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Journal articles on the topic 'Productive Force'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Işikara, Güney, and Özgür Narin. "The Potentials and Limits of Computing Technologies for Socialist Planning." Science & Society 86, no. 2 (April 2022): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/siso.2022.86.2.269.

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The notion of productive forces is usually grasped from a narrow perspective which reduces its content to technology and productivity. The distinction between force (Kraft) and its expression (Äußerung) plays a key role in Marx's dialectical analysis. Insofar as force is the outcome of a relation in dialectics, productive forces comprise an active element, namely labor. It is through the mediation of this active element that relations of production intervene in the process of expression of productive forces, which indicates the agency, that is the subversive subject, its empowerment and possibilities. Under capitalism, all aspects of individual and social life are reduced parameters to serve the overriding principle of profit maximization. Only the empowerment of working people can avoid such parameterization of society, which requires the abolition of the law of value as well as private property in the means of production, but is not granted by this abolition. The empowerment of workers is not an outcome of the advancement of productive forces, but is rather a significant element of the latter.

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2

Kulik, Viktor Ivanovich, and Ivan Viktorovich Kulik. "Productive force and labour productivity." Science in figures, no. 4 (5) (December 5, 2017): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-464292.

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3

Wickham, Chris. "Productive Forces and the Economic Logic of the Feudal Mode of Production." Historical Materialism 16, no. 2 (2008): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920608x296051.

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AbstractThis article returns to the debate about the relative importance of the productive forces and the relations of production in the feudal mode of production. It argues, using western medieval evidence, that this relation is an empirical one and varies between modes, maybe also inside modes; and that, in the specific case of feudalism, not only were the relations of production the driving force, but developments in the productive forces actually depended upon them.

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4

Uliukaev, A. "Freedom as a Direct Productive Force." Problems in Economics 34, no. 1 (May 1991): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pet1061-199134016.

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5

Didovets, Alina. "ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ВІДТВОРЕННЯ ПРОДУКТИВНИХ СИЛ В УМОВАХ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ." PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT, no. 1(21) (2020): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5215-2020-1(21)-151-159.

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The article summarizes the scientific material on the topic, substantiates the idea that the decisive condition for economic and social growth of the country is the reproduction of productive forces, the territorial features, condition and nature of which depend on the modern development of all regions of Ukraine. The categorical and meaningful characteristic of the concept of «productive forces» is understood, by which we understand the totality of human, material and other force elements, with their inherent forming effect, which are involved in the production of means, maintenance of the conditions of human existence, social progress and self-reproductive capacity of nature, and social community, but taking into account the principle of improving the environmental situation, which will require the greening of consciousness, legislation, management. The principles of allocation of productive forces are given, among them: rational and complex placement of production, balance and proportionality of distribution of production, domestic and international division of labor, limited centralism. It is proved that the process of globalization of the world economy creates the need for European integration of Ukraine, which, in turn, will contribute to radical transformations in the way of increasing the level of socio-economic development of a democratic state and the restoration of productive forces through the restoration of all factors of production.

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6

Schlupmann, Heide, and Jamie Owen Daniel. "Femininity as Productive Force: Kluge and Critical Theory." New German Critique, no. 49 (1990): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/488375.

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7

Liu, Feiying. "Stereotype: a productive force and its new danger." International Communication of Chinese Culture 2, no. 1 (May 2015): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40636-015-0011-4.

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8

Shibanova, Anna Anatolievna. "INFORMATION AS A PRODUCTIVE FORCE OF MODERN SOCIETY." Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 11 (2022): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47576/2712-7516_2022_11_4_323.

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9

Feldman, Alex J. "Power, labour power and productive force in Foucault’s reading of Capital." Philosophy & Social Criticism 45, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 307–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453718798416.

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This article uses Foucault’s lecture courses to illuminate his reading of Marx’s Capital in Discipline and Punish. Foucault finds in Marx’s account of cooperation a precedent for his own approach to power. In turn, Foucault helps us rethink the concepts of productive force and labour power in Marx. Foucault is shown to be particularly interested in one of Marx’s major themes in Capital, parts III–IV: the subsumption of labour under capital. In Discipline and Punish and The Punitive Society, Foucault offers a genealogy of the forms of labour power ( Arbeitskraft) and productive force ( Produktivkraft). One of his central problems is to understand how labour power is converted in productive force and how, prior to that, productive subjects who can properly bear and dispose of their labour power are formed. Foucault’s reading of Capital resonates with those currents of Marx interpretation today that seek to repoliticize the concept of productive force and to offer a materialist account of subject formation.

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10

Ciechocińska, M. "Remarks on the Geographical Nature of Social Infrastructure Provision in a Centrally Planned Economy." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 6, no. 3 (September 1988): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c060349.

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In this paper the regional organization of collective services in socialist countries is discussed. Social infrastructure is a key aspect of regional activity. Within socialist economies shortage, or unsatisfied demand, is a driving force which stimulates natural tendencies to management stabilization in which bureaucratic structures control the distribution of goods and services. There are two rival models of regional infrastructure provision: Orientation to places of production, or orientation to places of residence. Within either model a hierarchical structure is necessary. It is becoming necessary in socialist countries to appraise the administrative consequences of social goods provision as well as of productive forces. This creates major challenges to link the productive and residence orientation of administration. This, in turn, suggests a need for a more flexible rather than a uniform approach to settlement planning.

