Dissertations / Theses: 'Production of bio fuel'

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Liu, Hong, and 劉紅. "Bio-hydrogen production from carbohydrate-containing wastewater." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244518.

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Fradler, Katrin. "Improving bio-electricity production and waste stabilization in Microbial Fuel Cells." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2015. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/improving-bioelectricity-production-and-waste-stabilization-in-microbial-fuel-cells(91c2db18-126b-4610-9bdb-42d7e42ae5e9).html.

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Biological wastewater treatment is typically aerobic and an energy intensive process, mainly due to the required aeration. Alternative sustainable processes are sought, such as Microbial fuel cells (MFC) where electrogenic bacteria can degrade organic matter present in the waste stream while simultaneously generating electricity. MFCs represent an emerging technology which may deliver the capability to reduce the pollution potential of low strength wastewaters (< 1500 mg COD l-1) while generating electricity which could be used to self-power the process. Waste streams high in volatile fatty acids (VFAs) with high conductivity are particularly preferred substrate streams. These may include the effluent from two stage bio-hydrogen and bio-methane systems, which in this study were treated in a four-module tubular MFC (V=1 l) to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and recover further energy from the substrate. It was shown that the power increased with increasing organic loading rate (0.036-0.572 g sCOD l-1 d-1), but COD removal efficiency decreased. The Coulombic Efficiency (CE) was found to decrease significantly at OLR ˃ 0.6 g sCOD l-1 d-1 and the energy recovery was 92.95 J l-1 (OLR=0.572 g sCOD l-1 d-1). Also, wash-down waters from a chilled food producing company were treated in the same tubular MFC, reducing the soluble COD content by 84.8%. The low power (≈ 30 W m-3) and cell potential (≈ 0.5 V) makes it necessary to investigate methods such as external capacitors, DC/DC converters or serial and parallel connection to improve the power quality. In this thesis, the use of the intrinsic capacitance was tested by switched mode, open and closed circuit (OC/CC) operation of a 2-module tubular MFC with high surface area carbon veil anode. The charge accumulated during OC and released when switched to CC was dependent on the external resistor (R = 100-3 kΩ) and duty cycle. Short period OC/CC switching further increased potential due to the pseudo-capacitance of the reactor, but only at the expense of energy efficiency, compared to continuous operation (CC) under constant load. Another approach to enhance the practical implementation of MFCs is integration with other processes such as reverse electrodialysis to increase MFC’s cell potential or e.g. desalination. In this study a MFC was integrated with supported liquid membrane technology (SLM) for the first time, for the removal of metal ions of wastewater. A three chamber reactor, with a common cathode/feed phase containing 400 mg Zn2+ l-1, enabled V the simultaneous treatment of organic- and heavy metal containing wastewaters. The MFC/SLM combination produces a synergistic effect which enhances the power performance of the MFC significantly; 0.233 mW compared to 0.094 mW in the control. It is shown that the 165±7 mV difference between the MFC/SLM system and the MFC control is partially attributable to the lower cathode pH in the integrated system experiment, the consequent lower activation overpotential and higher oxygen reduction potential. The system demonstrates that within 72 h, 93±4% of the zinc ions are removed from the feed phase. A further study, with continuously operated cathode/feed chamber (100 mg Zn2+ l-1), showed that an enhanced effect on increasing cell potential was possible and could also be maintained in continuous operation.

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DE, PORCELLINIS DIANA. "Materials for energy production and storage: fuel cells and redox flow batteries." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/201863.

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Stabilization and electrical contacting of redox enzymes with electrodes are fundamental requirements for the development of bioelectronics devices such as biosensors and EFCs. In the present work, we show that glucose oxidase (GOx) stability could be increased by immobilization with Nafion. The immobilization process affected GOx conformation but was not detrimental to its activity, which was maintained for over 120 days. The GOx/Nafion system was interfaced to a carbon cloth electrode and assembled in a prototype EFC fed with glucose. Polarization and power density curves demonstrated that GOx/Nafion system was able to generate power, exploiting a Nafion-assisted electron transfer process to the electrode. Our findings are consistent with the onset of pH-dependent conformational equilibrium for the enzyme secondary structure and its active site. Significantly, the protective effect by Nafion on the enzyme structure may be tuned by varying parameters such as pH, in order to fabricate durable EFCs with good performance in electricity and power production.

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Vidlund, Anna. "Sustainable production of bio-energy products in the sawmill industry." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1734.

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One of the great challenges facing society is to convert theglobal energy system to a sustainable process. Currently, 80%of the world´s energy is supplied through the combustionof fossil fuels. Not only are the fossil resources limited, theutilisation also increases the level of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere. The convertion to a sustainable energy system isproblematic since the technology needed to exploit mostnon-fossil energy sources is not yet fully developed, e.g.solar energy. Biofuel is an available renewable energy sourcewhich is already widely used in many countries. If an effectiveswitch-over from fossil fuels to biofuels is to be realised,biofuels must be viewed as a limited resource. Consequently, itis important that the handling, upgrading and utilisationprocesses involving biofuels are efficient so that itspotential can be fully exploited.

