnamese economy in general and Vietnam's logistics sector in particular enter internationally. In addition, CPTPP (CPTPP - Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) and EVFTA (EVFTA- EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement) will contribute to expanding markets and increasing exports to 11 member countries (CPTPP, also known as TPP11) as well as 27 European Union member countries (EU). Especially when joining in the global organizations, the price of goods is always a decisive factor in the issue of competition with members in the organizations and outside the organizations. Countries always want to have products with high value but competitive prices to survive and create profits with those advantages and challenges.Logistics costs are considered as one of the factors causing high product’s price, especially Vietnam's leading import-export products, which contributes to reduce the competitive advantage of Vietnamese products in the international market. Therefore, there have been some previous studies to find out the factors that increase logistics costs in order to find solutions to reduce Vietnam's logistics costs, increase product value and increase competitiveness advantages. Many concerns about improving the logistics efficiency and effectiveness of these commodity chains in Vietnam recently have urged for more in-depth studies and academic researches about this topic. In this paper, we are going to conduct an empirical research about the critical factors on logistics cost by sending out surveys to Vietnam-based logistics service providers to interview. The SPSS software version 20 was used to check the suitability of six critical factors and their 41 elements and apply the dataset to build up the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model. Besides that, the authors also used in-depth interview method on different research subjects including: cargo owners, logistics service providers and associations for listening their difficulties related to logistics factors and finding out the causes for increasing logistics cost. Base on analyzing critical factors and opinions of enterprises, the authors want to suggest some solutions for decreasing logistics cost in Vietnam.

Current United Kingdom (UK) government policy on pesticides is aimed at minimizing rather than arbitrarily reducing usage. It is to be achieved through a rigorous Approvals process, the setting of statutory maximum residue limits, regular monitoring, legislation on the safe use of pesticides on farms, and a core-funded research program on topics such as improved forecasting of pest infestations, more effective application techniques, alternative control strategies, integrated pest management and sustainable farming systems. Over the longer term these measures are expected to bring about substantial real decreases in pesticide usage, without the need to impose arbitrary reduction targets, such as have been implemented by several other European countries. Reductions in the usage of particular chemicals will also occur as a result of the implementation of European Community (EC) environmental legislation on pesticide levels in ground and drinking water and pesticide discharges into the North Sea. With herbicides, the tonnage of active ingredient applied in the UK declined substantially during the 1980s, due mainly to the increased use of products which were more biologically active at lower dosage rates than those they replaced. The actual percentage of crops sprayed remained at 95 to 100. Further reductions are likely in the 1990s, enhanced by factors such as dose-cutting by farmers in response to economic rather than environmental pressures and an increase in set-aside. Weed scientists are currently studying the long-term effects on weed population dynamics of reduced herbicide inputs in cereals, set-aside management, and more environmentally friendly, lower input rotations, as part of a wider program of research designed to provide government with scientifically based information upon which to decide future policies.

The commitment of international community to sustainable development implying the control of climate change due to the effect of greenhouse gases is aimed at diversification of energy sources with the focus on renewable ones. The effectiveness of decarbonization policy in the European Union has led to the introduction of enforcement tools for producers from other countries using the transboundary carbon tax on carbon-contained imported products, which resulted in a revision of strategic programmes in oil-producing countries at federal and subnational levels. The research is focused on oil-and-gas industry of Tomsk Oblast. The aim of the research is to analyse strategic perspectives of the socioeconomic development in Tomsk Oblast under the condition of climate agenda taking into account transition to renewable energy sources. The research hypothesis implies that in the condition of macroeconomic instability one needs to implement projects that are the least costly and produce a maximum multiplied effect. The research methodology is based on using empirical-statistic analytical methods for an analysis of possible development directions in accordance with issues of climate agenda. The research results have shown that essential strategic guidelines in the mid-term perspective can be as follows: (а) improvement of existing technological processes; (b) production of alternative energy sources; (c) reduction of carbon footprint. According to the research results, the most effective measure fitting the current condition of the macroeconomic situation negative tendencies of oil industry development, the nature-resource, industrial and research-educational potential of Tomsk Oblast, the existing barriers of an economic-management and institutional character is modernization of refineries to expand the range of products and hydrogen production as well as forest projects designed to absorb carbon dioxide and improve technological processes decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. The projects related to carbon capture and storage are not appealling for investment despite the subsoil condition of developed fields. The research results can be applied at the regional level when developing strategic programmes and managing petroleum industries.

Formulation of the problem. Since the late twentieth century. The world community faces challenges related to the exacerbation of global environmental problems (the impact of environmental pollution on human health, the state of the ecosystem and climate change), which has given impetus to scientific research on the most effective levers and tools to reduce the burden on the environment. Given the difficult situation in Ukraine today regarding the management of household waste, it is necessary to change the conceptual approaches, ie to make the transition from their disposal to prevention, reduction of waste generation and the introduction of sorting, recycling and use. It is advisable to use the best European and world waste management practices in order to implement the optimal model in the field of waste management as soon as possible. Given this, environmental protection and the transition to sustainable economic development and ecologically balanced system of nature management is one of the priority areas in public administration [9]. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issues of forming a waste management strategy in the countries of the European Union are devoted to the works of such domestic scientists as N. I. Romanyuk, N. M.Korniychuk, V. Yu. Колесник, V. L.Kachuriner, N. A. Public, V. V.Deregs, in which they explored the basic principles and principles of its implementation, as well as analyzed the EU legal framework in this area. The purpose of the article is to assess the current state of household waste management in developed countries and the formation of this strategy in Ukraine. The objectives of the study are: to consider the European model of waste management; to analyze measures to prevent waste generation in Europe; assess the current state of household waste management in Ukraine; assessment of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine. Materials and methods of research. The theoretical basis of scientific research is the work of leading domestic and foreign economists on the problems of household waste management. The information base of the study consists of legislative and regulatory acts of Ukraine, statistical data of the European Union and materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. To achieve this goal, a set of general scientific methods was used: theoretical generalization, statistical analysis, comparison, retrospective analysis, systematic approach, abstract-logical. Results of the research. The European model of waste management is considered; measures to prevent waste generation in Europe are analyzed; an assessment of the current state of household waste management in Ukraine; the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine is considered. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used by local authorities to prevent the generation of household waste. Conclusions. Waste prevention is the first step in dealing with waste. According to the EU Waste Directive, this can be done by: reducing the amount of waste; reducing the adverse effects of waste on the environment and human health; or by reducing the content of harmful substances in materials and products.

More than in many other countries, the oil market in West Germany is traditionally characterised by liberal trade patterns. This open market allowed a virtually free inflow of oil products. Hence, the pressure on prices at Rotterdam's spot market affected directly the product prices for German consumers. In all end-product markets, oligopoly and strong competition by outsiders prevail. If the cutthroat competition is intensified, this may lead to an alteration of the supply structure within the group of the quite heterogeneous market participants. The West German oil industry is passing through a period of painful economic adjustments. The shrinking of the market, changing demand patterns, and financial losses have led to the shedding of considerable over-capacity in refining and distribution. The process includes both a drastic reduction of simple (straight-run) distillation capacity and an increase in conversion potential, along with toll refining, reduction of marketing outlets, concentration of participants in processing and distribution, attempts at optimisation of downstream activities within the Common Market area, as well as the promotion of joint ventures with foreign state companies. The approach to the adaptation process varies from company to company according to upstream and downstream strength, financial position, access to sources of supply, international linkages, and special areas of interest. Of course, over-capacity of refining is a global phenomenon that cannot be eliminated without international co-operation. The problems may, after all, become even more complex after new export refineries in OPEC countries have been completed. This paper presents the results and features that reflect the reaction of the main companies affected. It describes the chances and challenges of a free oil market system. In recent years the petroleum industry in Germany has suffered heavy financial losses, and has embarked on a radical and seemingly successful adaptation process, but it remains vulnerable to developments on the world oil market. It would gain from better co-ordinated policies within the framework of the European Community—including a free play of market forces and a standardisation of environmental controls. Farther afield, the necessity for closer links to the government-controlled companies in producing countries is perceived to secure sources of supply on a basis of mutual advantage.

In the context of the economic crisis, it is important to ensure a steady flow of taxes to the budget and at the same time support domestic producers. There is a negative trend towards a decrease in VAT revenues for goods and services produced in Ukraine. This leads to a fall in GDP and a deterioration of the economy in Ukraine. Therefore, it is necessary to identify existing problems of administrating VAT in Ukraine and suggest ways of their solving. The purpose of the article is to study the problems of administrating VAT in Ukraine, which are associated with the application of differentiated VAT rates and to develop recommendations for their solution. The article uses qualitative research methods to describe the existing problems in VAT administration. Quantitative methods are used to analyze VAT revenues. The study identified four problems in VAT administration. The first problem is the lack of harmonization of norms on the application of reduced VAT rates in Ukraine with the legislation of the European Union (EU). It is proposed to analyze the potential consequences that may lead to an expansion of the range of transactions for which reduced VAT rates are applied in Ukraine in line with Directive № 112. The second problem is the lack of tools in the Ukrainian legislation that ensure the reduction of prices for the relevant product (service) by the supplier when reduced tax rates are introduced. It is proposed to analyze the price regulation tools used in the practice of EU countries and determine the feasibility of their use in Ukraine, taking into account the current regulatory framework for price regulation. The third problem is the growth of the tax burden on processing enterprises with the introduction of reduced VAT rates in Ukraine. It is proposed to analyze the feasibility of extending reduced VAT rates not only to primary products, but also to the relevant processing companies that use these products, based on the practice of EU countries. The fourth problem is ambiguities in rules for applying a reduced VAT rate to the hotel business. It is proposed to clearly define which services are subject to the reduced rate, whether the reduced rate is applied to catering services or to other hotel services, as provided for in some EU countries. In addition, it is necessary to clearly define the range of persons who can apply a reduced VAT rate to hotel services and also include natural persons-entrepreneurs, travel agencies and tour operators who are VAT payers. The proposals set out in the article should be discussed with scientists, specialists, representatives of the business community and the public. Based on the results of the disputes, it is advisable to develop specific recommendations for making appropriate changes to the Tax Code of Ukraine. This will be the direction of further research.