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11

Frantz, Rolf. "CERTIFICATION CORNER - PRACTICE ANALYSIS TASK FORCE COMPLETES VERY PRODUCTIVE MEETING." IEEE Communications Magazine 45, no. 7 (July 2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2007.382652.

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12

Gomez, Guillermo A., Robert W. McLachlan, and Alpha S. Yap. "Productive tension: force-sensing and homeostasis of cell–cell junctions." Trends in Cell Biology 21, no. 9 (September 2011): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2011.05.006.

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13

Chaudhry, M. Ghaffar, and Zubeda Khan. "Female Labour Force Participation Rates in Rural Pakistan: Some Fundamental Explanations and Policy Implications." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i4pp.687-698.

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Labour supply is a key element in socio-economic development, and although the size, growth and composition of population have a strong bearing on its supply in an economy, the actual labour supply is a function of the labour force participation rate defined as the ratio of the population engaged in or seeking gainful employment to the working-age population. In Pakistan gainful employment means not only work for pay or profit but also unpaid help from family members, and the working-age population refers to the group of those aged 10 years or more. Although the use of labour force for computing participation rates has been criticised on the ground that it lays undue emphasis on market activities which have little relevance tb the less developed countries, particularly to the rural sector, (Standing 1978), it is nonetheless useful in studying household decisions regarding allocation of available time between productive and non-productive activities (Rees 1973). It is basically this division of labour between productive and non-productive activities that sheds light on the degree of development of an economy and, therefore, on the organization of factors of production (Yotopoulos 1986). The significance of rural participation rates, especially those of females, is noteworthy in this regard as there is a positive association between female productive work and the level of development achieved (Denti 1968). Female participation rates are also important for a proper understanding of the productive and reproductive roles of the population. As more than 70 percent of rural population depends on agriculture for its livelihood and rural females are nearly half of the total, their participation rates may be of critical importance in determining the rates of saving, investment and productivity in agriculture. It may also be noted that availability of labour in agriculture is also a function of the ready availability of female labour, especially for such operations as are performed exclusively by females, e.g. cotton picking.

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14

Knoche, Manfred. "The Crisis-Ridden Capitalist Mode of Production as Driving Force for Restructurations and Transformations in and of the Media Industry: Explanatory Theoretical Elements of a Critique of the Political Economy of the Media." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 17, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 287–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v17i2.1137.

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The goal of this article is to explain long term restructurations and transformations of the media industry. In order to do so, the article uses theory elements of a critique of the political economy of the media. The paper is a contribution to the development of theoretical approaches that provide a theoretical analysis of the media in capitalism based on Karl Marx’s concepts. The capitalist mode of production is the primary driving force of media corporations‘ strategic action and of the media economy’s structural transformations. Factors that are of particular relevance in such structural transformations include profit orientation, capital accumulation, capitalist crises, state policies, behaviour of producers and consumers, private property, class relations, the antagonism between productive forces and relations of production, the antagonism of variable and constant capitalism, the antagonism of use-value and exchange-value, and competition. Competition, capital’s need to survive, and capitalism’s immanent crisis potentials force corporations try to create innovations such as new digital technologies. Informatisation, which includes the use of the computer as universal machine and the Internet, is the provisionally latest stage in the development of the productive forces that has affected media technologies and the media industry. The capital-driven structural digital transformation of the media industry has resulted in the convergence of production, distribution and consumption, the creation of a variety of non-tangible digital products, digital rationalisation and automation, and the universal real subsumption of labour under capital. These developments have also created the potential potentials for overcoming the capitalist character of the media economy and advancing decommodification based on the emergence of a universal digital media system.

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15

Zyablyuk, Rimma Trofimovna. "Formation of the economics noosphere in the process of the industrial revolution." Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2207-02.

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The article deals with the system of the modern industrial revolution and the content of labor, which forms the technotronic level of productive forces. The result of the interaction of the system elements is the formation of the third division of the economic space, i.e. the noosphere, and the process of gradual transformation of science into the main productive force. It is considered what changes should take place in the education system in order to correspond to these transformations. The materials of the article can be used in the educational process within the framework of the "Economics" and "Marketing" majors.

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16

Oizerman, T. I. "On the Russian Nation and Science as the Chief Productive Force." Russian Studies in Philosophy 47, no. 4 (April 2009): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rsp1061-1967470402.

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17

Kulik, Viktor Ivanovich, and Ivan Viktorovich Kulik. "About productive force and labour productivity (the analysis of journal article)." Science in figures, no. 1 (6) (March 16, 2018): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-469006.

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18

Holzfeind, Thomas, Christian Kanzian, Karl Stampfer, and Franz Holzleitner. "Assessing Cable Tensile Forces and Machine Tilt of Winch-Assisted Forwarders on Steep Terrain under Real Working Conditions." Croatian journal of forest engineering 40, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2019.621.

