Academic literature on the topic 'Production sharing contrat'
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Journal articles on the topic "Production sharing contrat"
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Santos, Gilberto Santiago Silva, Michel de Matos Tosta, and Odilanei Morais Dos Santos. "THE INFORMATIONAL ASYMMETRY ON PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRATS." Rio Oil and Gas Expo and Conference 22, no. 2022 (September 26, 2022): 367–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.48072/2525-7579.rog.2022.367.
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Sambharakreshna, Yudhanta. "Shariah Financing Model on Salt Mini Plant UTM in Order to Increase Production and Income Numbers." JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES 05, no. 08 (August 26, 2022): 2406–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v5-i8-34.
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The purpose of this study is to provide an alternative model of Islamic financing to the salt business, namely the Mini Plant of Salt UTM. The existence of a shariah financing system that applies the principle of profit sharing allows the Mini Plant of Salt UTM and the publick to access capital through shariah financial institutions and also gain knowledge and reference in accessing capital to fund salt production activities. Data collection techniques were carried out using direct observation and interviews with the manager of the Mini Plant of Salt UTM, the Padelegan village apparatus, and the Islamic financial institution BMT NU Mandiri and BMT Sidogiri Pamekasan branch. The results of data analysis show that the Mini Plant of Salt UTM has developed a salt innovation that has been prototyped into food salt and non-food salt. Other research results found that the activities carried out by the UTM Salt Mini Plant until now have focused on research activities regarding salt. However, the Mini Plant of Salt UTM has not carried out salt processing on the available salt ponds land in the Padegelan village, Pademawu Pamekasan so that it has not been able to generate salt production and income for the Mini Plant of Salt UTM. The Mini Plant of Salt UTM has capital constraints in carrying out salt processing where the source of funds only comes from the University's DIPA. In an effort to overcome the funding problem, the Mini Plant of Salt UTM can use an alternative sharia financing with a mudharabah contract. This contract applies the concept of profit sharing to distribute profits. The provisions of sharia financing with mudharabah contracts can be implemented if the customer already has business activities that result in buying and selling transactions (current production activities)
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Xu, Jiayang, Jian Cao, Sanjay Kumar, and Sisi Wu. "Optimal government and manufacturer incentive contracts for green production with asymmetric information." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 9, 2023): e0289639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289639.
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Governments commonly utilize subsidy policy to incentivize manufacturers to produce green products, promoting sustainable development. However, in the presence of information asymmetry, some manufacturers may dishonestly misrepresent the green degree of their products to secure higher subsidies. This study examines different incentive contracts between the government and a green product manufacturer who keeps private information of a product’s green-degree in a principal-agent model. Lump-sum transfer and fixed- and flexible-proportion benefit-sharing contracts are proposed to investigate screening and improving green-degree issues. To further enhance the flexible-proportion benefit-sharing contract, we construct a non-linear coordinated contract based on the Nash bargaining solution. The revelation principle and Nash bargaining are performed for comparison and analysis of the contracts. We find that the lump-sum contract reveals true green-degree information but fails to impel manufacturers to improve product’s green-degree in developing countries where green product development is in initial stages. In contrast, both fixed- and flexible- proportion benefit-sharing contracts are effective in reveling and enhancing green-degree. The non-linear coordination contract optimizes resource allocation and achieves Pareto improvement. An applied case study for inkjet printer operations and numerical experiments corroborate our model findings.
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Ariyon, Muhammad, Sukendi Sukendi, Ridwan Manda Putra, Husnul Kausarian, and Bella Santika. "Comparison of oil and gas fiscal policies in Southeast Asian Countries: Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam." BIO Web of Conferences 70 (2023): 06007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237006007.
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This study's objective was to examine the comparison of petroleum management policies in accordance with the concession contract system and production sharing contract system in several countries in the Southeast Asia region. In contrast to existing research, this comparison focuses more on the countries of Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam, which are developing countries producing petroleum in the Southeast Asia region. Moreover, this comparative research will be used to identify the kind of oil and gas contract that will yield the highest profits for Indonesia. Since Indonesia is a developing nation that is an archipelago, it depends heavily on its oil and gas resources for foreign exchange, necessitating the creation of suitable oil and gas management laws. Comparison of oil and gas policies undertaken through interviews with oil and gas law experts and a literature review of the history of the petroleum management policies in each country. The study's findings indicate that production sharing contracts are more profitable to implement in developing maritime countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam compared to the concession system. This is due to the implementation of a production sharing contract system in the state has a strong position towards contractors. Apart from that, the provisions in the Production Sharing Contract also require the use of domestic labor and goods. This will definitely increase the multiplier effect and technology transfer so that Indonesia is expected to be able to compete with other countries.
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Husna TR, Cut Asmaul. "Implikasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Terhadap Regulasi Production Sharing Contract." Jurnal Konstitusi 9, no. 4 (May 20, 2016): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/jk941.
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After the Constitutional Court ruling has implications for regulatory 36/ PUU-X/2012 production sharing contract. Relationship between BP Migas (state) with the Business Entity or Permanent Establishment has put the state’s position and business entities or permanent establishments that manage oil and gas in an equal position. As a result, the state lost discretion to make regulations for the benefit of the people, but the state, as a representation of the people in the control of natural resources should have the discretion to make rules that benefit the overall prosperity of the people. Some of the conditions are far from optimal, Indonesian oil and gas industry is still heavily dependent on foreign domination. Associated with the conditions present in Aceh, the amount of funding for oil and gas shares, did not show a decrease in the poverty rate
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Ola, Victor D., Azubuike H. Amadi, Raphael Okeke, and Paul O. Okafor. "Comparative Analysis of Nigeria and Malaysia’s Production Sharing Contract (PSC)." European Journal of Business and Management Research 6, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.1.678.