This thesis considers efficient biofuel utilisation andupgrading within the sawmill industry. The goal has been toanalyse not only the technical opportunities for energy savingsin the sawmill industry, but also to analyse the costeffectiveness and environmental impact of studied measures. Theheat demand of the sawmill industry is almost completelycovered by its own by-products; primarily bark, sawdust andwood chips. The increased demand and improved economic value ofwoody biofuels on the market is thus an incentive for thesawmill industry to place more focus on energy issues. Thesawmill industry also has a more or less constant heat loadover the year, which is a beneficial factor for integrationwith district heating networks, biofuel upgrading plants andcombined heat and power plants.

The conclusion of the study is that a variety of energyproducts such as heat, unrefined biofuel, pellets andelectricity can be efficiently produced in the sawmill industryand sold for profit to external customers. The payback periodsfor the proposed investments are moderate and both theemissions of volatile organic compounds and global CO2 aredecreased. Should the proposed measures be fully implemented atSwedish sawmills, about 2.8 TWh of biofuel could be savedannually, 0.5 TWh of waste heat could be sold as districtheating and 0.8 TWh of green electricity could be produced.Language: English

Keywords:Sawmill industry, energy efficiency, heatrecovery, integration, biofuel, upgrading, district heating,fuel pellets, CHP, VOC, CO2

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Parsamehr, Mohammad. "Heat generation by cow dung incineration in the north of Iran." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-20013.

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The main objective of this thesis was to design an incinerator which was fuelled by cow dung. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the designed incinerator can provide the heat needs of a medium size farm in the north of Iran. This project was conducted to study local energy sources accessible in a farm to cut the costs of fossil fuels in one hand and reduction of environmental impacts caused by use of those fuels in the other hand. The whole system was composed of heating elements inside the farm building and an incineration system to heat generation by combusting dry cow dung outside the farm building. The wet manure contained 40% moisture that should be dried by passing through two dryers in series before entering the incinerator. An appropriate water-tube boiler has been designed to boil water which condensed in a condenser so that the latent heat of steam has used for heating the building. A shell and tube heat exchanger has been designed for condensing the steam in the shell side and warming up water flow circulated through heating elements in the tube side. Therefore there are two water cycles one within the heat generation system and the other cycle through heating elements which are designed to exchange heat inside a condenser. About the dryers it is attempted to use recoverable heat of flue gas so that the heat required for the drying section is supplied by the stack of incinerator. As the result of the project, proposed system is evaluated in terms of heat balance and thermal efficiency. Calculation shows that the system is quite sufficient to supply heat needs of the farm and the theoretical thermal efficiency of the system is about 78%.

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Torella, Joseph Peter. "Synthetic biology approaches to bio-based chemical production." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13088835.

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Inexpensive petroleum is the cornerstone of the modern global economy despite its huge environmental costs and its nature as a non-renewable resource. While ninety percent of petroleum is ultimately used as fuel and can in principle be replaced by sources of renewable electricity, ten percent is used as a feedstock to produce societally important chemicals that cannot currently be made at a reasonable cost through alternative processes. In this dissertation, I will discuss my efforts, together with several colleagues, to apply synthetic biology approaches to the challenge of producing renewable petrochemical replacements. In Chapter 2, I discuss our efforts to engineer E. coli to produce fatty acids with a wide range of chain lengths at high yield, thereby providing an alternative platform for the production of diverse petrochemicals. In Chapter 3, I describe a novel method of DNA assembly that we developed to facilitate synthetic biology efforts such as those in Chapter 2. This method is capable of simultaneously assembling multiple DNA pieces with substantial sequence homology, a common challenge in synthetic biology. In Chapter 4, I discuss the development of a "bionic leaf": a hybrid microbial-inorganic catalyst that marries the advantages of photovoltaic-based light capture and microbial carbon fixation to achieve solar biomass yields greater than those observed in terrestrial plants. This technology offers a potentially low-cost alternative to photosynthesis as a source of biomass and derived chemicals and fuels. The work described in this dissertation demonstrates the capacity of synthetic biology to address the problem of renewable chemical production, and offers proof of principle demonstrations that both the scope and efficiency of biological chemical production may be improved.

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Schafer, Guy M. "Identifying Bio-Diesel Production Facility Locations for Home Heating Fuel Applications Within the Midwest Region of the United States." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1302263583.

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Guo, Yan, and 郭芃. "Alkaline-catalyzed production of biodiesel fuel from virgin canola oiland recycled waste oils." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36584927.

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Guadagnin, Matteo. "Nutritional value of canola expellers produced "on farm" by cold extraction of oil used as bio fuel." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422576.