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Winch-assisted forwarders are now commonly accepted as an innovative alternative for extracting wood on challenging terrain. In order to assess safety risks, it is necessary to know the tensile forces in the steel wire rope and their interaction with the machine tilt under real working conditions. In this study, the tensile force and the machine tilt of two winch-assisted forwarders (John Deere 1210E and Komatsu 840TX) were observed for about 15 work hours without delays on two different stands in Austria. The tensile force data and the machine tilt data were separated by work elements. The mean tensile force ranged from 18.1 kN for unloading up to 56.8 kN for loading activities. During the measurements, the cable tensile force exceeded 50% of the minimum breaking strength (MBS) only twice. The maximum observed tensile force was 174.5 kN or 82.7% of the MBS, respectively, which led to a failure of the steel cable. For the machine tilt, a maximum of 80% was measured during loading and driving during loading. John Deere 1210E was operated 31% of the productive work time above the manufacturers tilt limit. For Komatsu 840TX, the manufacturers’ maximum tilt limit was exceeded only twice. The study also showed that peaks with an amplitude of up to 50 kN can occur within a few centiseconds, which highlights the need of high measurement rates, when measuring cable tensile force of winch-assisted machinery. The detailed analysis of the peaks showed that 90% of the pit-to-peak amplitudes ≥20 kN occurred during driving activities. Only 10% of pit-to-peak amplitudes ≥20 kN were measured during loading activities, although loading took about 43.5% of the productive work time. As such, the study results confirm that amplitudes of peaks in tensile force, and hence safety risks, are significantly higher during driving than during loading.

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19

Kulik, Viktor Ivanovich, and Ivan Viktorovich Kulik. "About productive force and labour productivity (questions of the theory and practice)." Science in figures, no. 1 (6) (March 16, 2018): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-466339.

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20

Wheatland, M. S., and S. A. Gilchrist. "Nonlinear force-free modeling of magnetic fields in flare-productive active regions." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, S320 (August 2015): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316000387.

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AbstractWe review nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) modeling of magnetic fields in active regions. The NLFFF model (in which the electric current density is parallel to the magnetic field) is often adopted to describe the coronal magnetic field, and numerical solutions to the model are constructed based on photospheric vector magnetogram boundary data. Comparative tests of NLFFF codes on sets of boundary data have revealed significant problems, in particular associated with the inconsistency of the model and the data. Nevertheless NLFFF modeling is often applied, in particular to flare-productive active regions. We examine the results, and discuss their reliability.

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21

Carson, Scott Alan. "Nineteenth century stature and family size: binding constraint or productive labor force?" Review of Economics of the Household 10, no. 1 (February 24, 2011): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-011-9119-4.

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22

Kutsenko, V. I. "MECHANISMS FOR PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: LOCATION AND ROLE OF SOCIAL SPHERE." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (Series: Economics and Management in the Oil and Gas Industry), no. 1(19) (May 21, 2019): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2409-0948-2019-1(19)-96-108.

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The article is devoted to topical issues of formation of sustainable development in Ukraine. In this regard, the essence of sustainable development is revealed in the context of the place and role of the social sphere as its the leading factor. The structure and main components of sustainable development are revealed. The role in the process of sustainable development of the social sphere is noted, in particular, its components such as education, health care, culture, organized recreation. The analysis of relevant socio-economic indicators was performed. Particular attention is paid to identifying the problems of development of these components of the social sphere in the context of globalization and European integration. We prove that in these conditions serious changes occur with the main productive force, in particular, the growth of the educational and cultural level of workers of modern production. We emphasize the growth of the specific weight of mental activity. The strategy of managing sustainable development processes is disclosed taking into account the factors influencing these processes. The attention is focused on the fact that the development of the social sphere contributes to the acceleration of the development of productive forces, the convergence of material and cultural conditions of life, predetermines significant changes in the system of social relations, which allows for sustainable development. Considerable attention is paid to the formation of mechanisms to ensure the growth of the educational and intellectual potential of the country and the promotion of human health - the main productive force of society, as well as mechanisms that ensure the efficient use of resources, which contributes to the sustainable development of both the economy in general and the social sphere in particular. Thus, it is important not only to ensure the growth of the social sphere, but also its effective use.

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23

Budak, Yusuf. "The explanation force of question types for learning." Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14527/c1s1m1.