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The oil and gas industry is governed by policies with the aim of smoothening the business relationship between the Government, the International Oil Companies (IOC’s) and the Host communities. Different oil producing countries have their own laws governing petroleum activities and these laws vary from country to country based on the B-PEST factors which are Biological, Political, Environmental, Social and Technology. However, reserve size and oil type can also influence petroleum laws. Countries like Nigeria relies strongly on petroleum bills such as the PIB in which this research will be analyzing the Production Sharing Contract (PSC) which is a significant subset of the PIB. Comparison between the existing PSC of Malaysia and that of Nigeria was captured in this research and the analysis of the PSC was done based on the Government Take, National Oil Company (NOC) and the Contractor’s benefits. 26.67% and 56.58% recovery cost, 28.67% and 26.28% Government revenue, 23.14% and 7.64% NOC share, 21.52% and 9.50% Contractor share of revenue per barrel was arrived at for Malaysia and Nigeria respectively, showing that the Malaysian PSC model yields more income to the country when compared to that of Nigeria without necessarily short-changing the contractors or the IOCs. Finally, the reasons behind these deficits were highlighted and recommendations made to improve the PSC and benefits for all parties to the contractual agreements.
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Romadhon, Topan Meiza. "PENGATURAN PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACT DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG MINYAK DAN GAS." JURNAL HUKUM IUS QUIA IUSTUM 16, no. 1 (2009): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol16.iss1.art6.
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Susanti, Alifi Tria, Ahmad Roziq, and Whedy Prasetyo. "Muzara'ah Contract Agricultural Accounting Model." IQTISHODUNA: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54471/iqtishoduna.v12i1.1830.
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Profit sharing in the agricultural sector has been known for a long time, so it applies from generation to generation. Profit sharing is found in several areas, including Lumajang Regency, Tekung District which according to statistical data has a land area of 1,878.34 hectares and the majority of commodities are rice plants up to 4,342 hectares, but the number of profit sharing practices is not matched by regulations on accounting required by owners and land managers in being responsible for the distribution of business results. The purpose of this study is to analyze the agricultural production sharing system for the muzara'ah contract and produce an accounting model for the muzara'ah contract. The research method uses qualitative methods in general and phenomenology in particular. The results of this study prove that the practice of profit sharing practiced by the owners and managers of rice fields is a muzara'ah contract whose recording is done by simple recording. The accounting model produced in this study is an income statement, cash flow and profit sharing principle in accordance with the acknowledgment and muzara'ah contract.
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Chu, Leon Yang, and David E. M. Sappington. "Simple Cost-Sharing Contracts." American Economic Review 97, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.1.419.
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We extend William Rogerson's (2003) intriguing analysis of simple procurement contracts to settings where the supplier's innate production cost is not necessarily distributed uniformly. Although the simple contract that Rogerson analyzes performs remarkably well when the smaller cost realizations are relatively likely, it can perform poorly when the larger cost realizations are relatively likely. We show that in all settings under consideration, a simple pair of contracts – one that involves linear cost sharing and one that involves full cost reimbursement – can always secure more than 73 percent of the gain achieved with a fully optimal contract. (JEL D86)
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Arifin, Kasman, and Dina Hidayat. "COST RECOVERY ANALYSIS IN PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACT IN UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY (STUDY ON GAS UPSTREAM INDUSTRIES INDONESIA)." Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance & Accounting 1, no. 6 (February 3, 2021): 1023–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v1i6.356.
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This study aims to: 1) analyze empirically and test the effect of cost recovery in the Production Sharing Contract (Oil and Gas Production Sharing). 2) empirically analyze and test the effect of cost recovery in the upstream Oil and Gas Industry on State Revenues. The unit of analysis of this research is the upstream oil and gas industry managed by the Indonesian government with a Production Sharing Contract system with 44 companies or contract operator cooperatives. The population includes those who work as operators of cooperation contract contractors and SKK MIGAS with 62 manager levels, 51 professionals and 18 university researchers. And the researchers also used secondary data in SKK MIGAS in the 1984-20019 period. This research uses a qualitative approach, and the analysis of the data used is descriptive analysis, because the data analysis is done not to accept or reject hypotheses, but in the form of descriptions of observed symptoms, which are not always in the form of numbers or coefficients between variables . However, the emphasis is not on hypothesis testing, but on efforts to answer research questions through formal and argumentative ways. The results of the study indicate that there is a relation between the Cost Recovery component and the terminology in the Production Sharing Contract in the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry in Indonesia . By placing the right cost post on cost recovery will be able to reduce production costs from the Cooperation Contract Contractor (KKKS).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Production sharing contrat"
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Gab-Leyba, Guy dabi. "Essais sur l'efficience et la fiscalité pétrolière dans les pays en développement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD027.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en évidence les déterminants de l’efficience des politiques publiques dans les pays en développement. Les résultats relèvent que les pays dotés de ressources naturelles et en situation de fragilité ont tendance à avoir des dépenses publiques d’éducation primaires moins efficientes. Les résultats révelent aussi que l’accroissement de la part des dépenses de santé dans les dépenses totales des ménages, du taux d’incidence de la pauvreté, du taux d’alphabétisation et la localisation en zone considérée comme austère réduisent l’efficience des structures de santé. A l’inverse, la hausse du taux d’incidence du paludisme, du taux de prévalence de la malnutrition améliorent l’efficience des structures de santé. S’agissant de l’efficience des établissements de crédits, les résultats mettent en exergue une amélioration du score d’efficience sur la période 2000-2015 en dépit du fait qu’en moyenne, l’efficience des banques de la zone CEMAC se situe autour de 33 %. Les estimations montrent aussi qu’une taille importante et une forte liquidité améliorent l’efficience technique des établissements de crédits tandis qu’un accroissement du risque bancaire la réduit. Enfin, l’évaluation des régimes fiscaux pétroliers en application au Tchad révèle que les contrats de partage de production permettent à l’Etat de capter une part plus importante de la rente pétrolière comparativement aux contrats basés sur le système de concession. En outre, les contrats basés sur le partage de production présentent la caractéristique d’être progressif. Ces résultats ont des implications en matière de politique économiques. Ainsi, les pays en developpement devraient en priorité améliorer la qualité des dépenses sociales en promouvant la transparence et la bonne gouvernance dans la mise en œuvre des projets de developpement et politiques publiques. En particulier, dans le secteur de la santé, il est urgent d’améliorer la qualité du personnel de santé et une meilleure programmation des dépenses de fonctionnement visant à rendre les infrastructures de santé opérationnelles. Ensuite, pour accroitre la rentabilté des banques dans les pays de la zone CEMAC, il conviendrait de diversifier les structures bénéficiaires des crédits et mettre en œuvre des réformes visant à améliorer le climat des affaires. Enfin, le Gouvernement tchadien devrait réactiver une politique contra-cyclique en vue de se prémunir des fluctuations des recettes pétrolièresThe aim of this thesis is to highlight the determinants of the efficiency of public policies in developing countries. The results show that countries with natural resources and in fragile situations tend to have less efficient public spending on primary education. The results also reveal that the increase in the share of health expenditure in total household expenditure, the poverty incidence rate, the literacy rate and the location in areas considered as isolated reduce the efficiency of health structures. Conversely, the increase in the incidence rate of malaria and the prevalence rate of malnutrition improve the efficiency of health structures. Regarding the efficiency of credit institutions, the results highlight an improvement in the efficiency score over the period 2000-2015 despite the fact that on average, the efficiency of banks in the CEMAC zone is around 33%. Estimates also show that a large size and high liquidity improve the technical efficiency of credit institutions while an increase in banking risk reduces it. Finally, the assessment of petroleum tax regimes in force in Chad reveals that production sharing contracts allow to Government to capture a higher share of oil rent compared to contracts based on the concession system. In addition, contracts based on production sharing have the characteristic of being progressive. These results have implications for economic policy. Thus, developing countries should give priority to improving the quality of social spending by promoting transparency and good governance in the implementation of development projects and publics policy. In particular, in the health sector, there is an urgent need to improve the quality of health personnel and better programming of operating expenditure aimed at making health infrastructures operational. Then, to increase the profitability of the banks in the countries of the CEMAC zone, it would be advisable to diversify the structures beneficiary of the credits and to implement reforms aiming at improving the business environment. Finally, the Chadian Government should reactivate a counter-cyclical policy in order to guard against fluctuations in oil revenues
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Marque, Étienne. "L’accès aux énergies fossiles en droit international économique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0118.