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General aim of this thesis was to study canola expellers (CE) extracted by cold pressing in a small plant (on farm) and to evaluate the validity to use this by-product in ruminant feeding. The thesis includes the results of four experimental contributes: the first one aimed to evaluate the stability of CE at different times and temperatures of storage in order to determine if the conditions usually found in the farms, especially during the hot season, can result in changes in fatty acids profile and in some oxidative parameters. Results found that under different temperatures (12, 24, and 36°C) and times of storage (10, 20, and 30 d), CE maintained a good oxidative stability, as evidenced by low peroxide values (< 10 mEq/kg fat) in all samples collected, by negative response for Kreis test and by low changes in fatty acids profile. From these results it could be hypothesized that the storage of these by-products did not change the characteristics of the lipid fraction. In the second contribute in vitro gas production (GP) values obtained from the incubation of CE, whole soybean seed (WSS) and soybean meal (SBM) were compared, incubating feed samples with two media containing N-rich buffer or N-free buffer, in order to compare the effect of the availability of feed as unique protein source. Results of the experiment showed that CE is an easily degradable protein source. In the first hours of incubation with limiting N availability, higher gas production was recorded compared to the two soybeans. On this basis, CE could be interesting in diets at low protein content, currently suggested in order to reduce nitrogen excretion. No toxic effects on the microbial yield were observed during the fermentation of the three different feeds. The third contribute compared four diets formulated for beef cattle, based on corn silage and containing WSS or CE as protein sources at two different inclusion levels, in order to obtain 15 and 11 % CP of DM in the diets. Diets were tested using Rusitec fermenter. Compared to WSS, CE provided greater NDF degradability (P < 0.01), produced less acetate and propionate (P < 0.001) but more butyrate and branched-chain VFA. The total VFA production was similar for the two protein sources. With regard to nitrogen balance, CE showed greater 15N enrichment in the non-ammonia N (P < 0.01) and nominally lower values of microbial N derived from ammonia compared to WSS (P = 0.06). At high inclusion level, the 15N enrichments for ammonia N, non-ammonia N and total bacteria N were also greater than observed at low inclusion levels (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the two feeds showed different fermentation patterns. The manipulation of dietary protein level seemed to lead primarily to a variation of bypass protein, without effects on the synthesis of microbial N. In the fourth contribute the same diets tested in Rusitec fermenter (third contribute) were evaluated using RF system (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY, USA) in order to evaluate their gas production kinetics. Results showed that both NDFd and TDMd values were greater (P<0.05) for CE diets compared to WSS, confirming the results obtained with Rusitec and as expected were lower (P=0.04) for L compared to H diets. Compared to WSS, CE inclusion in the diets increased the rate of GP (P<0.05;) but did not affect the total amount of GP. The reduction of CP level in the diets from 15 to 11% decreased the rate of GP without effects on total GP. Ammonia content increased (P<0.01), as expected, with the level of dietary CP. In conclusion, when diets with low CE levels are used, the inclusion of rapeseed cake in replacement to soybean seeds could improve the rate of degradation during the first hours of fermentation. In general CE obtained by cold extraction on farm could be an interesting feed in ruminant feeding with economical and environmental benefits.