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Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of questions on learning asked at their levels and contribute to create a common sense concerning the significance of asking questions in education and support the self-improvement of both lecturers and students in this issue. Results It is likely to say that question is not only a tool of evaluation and guidance in education but also a significant device as a basic motivator in the process of learning and teaching. Therefore depending on the classification by Moore, formed with inspiration from Bloom (1956), the force of types of questions in explaining learning was tested. Empirical method was used as the force of so called question types in explaining the level of learning was tested in terms of access. The research was conducted over three groups of students in the course of classroom management. Test groups were made up of factual, empirical and productive questions and students were assigned to the groups randomly. In each group the question-answer method was used commonly. The group where the method of the question-answer method and factual questions were used comprised the 1st test group, the group where the question-answer method, factual and empirical questions were used comprised the 2nd test group and the group where the question-answer method, factual, empirical and productive questions were used comprised the 3rd test group. The reliability coefficient of access test (KR21) was found 0.65 after pre-test. The subjects of the research were made up of 3rd grade students of Gazi University, Faculty of Vocational Education. The technique of regression analysis was used in the analysis of the data. Depending on the findings obtained, it was found that factual questions explained 31% of the total access, using factual and empirical questions together explained 53% of the total access whereas, using factual, empirical and productive questions together explained 30% of the total access. Discussion Depending on the standardized regression (Î²) coefficient observed in the research, the relative order of significance over the access of question types comprising predictive variables is in the form of factual, productive and empirical questions. These results indicate that using questions in the process of learning and teaching is a significant variable. It is also likely to say that learning at informative level could relatively be learned more easily and that this type of learning forms a basis for other learning. Concerning the result of the research, neglecting the learning forms a basis for other learning. Concerning the result of the research, neglecting the learning at the factual level (knowledge and perception) could result in challenges in learning at higher levels. As we consider that cognitive field taxonomy explains the learning hierarchy from simple to difficult, it is possible to say that learning at factual level and the questions for this type of learning are indispensable in education. On the other hand, the fact that using factual and empirical questions together explains 53% of the learning concerning the topic used within the research could be expressed with the fact that so called learning covers the majority of the cognitive field. Employing the questions in support with other stimulators when necessary would be able to raise almost mean value of 38% obtained concerning the level of clarity of the questions for learning to a higher level. In this sense, while it is expected that the factual, empirical and productive questions have a higher rate of explanation for learning compared to the others, an occurrence of an opposite case could be attributed to the fact that a higher level of cognitive learning cannot be realized in vocational education. Conclusion As (Î²=,298) in the 3rd test group where all three types of questions were employed, it is likely to say that almost seventy percent of the access (.702) was explained by other variables that were not included. It was found that the factual, the factual and empirical, the factual, empirical and productive questions within the research had a force of explaining the total access between almost 30% and 53% depending on the way of application. These results indicate that question is important at the process of both learning and teaching. Therefore the activities to make the students attain the skills of asking effective questions should be introduced systematically starting from primary education. It is recommended that teachers should improve themselves in terms of both asking effective questions and what kind of questions leads to what kind of mental effects and also forming the questions depending on the purpose, and should pay more attention to ask effective questions during lessons. In conclusion, whatever approach and method is used, it should not be ignored that question is one of the basic variables in putting students into interaction with the content. However, as using factual and empirical questions together has a relatively higher force of explanation for learning, it would be correct to pay particular attention to use these kinds of questions.

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24

Ai, Juan, Lun Hu, Shuhua Xia, Hongling Xiang, and Zhaojiu Chen. "Analysis of Factors Influencing the Adoption Behavior of Agricultural Productive Services Based on Logistic—ISM Model: A Case Study of Rice Farmers in Jiangxi Province, China." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010162.

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Agricultural productive services can increase grain output and farmers’ incomes, promote agricultural production efficiency and break the constraints of agricultural environmental resources. In practice, China’s agricultural productive services are developing, and the use of agricultural machinery in rice planting is not sufficient. The employment rate of machinery in farming and harvesting is high, but the employment rate of machinery in seedling raising, planting, fertilization, and pesticide spraying is very low. This paper takes rice farmers in Jiangxi Province of China as the research object, uses 647 survey data of farmers in nine counties of Jiangxi Province, constructs a logistic-ISM model, first identifies the influencing factors of rice farmers’ adoption of agricultural productive services, and then analyzes the hierarchical structure of each influencing factor. The results indicate that: (1) among the seven significant influencing factors of rice farmers’ adoption of agricultural productive services, agricultural income rate and rice planting area are the deep-rooted factors; (2) the social identity of the household head, the risk preference of the household head and the understanding degree of the social service subsidy of agricultural machinery are intermediate level factors; and (3) the age of the household head and the number of agricultural laborers in the family are the direct factors. Based on the significance analysis of the influencing factors of rice farmers’ adoption of agricultural productive services, this paper puts forward policy suggestions to strengthen policy publicity, enhance the level of farmer policy cognition; encourage the transfer of labor force and reasonable allocation of family agricultural labor force; encourage land transfer and expand the scale operation of rice; we should guide farmers reasonably and give full play to their professional advantages.

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25

Hidayah, Muhit Nur, and Lukman Hakim. "Supply Side Studies That Affect Educated Unemployed In Central Java, Indonesia." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i1.540.

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The long term demographic transition impacts on the explosion of productive age population number and even the demographic trend shows an increasing productive age population growth pattern. There is a worry that the productive age populations not be absorbed in job opportunity will be unemployed. Productive age unemployment will impact on the high educated unemployment rate. This research would analyze demographic and social factors underlying educated unemployment in Central Java in 2018 from supply side only. The data used was raw data on the result of National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) conducted by BPS-Statistics of Central Java Province on February with 3375 respondents being the sample. The methods employed were descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses. The result of research showed that age, family member number, sex, and relationship to household head, marital status, residence area, and on-the-job training variables simultaneously affected the predisposition of educated work force to be unemployed. Meanwhile, partially family member number and residence area variables did not affect an individual’s predisposition to be educated unemployed

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Maestas, Nicole, and Julie Zissimopoulos. "How Longer Work Lives Ease the Crunch of Population Aging." Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.1.139.