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Notre planète recèle dans sous-sol des gisements d’hydrocarbure, à l’origine depuis près d’un siècle, de la puissance de l’homme moderne. La présente étude porte sur les modalités juridiques d’extraction et d’appropriation de ces énergies fossiles. A l’état naturel, ces ressources n’ont pas d’existence juridique propre et leurs régimes suivent celui des territoires dans lesquels elles gisent. Aussi, pour que l’extraction des gisements puise avoir lieu, il convient d’abord d’identifier les titulaires des droits sur les territoires pétrolifères et prendre en compte non seulement la diversité de ces territoires mais également la diversité des acteurs et intérêts en présence. Les détenteurs primaires des droits d’accès aux ressources identifiés, pourront alors se déployer des contrats de prospection et d’exploitation des gisements, adaptées à l’ensemble des spécificités du secteur et des particularismes locaux, aux fins notamment d’une optimalisation de l’accès aux ressources fossilesOur planet contains underground fossil deposits powering the Modern man, since nearly a century. The present study deals with the legal issue regarding the extraction and appropriation of fossil fuels. In their natural state, these resources have no legal existence and their regimes follow the one of the territories in which they lie. Therefore, in order to extract the deposits, it is first necessary to identify the rights owners of the oil regions and to take into account not only the diversity of these territories but also the diversity of the actors and interests at stake. Once the primary access rights owners identified, deposits may be discovered and developed, through specific mining contracts, adapted to all the specific features of the sector and local particularities for the optimization of the access to fossil fuels
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Moridifarimani, Fazel. "The distortionary effect of production sharing contract in upstream petroleum industry." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2018. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/d6b5fe43-62d8-4e3f-88ba-3c34653d46bd.
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There is a vast literature on the distortionary effects of the tax-royalty system, while the effects of Production Sharing Contract (PSC) is largely understudied. Moreover, economic studies typically oversimplify the physics of the field and consequently end up with models which do not necessarily fully reflect the reality. In this study, we build a dynamic optimisation model which nests the physics of the reservoir and investigates the distortionary effects of a PSC.
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Abdelarahim, Abdelarahim Mohamed. "Libya's production sharing agreement in comparison with Iran's buyback contract." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=229380.
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Nyika, Erasmo. "Stabilization of petroleum fiscal regime in relation to production sharing agreements in Tanzania : challenges and prospects." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237077.
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This study argues for the need to ensure that host countries derive appropriate benefits from natural resources exploited within their territories. In this regard, the most important return from petroleum extraction, is from the fiscal take. Taxation of the extractive sector is thus a major revenue source. The host country interest from the extractive activities is in parallel to the interest of investor countries to share in the revenues derived from investments in the extractives sector by entities from those countries. Further, the capital exporting countries assert interest in protecting the investors from the risks associate with foreign investments, particularly in developing host countries. Historically, International Oil Companies enjoyed an upper hand in negotiating investment protection and stability terms as a result of information asymmetries. Many agreements concluded between the investor entities with developing host countries have been askew and overly favourable to the investor to the extent of endearing unconscionability. This study reveals that Tanzania's existing Production Sharing Agreements contain fiscal terms which do not allocate an appropriate share of financial benefits to the host country. It also reveals that arrangements to protect and provide investment stability have employed terms which are inimical to the economic and social well-being of the Peoples of Tanzania, for example through the excessive and wasteful grant of tax concessions. It was observed that Tanzania has offered fiscal terms to IOCs that do not allow the country to enjoy appropriate benefits from the exploitation of its natural resources. This project, therefore, establishes the effect of stabilisation terms as embedded in the Tanzanian fiscal regime, what redress measures should be sought to correct the imbalance and inequitableness engraved in the abusive use of stabilization arrangements through the PSAs.
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Mailula, Douglas Tlogane. "Protection of petrolium resources in Africa : a comparative analysis of oil and gas laws of selected African States." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13610.
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The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made.Economics
LLD.
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Mailula, Douglas Tlogane. "Protection of petroleum resources in Africa : a comparative analysis of oil and gas laws of selected African States." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13610.
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The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made.Public, Constitutional and International Law
LL. D.
Books on the topic "Production sharing contrat"
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Utomo, Sutadi Pudjo. Kedaulatan usaha migas dan production sharing contract Indonesia. Jakarta: ReforMiner Institute, 2010.