ABSTRACT: This study aims to examine the effect of health, education, and labor force moderated by urban population on the Human Development Index. This study uses a quantitative approach and a Moderated Regression Analysis technique with a sample of 25 OIC countries from 2010-2019 taken by purposive sampling method. The results showed that health, education, and the labor force affected the Human Development Index. While the urban population moderates the effect of health and the workforce on the Human Development Index, the urban population does not moderate the effect of education on the Human Development Index. This study has a novelty in the results of the study, namely the basic education variable which has a significant but negative effect on the Human Development Index. This research is limited to a sample of OIC member countries because more than 30% of poor countries with low income according to World Bank data are in OIC member countries, so it is hoped that this research will be able to provide references related to increasing the human development index to save them from poverty. Keywords: Education, Health, Human Development Index, Labor Force, Urban Population ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh kesehatan, pendidikan, dan angkatan kerja yang dimoderasi oleh kepadatan populasi terhadap Human Development Index. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan teknik Moderated Regression Analysis dengan sampel 25 negara OKI dari tahun 2010-2019 yang diambil dengan metode purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kesehatan dan angkatan kerja berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap Human Development Index, namun pendidikan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap Human Development Index. Urban population memoderasi pengaruh antara kesehatan dan angkatan kerja terhadap Human Development Index, namun urban population tidak memoderasi pengaruh pendidikan terhadap Human Development Index. Penelitian ini memiliki kebaruan dalam hasil penelitian, yaitu variabel pendidikan dasar yang justru berpengaruh namun negatif signifikan terhadap Human Development Index. Penelitian ini terbatas dilakukan pada sampel negara anggota OKI sebab lebih dari 30% negara miskin dengan pendapatan rendah menurut Data Bank Dunia adalah ada pada negara anggota OKI, sehingga diharapkan penelitian ini mampu memberikan referensi terkait peningkatan indeks pembangunan manusia untuk menyelamatkannya dari kemiskinan. Kata Kunci: Angkatan Kerja, Human Development Index, Kesehatan, Pendidikan, Urban Population. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Adom, K., & Asare-Yeboa, I. T. (2016). An evaluation of human capital theory and female entrepreneurship in sub-Sahara Africa: Some evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 402–423.doi:10.1108/IJGE-12-2015-0048 Alam, K. (2017). Poverty reduction through enabling factors. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 14(4), 310–321.doi:10.1108/wjstsd-07-2016-0049 Alkire, S., & Shen, Y. (2017). Exploring multidimensional poverty in China: 2010 to 2014. Research on Economic Inequality, 25, 161–228.doi:10.1108/S1049-258520170000025006 Bakhtiari, S., & Meisami, H. (2010). An empirical investigation of the effects of health and education on income distribution and poverty in Islamic countries. International Journal of Social Economics, 37(4), 293–301.doi:10.1108/03068291011025255 Barkah, T., Rusgianto, S., & Wardhana, A. (2022). Impact of agricultural land and the output of agricultural products moderated with internet users toward the total export of agricultural product in three islamic South East Asian Countries. Media Agribisnis, 6(1).11-22.doi:10.35326/agribisnis.v6i1.2261 Bircher, J., & Kuruvilla, S. (2014). Defining health by addressing individual, social, and environmental determinants: New opportunities for health care and public health. Journal of Public Health Policy, 35(3), 363–386.doi:10.1057/jphp.2014.19 Bradshaw, T. K. (2007). Theories of poverty and anti-poverty programs in community development. Community Development, 38(1), 7–25.doi:10.1080/15575330709490182 Cabus, S., & Stefanik, M. (2019). Good access to adult education and training for the low-educated accelerates economic growth: Evidence from 23 European Countries. KU Leuven HIVA Working Paper Series.1-35.doi:2019/4718/005 Chen, K. M., Leu, C. H., & Wang, T. M. (2019). Measurement and Determinants of Multidimensional Poverty: Evidence from Taiwan. Social Indicators Research, 145(2), 459–478.doi:10.1007/s11205-019-02118-8 Choudhry, M. T., & Elhorst, P. (2018). Female labour force participation and economic development. International Journal of Manpower, 39(7), 896–912.doi:10.1108/IJM-03-2017-0045 Faqihudin, M. (2010). Human development index ( HDI ) salah satu indikator yang populer untuk mengukur kinerja pembangunan manusia. Cermin, 241331(47). Fatima, A., & Sultana, H. (2009). Tracing out the U-shape relationship between female labor force participation rate and economic development for Pakistan. International Journal of Social Economics, 36(1-2), 182–198.doi:10.1108/03068290910921253 Febriyanti, A. R., Ratnasari, R. T., & Wardhana, A. K. (2022). The effect of economic growth, agricultural land, and trade openness moderated by population density on deforestation in OIC countries. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 3(2).221-234. Gamlath, S. (2013). The governance dimension of human development. Humanomics, 29(4), 240–259.doi:10.1108/H-03-2013-0015 Gunawan, J., Permatasari, P., & Tilt, C. (2020). Sustainable development goal disclosures: Do they support responsible consumption and production? Journal of Cleaner Production, 246.doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118989 House, Q. E., Alkire, S., & Santos, M. E. (2010). Acute Multidimensional Poverty: A New Index for Developing Countries. Oxford Department of International Development (OPHI) Working Paper No. 38 Ikenberry, G. J. (2002). Human Development Report 2002:Deepening democracy in a fragmanted world. Foreign Affairs, 81(6).doi:10.2307/20033361 Iman, A. N., Sukmana, R., Ghifara, A. S., & Wardhana, A. K. (2022). The effect of zakat collection, company age, and company’s total assets on financial performance of sharia banking in Indonesia 2019-2020. Economic Education and Entrepreneurship Journal, 5(2), 217–224. Jonsdottir, A., & Waghorn, G. (2015). Psychiatric disorders and labour force activity. Mental Health Review Journal, 20(1),13–27.doi:10.1108/MHRJ-05-2014-0018 Mannan, M. A. (1995). Teori dan praktek ekonomi islam. Yogyakarta:Dana Bhakti Wakaf. Mitra, A., & Murayama, M. (2009). Rural to urban migration: A District-Level analysis for India. International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, 5(2), 35–52.doi:10.1108/17479894200900011 Oladapo, I. A., & Ab Rahman, A. (2016). Re-counting the determinant factors of human development: a review of the literature. Humanomics, 32(2), 205–226.doi:10.1108/H-02-2016-0018 Pawitro, I. U. (2011). Trend kawasan perkotaan - industri property dan gaya hidup metropolitan. Mercubuana,438–447. Putri, R. M., & Mintaroem, K. (2020). Determinan islamic human development index (IHDI) Provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2001-2016. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 6(7), 1410.doi:10.20473/vol6iss20197pp1410-1420 Ryadi, A., & Sincihu, Y. (2013). Indikator sensitif bagi penilaian kualitas hidup manusia : Tinjauan dari aspek kesehatan masyarakat. Jurnal Widya Medika, 1(1), 109–116.doi:10.33508/jwm.v1i1.846 Shah, S. (2016). Determinants of human development index: A cross-country empirical analysis. International Journal of Economics and Management Studies, 3(5), 43–46.doi:10.14445/23939125/ijems-v3i5p106 Suliyanto. (2011). Ekonometrika Terapan : Teori dan Aplikasi dengan SPSS. Yogyakarta: Andi. Wardhana, A. K. (2021). The Application of waqf and endowment fund based on the principles in the sharia maqashid pillar society. Prosperity: Journal of Society and Empowerment, 1(2), 107–119.doi:10.21580/prosperity.2021.1.2.8829 Wekullo, C. S., Davis, E. C., Nafukho, F. M., & Kash, B. A. (2018). Health and human development in Kenya: A review of literature from high income, middle income, and low income countries. European Journal of Training and Development, 42(1-2), 5–34. doi:10.1108/EJTD-06-2016-0040 Yanagisawa, A. (2011). Poverty: Social control over our labor force. International Journal of Social Economics, 38(4), 316–329.doi:10.1108/03068291111112022

In recent years, the issue of the development of rural areas has been actively debated, and hopes for co-operation are in it. On the contrary, that exactly is the word co-operation has become used in our communication. However, the development of agricultural servicing cooperation, dominant in economies in developed countries, including the European Union, has not yet become dominant in Ukraine. Given the fact that Ukraine is a powerful agricultural country, the development of co-operation should promote the development of rural areas and guarantee food security. Today, the rural community is the foundation of building a civil society and reviving national traditions. Ukrainian village and peasantry was and remains the bearer of morality, national culture and ensuring a healthy lifestyle of the country. In the national and state dimensions, the relevance of the study of these problems is determined by the challenges of modern society, focused on globalization, which threatens the loss of national identity. One of the manifestations and consequences of this process is the increase of socio-economic decline and cultural degradation of the countryside, which has become an acute problem of the modern development of Ukraine and impedes the realization of all state-building potential. One way out of this crisis situation is to cultivate economic culture through the creation of a positive image of the rural owner and the implementation of the course declared by the state on the preservation and sustainable development of the countryside, introduction of effective economic mechanisms, raising the general and cultural level of the population and its welfare. In this regard, the cooperative sector of the economy fully meets the goals set by the society for highly effective transformation of the rural lifestyle of the Ukrainian peasantry, solving urgent issues of full employment, accelerating the formation of the middle class, and ensuring the country's food security. A decisive step towards a market economy is the accelerated growth of independent commodity producers – owners, individual, collective, cooperative, others, without which the market economy is impossible and this is precisely this, for our realities, is extremely important in the sense of the mandatory presence in it of a mass, fully developed service co-operation. The main essence of the service of cooperation is its main strategic principle connected with the association of agricultural producers with consumers of their products produced on the terms of payback and profitability of its production in a developed market economy. Co-operation (association) of citizens (households), other small commodity producers who produce a small amount of different commodity products for agricultural purposes and which in the food markets has a large regional consumer demand because of objective circumstances, it can not deliver it there by their own efforts in connection with insignificant volumes of remoteness from food markets, the lack of processing and storage, as well as the presence of regular consumers, etc., causes them to create service cooperatives, that is, for using its own efforts and means to develop an infrastructure superstructure in the form of cooperative formations of different types, specific for the specific conditions of these territories, which, on the rights of private property, will belong to their founders. Especially important for ensuring food security of Ukrainian society in today's conditions is the logical development and preservation of public livestock, in particular dairy cattle breeding, which for the rural population has a strategic importance as a resource for own consumption of cheap and extremely necessary dairy products, and, on the other hand, a resource of constant money revenues to restore the livelihoods of households that hold cows. The marketing strategy of dairy enterprises is focused solely on the final product, almost completely excluded from the chain of milk and milk products passing to the consumer of the primary producer. Significant changes in the structure of aggregate household resources, especially in rural areas, are associated with a reduction in cash receipts from agricultural sales, an increase in labor migration of the economically active population, and an increase in the level of pensions. Low purchasing prices for milk as raw materials and high prices for dairy products from processing enterprises and mark-ups in the trading network provoke stagnation of the domestic market with rising prices on unorganized markets, which almost equaled the prices in supermarkets. We conclude that, with the existing purchasing power of the population, an increase in milk production and its harvesting loses its economic motivation. Necessary for practical activity of cooperative formations will be deepened studies of the interrelations between the existing cow population in households, their productivity, and also the commodity of sold milk (sold to the produced), which directly have a direct impact on the payback of cows and the efficiency of economic activity. The cooperative operation in the countryside is a real basis of food security.

The experience of function organic farms in Ukraine was analyzed. In the process of substantiating the organization of dairy cattle breeding under the conditions of an organic farm, the key role is played by the successful selection of cattle breed and the solution to the problem of ensuring effective channels for the sale of products in order to achieve profitability. It was established that Simmental and Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds showed themselves well in conditions of large-scale eco-production. In the small-scale sector, local breeds of cattle will work best to solve the problem of restoring and preserving the number of animals of local and endangered breeds of cattle. The experience of organizing the production of organic dairy products can be implemented in the experimental base of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to investigate the organizational aspects of efficient production of organic products and its prospects in dairy cattle breeding Ukraine. Materials and methods of research. The research was carried out on the data of the private enterprise "Galex-Agro" (Zhytomyr region), The State enterprise "Experimental farm "Niva" of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets NAAS (Cherkasy region); Observations of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, State Register of Pedigree Affairs in Animal Husbandry. In the course of research, patent research, content analysis of scientific sources and regulatory documents, structural analysis and synthesis, comparative methods, statistical, economical and mathematical methods were used. The number of eco-farms is currently insignificant n Ukraine. Eco-friendly milk and beef are produced mainly by small farms, agricultural cooperatives and households. The largest number of domestic producers of organic dairy products is concentrated in the small-scale sector (farmers, households, production cooperatives, etc.). They are characterized by a close location to large cities or the presence of a compact cow population in ecologically clean areas, a closed cycle of production. Owners and managers of these farms are mostly supportive of the environmental lifestyle. Among the largest "players" of this sector are companies with a closed cycle of production of organic agricultural products. This is a privately owned company “Galex-Agro” (Novograd-Volynskyi and Baranivskyi districts, Zhytomyr region), a Ukrainian-Swiss agrarian enterprise – a private joint-stock company “EthnoProduct” (northeast of Chernihiv region), limited liability company "Staryi Poritsk" (Volyn region). The analysis of objective factors reducing the economic efficiency of domestic agricultural production, in particular due to the crisis in Ukraine's economic growth (the abolition of fiscal stimulation of the industry, the lack of access to external sources of financing, price disparity on agricultural products and means of production, and climate change, etc.), has necessitated the search for new ways of development of state research farms. So promising direction the scientists of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets and specialists of husbandry see introduction of organic farming system. The first stage of the transition to eco-management was determined by the receipt of a certificate of growing of cereals with the subsequent registration of the production of organic dairy raw materials for the production of organic food. Creation of a special raw material zone for these needs involves the introduction of modern advanced technology of growing fodder crops (with elements of energy conservation and environmental feasibility) for the production of animal feed in accordance with the requirements of safety and quality. In the process of substantiating the organization of dairy cattle breeding in the conditions of an organic farm, the key role belongs to the successful selection of the breed. Given the increased demands on cows' health and nutrition, more combined animals will be more productive. They have a rather high level of milk production and differ from specialized breeds with better meat qualities. Dairy cattle to achieve a sufficient level of productivity may more use rude and succulent feed with less concentrated costs. Dairy cattle to achieve a sufficient level of productivity may more use rude and succulent feed with less concentrated costs. The main breed of the combined trend, which is well-known in the conditions of large-scale eco-production, is the Simmental (kept in privately owned company “Galex-Agro”). In the State enterprise "Experimental farm "Niva", as well as in PE "Agroecology ", the pedigree cattle of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds are kept (Table 1). The cows of this breed have a strong constitution, well adapted to contain in modern livestock complexes, machine milking in milking halls, have a high genetic potential of milk production. Average milk yields for one cow of this breed in Ukraine in 2017 amounted to 6236 kg with a fat content of 3.91%, protein – 3.23%. In the leading farms, Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed produce about 9–10 thousand kg of milk for 305 days of lactation. In the conditions of PE" Galex-Agro" and PE "Agroecology", a high level of milk yield has been achieved, while simultaneously maintaining a high level of health and reproduction of animals (the output of calves for 100 cows is approaching 100 goals). Consequently, the Simmental and Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds showed themselves well in the conditions of large-scale eco-production, which gives grounds to predict the increase in productivity and reproduction of dairy cattle in State enterprise "Experimental farm "Niva" provided that the transition to the production of organic products of dairy cattle on the farm. Planned economic effect is expected at the level of 550 thousand UAH. per year. For small producers, when choosing a breed, it is more important to focus on the ability of animals to adapt to environmental conditions, so local breeds of cattle are best placed under these conditions. These include Lebedynska, Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Brown Carpathian, Ukrainian Gray, Pinzgauer, Red Steppe and others. Animals of these breeds during the natural selection for a long time have improved adaptive ability and resistance to disease. In EU countries, farmers use local breeds of dairy cattle to produce high-quality, environmentally friendly livestock products. The experience of European countries shows that, due to the introduction of organic production in breeding dairy cattle breeding, it is also possible to solve the problem of restoring and preserving the number of animals of local and endangered breeds of cattle.