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Population aging is not a looming crisis of the future—it is already here. Economic challenges arise when the increase in people surviving to old age and the decline in the number of young people alive to support them cause the growth in society's consumption needs to outpace growth in its productive capacity. The ultimate impact of population aging on our standard of living in the future depends a great deal on how long people choose to work before they retire from the labor force. Here, there is reason for optimism. A constellation of forces, some just now gaining momentum, has raised labor force participation at older ages at just the time it is needed. We examine the most important factors behind the increase in labor force participation realized to date: the shift in the skill composition of the workforce, and technological change. We argue that forces such as changes in the structure of employer-provided pensions and Social Security are likely to propel future increases in labor force participation at older ages. The labor market is accommodating older workers to some degree, and older men and women are themselves adapting on a number of fronts, which could substantially lessen the economic impact of population aging. Age-related health declines and the reluctance of employers to hire and retain older workers present challenges, but the outlook for future gains in labor force participation at older ages is promising.

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27

Tang, Yuxin, Chenjie Li, Shidong Chen, and Xiufang Yuan. "The Application of IOT Technology in The Production Management of Baijiu." Frontiers in Computing and Intelligent Systems 2, no. 2 (December 26, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fcis.v2i2.3732.

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Driven by the rise of concepts, led by demonstration applications, significant technological progress and the gradual maturity of the industry, the Internet of things is accelerating its transformation into realistic scientific and technological productive forces, and the Internet of things has become an important driving force for a new round of global scientific and technological revolution and industrial change. This paper introduces the present situation of the research and application of the development of the Internet of things in liquor production management in the new period， and establishes a monitoring and traceability system for the whole process of liquor production around intelligent management and automatic production. The new Internet of things technology and information and network means are applied to the traditional brewing process，all kinds of information from different production links are collected and transmitted to the intelligent integrated management and control platform. Realize the processing and comprehensive application of production process information.

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28

Nasir, Zafar Mueen. "Do Private Schools Produce More Productive Workers?" Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4II (December 1, 1999): 937–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.937-954.

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Education has positive links with economic development as it raises the productivity of the work force. Beside private rates of returns, the social returns of education are also high. Because of the gains to society, education is subsidised in many countries. Pakistan, where only 2.5 percent of the GDP is spent on education, provides subsidised education in the form of a public school system.1 Government pays for the major expenditures such as construction of infrastructure for education and salaries to the teaching and related staff. Household cost is kept low to attract more people to send their children to schools. Therefore only a nominal tuition fee is being charged for attending these schools.

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Krstić, Dalibor, Snežana Krstić, and Bojan Brajković. "Analysis of agricultural farms in Jablanica district with emphasis on Bojnik municipality." Odrzivi razvoj 4, no. 2 (2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/odrraz2202019k.

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Unfortunately, the Republic of Serbia has no perspective of access to the new global capital market, because the painstaking, still unfinished transition process has destroyed any competitive market potential. Agricultural production is still one of the main economic branches. Agricultural land is one of the most important factors of agricultural production. It is often the subject of contention both locally and internationally across all uses as centers of power force the use of agricultural land for non-productive purposes.

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Párraga Bazurto, Fernando, Adriana Celi, Liliana Corozo, and Leonardo Solís. "Importance of paclobutrazol in out-of-season citrus production." Manglar 19, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/manglar.2022.015.

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Stationary variability is a problem for fruit producers and producers in general, hence tools that help to crop at any season would be an alternative to yield. For this reason, the use of growth regulators is a choice; for example, paclobutrazol (PBZ) has been used to strengthen alternativity in production. This article aims to investigate the importance of PBZ in the forced production of citrus fruits. PBZ has been involved in inhibiting the synthesis of gibberellins and auxins, shortening the elongation and cell division; its use in citrus has been studied to force production to obtain it when the supply is low and thus contribute to the producer's economy. PBZ increases plant tolerance to cold weather, keeping grafted buds in a dominant state during adverse conditions; inhibits plant growth by inducing flower buds by influencing early fruit ripening, and maximizing plant yield and fruit quality. This compound allows to optimize the yield of plants, promoting the production in any season, thus balancing the productive alternation.

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Kumashiro, Masaharu. "Ergonomics strategies and actions for achieving productive use of an ageing work-force." Ergonomics 43, no. 7 (July 2000): 1007–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/001401300409189.

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32

Moon, Dawne. "Powerful emotions: symbolic power and the (productive and punitive) force of collective feeling." Theory and Society 42, no. 3 (March 22, 2013): 261–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11186-013-9190-3.

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Dekkers, Peter J. J. M., and Gerard D. Thijs. "Making productive use of students' initial conceptions in developing the concept of force." Science Education 82, no. 1 (January 1998): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-237x(199801)82:1<31::aid-sce3>3.0.co;2-1.

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Kulik, V., and I. Kulik. "LABOUR AND KAPITAL: DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTIVE FORCE AND INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOUR DURING THE EPOCH OF THE MODERN SOCIETY." EurasianUnionScientists 5, no. 11(80) (December 14, 2020): 37–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.5.80.1130.