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Machmud, Tengku Nathan. The Indonesian production sharing contract: An investor's perspective. The Hague, the Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2000.
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Hasan, A. Madjedi. Pacta sunt servanda: The principle and its application in petroleum production sharing contract. Jakarta: Fikahati Aneska, 2005.
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Nesi, Paolo, Jaime Delgado, and Kia Ng, eds. AXMEDIS 2008. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-811-6.
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The AXMEDIS International Conference series aims to explore all subjects and topics related to cross-media and digital-media content production, processing, management, standards, representation, sharing, protection and rights management, to address the latest developments and future trends of the technologies and their applications, impacts and exploitation. The AXMEDIS events offer venues for exchanging concepts, requirements, prototypes, research ideas, and findings which could contribute to academic research and also benefit business and industrial communities. In the Internet as well as in the digital era, cross-media production and distribution represent key developments and innovations that are fostered by emergent technologies to ensure better value for money while optimising productivity and market coverage.
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Delgado, Jaime, Kia Ng, Paolo Nesi, and Pierfrancesco Bellini, eds. AXMEDIS 2007 Conference Proceedings. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-678-5.
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The AXMEDIS International Conference series has been established since 2005 and is focused on the research, developments and applications in the cross-media domain, exploring innovative technologies to meet the challenges of the sector. AXMEDIS2007 deals with all subjects and topics related to cross-media and digital-media content production, processing, management, standards, representation, sharing, interoperability, protection and rights management. It addresses the latest developments and future trends of the technologies and their applications, their impact and exploitation within academic, business and industrial communities.
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Roe, Michael, Wei Xu, and Dongping Song. Optimizing Supply Chain Performance: Information Sharing and Coordinated Management. Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2015.
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Optimizing Supply Chain Performance: Information Sharing and Coordinated Management. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
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Halvorsen, Tor, Skare Orgeret, and Roy Krøvel. Sharing Knowledge, Transforming Societies: The Norhed Programme 2013-2020. African Minds, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928502005.
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In June 2016, the Norwegian Programme for Capacity Development in Higher Education and Research for Development (Norhed) hosted a conference on the theme of 'knowledge for development'in an attempt to shift the focus of the programme towards its academic content. This book follows up on that event. The conference highlighted the usefulness of presenting the value of Norhed's different projects to the world, showing how they improve knowledge and expand access to it through co-operation. A wish for more meta-knowledge was also expressed and this gives rise to the following questions: Is this way of co-operating contributing to the growth of independent post-colonial knowledge production in the South, based on analyses of local data and experiences in ways that are relevant to our shared future? Does the growth of academic independence, as well as greater equality, and the ability to develop theories different to those imposed by the better-off parts of the world, give rise to deeper understandings and better explanations? Does it, at least, spread the ability to translate existing methodologies in ways that add meaning to observations of local context and data, and thus enhance the relevance and influence of the academic profession locally and internationally? This book, in its varied contributions, does not provide definite answers to these questions but it does show that Norhed is a step in the right direction. Norhed is an attempt to fund collaboration within and between higher education institutions. We know that both the uniqueness of this programme, and ideas of how to better utilise the learning and experience emerging from it, call for more elaboration and broader dissemination before we can offer further guidance on how to do things better. This book is a first attempt.
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Moses, Jonathon W., and Bjørn Letnes. Commercial Frameworks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787174.003.0005.
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This chapter introduces some basic frameworks for securing the government take, that is, how to decide between different ownership, royalties, and tax systems. It begins with an overview of various contract types and fiscal regimes, before focusing on the particulars of the Norwegian framework. Subjects covered include the nature of different contracting arrangements (joint ventures, production sharing contracts (PSCs), service contracts, the principle of carrying, and so on), and the diverse fiscal instruments used to maximize the government’s share of the revenues (national oil company, taxes, royalties, fees, and so on). The latter part of the chapter describes how the Norwegian concessions framework has changed over time, from supporting nascent interests and attracting international oil companies to providing a more level and competitive playing field for all offshore actors.
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Gyönki, Viktória, Andrea Maraschi, Karoline Kjesrud, Stefan Figenschow, Marion Poilvez, Erik Opsahl, Magne Njåstad, et al. Food Culture in Medieval Scandinavia. Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988217.
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The making, eating, and sharing of food throughout society represents an important and exciting area of study with the potential to advance the field of scholarship, particularly in the context of Scandinavian Studies. This book analyses the historical, legal, and literary sources of the region during the medieval period to explore different aspects of Scandinavian culture relating to food and drink: production, consumption (including feasts), trading (distribution), and the associated social rituals. Using new and innovative approaches, this collection of studies offers broad insights into a great variety of social practices and includes fresh information on not only social history but also traditional topics such as trade, commercial exchange, legal regulation, and political organisation. The book unites contributors from a variety of backgrounds, further enriching the content of a collection that promises to make a significant contribution to the state of current research.
Book chapters on the topic "Production sharing contrat"
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Simonovits, Bori, and Bálint Balázs. "From Uberisation to Commoning: Experiences, Challenges, and Potential Pathways of the Sharing Economy in Food Supply Chains in Europe." In The Sharing Economy in Europe, 137–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86897-0_7.
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AbstractThe chapter explores a broad dimensionality of experiences, learnings, challenges, and potential pathways of the sharing economy in food supply chains. Through technology-enabled business applications, the mobilisation of underutilised assets has been successfully facilitated in the foodservice industry. Community-based models have been relying on the mutual risk-sharing of producers and consumers. Service models and the uberisation of food, when contract workers use their personal vehicles to deliver food to customers, has gained more acknowledgement during the COVID-19 times. Based on our qualitative study, various peer-to-peer production and collaborative consumption initiatives are presented in this chapter to assess how the idea of sharing economy entered the food sector. Our arguments are substantiated with varied case examples at multiple value chain points (e.g., production, processing, transport, and consumption).
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Avram, Gabriela, and Eglantina Hysa. "Education, Knowledge and Data in the Context of the Sharing Economy." In The Sharing Economy in Europe, 181–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86897-0_9.