Introduction:The World Health Organization's theme "Health for All" in 2018 is aimed at achieving all countries' sustainable development goals and moving to development priorities, Equity and social coherence. The decision of countries to achieve these goals is associated with challenges such as resource scarcity, changing priorities, continuing demands from the community, and economic crises. The use of Internet technologies as one of the most important trends in the quality of services and the effectiveness of the health system is a solution to the above challenges. After the first generation of the Internet, refers to Internet of Digital (IoD), and the second one, Internet of things (IoT) that have extensively influenced various aspects of human life such as education, energy, health, transport, a new interpretation as the third generation Internet is the Internet of Humans (IoH), which is a form of co-existence of humans and IoT devices. In this way, the Internet will not only be used as a practical tool, it will be part of us. The logic of this type of Internet, with its connectivity and the interconnection of all stakeholders, is the human-centeric approach and leads to serve without harmful constraints to the people and society. In this generation, the Internet is used for important targeting and solving the world's greatest challenges. For example, in the health sector, with the data collected from the large and interconnected range, it is possible to find fast and effective solutions to major health challenges such as genetic diseases, cancer, or epidemic diseases.Material and Method: In this paper, a framework for the Internet of Humans (IOH) will be presented, which will take a great look at the health field, particularly in terms of the of new business models. As developing the IoH and the new health-related business models based on this technology, various concerns about provide an integrated framework for this issue have emerged, which has led to the emergence of extensive research in the world, particularly in the European Union.Results: Within the proposed framework, the key enablers (such as IoT, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, etc.) with key controllers (such as security, privacy, investment, etc.) creates new e- health business models. The most important result presented in this framework is the consideration of human factors in the development of new business models from the beginning of the business development process.Conclusion: The proposed framework, considering human factors in the development of business models, will lead to the possibility of offering new products and services, different industries, changing the value of the industries, changing the identity of the focus point. It also makes it possible to define a new role or value for data, processes, and infrastructures, and ultimately to differentiate how health services are performed.

ABSTRAKSaat ini wisata syariah yang biasa dikenal dengan wisata religi sedang menjamur, khususnya di Jawa Timur. Sosok yang dianggap wali oleh sebagian orang itu berada di Surabaya, Gresik, dan Tuban, namun saat ini berkembang di kabupaten Jombang, yakni makam Presiden ke-4 Abdurrahman Wahid yang disebut Gus Dur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemahaman masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan peluang wisata religi makam Gus Dur dalam meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat sekitar pondok pesantren Tebuireng khususnya di dusun Jalan Seblak gang III. Penelitian ini dapat dicermati melalui perubahan kehidupan ekonomi, pemanfaatan peluang usaha dan faktor penghambat bagi kepentingan usaha. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat setempat mengalami perubahan ekonomi dengan memanfaatkan peluang untuk membangun warung di atas tanah mereka dan menyewakannya kepada pedagang luar. Ini memberikan nilai ekonomi tambahan. Namun, penjualan warung-warung tersebut dinilai tidak mencukupi, sehingga mengharuskan mereka untuk membuka usaha sampingan. Terdapat peluang yang sangat baik bagi masyarakat untuk memilih menyewakan lapaknya karena faktor penghambat yaitu keluarga, tenaga kerja, permodalan, dan rasa empati yang tinggi terhadap pedagang pendatang. Saran bagi Pemerintah Kabupaten Jombang adalah memfasilitasi masyarakat dengan pengetahuan kewirausahaan dengan mengadakan seminar agar memiliki pengetahuan dan motivasi yang tinggi untuk menjalankan bisnis.Kata Kunci: Wisata Religi Makam Gus Dur, Peningkatan Ekonomi, Peluang Usaha. ABSTRACTCurrently, sharia tourism, commonly known as religious-friendly tourism is proliferating, especially in East Java. The figure, who is considered a guardian by some people, is located in Surabaya, Gresik, and Tuban but currently developing in the Jombang district, namely the tomb of the 4th President Abdurrahman Wahid, who is called Gus Dur. This study aims to determine the understanding of the community in taking advantage of religious tourism opportunities in Gus Dur's tomb in improving the community's economy around the Tebuireng Islamic boarding school, especially in the hamlet of Street Seblak street alley III. This study can be observed through changes in economic life, utilization of business opportunities and inhibiting factors for business interests. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with interview and documentation data collection techniques. The results of this study show that the local community is experiencing economic changes by taking advantage of the opportunity to build a warung on their land and rent it out to outside traders. It provides added economic value. However, the sales of the stalls are considered insufficient, so they require them to open a side business. There is an excellent opportunity for the community to choose to rent out their stalls because of the inhibiting factors, namely family, labour, capital, and a high sense of empathy for migrant traders. The suggestion for the Jombang Regency Government is to facilitate the community with entrepreneurial knowledge by holding seminars to have high knowledge and motivation for business interests.Keywords: Religion Tourism of Gus Dur Tomb, Economic Improvement, Business Opportunity. REFERENCESAbdi, M. K., & Febriyanti, N. (2020). Penyusunan strategi pemasaran islam dalam berwirausaha di sektor ekonomi kreatif pada masa pandemi covid-19. El Qist - Journal of Islamic Economics and Business, 10(2), 160–179.Abduh, M. (2019). The role of Islamic social finance in achieving SDG Number 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Al-Shajarah, Special Issue Islamic Banking and Finance 2019, 185–206.Alifianingrum, R., & Suprayogi, N. (2018). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi surplus underwriting dana tabarru’ pada perusahaan asuransi jiwa syariah. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 5(2), 144–158. https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JESTT/article/view/13372Amalia, S. (2018). Reformasi birokrasi 4.0: Strategi menghadapi revolusi industri 4.0. Jurnal Wacana Kinerja: Kajian Praktis-Akademis Kinerja Dan Administrasi Pelayanan Publik. https://doi.org/10.31845/jwk.v21i2.133Chitrakorn, K. (2015). Can halal cosmetics outgrow their niche? Retrieved from https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/beauty/can-halal-cosmetics-outgrow-their-niche/.De Boni, A., & Forleo, M. B. (2019). Italian halal food market development: drivers and obstacles from experts’ opinions. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(4), 1245–1271. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2018-0087Diniyya, A. A. (2019). Development of waqf based microfinance and its impact in alleviating the poverty. Ihtifaz: Journal of Islamic Economics, Finance, and Banking, 2(2), 107. https://doi.org/10.12928/ijiefb.v2i2.879Djawahir, A. U. (2018). Teknologi-layanan keuangan, literasi-inklusi keuangan, dan value pada fintech syariah di Indonesia: Perspektif S-O-R (Stimulus-organism-response) model. 2nd Proceedings Annual Conference for Muslim Scholars, April 2018, 439–448.Fatmawati, A., Yudha, A. T. R. C., & Syafaq, H. (2020). Kontrak kerja dan kesejahteraan ABK nelayan perspektif etika bisnis Islam di Sarangmerduro, Jawa Tengah. Nukhbatul ’Ulum: Jurnal Bidang Kajian Islam, 6(2), 298–313.Fitriani, H. (2018). Proyeksi potensi pengembangan pariwisata perhotelan dengan konsep syariah. Muslim Heritage, 3(1), . https://doi.org/10.21154/muslimheritage.v3i1.1257Indrawati, S. M., Diop, N., Ikhsan, M., & Kacaribu, F. (2020). Enhancing resilience to turbulent global financial markets: An Indonesian experience. Economics and Finance in Indonesia, 66(1), 47–63.Kraus, S., Clauß, T., Breier, M., Gast, J., & Tiberius, V. (2020). The economics of covid-19: Initial empirical evidence on how family firms in five European countries cope with the corona crisis. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 26(5), 1067-1092. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2020-0214Miftakhul Jannah, D., & Nugroho, L. (2019). Strategi meningkatkan eksistensi asuransi syariah di Indonesia. Jurnal Maneksi, 8(1), 169–176.Muhamed, A. A., Ab Rahman, M. N., Mohd Hamzah, F., Che Mohd Zain, C. R., & Zailani, S. (2019). The impact of consumption value on consumer behaviour: A case study of halal-certified food supplies. British Food Journal, 121(11), 2951–2966. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2018-0692Nursafitri, S., & Yudha, A. T. R. C. (2020). Instrumen moneter dan belanja daerah serta pengaruhnya terhadap pengangguran terbuka. Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 7(2), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.35590/jeb.v6i2.1649Nusa, A. T. S., & Khoirudin, R. (2020). Analisis determinan PAD sub-sektor pariwisata di DIY tahun 2012-2017. Journal of Economics Development Issues (JEDI), 3(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33005/jedi.v3i01.45Rijal, A. (2018). Pengetahuan konsumen terhadap IB Hasanah Card Bank BNI Syariah Cabang Surabaya. Adilla: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Syari'ah, 1(1), 117–139.Ryandono, M. N. H. (2018). FinTech waqaf : Solusi permodalan perusahaan startup wirausaha muda, 7(2), 111–121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/studipemudaugm.39347Standard, D. (2019). State of the global islamic economy report 2019/20. Dubai International Financial Centre, 1–174. https://haladinar.io/hdn/doc/report2018.pdfSukoco, A., Anshori, Y., & Yudha, A. T. R. C. (2020). Strategies to increase market share for histopatological equipment products (Brand Sakura): Case Study in management of a sole agent company. SINERGI, 10(2), 19–26.Usman, H., Sobari, N., & Sari, L. E. (2019). Sharia motivation in Muslim tourism definition, is it matter? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(3), 709–723. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2018-0015Wahyu Puspitasari, A. (2017). Optimizing productive land waqf towards farmers prosperity. Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics, 7(1), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiae.2017.007.01.7Yalina, N., Kartika, A. P., & Yudha, A. T. R. C. (2020). Impact analysis of digital divide on food security and poverty in Indonesiain 2015-2017. Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi, 19(2), 145–158. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.12695/jmt.2020.19.2.3Yudha, A. T. R. C., Harisah, Santoso, I. R., Mukr, S. G., Zibbri, M., Firdaus, N. N., Hidayatullah, A., Hasani, J. E., Adam, M., Hamzah, M. M., Dian, C., Wijayanti, D. M., Fahrurrozi, & Zaini, M. (2020). Bisnis, Keuangan, Ekonomika Islam dan Covid-19: Merumuskan teori dan model bisnis, keuangan dan ekonomika islam dalam mengatasi krisis ekonomi akibat pandemi Covid-19. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan RI.Yudha, A. T. R. C., & Lathifah, N. (2018). Productive zakat as a fiscal element for the development and empowerment of micro enterprises in East Java Province. International Conference of Zakat. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37706/iconz.2018.123Yudha, A. T. R. C., & Muizz, A. (2020). Optimalisasi potensi lahan pertanian untuk ketahanan pangan di Kecamatan Panceng, Gresik, Jawa Timur. Journals of Economics Development Issues ( JEDI ), 3(2), 297–308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33005/jedi.v3i2.55Yudha, A. T. R. C., Pauzi, N. S., & Azli, R. binti M. (2020). The Synergy Model for Strengthening the Productivity of Indonesian Halal Industry. Al-Uqud: Journal of Islamic Economics, 4(2), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.26740/al-uqud.v4n2.p186-199Yudha, A. T. R. C., Ryandono, M. N. H., Rijal, A., & Wijayanti, I. (2020). Financing model to develop local commodity business of East Java in Maqashid Syariah perspective. Test Engineering and Management, 83(3590), 3590–3595.