Obiettivo generale di questa tesi è stato quello di studiare e valutare il panello di colza (CE) estratto a freddo in impianti aziendali di piccole dimensioni per un potenziale utilizzo nell'alimentazione dei ruminanti. Nella tesi sono riportati i risultati di quattro prove sperimentali: nel primo contributo è stata valutata la stabilità della frazione lipidica del CE a temperature diverse e per diversi periodi di tempo al fine di valutare se la conservazione in condizioni anche particolari (durante la stagione estiva) in azienda, possa modificare il profilo degli acidi grassi e alcuni parametri di ossidazione lipidica. I risultati hanno evidenziato che a diverse temperature (12, 24, e 36°C) e tempi di stoccaggio (10, 20, e 30 d), CE ha mantenuto una buona stabilità ossidativa, come evidenziato dai bassi valori del numero di perossidi (<10 mEqO2/kg grasso), dal test di Kreis sempre negativo, e dalle scarse variazioni del contenuto di acidi grassi. Da questi risultati preliminari si può ipotizzare che lo stoccaggio aziendale per i panelli sottoprodotti ottenuti dal colza in azienda, non determina grosse variazioni della componente lipidica. Nel secondo contributo sono state valutate, in vitro, le produzioni di gas prodotti da campioni di CE e da semi di soia integrale incubando i questi alimenti con due differenti media: uno ricco in a N e uno senza N in modo da confrontare lâandamento delle fermentazioni quando lâunica fonte di N risulta lâalimento. I risultati hanno evidenziato che CE è una fonte proteica rapidamente degradabile; in caso di diete ipoproteiche come quelle suggerite per ridurre lâescrezione azotata, la sua inclusione potrebbe favorire l'attività microbica ruminale. Non sono sati rilevati effetti tossici sulla microflora ruminale durante la fermentazione dei due alimenti. Nel terzo contributo sono state confrontate in vitro quattro diete per bovini da carne a base di silomais con 2 livelli di inclusione di CE e WSS, in modo da ottenere un livello di proteina grezza paria al 15% e allâ11% PG sulla sostanza secca. In questa prova è stato utilizzato il sistema semicontinuo di fermentazione Rusitec. Le diete contenenti CE hanno mostrato una maggior (P <0.01) degradabilità dell'NDF, e prodotto meno (P <0.01) acetato e propionato ma più butirrato e acidi grassi ramificati. La produzione totale di AGV non è risultato diversa tra le due fonti proteiche. Il bilancio dellâN ha mostrato un maggior quantità (P <0.01) di arricchimento in15N nellâazoto non ammoniacale e valori tendenzialmente (P = 0.06) inferiori di N microbico derivato dall'uso di ammoniaca rispetto alle diete con inclusione di WSS. Nelle diete ad alto livello di inclusione i valori di arricchimento in 15N delle varie frazioni azotate sono risultati, come atteso, più alti (P <0.01) rispetto a quelle a basso livello di inclusione. In conclusione i due supplementi hanno mostrato andamenti fermentativi molto diversi. I due diversi livelli di inclusione hanno influito principalmente sulla disponibilità di proteina by pass senza effetti sulla sintesi microbica. Nel quarto contributo sono state testate, con la tecnica della gas production, le stesse quattro diete usate nel precedente esperimento. Eâ stato utilizzato il sistema RF AnkomÂ® per testare la cinetica della produzione di gas nel corso della fermentazione. I risultati hanno mostrato che sia i valori di degradabilità dell'NDF che della SS sono stati maggiori (P < 0.05) per le diete contenenti CE rispetto a quelle con WSS e, come atteso, sono risultati inferiori nella diete a basso livello di inclusione delle due fonti proteiche. Le diete CE sono state caratterizzate da una produzione oraria di gas superiore (P < 0.05) in, ma non è variata la quantità totale di gas prodotto. La riduzione del livello di CP da 15 all'11% SS ha diminuito il tasso di produzione di gas ma non la quantità totale. Il contenuto di ammoniaca nel liquido ruminale al termine dellâincubazione è risultato più alto (P < 0.001) nelle diete ad alto livello di inclusione. Concludendo possiamo affermare che con diete a basso livello di proteina, l'uso di CE in sostituzione alla soia, può migliorare la velocità di degradazione durante le prime ore di fermentazione. In generale, il panello di colza ottenuto per estrazione a freddo in azienda potrebbe essere un alimento interessante nell'alimentazione dei ruminanti con effetti favorevoli sia dal punto di vista economico che ambientale