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Authors consider means of work, as «productive force of a societ » and cost as the intermediary between various kinds of work without what it is impossible to understand "labour productivity", and show dialectics of their development which results in change, both a way of manufacture of products, and to change of relations of production that is reflected in structure of the public capital and an end-product of a society.

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35

Shirobokov, Anton, Fritz Klocke, Oksana Baer, Andreas Feuerhack, Daniel Trauth, and Martin Wahl. "Finite element modelling of cutting force in shearing of multidirectional carbon fibre reinforced plastic laminates." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 28 (April 19, 2018): 3865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318771145.

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Lightweight structural components made of carbon fibre reinforced plastics are manufactured near-net-shape. However, in order to fulfil geometrical or functional requirements, carbon fibre reinforced plastic components have to be trimmed and pierced in a finish processing step. Shearing is a highly productive technology that is potentially suitable for cost-effective finishing of carbon fibre reinforced plastic components in high-volume series production. Shearing of carbon fibre reinforced plastic has not yet been sufficiently researched. Cutting force is an important characteristic of the shearing process. Up to now, there exists limited knowledge on numerical modelling of the cutting forces in carbon fibre reinforced plastic shearing. In order to address this, a finite element process model of carbon fibre reinforced plastic trimming was developed in this work. The process modelling included a formulation of continuum mechanical material model for a unidirectional ply as well as a development of a kinematic model of the trimming process. The developed finite element process model was validated by means of experimental data. The simulated and experimentally determined maximum specific cutting forces demonstrated a very good qualitative and quantitative agreement.

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Belyaev, V. I., and O. V. Kuznetsova. "PRECARIATE AND EROSION OF THE LABOR FORCE REPRODUCTION: CONTENT OF THE PROBLEM, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, RESULTS." Economics Profession Business, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb201996.

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The article is devoted to the study of the content of the relationship between the labor force reproduction with such factors of labor activity as informal employment and labor precariatization. These factors impede the enrichment of the informal employer’s work content, the improvement of their qualifications, and, consequently, the qualitative reproduction of the labor force. On a society scale, they are a brake on economic growth and economic development, considered in the context of the interaction of productive forces and social and labor relations. The article reflects the results of the study and the quantitative assessment of informal employment in the Russian Federation, as one of the sources of the formation of the precariat, which are presented in statistics according to the OKVED-2 classification. Based on the results of the study, a system of measures aimed at reducing the potential of informal employment and precariatisation of labor was proposed in order to create more favorable conditions for the reproduction of the labor force, economic growth and development.

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NAUMOVICH, O. "SOME ASPECTS OF CHANGING THE TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE." Экономическая наука сегодня, no. 6 (December 21, 2017): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-6667-2017-6-26-30.

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In the process of research, the specific phenomenological nature of the high technological order in the transitive economy is shown, the essence of which is the cardinal changes in all elements of the productive forces: in the means and objects of labor, in the labor force, in serious shifts in their quality, the degree of perfection, efficiency. On this basis, it was established that the current stage of development of the economy of the Republic of Belarus is characterized by the formation of a new balance of peripheral and dominant structures.

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38

Yong, He, Yu Jing Sun, Mao Jie Ge, Jian Feng Li, and Jie Sun. "Milling Experimental Investigation on Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V under Different Cooling/Lubrication Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 325 (August 2011): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.325.406.

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Cooling/lubrication conditions have significant influences on surface integrity, chip morphology, tool life and eventually productive efficiency when machining titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Milling experiment under different cooling/lubrication conditions, namely dry, wet, MQL and nitrogen gas jet were conducted. Cutting forces, surface roughness and chip morphology are obtained. It is shown that cooling/lubrication conditions influence cutting force greatly while its effect on surface roughness is not obvious. The chip surface contacted with rake face under nitrogen gas is smoother than that under dry, but there exists nitrogen adsorption of the chip at higher speed.

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39

Wellschmied, Felix. "The welfare effects of asset mean‐testing income support." Quantitative Economics 12, no. 1 (2021): 217–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1241.

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This paper studies the savings and employment effects of the asset means‐test in US income support programs using a structural life‐cycle model with productivity, disability, and unemployment risk. An asset means‐test incentivizes low‐income households to hold few financial assets making them vulnerable to predictable and unpredictable income changes. Moreover, it incentivizes relatively productive households that happen to have few financial assets to leave the labor force. However, it allows for relative generous transfers to households in most need. Moreover, it counteracts relatively productive households leaving the labor force after the age of 50. In terms of the welfare of an unborn household, the asset means‐test that optimally trades off these effects is $150,000, and abolishing it is close to optimal.

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Wellschmied, Felix. "The welfare effects of asset mean‐testing income support." Quantitative Economics 12, no. 1 (2021): 217–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1241.

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This paper studies the savings and employment effects of the asset means‐test in US income support programs using a structural life‐cycle model with productivity, disability, and unemployment risk. An asset means‐test incentivizes low‐income households to hold few financial assets making them vulnerable to predictable and unpredictable income changes. Moreover, it incentivizes relatively productive households that happen to have few financial assets to leave the labor force. However, it allows for relative generous transfers to households in most need. Moreover, it counteracts relatively productive households leaving the labor force after the age of 50. In terms of the welfare of an unborn household, the asset means‐test that optimally trades off these effects is $150,000, and abolishing it is close to optimal.