ContentsGreen Chemistry in the International ContextThe Concept of green ChemistryDefinition of green chemistry | Green chemistry: Why now? | The historical context of green chemistry | The emergence of green chemistryThe Content of Green ChemistryAreas of green chemistry | Preliminary remarks | Alternative feedstocks | Benign reagents/synthetic pathways | Synthetic transformations | Solvents/reaction conditionsGreen Chemistry in the International ContextIt has come to be recognized in recent years, that the science of chemistry is central to addressing the problems facing the environment. Through the utilization of the various subdisciplines of chemistry and the molecular sciences, there is an increasing appreciation that the emerging area of green chemistry1is needed in the design and attainment of sustainable development. A central driving force in this increasing awareness is that green chemistry accomplishes both economic and environmental goals simultaneously through the use of sound, fundamental scientific principles. Recently, a basic strategy has been proposed for implementing the relationships between industry and academia, and hence, funding of the research that constitutes the engine of economic advancement; it is what many schools of economics call the "triple bottom line" philosophy, meaning that an enterprise will be economically sustainable if the objectives of environmental protection, societal benefit, and market advantage are all satisfied2. Triple bottom line is a strong idea for evaluating the success of environmental technologies. It is clear that the best environmentally friendly technology or discovery will not impact on the market if it is not economically advantageous; in the same way, the market that ignores environmental needs and human involvement will not prosper. This is the challenge for the future of the chemical industry, its development being strongly linked to the extent to which environmental and human needs can be reconciled with new ideas in fundamental research. On the other hand, it should be easy to foresee that the success of environmentally friendly reactions, products, and processes will improve competitiveness within the chemical industry. If companies are able to meet the needs of society, people will influence their own governments to foster those industries attempting such environmental initiatives. Of course, fundamental research will play a central role in achieving these worthy objectives. What we call green chemistry may in fact embody some of the most advanced perspectives and opportunities in chemical sciences.It is for these reasons that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has a central role to play in advancing and promoting the continuing emergence and impact of green chemistry. When we think about how IUPAC furthers chemistry throughout the world, it is useful to refer to IUPAC's Strategic Plan. This plan demonstrates the direct relevance of the mission of IUPAC to green chemistry, and explains why there is growing enthusiasm for the pursuit of this new area as an appropriate activity of a scientific Union. The IUPAC Strategic Plan outlines among other goals:IUPAC will serve as a scientific, international, nongovernmental body in objectively addressing global issues involving the chemical sciences. Where appropriate, IUPAC will represent the interests of chemistry in governmental and nongovernmental forums.IUPAC will provide tools (e.g., standardized nomenclature and methods) and forums to help advance international research in the chemical sciences.IUPAC will assist chemistry-related industry in its contributions to sustainable development, wealth creation, and improvement in the quality of life.IUPAC will facilitate the development of effective channels of communication in the international chemistry community.IUPAC will promote the service of chemistry to society in both developed and developing countries.IUPAC will utilize its global perspective to contribute toward the enhancement of education in chemistry and to advance the public understanding of chemistry and the scientific method.IUPAC will make special efforts to encourage the career development of young chemists.IUPAC will broaden the geographical base of the Union and ensure that its human capital is drawn from all segments of the world chemistry community.IUPAC will encourage worldwide dissemination of information about the activities of the Union.IUPAC will assure sound management of its resources to provide maximum value for the funds invested in the Union.Through the vehicle of green chemistry, IUPAC can engage and is engaging the international community in issues of global importance to the environment and to industry, through education of young and established scientists, the provision of technical tools, governmental engagement, communication to the public and scientific communities, and the pursuit of sustainable development. By virtue of its status as a leading and internationally representative scientific body, IUPAC is able to collaborate closely in furthering individual national efforts as well as those of multinational entities.An important example of such collaboration in the area of green chemistry is that of IUPAC with the Organization for the Economical Cooperation and Development (OECD) in the project on "Sustainable Chemistry", aimed at promoting increased awareness of the subject in the member countries. During a meeting of the Environment Directorate (Paris, 6 June 1999), it was proposed that United States and Italy co-lead the activity, and that implementation of five recommendations to the member countries be accorded the highest priority, namely:research and developmentawards and recognition for work on sustainable chemistryexchange of technical information related to sustainable chemistryguidance on activities and tools to support sustainable chemistry programssustainable chemistry educationThese recommendations were perceived to have socio-economic implications for worldwide implementation of sustainable chemistry. How IUPAC and, in particular, its Divisions can contribute to this effort is under discussion. IUPAC is recognized for its ability to act as the scientific counterpart to OECD for all recommendations and activities. Although the initiatives being developed by the OECD are aimed primarily at determining the role that national institutions can play in facilitating the implementation and impact of green chemistry, it is recognized that each of these initiatives also has an important scientific component. Whether it is developing criteria or providing technical assessment for awards and recognition, identifying appropriate scientific areas for educational incorporation, or providing scientific insight into the areas of need for fundamental research and development, IUPAC can play and is beginning to play an important role as an international scientific authority on green chemistry.Other multinational organizations including, among others, the United Nations, the European Union, and the Asian Pacific Economic Community, are now beginning to assess the role that they can play in promoting the implementation of green chemistry to meet environmental and economic goals simultaneously. As an alternative to the traditional regulatory framework often implemented as a unilateral strategy, multinational governmental organizations are discovering that green chemistry as a nonregulatory, science-based approach, provides opportunities for innovation and economic development that are compatible with sustainable development. In addition, individual nations have been extremely active in green chemistry and provide plentiful examples of the successful utilization of green chemistry technologies. There are rapidly growing activities in government, industry, and academia in the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Japan, China, and many other countries in Europe and Asia, that testify to the importance of green chemistry to the future of the central science of chemistry around the world.Organizations and Commissions currently involved in programs in green chemistry at the national or international level include, for example:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with the "Green Chemistry Program" which involves, among others, the National Science Foundation, the American Chemical Society, and the Green Chemistry Institute;European Directorate for R&D (DG Research), which included the goals of sustainable chemistry in the actions and research of the European Fifth Framework Programme;Interuniversity Consortium "Chemistry for the Environment", which groups about 30 Italian universities interested in environmentally benign chemistry and funds their research groups;UK Royal Society of Chemistry, which promotes the concept of green chemistry through a "UK Green Chemistry Network" and the scientific journal Green Chemistry;UNIDO-ICS (International Centre for Science and High Technology of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization) which is developing a global program on sustainable chemistry focusing on catalysis and cleaner technologies with particular attention to developing and emerging countries (the program is also connected with UNIDO network of centers for cleaner production); andMonash University, which is the first organization in Australia to undertake a green chemistry program.Footnotes:1. The terminology "green chemistry" or "sustainable chemistry" is the subject of debate. The expressions are intended to convey the same or very similar meanings, but each has its supporters and detractors, since "green" is vividly evocative but may assume an unintended political connotation, whereas "sustainable" can be paraphrased as "chemistry for a sustainable environment", and may be perceived as a less focused and less incisive description of the discipline. Other terms have been proposed, such as "chemistry for the environment" but this juxtaposition of keywords already embraces many diversified fields involving the environment, and does not capture the economic and social implications of sustainability. The Working Party decided to adopt the term green chemistry for the purpose of this overview. This decision does not imply official IUPAC endorsement for the choice. In fact, the IUPAC Committee on Chemistry and Industry (COCI) favors, and will continue to use sustainable chemistry to describe the discipline.2. J. Elkington, < http://www.sustainability.co.uk/sustainability.htm

Introduction. Disposal of recycled materials is targeted at saving the natural resources and reducing the volume of wastes that have to be disposed of in special landfills. Disposal is encouraged by many countries of the European Union. A key element in promoting of wastes recycling is the «polluter pays» principle, which has been included in all Community directives regarding management of safe and hazardous wastes. In order to encourage recycling, many Member States have adopted specific environmental legislation, in particular, the wastes disposal tax.Problem statement. Today, in Ukraine the issue of utilization of industrial wastes has not been solved, that is why a considerable part of them are in the dumps and pose a great risk for the environment; and only a small part of them is utilized in the construction projects [1], although there exists the «State Target Economic Program for the Development of Public Roads of National Significance for 2018–2022» [2] and the Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine [3] which regulate the use of local materials, including industrial waste during the construction of motor roads. At the same time, millions of tons of dusty wastes are being produced at the Ukrainian power plants as a result of coal combustion — fly ash and ash from a tailings dam.Purpose. Carrying out of research of ash from a tailings dam and a mixture of limestone material with the ash from the tailings dam on conformity with the requirements to fillers.Materials and methods. The ash from a tailings dam, a mixture of limestone material with the ash from a tailings dam and commercially produced limestone filler have been selected for the study.Results. The results of the research on establishing the possibility of using the dusty waste products from power generating plants for the production of asphalt mixtures are presented. Experimental studies have been performed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the ash from the tailings dam with partial replacement by limestone material. The conformity of the studied materials to the requirements of national standards was determined.Conclusions. Studies for determination of grading, porosity, swelling and structuring ability showed that the tested ash does not meet the requirements of Table No.5 of DSTU B V.2.7-121 for porosity in the case of compaction of 40 MPa; a mixture 80:20 — for swelling of samples of the filler with bitumen; and the mixture 50:50 meets the established requirements by defined indicators. A significant swelling increase of the samples from the mixture of filler with bitumen may be the result of high content of clay impurities in the test materials.Keywords: industrial wastes, limestone material, ash, filler. physical and mechanical properties.

Problem setting. The armed attack of the Russian Federation on Ukraine without a declaration of war, which took place at 5 am on February 24, 2022, at the same time radically changed the entire system of legal relations of our state. The unification of the whole nation (in the political sense of the term) against the unprecedented criminal actions of the “fraternal people” caused a temporary cessation (or modification) of the usual daily work of every citizen, foreigner or stateless person. Undoubtedly, business representatives, including startups, have been providing significant support for the resistance of our state to armed aggression since the first days. Realizing the value of such assistance and the importance of business entities for Ukraine, public authorities have developed and adopted a number of regulations aimed at updating legal relations with such entities. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Issues of startup activity have become the subject of research by such scientists as SV Glebko OV Rozgon, IV Podrez-Ryapolova, AS Petkevich, AV Sherstobitov, IV Yashchyshina and others. Within the framework of this scientific article, the specifics of the activities of startups in a state of martial law caused by an act of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against our state will be studied. The target of research is to study the legal issues of startups in the Russian-Ukrainian war. In this regard, we consider it appropriate in this article to focus on startups that are at the stage of Early Growth, because at this stage the startup acts as an officially registered business entity and, accordingly, it a number of normative legal acts regulating the activity of such subjects are extended. Article’s main body. As we have repeatedly mentioned before, a startup is an innovative idea or a newly created business entity (individual entrepreneur or legal entity). According to the officials of the international ecosystem Startup-Network, the main feature that distinguishes a startup from a normal small or medium enterprise is the mandatory trend of the startup to develop and further transform into a large enterprise. Agreeing with this feature, we consider it appropriate to supplement the characteristics of the startup with another mandatory feature innovation. This feature directly follows from the analysis of the legislation of European countries, international acts, EU documents and reference materials of a number of international organizations. Thus, based on the above mandatory features of startups, it follows that a startup goes through a number of stages of its formation and development. This research will address the issue of startups at the Early Growth stage. At this stage, the startup usually has the status of a small or medium enterprise and needs comprehensive government support. Startups in Ukraine that have faced the problem of fulfilling their commitments can now use the simplified procedure for obtaining a certificate from the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine. However, it should be borne in mind that obtaining confirmation of the existence of force majeure does not in itself release you from liability for nonperformance or improper performance of obligations. There is a need to prove a direct and irreversible causal link between such circumstances and the inability to perform duties. In addition, in the field of international relations, it is necessary to take into account the existence of a number of international acts that regulate the consequences of force majeure. Changes in tax legislation concerning startups in the third group of the simplified taxation system are that, on the one hand, the tax burden on the business entity has been reduced, and on the other hand, the frequency of tax revenues has been reduced. Conclusions and prospects of the development. Most startups in Ukraine, which are at the initial stage of launching and selling innovative products on the market, face problems of inability to fully meet their commitments or complicate the process of doing business. Our state creates conditions for simplified implementation of the procedure of releasing startups from liability for non-performance or improper performance of their obligations under contracts, provided that such non-performance is directly related to the existence of force majeure in the form of armed aggression against Ukraine. In addition, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine amended the tax legislation, which, in particular, provided support to the largest (third) group of the simplified taxation system and expanded the list of entities that can be included in such a group of taxation. These changes are aimed at encouraging people to do business in this extremely difficult stage of development of our state and creating a foundation for postwar economic reconstruction and revival of Ukraine.