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Tsupko, Yuriy Vadimovich. "Investigation into the suitability of spring triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) for bio-ethanol production in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1926.

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MScAgric
Thesis (MSc (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the Western Cape small grain cereals, triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack ex A. Camus) in particular, appear to be among the most promising starch-carrying raw materials for the production of bio-ethanol. A core group of cultivars and lines from the Stellenbosch University Plant Breeding Laboratory spring triticale breeding programme were subjected to initial testing for the purpose of ethanol production. They underwent multi-location field-testing across six (season 2006–2007) and nine (season 2007–2008) locations representing the Western Cape cereal production area. Climatic conditions during the study were characterised as generally favourable, especially in the 2007 season. During the season, trials were visited in order to make in situ observations. Disease susceptibility was given specific attention. After harvesting, grain yield (kg.ha-1), test weight (kg.HL-1), total starch content in whole grain (%), amylose/amylopectin ratio, protein content (%), ethanol output (L.tonne-1) and ethanol yield (L.ha-1) were analysed. Near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy calibration models were developed for moisture and starch contents. The best calibration based on whole grain spectra for moisture content had RPD = 1.691, R2 = 0.657 and SEP = 0.271%, and for starch content RPD = 1.646, R2 = 0.634 and SEP = 1.356%. Calibrations developed from milled grain showed better results for moisture content RPD = 2.526, R2 = 0.843, SEP = 0.182%, and for starch content RPD = 1.741, R2 = 0.673, SEP = 1.277%. These calibrations are suitable for rough screening of samples. In the 2006 season, starch yield was highly positively correlated with grain yield (R2 = 0.988, P <0.001). Both starch yield and grain yield were positively correlated with days to heading (R2 = 0.533 and R2 = 0.556, respectively; P <0.001). The 2007 season was characterised by a generally higher starch yield (2952– 3142kg.ha-1, 95%CI) compared to the 2006 season (2077–2315kg.ha-1, 95%CI). Starch yield was strongly positively correlated with grain yield (R2 = 0.975, P <0.001). Test weight demonstrated weak positive correlation with ethanol yield (R2 = 0.238, P <0.01) and grain yield (R2 = 0.279, P <0.001). Mean ethanol output ranged between 466–477L.tonne-1 at the 95%CI. Ethanol output was demonstrated to be more dependent on starch and other polysaccharides accessibility to enzymatic digestion than on the total starch content as such. The best lines for ethanol output in the 2007 season were G2, D3 and H2 for the Swartland region, and D3, G2 and D1 for the Overberg region. The best triticale lines under investigation showed their potential from a biological point of view to be a suitable crop for ethanol production in the Western Cape, with the achieved ethanol yield ranging between 2446–2625L.ha-1 at the 95%CI. For the Swartland region the best genotypes for ethanol yield were D1, H1 and D2, and for the Overberg H1 and G2. The 23 best lines were selected from the elite and senior blocks, and then used for the establishment of a recurrent massselection pre-breeding block.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die Wes-Kaap is kleingrane, meer spesifiek korog (×Triticosecale Wittmack ex A. Camus), van die mees belowende styseldraende rou-materiale vir die produksie van bio-etanol. ‘n Kern versameling van kultivars en telerslyne van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch se Planteteeltlaboratorium se lente korogteeltprogram is blootgestel aan aanvanklike toetsing met die doel om etanol produksie te meet. Die materiaal het veldtoetsing ondergaan oor verskeie lokaliteite gedurende die 2006–2007 (ses lokaliteite) en 2007–2008 (nege lokaliteite) seisoene wat verteenwoordigend was van die Wes-Kaapse produksie gebied. Klimaatstoestande gedurende die studie kan beskryf word as gunstig, veral gedurende die 2007 seisoen. Gedurende die groeiseisoen is proeflokaliteite gereeld besoek ten einde in situ observasies te kon maak, siektevatbaarheid het veral aandag geniet. Na die oes van proewe was graanopbrengs (kg.ha-1), hektolitermassa (kg.HL-1), totale-styselinhoud in heelgraan (%), amilose/amilopektien-verhouding, proteïeninhoud (%), etanolopbrengs (L.ton-1) en etanolopbrengs per hektaar (L.ha-1) gemeet. Naby-infrarooispektroskopie kalibrasies was ontwikkel vir vog- en styselinhoud. Die beste kalibrasies vir heelgraan voginhoud het ‘n RDP = 1.691, R2 = 0.657 en SEP = 0.271% en vir styselinhoud RPD = 1.646, R2 = 0.634 en SEP = 1.356% opgelewer. Die kalibrasies gebaseer op meel was aansienlik beter vir voginhoud RPD = 2.526, R2 = 0.843 en SEP = 0.182%, sowel as vir styselinhoud RPD = 1.741, R2 = 0.673 en SEP = 1.277%. Die kalibrasies is bruikbaar vir aanvanklike sifting van monsters. 5 Gedurende die 2006 seisoen het styselinhoud en graanopbrangs ‘n baie hoë korrelasie (R2 = 0.988, P <0.001) getoon. Beide stysel- en graanopbrengs was positief gekorreleerd met dae tot aar (R2 = 0.533 en R2 = 0.556; P <0.001). Die 2007 seisoen is gekenmerk deur ‘n hoër styselopbrengs (2952– 3142kg.ha-1, 95%VI) teenoor die 2006 seisoen (2077–2315kg.ha-1, 95%VI). Styselopbrengs was positief gekorreleerd met graanopbrengs (R2 = 0.975, P <0.001). Hektolitermassa het swak korrelasie getoon met etanolopbrengs (R2 = 0.238, P <0.01) en graanopbrengs (R2 = 0.279, P <0.01). Gemiddelde etanolopbrengs het gewissel tussen 466–477L.ton-1 by 95%VI. Data het aangedui dat etanolopbrengs meer aangewese is op stysel en ander polisakkariedverbindings se ensiematiese toeganklikheid eerder as totale stysel aanwesig. Die beste lyne wat etanolopbrangs betref in 2007 was G2, D3 en H2 vir die Swartland en D3, G2 en D1 vir die Overberg. Van die koroglyne wat deel was van die ondersoek het goeie potensiaal getoon, uit ‘n suiwer biologiese oogpunt, as gewas vir die produksie van etanol in die Wes-Kaap met ‘n gerealiseerde etanolopbrengs in die omgewing van 2446-2625L.ha-1 by 95%VI. In die Swartland was die beste genotipes D1, H1 en D2 en in die Overberg H1 en G2. Die beste 23 lyne is geselekteer uit die elite en senior telingsblokke en aangewend in die vestiging van ‘n herhalende-seleksie voortelingsblok.

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Demet, Atif Emre. "BIOMASS VALORIZATION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VALUE-ADDED CHEMICALS AND BIO-FUELS." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2017. https://theses.enscm.fr/ENSCM_2017_DEMET.pdf.