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AbstractThe Open Education model, where anyone on the planet with access to Internet can enrol in an online course, learn at their own pace, and have their assignments assessed by peers, is at the base of platforms such as Khan Academy, Udacity, Coursera, Skillshare. Peer-to-peer learning lowers the barrier for learning new skills and encourages even teenagers to mentor younger kids in learning how to code. A plethora of platforms facilitating collaborative information production and consumption has followed the Wikipedia interaction model: OpenStreetMap, OpenPlaques, Quora, Instructables, WikiVoyage, allowing people from varied backgrounds to get involved in the creation of information and knowledge resources. This chapter aims to examine activities such as Open Education, Open Design, knowledge and data sharing from the perspective of the sharing economy.
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Farimani, Fazel M., Xiaoyi Mu, and Ali Taherifard. "The Distortionary Effect of Petroleum Production Sharing Contract: A Theoretical Assessment." In Operations Research Proceedings, 555–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42902-1_75.
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Brown, Andrea M. "Co-productive Urban Planning: Protecting and Expanding Food Security in Uganda’s Secondary Cities." In Transforming Urban Food Systems in Secondary Cities in Africa, 69–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93072-1_4.
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AbstractCo-production, a strategy increasingly being adopted by urban planners, has potential for protecting and expanding urban food security. Its goals go beyond those of participation to include substantive sharing in policy design, implementation and monitoring: shifting some power associated with these decisions and actions to primary stakeholders. Co-production is desirable for empowerment outcomes, and also on grounds of greater efficiency, cost savings and more locally informed planning. Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI) is a lead actor in co-production and has partnered with the Government of Uganda, working on pro-poor urban development projects underway in several secondary cities, including Jinja and Mbale. SDI frames slum dweller advocacy in a rights-based discourse with provisions that informal settlement residents articulate their own priorities. Given food access is a central priority of the urban poor, co-production creates opportunities to address urban food insecurity. However, governments, including municipal and national governments in Uganda, resist genuine power sharing with urban slum dwellers. This research explores how co-production engages slum dwellers and governance actors in the secondary cities of Jinja and Mbale, Uganda. It seeks to understand the possibilities and limitations of the current SDI co-productive programing in the context of urban food security. Empirical evidence to support this research is drawn from interviews with urban planning stakeholders in Kampala, Jinja and Mbale in 2015 and 2018.
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Kucharska, Wioleta. "Tacit Knowledge Awareness and Sharing as a Focal Part of Knowledge Production. Polish-US View on IT, Healthcare, and Construction Industry." In Advances in Manufacturing, Production Management and Process Control, 159–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80462-6_20.
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Almeida, Fernando. "Youth, ways of production, and community." In Creative tourism: activating cultural resources and engaging creative travellers, 199–204. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243536.0026.
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Abstract The concept of creative tourism, which is increasingly established in the world tourism scene, is inspired by the sharing of production modes, projecting the visitor to the role of active participant. It focuses on an element that allows local residents and visitors to share space, time, and knowledge for co-creating products or, more than that, for enabling interpersonal experiences. Today we can share time with an artisan, appropriating his techniques, breaks, materials, impressions, and desires and redesigning the final product to our needs; we can learn traditional dances by temporarily integrating a folkloric ranch; we can fish and cook with a fishing community; or we can share a studio with visual artists to learn how to paint. Despite the multiple languages from which we expand our potential for expression the feeling of belonging to a group, community, context, or a more global society emerges in us. Within this sense of collective identity, of which we are a part and contribute to its co-creation, we review and renew our own desire and individual identities.
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Peters, Michael A., and Tina Besley. "Contesting the Neoliberal Discourse of the World Class University: ‘Digital Socialism’, Openness and Academic Publishing." In Evaluating Education: Normative Systems and Institutional Practices, 235–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7598-3_14.
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AbstractThe principal aim of this paper is to contest the neoliberal discourse of the World Class University (WCU). The first section provides an understanding of the concept of the WCU within the context of a global competitive model of the knowledge economy and contrasts it with the social-democratic model based on open science and education that also provides links between new modes of openness, academic publishing and the world journal architecture. The paper makes the case for ‘knowledge socialism’ that accurately depicts the greater communitarian moment of the sharing and participative academic economy based on peer-to-peer production, social innovation and collective intelligence. It instantiates the notion of knowledge as a global public good. Profound changes in the nature of technology has enabled a kind of ‘digital socialism’ which is clearly evident in the shift in political economy of academic publishing based Open Access, cOAlition S, and ‘Plan S’ (mandated in 2020) established by national research funding organisations in Europe with the support of the European Commission and the European Research Council (ERC). The social democratic alternative to neoliberalism and the WCU is a form of the sharing academic economy known as ‘knowledge socialism’. Universities need to share knowledge in the search for effective responses to pressing world problems of fragile global ecologies and the growing significance of technological unemployment. This is a model that proceeds from a very different set of economic and moral assumptions than the neoliberal knowledge economy and the WCU.
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Raharilaza, Nathalie Viviane. "Degraded Landscape Transformed into Foodland and Woodland by Village Agroforestry." In Fostering Transformative Change for Sustainability in the Context of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS), 37–60. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6761-6_3.
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AbstractThis case study shares the results and lessons learned from agroforestry practices to restore a degraded and abandoned landscape, the production of seedlings of native and endemic tree species for forest restoration, and a trial of autochthones species transplantation at the village level in Madagascar. Awareness-raising and facilitation carried out by the NGO team on landscape changes and their effects on local people’s lives, food and natural resources, were the initial drivers of this process. A farmer led the landscape restoration experimentation by taking part of his poor, degraded land that had been long abandoned, and giving the green light to use it as a ‘farmer field school’. The community decided to keep the other side of the field untouched to enable comparison. Community members learned from each other by periodically sharing experiences. Community capacity-building on family accounting, production and harvest management helped community members to make decisions regarding the choice of crops and landscaping types suited to their needs. The community started to see results from the third year and increased the landscaped areas to boost future production. Some native trees like Harina (Bridelia tuleasneana), a highly preferred tree usually harvested from the rainforest for building materials, adapted very well to the village. The villagers learned to plant them rather than harvest them from the natural forest. The commitment, patience and courage of the community, and their immense pride in what they have achieved, created a cascading effect leading to sustainability.
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Shebubakar, Arina N. "International Agreement or Private Agreement? Uplift Policy in Oil and Gas Taxation in Production Sharing Contracts between Foreign Contractors and the Indonesian Government." In ASEAN International Law, 545–60. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3195-5_30.