ABSTRAK Penurunan profit bisnis kecil akibat implikasi ekonomi pasca pandemi COVID-19. Persoalan struktur permodalan menjadi kendala dalam mempertahankan dan meningkatkan usahanya secara terus menerus seiring kerubahan zaman. Koperasi Syariah sebagai salah satu lembaga keuangan Islam yang keislaman lebih dekat secara eksistensi maupun teritorial dengan masyarakat tingkat bawah sehingga menjadi alternatif pengembangan usaha masyarakat secara syariah sesuai persyaratan yang diberikan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk untuk menganalisis pengaruh literasi keuangan syariah dalam sikap, pengaruh sosial dan self-efficacy terhadap perilaku pemanfaatan produk koperasi syariah di Indonesia. Studi kuantitatif survey online dengan melibatkan 280 calon anggota koperasi syariah yang membutuhkan pembiayaan dan merupakan pemilik UMKM dijalankan dengan teknik analisis SEM PLS. Hasil studi menunjukkan pengaruh literasi keuangan terhadap sikap, pengaruh sosial dan self-efficacy lalu dilanjutkan arah jalur dukungan hipotesis terhadap niat untuk memilih Koperasi Syariah sebagai solusi kebutuhan finansial UMKM ditemukan. Strategi manajerial khususnya pemasaran dikembangkan dengan mempertimbangkan efek sikap positif, pengaruh sosial dan efikasi diri calon anggota sebagai pemilik bisnis atau produk keuangan syariah yang akan mereka tawarkan kepada pelanggan mereka akan berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan sektor UMKM khususnya UMKM Generasi Millenial dan UMKM Hijau di Indonesia melalui upaya promosi dan kerjasama. Kata Kunci: ASE Model, Ekonomi Islam, Koperasi Syariah, Pemberdayaan, UMKM. ABSTRACT The decline in small business profits due to the post-COVID-19 pandemic economy. The issue of capital structure is an obstacle in maintaining and increasing development continuously in line with the changing times. Sharia cooperatives as one of the Islamic financial institutions are closer in existence and territorially to the lower level of society so that they become an alternative for community business development in accordance with the requirements given. This study aims to analyze the effect of Islamic financial literacy on attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy on the application of Islamic cooperative products in Indonesia. Quantitative study of online surveys involving 280 prospective members of Islamic cooperatives who need financing and are MSME owners carried out with the PLS SEM analysis technique. The results of the study show the effect of financial literacy on attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy, then choosing the direction of hypothesis support for the intention to find Islamic Cooperatives as a solution to the financial needs of MSMEs. Managerial strategies especially marketing that are developed taking into account the effects of positive attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy of prospective members as owners or Islamic financial products that they will offer to their customers will increase the growth of the MSME sector, especially Millennial Generation MSMEs and Green MSMEs in Indonesia through promotional efforts and cooperation. Keywords: ASE Model, Islamic Economics, Sharia Cooperatives, Empowerment, MSMEs. REFERENCES Abourrig, A. (2021). Social influence in predicting Islamic banking acceptance: Evidence from Morocco. International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, 2(2), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4641472 Ajzen, I. (1991a). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Ajzen, I. (1991b). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Al-Awlaqi, M. A., & Aamer, A. M. (2022a). Islamic financial literacy and Islamic banks selection: an exploratory study using multiple correspondence analysis on banks’ small business customers. International Journal of Emerging Markets. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-09-2021-1354 Al-Awlaqi, M. A., & Aamer, A. M. (2022b). Islamic financial literacy and Islamic banks selection: an exploratory study using multiple correspondence analysis on banks’ small business customers. International Journal of Emerging Markets. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-09-2021-1354 Albaity, M., & Rahman, M. (2019). The intention to use Islamic banking: An exploratory study to measure Islamic financial literacy. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 14(5), 988–1012. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-05-2018-0218 Albashir, W. A., Zainuddin, Y., Krupasindhu Panigrahi, S., & Pahang, M. (2018). The acceptance of Islamic banking products in Libya: A theory of planned behavior approach. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(3), 105–111. Ali, H. (2019). Purchase decision and repurchase models: Product quality and process analysis (Case study of house ownership credit financing in permata sharia bank Jakarta). Scholars Bulletin, 05(09), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.36348/sb.2019.v05i09.006 Atal, N. U., Iranmanesh, M., Hashim, F., & Foroughi, B. (2022). Drivers of intention to use Murabaha financing: religiosity as moderator. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(3), 740–762. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-07-2019-0147 Berakon, I., Aji, H. M., & Hafizi, M. R. (2022). Impact of digital Sharia banking systems on cash-waqf among Indonesian Muslim youth. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(7), 1551–1573. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2020-0337 Budiono, A. (2017). Penerapan prinsip syariah pada lembaga keuangan syariah. Law and Justice, 2(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.23917/laj.v2i1.4337 Cristea, M., & Gheorghiu, A. (2016). Attitude, perceived behavioral control, and intention to adopt risky behaviors. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 43, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.10.004 Daradkah, D., Aldaher, A. A., & Shinaq, H. R. (2020). Islamic financial literacy: Evidence from Jordan. Transition Studies Review, 27(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.14665/1614-4007-27-2-009 De Vries, H., & Mudde, A. N. (1998a). Predicting stage transitions for smoking cessation applying the attitude-social influence-efficacy model. Psychology and Health, 13(2), 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449808406757 De Vries, H., & Mudde, A. N. (1998b). Predicting stage transitions for smoking cessation applying the attitude-social influence-efficacy model. Psychology and Health, 13(2), 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449808406757 Dewi, M. K., & Ferdian, I. R. (2021). Enhancing Islamic financial literacy through community-based workshops: a transtheoretical model. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 12(5), 729–747. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-08-2020-0261 Dietrich, A. M., Kuester, K., Müller, G. J., & Schoenle, R. (2022). News and uncertainty about COVID-19: Survey evidence and short-run economic impact. Journal of Monetary Economics, 129, S35–S51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.02.004 Duong, T., & Duc Le, N. (2021). PLS-SEM approach in measuring the impact of influencing factors on user’s perceived security and trust in e-payment – The case of rural areas in Vietnam. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 11(4), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.11.04.2021.p11249 Dwi Hernanik, N., & Pratikto, H. (2022). Religiusity and bank products and their relationship with decision making in micro small medium business funding in PT Bank Muamalat Indonesia. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 3(4), 1202–1210. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v3i4.532 Etikan, I. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11 Farrell, L., Fry, T. R. L., & Risse, L. (2016). The significance of financial self-efficacy in explaining women’s personal finance behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 54, 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2015.07.001 Fauzi, R. U. A., Saputra, A., & Ningrum, I. I. P. (2022). The effect of religiosity, profit and loss sharing, and promotion on consumer intention to financing in Islamic bank toward trust as an intervening variable. Jurnal Studi Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Islam, 8(1), 1–14. Fessler, P., Silgoner, M., & Weber, R. (2020). Financial knowledge, attitude and behavior: Evidence from the Austrian survey of financial literacy. Empirica, 47(4), 929–947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09465-2 Firdaus, M. S. (2022). Pemberdayaan pesantren melalui pendirian koperasi syariah dalam meningkatkan ekonomi masyarakat empowering islamic boarding school through the establishment of sharia cooperatives in imroving the economy community koperasi simpan pinjam pembiayaan syariah. ALMUJTAMAE: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.30997/almujtamae.v2i1.2952 Gijsbers, B., Mesters, I., Knottnerus, J. A., & Van Schayck, C. P. (2006a). Factors associated with the initiation of breastfeeding in asthmatic families: The attitude–social influence–self-efficacy model. Breastfeeding Medicine, 1(4), 236–246. https://doi.org/10.1089/BFM.2006.1.236 Gijsbers, B., Mesters, I., Knottnerus, J. A., & Van Schayck, C. P. (2006b). Factors associated with the initiation of breastfeeding in asthmatic families: The attitude–social influence–self-efficacy model. Breastfeeding Medicine, 1(4), 236–246. https://doi.org/10.1089/BFM.2006.1.236 Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203 Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 117(3), 442–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130 Hair Jr., J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmda.2017.10008574 Hakim, L., & Kurnia, A. (2022). Tafsir riba di media sosial perspektif Roy Shakti dan Arli Kurnia. EKOMA: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Akuntansi, 1(2), 312–325. Hartono, H., & Ardini, R. (2022). The effect of opportunity recognition and organization capability on SME performance in Indonesia moderated by business model innovation. The Winners, 23(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.21512/tw.v23i1.6932 Hasanah, U., & Lubis, S. D. (2022). Penerapan asas kebebasan berkontrak dalam akad pembiayaan mudharabah pada bank syariah Indonesia kantor cabang pembantu Asahan. Taqmin: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum, 11(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.37893/jbh.v11i1.683 Hayati, S. R. (2019). Strategi bank syariah dalam meningkatkan literasi keuangan syariah pada masyarakat (Studi Kasus pada BPRS Madina Mandiri Sejahtera). JESI (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia), 8(2), 129. https://doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2018.8(2).129-137 Hendrik, S., Iwan, T., Dedi, M. A., & Zaki, B. (2018). Evidence from Indonesia: Is it true that mudharabah financing and micro business financing are at high risk for sharia banking business? RJOAS, 6(June), 197–205. Hikmawati, T. S., & Muharam, H. (2022). The capital market response to the information content of the announcement of Indonesia entering a recession in 2020 and free of recession in 2021 in the covid-19 pandemic. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(2), 16019–16027. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i2.5518 16019 Hoque, M. N., Rahman, M. K., Said, J., Begum, F., & Hossain, M. M. (2022). What factors influence customer attitudes and mindsets towards the use of services and products of Islamic banks in Bangladesh? Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084703 Hutomo Mukti, H. (2020). Development of Indonesian sharia banks with Malaysia comparation method (Study of history, products and legal assets). Lambung Mangkurat Law Journal, 5(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.32801/lamlaj.v5i1.140 Im, I., Hong, S., & Kang, M. S. (2011). An international comparison of technology adoption: Testing the UTAUT model. Information & Management, 48(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IM.2010.09.001 Irwansyah, S., & Alam, A. P. (2022). Analisis penggunaan akad pada produk pembiayaan multijasa pada PT. Bank Sumut Syariah KCP Stabat. Jurna Islahiyah, 1. Izuma, K. (2017). The neural bases of social influence on valuation and behavior. In Decision neuroscience: An integrative perspective (pp. 199–209). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805308-9.00016-6 Jaffar, M. A., & Musa, R. (2014). Determinants of attitude towards Islamic financing among halal-certified micro and SMEs: A preliminary investigation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.017 Jaffar, M. A., & Musa, R. (2016). Determinants of attitude and intention towards Islamic financing adoption among non-users. Fifth International Conference on Marketing and Retailing, 37(16), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)30118-6 Khairi, M. S., & Baridwan, Z. (2015). An empirical study on organizational acceptance accounting information systems in sharia banking. The International Journal of Accounting and Business Society, 23(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2000.926665 Lechner, L., & De Vries, H. (1995a). Starting participation in an employee fitness program: Attitudes, social influence, and self-efficacy. Preventive Medicine, 24(6), 627–633. https://doi.org/10.1006/PMED.1995.1098 Lechner, L., & De Vries, H. (1995b). Starting participation in an employee fitness program: Attitudes, social influence, and self-efficacy. Preventive Medicine, 24(6), 627–633. https://doi.org/10.1006/PMED.1995.1098 Leguina, A. (2015). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 38(2), 220–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727x.2015.1005806 Madeira, C., & Margaretic, P. (2022). The impact of financial literacy on the quality of self-reported financial information. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 34, 100660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2022.100660 Mamman, M., Ogunbado, A. F., & Abu-bakr, A. S. (2016). Factors influencing customer’s behavioral intention to adopt Islamic banking in Northern Nigeria: A proposed framework. Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(1), 51–55. https://doi.org/10.9790/5933-07135155 Mardian, S. (2019). Tingkat kepatuhan syariah di lembaga keuangan syariah. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Islam, 3(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.35836/jakis.v3i1.41 Memon, M. A., T., R., Cheah, J.-H., Ting, H., Chuah, F., & Cham, T. H. (2021). PLS-SEM statistical programs: A Review. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 5(1), i–xiv. https://doi.org/10.47263/jasem.5(1)06 Mindra, R., Bananuka, J., Kaawaase, T., Namaganda, R., & Teko, J. (2022). Attitude and Islamic banking adoption: Moderating effects of pricing of conventional bank products and social influence. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 13(3), 534–567. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-02-2021-0068 Mirzaei, M., & Buer, T. (2022). First results on financial literacy in Oman. Managerial Finance, 48(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-09-2021-0456 Mukti, T., Shohiha, T. A., Garbo, A., & Latifah, S. (2022a). The effect of sharia financial literacy on the decision of the use of service products in the sharia pawn in Yogyakarta. The 3rd International Conference on Advance & Scientific Innovation (ICASI) Volume 2022 Research, 2022(1), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11365 Mukti, T., Shohiha, T. A., Garbo, A., & Latifah, S. (2022b). The effect of sharia financial literacy on the decision of the use of service products in the sharia pawn in Yogyakarta. The 3rd International Conference on Advance & Scientific Innovation (ICASI) Volume 2022 Research, 2022(1), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11365 Nimfa, D. T., Abdul Wahab, S., Shaharudin Abdul Latiff, A., & Abd Wahab, S. (2021). Theories underlying sustainable growth of small and medium enterprises. African Journal of Emerging Issues (AJOEI). Online ISSN, 3, 43–66. Nugroho, A. P., Hidayat, A., & Kusuma, H. (2017a). The influence of religiosity and self-efficacy on the saving behavior of the Islamic banks. Banks and Bank Systems, 12(3), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(3).2017.03 Nugroho, A. P., Hidayat, A., & Kusuma, H. (2017b). The influence of religiosity and self-efficacy on the saving behavior of the Islamic banks. Banks and Bank Systems, 12(3), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(3).2017.03 Ouachani, S., Belhassine, O., & Kammoun, A. (2021). Measuring financial literacy: A literature review. Managerial Finance, 47(2), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-04-2019-0175 Purwantini, A. H., Noor Athief, F. H., & Waharini, F. M. (2020). Indonesian consumers’ intention of adopting Islamic financial technology services. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business, 5(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.22515/shirkah.v5i2.304 Purwanto, A., & Sudargini, Y. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis for social and management research: A literature review. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 2(4), 114–123. Rahman, S. A., Tajudin, A., & Tajuddin, A. F. A. (2018a). Determinant factors of Islamic financial literacy in Malaysia. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 2(10), 125–132. Rahman, S. A., Tajudin, A., & Tajuddin, A. F. A. (2018b). Determinant factors of Islamic financial literacy in Malaysia. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 2(10), 125–132. Rai, N., & Thapa, B. (2015). A study on purposive sampling method in research. In Kathmandu Publisher (1st ed.). Kathmandu School of Law. Rasheed, R., & Siddiqui, S. H. (2022). SMEs behavioral intention towards usage of financial products: A comparative study of Islamic and conventional Banks in Pakistan. Sustainable Business and Society in Emerging Countries, 4(1), 141–150. Razak, D. A., & Abduh, M. (2012a). Customers’ attitude towards diminishing partnership home financing in Islamic banking. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(4), 593–599. Razak, D. A., & Abduh, M. (2012b). Customers’ attitude towards diminishing partnership home financing in Islamic banking. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(4), 593–599. Rigdon, E. E., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2017). On comparing results from CB-SEM and PLS-SEM: Five perspectives and five recommendations. Marketing ZFP, 39(3), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2017-3-4 Rini, E. E. D. S. (2022). Pengaruh promosi, penerapan prinsip syariah dan bagi hasil terhadap keputusan menjadi bank BNI syariah cabang Pasuruan. An-Nisbah: Jurnal Perbankan Syariah, 33(1), 1–12. Rokhman, W., & Abduh, M. (2020). Antecedents of SMEs’ satisfaction and loyalty towards Islamic microfinance: Evidence from Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(6), 1327–1338. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2018-0090 Safe’i, A. (2012). Koperasi syariah: Tinjauan terhadap kedudukan dan peranannya dalam pemberdayaan ekonomi kerakyatan. Media Syariah, 14(1), 39–62. Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Becker, J. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003 Saygılı, M., Durmuşkaya, S., Sütütemiz, N., & Ersoy, A. Y. (2022a). Determining intention to choose Islamic financial products using the attitude–social influence–self-efficacy (ASE) model: the case of Turkey. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-11-2020-0569 Saygılı, M., Durmuşkaya, S., Sütütemiz, N., & Ersoy, A. Y. (2022b). Determining intention to choose Islamic financial products using the attitude–social influence–self-efficacy (ASE) model: the case of Turkey. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-11-2020-0569 Sevriana, L., Febrian, E., Anwar, M., & Ahmad Faisal, Y. (2022). A proposition to implement inclusive Islamic financial planning in Indonesia through bibliometric analysis. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-01-2022-0022 Shabrina, Z., Yuliati, L. N., & Simanjuntak, M. (2018). The effects of religiosity, pricing and corporate image on the attitude and the intention to use sharia micro financing. Indonesian Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.17358/ijbe.4.2.197 Sitepu, C. F., & Hasyim, H. (2018). Perkembangan ekonomi koperasi di indonesia. Niagawan, 7(2), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.24114/niaga.v7i2.10751 Srisusilawati, P., Malik, Z. A., Silviany, I. Y., & Eprianti, N. (2021). The roles of self-efficacy and sharia financial literacy to SMEs performance: business model as an intermediate variable. F1000Research, 10(May), 1310. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.76001.1 Sumiyati, Y., Januarita, R., Ramli, T. A., & Yusdiansyah, E. (2021a). Konstruksi hukum terhadap penetapan bunga tinggi pada investasi yang diselenggarakan koperasi simpan pinjam. Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal), 10(2), 385. https://doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2021.v10.i02.p14 Sumiyati, Y., Januarita, R., Ramli, T. A., & Yusdiansyah, E. (2021b). Konstruksi hukum terhadap penetapan bunga tinggi pada investasi yang diselenggarakan koperasi simpan pinjam. Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal), 10(2), 385. https://doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2021.v10.i02.p14 Syamsiyah, N., Syahrir, A. M., & Susanto, I. (2019). Peran koperasi syariah baitul tamwil muhammadiyah terhadap pemberdayaan usaha kecil dan menengah di Bandar Lampung. Al Amin: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Dan Budaya Islam, 2(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.36670/alamin.v2i1.17 Takidah, E., & Kassim, S. (2021). Determinants of Islamic financial inclusion in Indonesia: A demand-side analysis. Journal of Islamic Finance, 10(2), 38–52. Venkatesh, V. (2022). Adoption and use of AI tools: A research agenda grounded in UTAUT. Annals of Operations Research, 308(1–2), 641–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03918-9 Vidia Khairunnisa, B., & Hendratmi, A. (2019). The influence of product knowledge and attitude towards intention in mudharabah funding products in sharia banks in Mataram. KnE Social Sciences, 3(13), 663. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i13.4239 Widityani, S. F., Faturohman, T., Rahadi, R. A., & Yulianti, Y. (2020). Do socio-demographic characteristics and Islamic financial literacy matter for selecting Islamic financial products among college students in Indonesia? Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 6(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v6i1.1057 Yuniar, A., Talli, A. H., & Kurniati, K. (2021). Bisnis koperasi syariah di Indonesia. Al-Azhar Journal of Islamic Economics, 3(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.37146/ajie.V3i2.103 Zaman, Z., Mehmood, B., Aftab, R., Shahid, M., & Ameen, Y. (2017). Role of Islamic financial literacy in the adoption of Islamic banking services: An empirical evidence from Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Islamic Business and Management (JIBM), 7(2), 230–247. https://doi.org/10.26501/jibm/2017.0702-006 Ziky, M., & Daouah, R. (2019). Exploring small and medium enterprises’ perceptions towards Islamic banking products in Morocco. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 11(10), 106. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n10p106