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On a synthétisé deux séries de catalyseurs d'oxydes mixtes de composition nominale M13-xM2xO4 avec des métaux non nobles, dans laquelle M1=Co et M2=Fe ou M1=Cu et M2=Mn, par un procédé de co-précipitation rentable. Chaque série se compose de 5 catalyseurs avec les fractions cationiques M2/(M1+M2) de 0,00, 0,33, 0,50, 0,67, 1,00. Les catalyseurs ont été caractérisés en utilisant les techniques de XRD, EDX, N2 physisorption, FT-IR, UV-VIS, TEM et TPR, puis utilisés dans les réactions d'oxydation successives de la 5-hydroxyméthylfurfural dérivée de la biomasse (HMF) à plusieurs produits chimiques à valeur ajoutée qui ont Un large éventail d'applications dans diverses industries, y compris l'anhydride maléique (MA), le 2,5-furandicarboxaldéhyde (DFF), l'acide 5-hydroxyméthyl-2-furancarboxylique (HMFCA), l'acide 5 formyl-2 furancarboxylique (FFCA) , L'acide 5-furandicarboxylique (FDCA), qui peut servir de substitut alternatif à l'acide téréphtalique dérivé du combustible fossile dans la production de plastiques de poly (éthylène téréphtalate) (PET). Les produits de réaction d'oxydation de HMF ont été analysés par CLHP puis une étude cinétique a été réalisée. Le but ultime est non seulement d'étudier les corrélations entre les propriétés physico-chimiques et les performances catalytiques des catalyseurs mentionnés sur le processus d'oxydation en cascade complexe de HMF à FDCA, mais aussi d'apporter une contribution modeste à la littérature scientifique pour un monde durable, renouvelable et plus vert
Two series of mixed oxide catalysts with nominal composition M13-xM2xO4 have been synthesized with non-noble metals, wherein M1=Co and M2=Fe or M1=Cu and M2=Mn, by cost effective co-precipitation method. Each serie consists of 5 catalysts with the cation fractions M2/(M1+M2) of 0.00, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 1.00. The catalysts have been characterised using XRD, EDX, N2 physisorption, FT-IR, UV-VIS, TEM and TPR techniques, then employed in the successive oxidation reactions of biomass derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to several value added chemicals, which have a diverse portfolio of applications in various industries, including maleic anhydride (MA), 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde (DFF), 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA), 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), which can serve as an alternative substitute for fossil fuel derived terephthalic acid in the production of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) plastics. The oxidation reaction products of HMF were analyzed by HPLC then kinetics study has been performed. The ultimate goal is not only to investigate the correlations between physicochemical properties and catalytic performances of the aformentioned catalysts on the complex cascade HMF to FDCA oxidation process but also to make a humble contribution to the scientific literature for a sustainable, renewable and greener world
Due serie di catalizzatori a base di ossidi misti con composizione nominale M13-xM2xO4 sono stati sintetizzati con metalli non nobili, in cui M1=Co e M2=Fe o M1=Cu e M2=Mn, con il metodo della co-precipitazione. Ogni serie è composta da 5 catalizzatori con rapporti tra i cationi pari a M2/(M1+M2) 0.00, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 1.00. I catalizzatori sono stati caratterizzati attraverso tecniche XRD, EDX, fisisorbimento di N2, FT-IR, UV-VIS, TEM e TPR, e successivamente testati nelle reazioni di ossidazione del 5-idrossimetilfurfurale (HMF) derivante da biomasse a diversi intermedi ad elevato valore aggiunto, che hanno importanti applicazioni in vari settori dell’industria chimica, tra cui l'anidride maleica (MA), la 2,5-furandicarboxaldeide (DFF), l'acido 5-idrossimetil-2-furancarbossilico (HMFCA), e l’acido 5-formil-2-furancarbossilico (FFCA) e l’acido 2,5-furandicarbossilico (FDCA), che è importante come un sostituto alternativo all’acido tereftalico derivato da materie prime fossili per la produzione di polietilenetereftalato (PET). I prodotti di reazione derivanti dall’ossidazione del HMF sono stati analizzati mediante HPLC ed è stato eseguito un approfondito studio cinetico. L'obiettivo finale è stato non solo quello di trovare una correlazione tra proprietà fisico-chimiche ed attività catalitica dei catalizzatori presi in esame per la complessa trasformazione dell’HMF a FDCA, ma anche quello di dare un contributo consistente ai processi chimici industriali alla base di uno sviluppo sostenibile della società

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12

Duangsuwan, Wiriya. "Experimental studies of the mixing of alcohols with vegetable oil using gas-liquid compound drops for applications in bio-fuel production." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521716.

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Tackie, Richard. "Economics of bio-ingredients production from shrimp processing waste in Newfoundland." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79139.

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This thesis examined the economics of producing high value bio-ingredients such as chitin and carotenoprotein from shrimp processing waste in Newfoundland. The shrimp waste in the province was estimated to be at least 37000 tons annually. A survey of shrimp processing plants in the province revealed that the waste generated was relatively pure with little or no foreign material. The economic engineering approach was employed to estimate the production cost of chitin and carotenoprotein at the laboratory and pilot scale levels. At the laboratory scale where 480 kg/year of raw material (shrimp waste) was processed, the cost of chitin and carotenoprotein was found to be $159/kg and $315/kg, respectively. At the pilot scale level, the cost of chitin and carotenoprotem was estimated to be $125/kg and $244/kg, respectively based on volume of 4800 kg/year. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to establish the cost variations due to changes in the quantity of starting raw material, labor cost and cost of laboratory supplies (chemicals and enzymes). The cost of chitin and caroteinoprotein showed a decreasing trend with increasing scale of production. An expert opinion survey was conducted with a selected panel of 9 experts from the shrimp processing industry, chitin related industry, and the academic/research community to determine the potential market of the high-grade chitin/chitosan in Canada. The results showed that the health and nutraceutical industry is the most promising niche for high-grade chit in/chitosan. The survey also indicated that potential market would be high in Ontario and Quebec due to the presence of large health and nutraceutical companies in the big metropolitan areas of these regions.