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41

Дороніна, Майя Степанівна, and Дар’я Геннадіївна Михайленко. "ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНІ ГРОМАДИ ЯК ПРОДУКТИВНА СИЛА РЕГІОНУ." TIME DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC REFORMS, no. 2 (July 9, 2022): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/cher.2022.2.02.

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The current stage of restoration of Ukrainian society requires in-depth study and improvement of theories and concepts of economics. Effective deployment of the country's productive forces and balanced development of its regions is an important condition for ensuring sustainable development of the national economy as a whole. A special direction of economic science has already been singled out in Ukraine: 08.00.05 development of productive forces and regional economy. Many recommendations have already been provided in relevant studies, but there are still many opportunities to make this more effective. The purpose of the study is to analyze and develop practical recommendations for the use of local communities as a productive force of the regions to ensure sustainable development of the national economy as a whole. The methodological basis of the study were legislative and regulatory acts, modern scientific and applied research of territorial communities. In order to substantiate proposals for the enrichment of productive forces by such a complex entity as a united territorial community, the article uses dialectical methods, the results of research on various disciplines of the humanities, methods and principles of scientific knowledge. The main hypothesis of the study was the assumption of the possibility of organizing viable territorial communities and using their combined potential to restore the positive dynamics of the economy in the postwar period. Presenting main material. The relationship between the role of economic and social capital in productive activity has changed in favor of social, which led to the definition of enterprise as an organization - a kind of social system, uniting people who jointly pursue a common goal and act on certain principles and rules. Important factors in the socio-economic development of society as a whole include the ability not only of scientists but also of individual businesses to generate and effectively use new knowledge about the nature of complex phenomena. The use of this knowledge provides organizations with an increase in intellectual capital, creates guarantees of high competitiveness. The originality and practical significance of the study is due to the analysis of the structural components of cluster formations, taking into account regional characteristics. Conclusions and prospects for further research. Important factors in the socio-economic development of society as a whole include the ability not only of scientists but also of individual businesses to generate and effectively use new knowledge about the nature of complex phenomena. Analysis and development of practical recommendations for the use of territorial communities as a productive force of the regions create the basis for determining the current reserves for the restoration of society in the postwar period. Under the new economic conditions, the requirements for the coordination of economic efficiency and social justice, professional mobility of the employee are growing.

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Lei, Chen Jian, Jun He Yu, Hong Fei Zhan, Lei Chen, and Zhong Ren Jiang. "Multi-Objective Optimization Design for Double Toggle Clamping Unit of Injection Molding Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.15.

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Clamping unit is an important component of injection molding machine. The clamping force and the clamping speed of clamping unit not only effect on the quality of molding products, but also determine the cyclic number. The large force amplification and large stroke ratio can reduce energy consumption and improve the productive efficiency. In this article, force amplification ratio and stroke ratio were used as the optimization goals. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm was used as the optimization method. The optimization result was better than the original design. So this article provides a reference for the same or similar product’s optimization.

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43

Kafkalas, G. "State and Capital as the Agents of Spatial Integration in the World Economy." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 5, no. 3 (September 1987): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d050303.

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The concept of spatial integration refers to the various forms of institutional control over the social and technical aspects of the division of labour in respect to the corresponding geographical or spatial patterns of production. It is a specific feature of late capitalism that the process of integration acquires a nonterritorial character as the evolution of functional (corporate and sectoral) integration leads towards the disarticulation of territorial productive systems. As the various local, regional, or national interests realise the negative effects of their dependence upon international branch circuits, they demand greater autonomy and strive towards the achievement of greater territorial self-reliance. In this way, the social, political, and economic conflicts and contradictions about the location of productive activities (that is, the spatial aspects of ownership and control of the means of production) become the major force behind the transformation of the international division of labour.

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44

Marsden, Richard. "A POLITICAL TECHNOLOGY OF THE BODY: HOW LABOUR IS ORGANIZED INTO A PRODUCTIVE FORCE." Critical Perspectives on Accounting 9, no. 1 (February 1998): 99–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cpac.1997.0199.

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45

Thamrin, Syahruni. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI USAHATANI KOPI ARABIKA DI KABUPATEN ENREKANG SULAWESI SELATAN." Agric 26, no. 1 (March 8, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/agric.2014.v26.i1.p1-6.

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<p>This study aims to identify and analyze the factors that affect the production of Arabica coffee in Enrekang. This study used survey method to conduct interviews with 100 randomly sampled Arabica coffee farmers and site visit to their farms. Factors affecting farm production were analyzed using the Cobb Douglass production function and estimated using least squares method . There were ten coffee production factors assessed: land size, number of productive plants, quantities of Urea, ZA, SP36, KCl, pesticides, herbicides, manure, as well as labor force. Variables that significantly affect Arabica coffee production in Enrekang are the amount of urea, ZA, herbicides, manure, and labor.</p>

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46

Bernardes, Júlia Adão, and Antonio Alves da Silva. "Notas sobre a dinâmica do capital no complexo da soja." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 20 (January 1, 1997): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/1997_0_27-37.