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a critical analysis of the disability models developed to date and of how they function in practice. Furthermore, it aims to answer the following question: which model of disability (MD) will provide the most suitable foundation for any course of action undertaken in the process of planning accessible tourism development in the future? Design/methodology/approach In the first stage of the study a critical analysis of the MDs described in the literature as well as in selected reports and expert opinions relating to people with disability (PwD) was performer. These findings then became the basis for the second stage of the study which focuses on identifying attitudes within society towards the types of tourism on offer connected to the analysed MDs. The applied research methods include an analysis of a survey (2013, 2014) carried out face-to-face and on the SurveyMonkey web site. The study group consisted of 619 people (from Poland, Russia, Germany, Portugal, Slovakia, Canada, Tunisia and Great Britain). Findings The great diversity of disabilities makes finding a universal solution in the creation of accessible tourism supply a complex task. This supports the need for a flexible “mix of various models” aimed at finding optimal solutions and the personalisation of tourism. In this context the greatest potential in the development of accessible tourism are models which are a synthesis of many determiners of disability such as the biopsychosocial or the geographical model of disability. The dynamics of accessible tourism development is likely to be increasingly influenced by the economic model, reflecting current trends for the personalisation of tourism supply. Research limitations/implications The survey was carried out mainly within the European Community, the exception being respondents from Irkutsk in eastern (Asian) Russia. In order to gain a global view of the development of accessible tourism, research should be performed in countries representing all continents or tourist regions. Additionally, reflecting the definition of accessible tourism its beneficiaries – PwD – should participate in decision-making processes. Tourism service providers who are directly engaged in tourism supply also have a role to play. Their opinions and attitudes towards the development of accessible tourism determine its very nature in reality. Practical implications The survey on attitudes in society regarding the organisation of tourist trips for PwD confirmed conclusions from the analysis of the practical implications of various disability models in the creation of tourism supply that a single universal, optimal solution does not exist. All of the described MD can be applied in the development of a diverse tourism supply. The proposed model “diversification of supply […]” is the theoretical basis for the conscious development of accessible tourism in practice which in accordance with changes observed in the tourism market is undergoing increasing diversification and personalisation. Social implications In each of the tourism supply for PwD types the economic model of disability based on the identification of PwD needs and surrounding society is important. The number of PwD and the scope of necessary services, social support (PwD often travel accompanied by one to three people) is determined by income in all the sectors identified in the structure of tourism supply. From the economic point of view, awareness of different types of disability and the diverse models describing it are significant aids in the segmentation of tourism supply and placement of products accessible to PwD on the tourism market. Originality/value The paper presents a new, critical perspective on the selected MD, the key to which is the search for optimal solutions in the development of accessible tourism. The analysis performed indicated the need for a synthesis of paradigms at the core of the conceptualisation of particular models, including those often regarded as being contrary (medical and social). The results of studies would give tourism providers important data on an increasingly competitive tourism market, and also affect changes in how PwD, the elderly, are viewed, from the category of “relatively poor” to “attractive, using a wide range of services”.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar o principio da sustentabilidade na jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal, a partir da perspectiva do transconstitucionalismo. O meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado vem objeto de inúmeros debates, em nível internacional, inclusive no campo econômico, acerca da necessidade de adoção de medidas internacionais que levem em considerações as questões ecológicas e sociais, a ponto de realizar o enquadramento legal dos países que lucram com a poluição e o desmatamento. No campo da exportação, a comunidade européia também vem avançando na restrição ambiental aos produtos importos fruto de desmatamento. No Brasil os retrocessos a questão ambiental são sentidos na exploração de madeira ilegal e na destruição e queimadas realizadas na Amazônia. Sendo assim, a hipótese a ser desenvolvida engloba o meio ambiente como direito humano e consituticional, previstos nas normativas de direitos humanos e nas constituições modernas, mas requer uma abertura de um dialgo constitucional, levando em consideração, entrelaçamento de novas ordens jurídicas multiplas (local, supranacional, internacional, extraestatal), na construção de novas pontes transconstitucionais. O trabalho desenvolveu, na primeira parte, o aporte teórico do transconstitucionalismo, a partir da metáfora grega de Cilas e Caribdis; buscou, delimitar os conceito e noções elementares da perspectiv transconstitucional. Buscou-se no segundo momento, analisar o princípio da sustentabilidade nas convenções internacionais de direitos humanos. Por fim, constatou-se que a ideia de sustentabilidade, a partir dos postulados do tranconstitucionalismo, ainda que de forma indireta vem ganhando presença no âmbito do Supremo Tribunal Federal, a partir da análise do Recurso Extraordinário (RE)nº 627.189/SP, em que foram aplicadas diversas normativas de ordem jurídicas diversas, num caso que envolveu ato de concessionária de energia elétrica na redução de eletromagnéticos prejudiciais a sáude e ambiente de trabalho. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direito Ambiental, desenvolvimento sustentável e transconstitucionalismo. ABSTRACT:The objective of the present work is to analyze the principle of sustainability in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Federal Court, from the perspective of transconstitucionalismo. The ecologically balanced environment has been the subject of numerous debates, internationally, including in the economic field, about the need to adopt international measures that take into account ecological and social issues, to the point of achieving the legal framework of countries that profit from pollution and deforestation. In the field of exports, the European community has also been advancing in the environmental restriction on imported products resulting from deforestation. In Brazil, the setbacks to the environmental issue are felt in the exploitation of illegal wood and in the destruction and burning carried out in the Amazon. Therefore, the hypothesis to be developed encompasses the environment as a human and constitutional right, as provided for in human rights regulations and in modern constitutions, but requires an opening of a constitutional dialogue, taking into account the interweaving of new multiple legal orders (local , supranational, international, extra-state), in the construction of new transconstitutional bridges. The work developed, in the first part, the theoretical contribution of transconstitutionalism, based on the Greek metaphor of Cilas and Caribdis; sought to delimit the concepts and elementary notions of the transconstitutional perspective. The second step was to analyze the principle of sustainability in international human rights conventions. Finally, it was found that the idea of sustainability, based on the postulates of tranconstitutionalism, albeit indirectly, has been gaining presence within the scope of the Supreme Federal Court, based on the analysis of Extraordinary Appeal (RE) No. 627.189 / SP, in that several different legal rules have been applied, in a case that involved an act of electric utility in the reduction of electromagnetic harmful to health and work environment. KEYWORDS: Environmental Law, sustainable development and transconstitutionalism