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Shuma, Baraka John. "Attracting and regulating foreign direct investments in biofuels production in Tanzania." Thesis, UWC, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3121.

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Braden, Drew J. "Fuel cell grade hydrogen production from the steam reforming of bio-ethanol over co-based catalysts an investigation of reaction networks and active sites /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/301.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formattted into pages: contains [55] p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.

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Lui, Wan-yin, and 呂韻{21394e}. "A study on the performance of proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells and solar electrolysis for hydrogen production." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26662425.

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Garcia, Perez Manuel. "Co-pyrolysis under vacuum of bagasse and petroleum residue for the production of bio-fuels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0012/MQ56745.pdf.

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18

Gillgren, Maria. "Inom vilka områden behövs framtida biogassatsningar? : Future support to biogas production in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-126773.

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Energimyndigheten har från Regeringen blivit tilldelad 100 miljoner kronor att fördela som investeringsstöd för att främja en effektiv och utökad produktion, distribution samt användning av förnybara gaser såsom biogas. Myndigheten har samtidigt fått i uppdrag att utveckla en sektorsövergripande biogasstrategi och föreslå åtgärder som på kort och lång sikt kan bidra till ökad användning av biogas. Denna strategi ska också tjäna som ett underlag för fördelning av olika former av stöd inom sektorn.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att sammanställa information som kan bidra som underlag vid upprättandet av den sektorsövergripande biogasstrategin. Ett annat syfte är att bidra med underlag för Energimyndighetens bedömning av var ett investeringsstöd kan ge störst effekt för den fortsatta utvecklingen inom biogasområdet. Detta stöd avser den senaste, ovan nämnda, utlysning som Energimyndigheten gjort inom området. Examensrapporten innehåller bland annat en sammanställning av gjorda insatser inom forskningsområdet biogas de senaste åren, finansierat av framför allt Energimyndigheten, men även en inblick i vilka biogassatsningar som är gjorda av andra nationella aktörer. Ett antal personer från bland annat branschorganisationer har intervjuats för att ta del av deras syn på den framtida biogasmarknaden, vilka satsningar som bör göras och vilka hinder som har störst inverkan. Organisationerna är valda utifrån kriteriet att de ska representera olika delar av biogasbranschen och att olika synvinklar därigenom ska framkomma. Rapporten innehåller slutsatser som dragits av tidigare biogassatsningar hos Energimyndigheten och identifiering av biogasområden där det föreligger stort behov av framtida satsningar för utökad produktion, distribution och användning.

Ett område som i detta examensarbete har identifierats ha stort behov av framtida biogassatsningar är bland annat framtagande av alternativa rötningssubstrat, eftersom mängden tillgängligt substrat nuläget inte är tillräcklig. Detta utgör idag en begränsning för biogasproduktionen. Det bör även satsas mer på förbehandling av substrat innan rötning, vilket ökar gasproduktionen och förbättrar substratutnyttjandet i större utsträckning. Mer satsningar behövs också kring hur biogasprocessens slutprodukt, rötresten, kan bli en mer attraktiv produkt så att återcirkulering av växtnäring kan ske i större grad genom rötrestspridning på åkermark. Detta är av stor vikt eftersom en ökad volym rötningssubstrat ger upphov till större mängd rötrester som ska hanteras. Andra områden som är i behov av framtida stöd är utveckling av befintliga anläggningar för att öka och effektivisera produktionen. För att optimera processerna bör framför allt mer medel satsas på kunskapsuppbyggnad och spridning av den vetenskap som finns tillgänglig. Att länka samman universitet, högskolor och naturbruksgymnasium med anläggningar i drift kan vara det mest effektiva sättet att nå ut med relevant information och kunskap. Ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv bör mer medel läggas på att öka gödselrötning då detta minskar metanläckage.

Swedish Energy Agency has been allocated SEK 100 million from the government to distribute as investment grant to promote efficient and expanded production, distribution and use of renewable gases such as biogas. The Agency has also been given the task to develop a multidisciplinary strategy for biogas and propose measures which can contribute to increased use of biogas in the short and long term. This strategy will also serve as a basis for the allocation of various forms of support in the biogas sector.

The purpose of this study is to compile information which can be used as input for the establishment of the multidisciplinary strategy for biogas. Another purpose is to provide information to support the Swedish Energy Agency in the assessment of which areas an investment grant will have the greatest impact for the future development of biogas. This grant refers to the latest call of Swedish Energy Agency in the sector. This report includes a summary of what areas grants have been given for research of biogas in recent years, mainly financed by the Swedish Energy Agency, but also an insight into efforts made by other national operators. A number of people from professional biogas organizations have been interviewed to share their views on the future biogas market. Which efforts should be made and the main obstacles to be overcome are other questions discussed. The report contains conclusions from the experience of previous support from the Swedish Energy Agency as well as identification of areas in which there is great need for future efforts in order to expand the production, distribution and use of biogas.