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Tausch, Arno. "Discussion and Conclusions of This Study in the Context of the Empirical Results Obtained." In Political Islam and Religiously Motivated Political Extremism, 77–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24854-2_6.
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AbstractWe have emphasised in this chapter that our findings do not fit into any simple political template of thinking that has existed for many years on the topic of “Islam” and “migration”. Our findings show that surveys authoritatively designed by Arab social science clearly measure “political Islam”, but that the phenomenon is less pronounced in the population that says it wants to emigrate to the West than in the Arab population as a whole. We have also clearly pointed out that the RMPE cannot be separated from the climate of lawlessness that many observers unfortunately now see rampant, especially in Western industrialised countries, and secondly, that the drivers of the key variables of the RMPE are rooted in such patterns of thought and values as the demand for a redistributive state, the apolitical young generation, the rejection of the neoliberal market economy, corruption and lawlessness as well as racism and xenophobia. The best blockades against the RMPE are feminism and secularism. An honest examination of the phenomenon of RMPE will also not be able to ignore the fact that especially in Catholic countries, where the decay of traditional values is progressing particularly fast, not only the acceptance of corruption but also of political violence is on the rise again. This problem also arises in countries with a confessional orientation towards Eastern religions. The rejection of free-market competition (competition is harmful) is also clearly linked to a higher acceptance of political violence, according to the World Values Survey. The results of our study on political Islam in the Arab world certainly also have some very shocking aspects that cannot simply be swept under the carpet. Weighted by population, the Arab Barometer data show that more than 70% of Arabs have a (sympathetic) understanding of the anti-American terror that culminated in 9/11 in Manhattan. More than 44% of Arabs favour Sharia with corporal punishment, more than 37% want the rights of non-Muslims in society to be less than those of Muslims, and more than 34% also want Sharia to restrict the rights of women. We finally highlight that following the late Harvard economist Alberto Alesina (1957–2020), social trust is an essential general production factor of any social order, and the institutions of national security of the democratic West would do well to make good use of this capital of trust that also exists among Muslims living in the West.
Conference papers on the topic "Production sharing contrat"
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ROȘOAIA, Adrian-Constantin, and Zaharia-Ioan IONESCU. "The Darknet - Age of Peer Production." In International Conference on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime. Romanian Association for Information Security Assurance, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.19107/cybercon.2014.02.
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We are in the midst of a digital revolution. In this “Age of Peer Production” armies of amateur participants demand the freedom to rip, remix and share their own digital culture. Aided by the newest iteration of file sharing networks, digital media users now have the option to retreat underground, by using secure, private, and anonymous file sharing networks, to share freely and breathe new life into digital media. These underground networks, collectively termed “The Darknet” will grow in scope, resilience and effectiveness in direct proportion to increasing digital restrictions the public finds untenable. The Darknet has been called the public’s great equalizing force in the digital millennium, because it will serve as “a counterbalancing force and bulwark to defend digital liberties” against forces lobbying for stronger copyrights and increased technological controls. This article proposes a digital use exception to existing copyright law to provide adequate compensation to authors while promoting technological innovation, and the creation and dissemination of new works. Although seemingly counterintuitive, content producers, publishers, and distributors wishing to profit from their creations must relinquish their control over digital media in order to survive the Darknet era.
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Kellas, G. K., and Susan Hodgshon. "Risk Sharing in Exploration and Production Contracts." In Oil and Gas Economics, Finance and Management Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/28209-ms.
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Ofoh, E. P. "Trends in Production-Sharing Contracts in Nigeria." In Oil and Gas Economics, Finance and Management Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/24242-ms.
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Bramono, T., and D. R. Galih. "Policy Shifting Towards New Regime of Production Sharing Contract." In GeoBaikal 2018. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2018c-17.
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Mudford, B., and D. Stegemeier. "Analyzing the Sensitivity of Production Sharing Contract Terms Using Simulation." In SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/82016-ms.
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Mohamed, Ibrahim, and Muhammad Iqbal Mohd Yunus. "Rationalising PSC Fiscal System Principles for Sustainable Future." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21853-ms.
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Abstract PSC fiscal system serves as a framework to determine the sharing of petroleum revenues between stakeholders. Understanding its behavior is essential, given the nature and duration of upstream projects. The paper rationalizes fiscal systems that can promote a balanced, progressive, and robust revenue-sharing mechanism. The impact and efficiency of three typical fiscal regimes are assessed by observing how they react to different scenarios and outcomes, which could be either better or worse than the initial expectation. The three typical fiscal regimes are fixed-rate, production sliding scale sharing, and profitability-based sharing. The early days’ fixed rate sharing system is rigid and does not effectively address the different scales of upstream project investments and the associated uncertainties. The production sliding scale sharing is a partially progressive system that addresses production level variation but does not respond to the variation of other value drivers such as actual cost, price volatility, and project schedule. The profitability based fiscal term represents a progressive win-win system that is more robust, self-regulating, and balances stakeholders’ value objectives. Profitability-based sharing also promotes subsequent field developments. New investment lowers the profitability ratio, which in turn increases contractor profit share percentage. This mechanism results in higher incremental value to the contractor when developing the next field. Compared to the fixed-rate and production sliding scale based sharing, the profitability based sharing could provide a fiscal balance system that is self-regulating, progressive, and more robust. It fits nicely with the oil and gas industry known for the inherent risks and wide range of uncertainties throughout the life of the project. The profitability-based system could be further enhanced to encapsulate the multiple claw-back provisions by switching from the traditional stair-step sharing to a steeper linear sharing with the appropriate ceiling, floor, and triggering points. The linear representation of profitability-based sharing could also complement the various available PSC management control provisions to mitigate the potential cases of opportunistic gold-plating. The sensitive feature of linear sharing could help deter such manipulation. (334)
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McMichael, C. L., and E. D. Young. "Effect of Production Sharing and Service Contracts on Reserves Reporting." In SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/37959-ms.
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Santoso, B. T., P. Priyandoko, and Boyke Harahap. "Gas-Lift Hybrid Application in Offshore Northwest Java Production Sharing Contract." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/56665-ms.