Social innovations are activities aiming at implementation of social objectives, including mainly the improvement of life of individuals and social groups, together with public policy and management objectives. The essay indicates and discusses the most important contemporary problems, solving of which requires social innovations. Social innovations precondition the progress of civilisation. The world needs not only new technologies, but also new solutions of social and institutional nature that would be conducive to achieving social goals. Social innovations are experimental social actions of organisational and institutional nature that aim at improving the quality of life of individuals, communities, nations, companies, circles, or social groups. Their experimental nature stems from the fact of introducing unique and one-time solutions on a large scale, the end results of which are often difficult to be fully predicted. For example, it was difficult to believe that opening new labour markets for foreigners in the countries of the European Union, which can be treated as a social innovation aiming at development of the international labour market, will result in the rapid development of the low-cost airlines, the offer of which will be available to a larger group of recipients. In other words, social innovations differ from economic innovations, as they are not about implementation of new types of production or gaining new markets, but about satisfying new needs, which are not provided by the market. Therefore, the most important distinction consists in that social innovations are concerned with improving the well-being of individuals and communities by additional employment, or increased consumption, as well as participation in solving the problems of individuals and social groups [CSTP, 2011]. In general, social innovations are activities aiming at implementation of social objectives, including mainly the improvement of life of individuals and social groups together with the objectives of public policy and management [Kowalczyk, Sobiecki, 2017]. Their implementation requires global, national, and individual actions. This requires joint operations, both at the scale of the entire globe, as well as in particular interest groups. Why are social innovations a key point for the progress of civilisation? This is the effect of the clear domination of economic aspects and discrimination of social aspects of this progress. Until the 19th century, the economy was a part of a social structure. As described by K. Polanyi, it was submerged in social relations [Polanyi, 2010, p. 56]. In traditional societies, the economic system was in fact derived from the organisation of the society itself. The economy, consisting of small and dispersed craft businesses, was a part of the social, family, and neighbourhood structure. In the 20th century the situation reversed – the economy started to be the force shaping social structures, positions of individual groups, areas of wealth and poverty. The economy and the market mechanism have become independent from the world of politics and society. Today, the corporations control our lives. They decide what we eat, what we watch, what we wear, where we work and what we do [Bakan, 2006, p. 13]. The corporations started this spectacular “march to rule the world” in the late 19th century. After about a hundred years, at the end of the 20th century, the state under the pressure of corporations and globalisation, started a gradual, but systematic withdrawal from the economy, market and many other functions traditionally belonging to it. As a result, at the end of the last century, a corporation has become a dominant institution in the world. A characteristic feature of this condition is that it gives a complete priority to the interests of corporations. They make decisions of often adverse consequences for the entire social groups, regions, or local communities. They lead to social tensions, political breakdowns, and most often to repeated market turbulences. Thus, a substantial minority (corporations) obtain inconceivable benefits at the expense of the vast majority, that is broad professional and social groups. The lack of relative balance between the economy and society is a barrier to the progress of civilisation. A growing global concern is the problem of migration. The present crisis, left unresolved, in the long term will return multiplied. Today, there are about 500 million people living in Europe, 1.5 billion in Africa and the Middle East, but in 2100, the population of Europe will be about 400 million and of the Middle East and Africa approximately 4.5 billion. Solving this problem, mainly through social and political innovations, can take place only by a joint operation of highly developed and developing countries. Is it an easy task? It’s very difficult. Unfortunately, today, the world is going in the opposite direction. Instead of pursuing the community, empathic thinking, it aims towards nationalism and chauvinism. An example might be a part of the inaugural address of President Donald Trump, who said that the right of all nations is to put their own interests first. Of course, the United States of America will think about their own interests. As we go in the opposite direction, those who deal with global issues say – nothing will change, unless there is some great crisis, a major disaster that would cause that the great of this world will come to senses. J.E. Stiglitz [2004], contrary to the current thinking and practice, believes that a different and better world is possible. Globalisation contains the potential of countless benefits from which people both in developing and highly developed countries can benefit. But the practice so far proves that still it is not grown up enough to use its potential in a fair manner. What is needed are new solutions, most of all social and political innovations (political, because they involve a violation of the previous arrangement of interests). Failure to search for breakthrough innovations of social and political nature that would meet the modern challenges, can lead the world to a disaster. Social innovation, and not economic, because the contemporary civilisation problems have their roots in this dimension. A global problem, solution of which requires innovations of social and political nature, is the disruption of the balance between work and capital. In 2010, 400 richest people had assets such as the half of the poorer population of the world. In 2016, such part was in the possession of only 8 people. This shows the dramatic collapse of the balance between work and capital. The world cannot develop creating the technological progress while increasing unjustified inequalities, which inevitably lead to an outbreak of civil disturbances. This outbreak can have various organisation forms. In the days of the Internet and social media, it is easier to communicate with people. Therefore, paradoxically, some modern technologies create the conditions facilitating social protests. There is one more important and dangerous effect of implementing technological innovations without simultaneous creation and implementation of social innovations limiting the sky-rocketing increase of economic (followed by social) diversification. Sooner or later, technological progress will become so widespread that, due to the relatively low prices, it will make it possible for the weapons of mass destruction, especially biological and chemical weapons, to reach small terrorist groups. Then, a total, individualized war of global reach can develop. The individualisation of war will follow, as described by the famous German sociologist Ulrich Beck. To avoid this, it is worth looking at the achievements of the Polish scientist Michał Kalecki, who 75 years ago argued that capitalism alone is not able to develop. It is because it aggressively seeks profit growth, but cannot turn profit into some profitable investments. Therefore, when uncertainty grows, capitalism cannot develop itself, and it must be accompanied by external factors, named by Kalecki – external development factors. These factors include state expenses, finances and, in accordance with the nomenclature of Kalecki – epochal innovations. And what are the current possibilities of activation of the external factors? In short – modest. The countries are indebted, and the basis for the development in the last 20 years were loans, which contributed to the growth of debt of economic entities. What, then, should we do? It is necessary to look for cheaper solutions, but such that are effective, that is breakthrough innovations. These undoubtedly include social and political innovations. Contemporary social innovation is not about investing big money and expensive resources in production, e.g. of a very expensive vaccine, which would be available for a small group of recipients. Today’s social innovation should stimulate the use of lower amounts of resources to produce more products available to larger groups of recipients. The progress of civilisation happens only as a result of a sustainable development in economic, social, and now also ecological terms. Economic (business) innovations, which help accelerate the growth rate of production and services, contribute to economic development. Profits of corporations increase and, at the same time, the economic objectives of the corporations are realised. But are the objectives of the society as a whole and its members individually realised equally, in parallel? In the chain of social reproduction there are four repeated phases: production – distribution – exchange – consumption. The key point from the social point of view is the phase of distribution. But what are the rules of distribution, how much and who gets from this “cake” produced in the social process of production? In the today’s increasingly global economy, the most important mechanism of distribution is the market mechanism. However, in the long run, this mechanism leads to growing income and welfare disparities of various social groups. Although, the income and welfare diversity in itself is nothing wrong, as it is the result of the diversification of effectiveness of factors of production, including work, the growing disparities to a large extent cannot be justified. Economic situation of the society members increasingly depends not on the contribution of work, but on the size of the capital invested, and the market position of the economic entity, and on the “governing power of capital” on the market. It should also be noted that this diversification is also related to speculative activities. Disparities between the implemented economic and social innovations can lead to the collapse of the progress of civilisation. Nowadays, economic crises are often justified by, indeed, social and political considerations, such as marginalisation of nation states, imbalance of power (or imbalance of fear), religious conflicts, nationalism, chauvinism, etc. It is also considered that the first global financial crisis of the 21st century originated from the wrong social policy pursued by the US Government, which led to the creation of a gigantic public debt, which consequently led to an economic breakdown. This resulted in the financial crisis, but also in deepening of the social imbalances and widening of the circles of poverty and social exclusion. It can even be stated that it was a crisis in public confidence. Therefore, the causes of crises are the conflicts between the economic dimension of the development and its social dimension. Contemporary world is filled with various innovations of economic or business nature (including technological, product, marketing, and in part – organisational). The existing solutions can be a source of economic progress, which is a component of the progress of civilisation. However, economic innovations do not complete the entire progress of civilisation moreover, the saturation, and often supersaturation with implementations and economic innovations leads to an excessive use of material factors of production. As a consequence, it results in lowering of the efficiency of their use, unnecessary extra burden to the planet, and passing of the negative effects on the society and future generations (of consumers). On the other hand, it leads to forcing the consumption of durable consumer goods, and gathering them “just in case”, and also to the low degree of their use (e.g. more cars in a household than its members results in the additional load on traffic routes, which results in an increase in the inconvenience of movement of people, thus to the reduction of the quality of life). Introduction of yet another economic innovation will not solve this problem. It can be solved only by social innovations that are in a permanent shortage. A social innovation which fosters solving the issue of excessive accumulation of tangible production goods is a developing phenomenon called sharing economy. It is based on the principle: “the use of a service provided by some welfare does not require being its owner”. This principle allows for an economic use of resources located in households, but which have been “latent” so far. In this way, increasing of the scope of services provided (transport, residential and tourist accommodation) does not require any growth of additional tangible resources of factors of production. So, it contributes to the growth of household incomes, and inhibition of loading the planet with material goods processed by man [see Poniatowska-Jaksch, Sobiecki, 2016]. Another example: we live in times, in which, contrary to the law of T. Malthus, the planet is able to feed all people, that is to guarantee their minimum required nutrients. But still, millions of people die of starvation and malnutrition, but also due to obesity. Can this problem be solved with another economic innovation? Certainly not! Economic innovations will certainly help to partially solve the problem of nutrition, at least by the new methods of storing and preservation of foods, to reduce its waste in the phase of storage and transport. However, a key condition to solve this problem is to create and implement an innovation of a social nature (in many cases also political). We will not be able to speak about the progress of civilisation in a situation, where there are people dying of starvation and malnutrition. A growing global social concern, resulting from implementation of an economic (technological) innovation will be robotisation, and more specifically – the effects arising from its dissemination on a large scale. So far, the issue has been postponed due to globalisation of the labour market, which led to cheapening of the work factor by more than ten times in the countries of Asia or South America. But it ends slowly. Labour becomes more and more expensive, which means that the robots become relatively cheap. The mechanism leading to low prices of the labour factor expires. Wages increase, and this changes the relationship of the prices of capital and labour. Capital becomes relatively cheaper and cheaper, and this leads to reducing of the demand for work, at the same time increasing the demand for capital (in the form of robots). The introduction of robots will be an effect of the phenomenon of substitution of the factors of production. A cheaper factor (in this case capital in the form of robots) will be cheaper than the same activities performed by man. According to W. Szymański [2017], such change is a dysfunction of capitalism. A great challenge, because capitalism is based on the market-driven shaping of income. The market-driven shaping of income means that the income is derived from the sale of the factors of production. Most people have income from employment. Robots change this mechanism. It is estimated that scientific progress allows to create such number of robots that will replace billion people in the world. What will happen to those “superseded”, what will replace the income from human labour? Capitalism will face an institutional challenge, and must replace the market-driven shaping of income with another, new one. The introduction of robots means microeconomic battle with the barrier of demand. To sell more, one needs to cut costs. The costs are lowered by the introduction of robots, but the use of robots reduces the demand for human labour. Lowering the demand for human labour results in the reduction of employment, and lower wages. Lower wages result in the reduction of the demand for goods and services. To increase the demand for goods and services, the companies must lower their costs, so they increase the involvement of robots, etc. A mechanism of the vicious circle appears If such a mass substitution of the factors of production is unfavourable from the point of view of stimulating the development of the economy, then something must be done to improve the adverse price relations for labour. How can the conditions of competition between a robot and a man be made equal, at least partially? Robots should be taxed. Bill Gates, among others, is a supporter of such a solution. However, this is only one of the tools that can be used. The solution of the problem requires a change in the mechanism, so a breakthrough innovation of a social and political nature. We can say that technological and product innovations force the creation of social and political innovations (maybe institutional changes). Product innovations solve some problems (e.g. they contribute to the reduction of production costs), but at the same time, give rise to others. Progress of civilisation for centuries and even millennia was primarily an intellectual progress. It was difficult to discuss economic progress at that time. Then we had to deal with the imbalance between the economic and the social element. The insufficiency of the economic factor (otherwise than it is today) was the reason for the tensions and crises. Estimates of growth indicate that the increase in industrial production from ancient times to the first industrial revolution, that is until about 1700, was 0.1-0.2 per year on average. Only the next centuries brought about systematically increasing pace of economic growth. During 1700- 1820, it was 0.5% on an annual average, and between 1820-1913 – 1.5%, and between 1913-2012 – 3.0% [Piketty, 2015, p. 97]. So, the significant pace of the economic growth is found only at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Additionally, the growth in this period refers predominantly to Europe and North America. The countries on other continents were either stuck in colonialism, structurally similar to the medieval period, or “lived” on the history of their former glory, as, for example, China and Japan, or to a lesser extent some countries of the Middle East and South America. The growth, having then the signs of the modern growth, that is the growth based on technological progress, was attributed mainly to Europe and the United States. The progress of civilisation requires the creation of new social initiatives. Social innovations are indeed an additional capital to keep the social structure in balance. The social capital is seen as a means and purpose and as a primary source of new values for the members of the society. Social innovations also motivate every citizen to actively participate in this process. It is necessary, because traditional ways of solving social problems, even those known for a long time as unemployment, ageing of the society, or exclusion of considerable social and professional groups from the social and economic development, simply fail. “Old” problems are joined by new ones, such as the increase of social inequalities, climate change, or rapidly growing environmental pollution. New phenomena and problems require new solutions, changes to existing procedures, programmes, and often a completely different approach and instruments [Kowalczyk, Sobiecki, 2017].