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This work intends to analyse the spatial results obtained by the introduction of new techniques by the soybean agro-industry in the Rondonópolis region (Mato Grosso State). Many radical transformations can be observed as the interaction of many new productive activities. Besides the expansive characteristic of the soybean production, it is presenting a new articulation with different productive circuits. This new reality creates social divisions that involve much competition, transforming the previous existing social order. The region proves to have the capacity of absorbing new scientific research and qualified workers, together with important communication facilities. All this happens due to the efficiency of free enterprise and its incredible force to change the environment, transforming the whole region by introducing new tendencies, changing the division of work and giving the area a very dynamic reality.

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47

Bobrovskij, Igor, Alexander Khaimovich, Nikolaj Bobrovskij, and Aleksander D’yakonov. "Determination of Wide Burnishing Energy-Force Parameters based on Constructing the Kinematically Admissible Velocity Field." Metals 10, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010046.

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Processing technology using productive surface plastic deformation (SPD) was developed and is known as “wide burnishing” (WB). The mechanics of new WB technology differs from classic SPD technologies (rolling or burnishing). For example, force, applied during burnishing, is equal to 150–300 N, but for WB it is equal to 2500–5000 N due to implementing this process in mass production, characterized with limited processing time (3–4 turns of the work piece). WB also has a high degree of deformation due to a multiple deformation passes. An analytical study of burnishing with the upper bound approach method energy-force parameters was carried out. Its results were compared with the results of finite elements analysis in Deform 2D and with experimental data. Field of reasonable burnishing parameters, assuring minimum surface roughness, was determined experimentally.

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48

Ihlenfeldt, Steffen, Jens Müller, Marcel Merx, and Christoph Peukert. "Kinematically Coupled Force Compensation—Experimental Results and Advanced Design for the 1D-Implementation." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3010024.

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Typically, the feed dynamics of machine tools are limited to reduce excitations of machine structure oscillations. Consequently, the potential increase in productivity provided by electrical direct drives cannot be exploited. The novel approach of the Kinematically Coupled Force Compensation (KCFC) combines the principles of redundant axes and force compensation to achieve an increase in the machine’s feed dynamics. Because the drive reaction forces are directly applied to the machine frame, they cancel out each other perfectly if the relative motion at the Tool Centre Point (TCP) is split according to the mass ratio of the slides. In this paper, the principle of KCFC is introduced briefly and possible improvements in the design of machine structures and control are presented. The results of experimental investigations obtained by means of a 1D-KCFC Test Bed illustrate the effectiveness of the principle. Moreover, a further increase of the compensation quality can be achieved by decoupling the force flow from the machine frame, by means of elastic elements. Finally, an outlook on future research with reference to the 1D-implementation as well as possible applications of the KCFC in highly productive processes is given.

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Bracy, Pauletta Brown. "From the President: Productive Engagement in Salary Equity." North Carolina Libraries 62, no. 2 (January 19, 2009): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3776/ncl.v62i2.139.

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Former American Library Association President Maurice Freedman launched a campaign of awareness and action during his 2002-2003 tenure. He appointed the Better Salaries and Pay Equity Task Force which published a helpful resource, Advocating for Better Salaries and Pay Equity Toolkit (2003). The task force’s pay equity advocacy program is founded on the reality of a predominately female workforce which is less well paid than those in fields of comparable work dominated by males. Simply defined, pay equity means that all people receive equal pay for work regardless of race or gender. Salaries of librarians regrettably lag behind those of other professions. In 2002, the average estimated salary of librarians was $44,430, according to the U.S. Department of Labor National Occupational Employment and Wages Survey. Pertaining to type of library, the following salaries were posted:

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50

Bazaluk, Oleg, Orest Slabyi, Vasyl Vekeryk, Andrii Velychkovych, Liubomyr Ropyak, and Vasyl Lozynskyi. "A Technology of Hydrocarbon Fluid Production Intensification by Productive Stratum Drainage Zone Reaming." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 3514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123514.

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The paper proposes a new technology for fluid production intensification, in particular hydrocarbons, which is implemented via significant increasing of the local wellbore diameter in the interval, where the productive stratum is present. The proposed technology improves the well productivity by increasing the filtration surface area and opening new channels for filtering fluids into the well. The innovative, technical idea is to drill large diameter circular recesses in planes perpendicular to the well axis. After that, the rock mass located between the circular recesses are destroyed by applying static or dynamic axial loads. The required value of the axial force is provided by the weight of the standard drilling tool. As a result of the study, the analytical relations to specify the admissible radius of circular recesses and admissible thickness of rock mass between two adjacent circular recesses from the condition of safe operation are obtained. The numerical analysis carried out for typical reservoir rocks substantiated the possibility of well diameter local reaming twenty times. A special tool for circular recess drilling is developed and the principle of its operation is described. The advantage of the proposed approaches is the low energy consumption for well diameter reaming. Our technology will have special economic expediency for the intensification of production from hydrodynamically imperfect wells and under the condition of fluid filtration according to the expressed nonlinear law.

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