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James, Mendos. "The Contract Regime for Unitisation and the Impact of Production Sharing Contracts on Joint Development in Nigeria." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208230-ms.
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Abstract Unitisation has evolved globally as the best mechanism for the joint development of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs that straddle two or more concessions or licenses. The concept of unitisation is underpinned by the need to avoid competitive exploitation of hydrocarbon resources, maximise its economic recovery, eliminate proliferation of production facilities and reduce development and operating cost.1 The practice of unitisation in the Nigerian oil and gas landscape has gained traction over the years with several straddle fields identified as candidates for unitisation and more than ten (10) agreements for joint development (both Pre Unitisation Agreements and Unitisation and Unit Operating Agreements) executed in the industry. This has occurred under a regulatory regime for unitisation that has evolved from the concise provisions of Section 48 of the Petroleum (Drilling and Production) Regulation 1969 as amended, to the robust Guidelines for Unitisation issued by the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) in 2008 (revised in 2019) (Guidelines) in response to the complexities of joint development encountered by parties. While the Guidelines is an excellent attempt at providing a process for unitisation, it does not provide sufficient guidance on the contract regime for unitisation as the bedrock for joint development. A critical look at the contracts governing joint development in the light of global best practices is important to ensure that it meets in an effective manner the objectives of unitisation. A review of the contract regime for unitisation would be incomplete without recognising the impact that underlying contracts governing separate concessions have on unitisation. To this end, the posture of Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs) on gas development in a unit is worth reviewing in the light of the benefits of commercialising gas to the State and the Contractor. This paper reviews the contract regime for unitisation in Nigeria as regulated by the Guidelines and the impact that underlying contracts (particularly PSCs) have on unitisation. The paper will proffer recommendations for inclusion in the Guidelines with a view to improving the process of joint development of shared reservoirs in Nigeria.
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Esguevillas, Daniel, and Luz Carruthers. "Productive Housing: Spatial Structuring and Social Division in Urban Centers." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.15.
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This paper examines the way in which Airbnb dynamics are changing spatial and social conditions in urban centers. A comparative study of the situation in three important global metropolis—New York, London and Barcelona—provides an approach to analyzing how policymakers struggle to control the accelerated expansion of the short-term rental housing platform, under the scrutiny of the public. It aims to foster a broader understanding of the impact of the sharing economy in the realm of housing, in a context of economic globalization and decline of the welfare state, where advances in technology meet with sociological and generational shifts in behavior.
Reports on the topic "Production sharing contrat"
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Hubert, Don. Potential Petroleum Revenues for the Government of Kenya: Implications of the proposed 2015 Model Production Sharing Contract. Oxfam, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2016.608459.
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Nishi, Makiko, and Suneetha M. Subramanian. Landscape Approaches to Ecosystem Restoration: Lessons Learned from Managing Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes Seascapes. United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53326/svih2509.
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Landscape approaches help to effectively facilitate ecosystem restoration for the benefit of people and nature, by leveraging Indigenous and local knowledge and enhancing context-specific cooperation between stakeholders. The process of applying landscape approaches to ecosystem restoration should be multi-lateral, iterative and inclusive. It needs to be navigated by communicating and interacting with stakeholders across different sectors and levels. Recommendations: (i) start at the landscape or seascape scale to identify and mobilize local resources and capacities for long-term restoration efforts; (ii) promote peer learning and knowledge sharing to develop integrated solutions for restoration and sustainable development, and upscale them for broader impact; (iii) institutionalize local restoration efforts as part of coherent policies and frameworks to facilitate systemic change in human–nature interactions.
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Balfour, Lindsay, Adrienne Evans, Marcus Maloney, and Sarah Merry. Postdigital Intimacies for Online Safety. Coventry University, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/pdc/2023/0001.
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This report offers a multi-sector response to the Online Safety Bill (OSB). The shape and content of the OSB has generated discussion amongst policy specialists, stakeholders and lobbyists in key services and sectors, political advisors and appointed representatives, and academics and researchers – as well as a general public interested in what the OSB will mean for people made vulnerable or at risk of harms online. We report on the discussions that took place in four co-production workshops with representatives from the areas of: intimate digital health tools and services marketed to those who identify as women; image-based and technologically-enabled abuse; “toxic” internet communities; and protections for people with mental health conditions and neurodiversity. As the OSB reaches the final stages of approval through the UK government, this report provides a response from people working in these areas, highlighting the voices and perspectives of those invested in ensuring a vibrant, equal, inclusive, and safe digital society can flourish. Our recommendations include the need for: robust, transparent risk assessment and frameworks for preventing harm that work across life-stages; going above and beyond the current OSB legislation to raise awareness and educate to reduce harms; recognition in the OSB and elsewhere of the national threat of Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG); and, an increase in information sharing and working across sectors of the technology industry, service providers, and charity, law, and government to generate new approaches for a better future.
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Kislev, Yoav, Ramon Lopez, and Ayal Kimhi. Intergenerational Transfers by Farmers under Different Institutional Environments. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604936.bard.
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This research studies the issues of intergenerational transfers in general and farm succession in particular in two different institutional environments. One is the relatively unregulated farm sector in the United States, and the other is the heavily regulated family farms in Israeli moshavim. Most of the analysis is based on modern economic theory dealing with inheritance and other intergenerational issues. However, we start with two background studies. One is a review of the legal system affecting farm succession in the moshav, which, as we claim throughout the report, is of major importance to the question in hand. The second is an ethnographical study aimed at documenting various inheritance and succession practices in different moshavim. These two studies provide insight for most of the economic studies included here. The theoretical studies mostly deal with various aspects of two major decisions faced by farmers: who will succeed them on the farm, and when will succession take place. The first decision clearly depends on the institutional structure: for instance, Israeli farmers are limited to one successor while American farmers are not. The second decision can be taken in three stages: sharing farm work with the successor, sharing farm management, and eventually transferring the ownership. The occurrence and length of each stage depend on the first decision as well as on the institutional structure directly. The empirical studies are aimed at analyzing the practices and considerations of Israeli and American farmers regarding various intergenerational transfers-related issues. We found that American farmers' decisions are mainly driven by the desire to let the farm prosper in future generations and by a preference for equal treatment of heirs, and not at all by old-age support considerations. In contrast, we demonstrate the significant effect of old-age support on the value of the transferred farm in a sample of Israeli farms. Using Israeli census data, we find that the time of farm ownership transfer responds to economic incentives. A smaller Israeli panel data set shows that controlling for the occurrence of succession, farm size rises with operator's age and eventually falls, while intensity of production seems to decline steadily. This explains another finding, that farm transfer contributed significantly to farm growth when farming was attractive to successors. This finding supports our main conclusion, that the succession decisions are of major importance to the viability and profitability of family farms over the long run.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Sacit F. Bilgili, Orna Halevy, Roger J. Lien, and Kellye S. Joiner. effects of enhanced hypertrophy, reduced oxygen supply and heat load on breast meat yield and quality in broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699855.bard.