A few days ago, in August 2013, a Cochrane Database Systemic Review reported that the existing limited evidence to date on the effect of Mediterranean diet (MD) on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), suggests some favorable effects on risk factors; however, the reduction of CVD event rates was not mentioned [1]. The review included 11 trials (15 papers, 52,044 participants); 7 trials described the intervention as a MD. Clinical events were reported in only one trial [Women's Health Initiative (WHI) 48,835 postmenopausal women with an intervention not described as a MD but increased fruit and vegetable and cereal intake], where no statistically significant effects of the intervention were seen on fatal and non-fatal endpoints during the 8 years of its duration [1]. Since the WHI study was huge and had a great weight in the analysis, it eliminated any other beneficial effect on CVD incidence from other studies. Moreover, in this study the diet used as an intervention was not MD. On April 2013 the results of the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED), a multicenter trial from Spain, were published in New England Journal of Medicine [2]. The study included a total of 7,447 persons (aged 55-80 years) with no CVD at baseline. These were randomized to 1 of 3 diets: a MD supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil, a MD supplemented with mixed nuts or a control diet (advice to reduce dietary fat) [2]. An interim analysis terminated the trial prematurely at 4.8 years. The primary endpoint was the rate of major CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke, or CVD death). The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54 to 0.92) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.96) for the group assigned to a MD with extravirgin olive oil and the group assigned to a MD with nuts, respectively, vs. the control group [2]. No diet-related adverse effects were reported [2]. Moreover, a post hoc analysis of PREDIMED that will be published in September 2013, in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, suggests that one of the mechanisms by which MD, particularly if supplemented with virgin olive oil, can exert health benefits is through changes in the transcriptomic response of genes related to CVD risk [3]. These results of the PREDIMED trial confirm that changes in diet can have beneficial effects on CVD risk. However, the study was criticized for mainly 3 reasons. One is that in MD the dietary pattern as an entity is rather more important than the inclusion or avoidance of specific nutrients [4]. Second there were low (in absolute terms) primary composite CVD outcome rates (3.8% and 3.4% in the intervention groups vs. 4.4% in the control group) and a minor absolute risk difference (range 0.6 to 1%), thus limiting the importance of the study findings [5]. Furthermore there were statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between the groups: men (+5.7%), obese persons (+4.7%), diuretic use (+3.5%), and oral hypoglycaemic use (+3.2%) in the control group than in the intervention group [5]. And third there was a complete lack of policy implications [6]. The PREDIMED trial was neither a pure test of a Mediterranean-style diet nor a pure test of extra- virgin olive oil or nuts. All the above make the interpretation of the PREDIMED trial similarly difficult to that of the Lyon Diet Heart Study [7], which tested provision of a margarine rich in alpha-linolenic acid on top of brief advice to consume a MD in high CVD risk patients with astonishing results [7]. Policymakers [8] and Great Scientific Organizations, like Mayo Clinic [9], already recommend consumption of a Mediterranean-style diet on the basis of a body of evidence from observational and interventional studies, in antithesis to the findings of the Cochrane Database Systemic Review [1]. On the other hand, the policy implications of the PREDIMED trial related primarily to the supplemental foods [2] and not MD itself, thus, we probably have to go both back and elsewhere to find evidence base for the benefits of MD and if these are related in any degree to blood pressure (BP) reduction. The Seven Countries Study showed that the risk and rates of heart attack and stroke both at the population and at the individual level were directly and independently related to the level of serum total cholesterol (TC). It demonstrated that the association between TC level and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk from 5 to 40 years follow-up is found consistently across different cultures [10,11]. The Seven Countries Study started in 1958 in former Yugoslavia. In total, 12,763 men, 40–59 years of age, were enrolled as 16 cohorts, in 7 countries, in 4 regions of the world (United States, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Japan); 1 cohort is in the United States, 2 cohorts in Finland, 1 in the Netherlands, 3 in Italy, 5 in the former Yugoslavia (two in Croatia, and three in Serbia), 2 in Greece (1 in Crete and 1 in Corfu), and 2 in Japan [10]. The Seven Countries Study has continued, with high levels of participation, for more than 50 years.􀀁The initial and objective data on CVD health in relation to the MD originated from the Seven Countries Study [10]. CHD deaths in the United States and Northern Europe greatly exceeded those in Southern Europe, even when controlled for age, TC and BP levels, smoking, physical activity, and weight [12]. After further investigation, the importance of the eating pattern characterized as the MD became clear [12,13]. What exactly is meant by "Mediterranean diet" today, and its benefits, is detailed by other researches during the last 20 years [14,15]. During the 90's, for the first time, the concept of a food pyramid and the need for an adherence to MD score were born [14-16]. As a result of the Seven Countries Study, the MD has been popularized as a "healthy" diet. Nevertheless, it has not replaced the "prudent" diet commonly prescribed to coronary patients [17]. The Crete cohort of the Seven Countries Study had the lowest rates of deaths from CVD [10]; even the 25 year mortality was lower than others (for example vs. the Italian cohort) [18]. This was attributed to the entire lifestyle of Cretans including a variation of MD, the Cretan-type MD. Many investigators during the last 20 years would rather refer to the Cretan-type MD rather than plain MD, which is a rather abstract definition [19-22]. The 40 years’ CVD mortality in the Corfu cohort showed that participants also benefited from the long-term adoption of a nutritional pattern (close to the Cretan-type) of MD, the presence of physical activity, optimism, and a positive psychological profile [23]. During the last 15 years, and before the economic crisis, Greeks adopted a more western way of life. Nevertheless, several aspects of the traditional Greek way of life and diet, suggest that a relatively high consumption of vegetables and fruits or olive oil and bread, remained well-established among large segments of the Greek population, and may explain why a population with a few healthy habits still enjoys one of the longer life expectancies among the 16 cohorts of the Seven Country Study 40 years after its initiation [23]. The Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) coordinated in 2003 information from 12 European cohort studies, including 205,000 persons, and assessed the 10-year CVD mortality rates. This gave birth to the SCORE (Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation) project [24]. The European Society of Cardiology encouraged the creation of local SCORES for each country, based on the original SCORE and local data. Indeed the HellenicSCORE (equations and charts) present the calibration of the risk by age group and sex, based on mortality data, as reported by the National Statistical Services of Greece and prevalence data regarding smoking, TC and BP levels, as reported by the ATTICA study [25]. This was very successfully tested in the ATTEMPT Study [26]. The predicated rates of CVD were verified in a survival study with a nearly 4-year follow-up in patients with metabolic syndrome and randomization to intensive versus moderate risk factor treatment [27]. In the meantime the MD score (MedDietScore) was developed, according to the adherence to MD [28].􀀁The weekly consumption of the following 9 food groups: non-refined cereals(whole grain bread and pasta, brown rice, etc.), fruits, vegetables, legumes, potatoes, fish, meat and meat products, poultry, full fat dairy products (like cheese, yoghurt, milk), as well asolibe oil and alcohol intake, were included [28]. The inclusion of dietary evaluation (MedDietScore), as well as other sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, increases the accuracy and reduces estimating bias of CVD risk prediction models [29]. Thus, we have a country adjusted integrated system that can predict CVD risk. It was clear, during the use of HellenicSCORE and MedDietScore, that a better adherence to MD was related to a lower CVD risk. On the contrary, aging, central fat, hypertension (HTN), diabetes, inflammation, low social status and abstinence from a MD seem to predict CVD events within a 5-year period; actual data from the ATTICA study [30]. All these put the adoption of MD at a high position among CVD risk factors, for good and for bad, according to the degree of adoption (MedDietScore). However, does MD affect the level of BP? Is HTN one of the factors to increase CVD risk if the adherence to MD (MedDietScore) is low? There is some evidence on this issue. It has been suggested by a review on the dietary influences on BP that there is more than enough evidence from observational and clinical studies that diets low in saturated fats and sodium and rich in fruits, vegetables, and fiber, with adequate amounts of potassium, calcium, and magnesium, are effective in the prevention and treatment of HTN alone or as an adjunct to pharmacologic therapy [31]. Such dietary combinations are provided by the MD [31]. The association of adherence to the MD with the incidence of HTN was evaluated among 9,408 men and women enrolled in a dynamic Spanish prospective cohort (SUN) study during 1999- 2005 [32]. The adherence to MD was associated with reduced mean values of systolic BP [moderate adherence, -2.4 mm Hg (95% CI: -4.0, -0.8); high adherence, -3.1 mm Hg (95% CI: -5.4, -0.8)] and diastolic BP [moderate adherence, - 1.3 mm Hg (95% CI: -2.5, -0.1); high adherence, -1.9 mm Hg (95% CI: -3.6, -0.1)] after 6 years of follow-up [32]. These results suggest that adhering to a Mediterranean-type diet could contribute to the prevention of age-related increase in BP [32]. In the ATTICA Study the mean value of the MedDiet Score was 25.5 (±3) for men and 27 (±3) for women (p<0.001). The prevalence of HTN was 36.6% in men and 23.7% in women (p<0.001) [33]. Diet score was 23.5±6.4 in hypertensive and 26.8±6.6 in normotensive individuals (p<0.001). The sensitivity of defining people with HTN was higher than for any other CVD risk factor, suggesting that the adoption of MD reduces the risk for HTN [33]. In an elderly population of Cyprus, another Mediterranean Country, 60% of men and 58% of women have HTN, along with other classical CVD risk factors [34]. A 10-unit increase in the MedDietScore was associated with 21% lower odds of having one additional risk factor, including HTN, in women (p< 0.001) and with 14% lower odds in men (p=0.05) [34]. The results of the CARDIO2000 study [35] point out that the adoption of MD by physically active subjects seems to significantly reduce the coronary heart disease (CHD) events and prevent, just about, the one-third of acute CHD syndromes, in controlled subjects with HTN [35]. This supports the idea that MD combined with physical activity provides substantial protection from acute coronary events in patients with HTN [35]. Other data from the SUN Study also [36] suggest that there is an inverse relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and the prevalence of nonpreviously diagnosed HTN in a Mediterranean population with a very high intake of both fat (paradoxically) and plantderived foods [36]. There was a 77 % reduction in the prevalence of HTN for those with the higher consumption of both fruit and vegetables compared with those at the lower quintiles of both food groups [36]. This inverse relationship was also evident when considering BP as a continuous variable, with a mean systolic BP and diastolic BP of 2.2 mmHg lower for those with the highest consumption of fruit and vegetables compared with those with the lowest intake [36]. The study concludes that in a Mediterranean population, with an elevated fat consumption, a high fruit and vegetable intake is inversely associated with BP levels [36]. From the same (SUN) study it was reported that there is an inverse association between fiber or fruit/vegetable consumption and weight gain, thus emphasizing the importance of replacing some dietary compounds by such foods and fiber-rich products, which may help to avoid weight gain [37]. This brinks about the issue of MD and obesity, mainly central, which is the key clinical manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MetS); this includes HTN. Data suggest that the prevalence of MetS has dramatically increased during the recent years, especially in Western Countries and South East Asia [38]. More than one third (35 %) of adults in the U.S. could be characterized as having the MetS, which translates to nearly 84 million U.S. adults affected by MetS [38]. Unfortunately the prevalence of MetS in Mediterranean Countries is high (one forth of the adult population), although definitely lower than that in U.S. [39,40]. It has been shown by prospective cohort studies, cross-sectional studies and clinical trials that adherence to the MD was associated with reduced risk of the MetS and its individual components also, in particular waist circumference, triglycerides levels, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), BP levels and glucose metabolism [38,41]. These effects of MD increase life expectancy in patients with MetS [42]. On the other hand, Mediterranean countries, such as Greece, have experienced a rapid social-economic change in the last 15 years and recently an economic crisis; both having negative impacts on healthy eating. These community changes affect nutritional habits and there is a tendency to abandon the traditional healthy MD [43]. However, if we continue to try at the elementary school level, things might be better than they look. A study aiming to examine the long-term effects of the "Cretan Health and Nutrition Education Program" on BP, examined several parameters: BP, dietary, anthropometrical and physical activity data nearly 10 years after the original study (at baseline year 1992-1993, and follow-up examination at year 2001-2002) [44]. The findings of the study revealed that the increase over the 10- year period in systolic BP and diastolic BP was higher in the control group than in the MD intervention group (P=0.003 and P<0.001 respectively). These facts are encouraging, indicating favorable changes in BP, micronutrients intake, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity over a 10-year period and 4 years after program's cessation [44]. We just have to keep trying to establish MD at an early age. In brief, MD reduces CVD risk and this action could be at least in part attributed to the reduction of BP and MetS. Given that the complete adoption of MD is practically impossible, a high degree of adherence is desirable. This could substantially reduce adverse CVD events as well as the incidence of acute coronary syndromes, by one third, If combined with a high level of physical activity. A high adherence to MD also reduces the prevalence of MetS, a part of which is HTN, and diminishes its clinical consequences, improving life expectancy. It is more effective if MD is adopted early in life.