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Original objectivesThe objectives of this project were to evaluate the growth performance, meat yield and quality attributes of broiler strains widely differing in their genetic potential under normal temperature vs. warm temperature (short and long-term) conditions. Strain differences in breast muscle accretion rate, metabolic responses under heat load and, gross and histopathological changes in breast muscle under thermal load was also to be characterized. BackgroundTremendous genetic progress has been made in broiler chicken growth rate and meat yield since the 1950s. Higher growth rate is driven by higher rates of feed intake and metabolism, resulting in elevated internal heat production. Hot rearing conditions negatively affect broiler growth by hindering dissipation of heat and may lead to a lethal elevation in body temperature. To avoid heat-induced mortality, broilers reduce feed intake, leading to depressed growth rate, lower weight gain, reduce breast meat yield and quality. Thus, the genetic potential of contemporary commercial broilers (CCB) is not fully expressed under hot conditions. Major conclusions, solutions, and achievementsResearch conducted in Israel focused on three broiler strains – CCB, Featherless, Feathered sibs (i.e., sharing similar genetic background). Complimentary research trials conducted at Auburn utilized CCB (Cobb 500, Cobb 700, Ross 308, Ross 708), contrasting their performance to slow growing strains. Warm rearing conditions consistently reduced feed intake, growth rate, feed efficiency, body weight uniformity and breast muscle yield, especially pronounced with CCB and magnified with age. Breast meat quality was also negatively affected, as measured by higher drip loss and paler meat color. Exposure to continuous or short-term heat stress induced respiratory alkalosis. Breast muscle histomorphometrics confirmed enhanced myofiber hypertrophy in CCB. Featherless broilers exhibited a significant increase in blood-vessel density under warm conditions. Rapid growth and muscle accretion rate was correlated to various myopathies (white striping, woody and necrotic) as well as to increases in plasma creatinekinase levels. Whether the trigger(s) of muscle damage is loss of cellular membrane integrity due to oxidative damage or tissue lactate accumulation, or to loss of inter-compartmental cation homeostasis is yet to be determined. Based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism array genotyping, identification of the gene with the recessive mutation Scaleless (sc) facilitated the development a dCAPS assay to discriminate between sc carrier (sc/+) and non-carrier (+/+) individuals. ImplicationsThis project confirmed that featherless broiler strains grow efficiently with high yield and quality of breast meat, even under warm rearing conditions that significantly depress the overall performance of CCB. Therefore, broiler meat production in hot regions and climates can be substantially improved by introducing the featherless gene into contemporary commercial broiler stocks. This approach has become more feasible with the development of dCAPS assay. A novel modification of the PCR protocol (using whole blood samples instead of extracted DNA) may contribute to the efficient development of commercial featherless broiler strains. Such strains will allow expansion of the broiler meat production in developing countries in warm climates, where energy intensive environmental control of rearing facilities are not economical and easily achievable.
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The Experience of Latin America and the Caribbean in Urbanization: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007004.
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The developing region that has experienced one of the greatest urban growth in the world is Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). More than 80% of its population currently lives in cities and this figure is projected to reach 90% in 25 years. As part of this process, we can identify different urbanization trends across the region: slow growth rates of megacities due to lower levels of rural-urban migration and greater intra-city migration; high growth rates of mid-size cities; and urban footprints growing faster than populations. Therefore, this more contained growth in larger cities, the existence of a 'demographic bonus'in the next 30 years, and new poles of development in secondary cities offer new opportunities to grow in a more sustainable and equitable way while addressing existing challenges in cities. Rapid urban growth in the countries of LAC has posed a series of challenges that cities, especially intermediate cities, must address to ensure their sustainability in the coming years. Those challenges include limited mobility, poor urban planning, pollution, increased vulnerability to natural hazards, inequity, lack of compliance with labor and building regulations, unemployment, crime, and weak institutional and fiscal capacity, among others. These conditions undermine cities' sustainability and reduce the quality of life of their inhabitants. Given this context, the Bank has developed the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) as a particular approach to help mid-size cities understand their challenges and address them in a more integrated way based upon a model of efficiency in planning and the use of resources that prioritizes sustainability and a higher quality of life for all citizens. The ESCI's action-oriented methodology prioritizes projects in critical areas for sustainability, promoting a better quality of life by strengthening planning, incorporating climate change features, and ensuring citizenship engagement. From the ESCI's experience in more than 20 cities in LAC, important lessons have been learned: introducing adaptation and mitigation measures is an opportunity to address environmental issues and limit the impact of climate change; urban economic development should be based on dense, compact, efficient cities, with mixed land use, and concrete actions to generate productive employment; planning should be considered a basic tool for sustainable urban development and growth; and finally, fiscal capacity should be strengthened with greater access to financial resources and connectivity. Cities that cannot provide an adequate quality of live and preserve physical and environmental assets for future generations will not be competitive. These cities will have a tough time attracting investments and generating productive jobs. As a result of ESCI's learning process, we have realized that it is necessary to examine in a more direct and detailed manner the competitiveness of a city proposing concrete actions to increase investments and to generate productive employment. Involving civil society in city planning and engaging the private sector in urban infrastructure services are also key ingredients of a competitive and successful city. As part of the Bank's knowledge dissemination series, this document exhibits the Latin American and Caribbean experience in terms of urbanization, the identification of the challenges posed by this trend, the IDB's approach to promote the sustainability of LAC mid-size urban centers, the lessons learned from how those challenges are being solved, and their impact on medium-term sustainability of cities and their quality of life.