Some areas which have been identified in this thesis for need of future efforts in the biogas sector is for example the development of alternative substrates for anaerobic digestion, because the amount of available substrate is at present not sufficient. This is currently a limitation for the biogas production. There is also a need to further develop the pre-treatment of the substrate before digestion, in order to increase the gas production and improve substrate utilization to a greater extent. More focus are also needed on how the end product from the biogas process, the digestion residues, can become a more attractive product to the recycling of plant nutrients by use as a bio fertilizer on farmland. This is of great importance because larger volume of digestion will result in greater volume of digestion residues to be managed. Other areas in need of future investments are the development of existing facilities to increase and optimize the production. In order to optimize the production processes, more resources should be devoted to capacity building and dissemination of the available knowledge. Linking universities and colleges together with operating biogas plants could be the most effective way to reach out with relevant information and knowledge. From a socioeconomic perspective more resources should be spent on increasing the volume of manure digestion then it is today, which also will result in reduced methane leaks.

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Bremmer, Anders, and Anders Sjöblom. "Minor Field Study for the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Worldbank Group: Investment conditions for a bio-fuel pellet production in Bolivia contributing to an improved and sustainable indigenous forestry." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-49740.

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This report presents the findings from a Minor Field Study aimed to describe the preconditions for an investment in large-scale Bolivian production of wood pellets for export contributing to an imrpoved and sustainable indigenous forestry. The study was carried out on behalf of the International Finance Corporation, IFC, a member of the World Bank Group that promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countires as a way to reduce poverty and improve poeple´s lives. Wood pellets are dried biomass processed into an easily combustible pellet form that offers a renewable and carbon neutral fuel source with higher energy density and more efficient transport properties than most traditional biomass energy sources. The global demand for pellets is strong and predicted to grow by over 25% per year until 2020. Bolivia is a country rich in natural resources with over 53,6 million ha of forest. But despite both the natural resources and a global demand for forest products Bolivian forest exports are very low. At the same time the large indigenous population, who possesses large unexploited land and forest is very poor and lack work. A large-scale investment in a pellet production seems to have the potential of increasing Bolivian forestry export and thus improve the living conditions for indigenous. By the means of a field study in the Bolivian forestry sector and researching literature and scientific reports this project has tried to create a business case analyzing the preconditions in Bolivia in a way that is relevant for a potential commercial investor. The work has resultes in a business case analyzing three major segments; the global wood pellet market, Bolivia on a national level and finally the Bolivian forestry sector on an more detailed level including a cost estimation for a potential pellet plant. The study finds that while Bolivia offers investors great opportunities with large forest reservs and vacant land for plantations in combination with a beneficial legislation. However, important weaknesses are the complicated business climate, small and fragmented wood supply and costly and complicated transportation. The study identifies three urgent and prioritized issues in the Bolivian forestry sector and suggest next steps to take in order to face the challenges. Furhter the study concludes that in order to be able to serve as a major supplier of wood the indigenous actors will have to be organized on an aggregated and commercial level. The organization would need long-term involvement of a commercial actor to train, equip and bring together the indigenous sppliers. If done successfully the indigenous groups could benefit from being a supplier with access to an international, fast growing market without having to masterinternational business. This can in turn lead to increased sustainable wealth with new job opportunities and improved social conditions. The study also suggests that indigenous groups could profit from new forest plantation on their fallow land while it also would bring improved environmental conditions, increased wood supply with facilitated extraction and higher productivity.

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20

Ketep, Françoise. "Piles à combustible microbiennes pour la production d'électricité couplée au traitement des eaux de l'industrie papetière." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI066/document.

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L’objectif de la thèse est d’évaluer la faisabilité de la technologie de pile à combustible microbienne pour la production d’électricité couplée au traitement d’effluents de l’industrie papetière. La première partie du travail montre que de nombreux effluents papetiers permettent de former des biofilms anodiques efficaces. Lorsque les effluents sont complémentés en acétate et l’anode polarisée à -0,3V/ECS des densités de courant de 12 A/m² et des rendements faradiques de 90% ont été obtenus. Lorsque les effluents sont utilisés comme seuls substrats, les densités de courant atteignent 6 A/m² et les rendements faradiques 30%, avec des abattements de DCO jusqu’à 50%. Les biofilms anodiques optimaux ont été associées à des cathodes à air abiotiques pour concevoir des piles complètes. Des puissances surfaciques de 294 mW/m² à 596 mW/m² ont été obtenues avec deux effluents différents
The objective of this thesis was to assess the feasibility of the microbial fuel cell technology for the production of electrical energy coupled with the treatment of pulp and paper effluents. The first part of work showed that various pulp and paper effluents are suitable to form efficient anodic biofilms. When the effluent was supplemented with acetate and the anode polarized between at -0.3 V/SCE, current densities of 12 A/m² and Coulombic efficiencies up to 90% were obtained. When effluents were provided as the sole substrate, current densities reached 6 A/m² and Coulombic efficiencies 30%, with COD removal around 50%. The optimal anodic biofilms were associated with associated with abiotic air cathodes to design complete microbial fuel cells. Power densities from 294 mW/m² to 596 mW/m² were obtained with two different effluents

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21

Chow, Kwok-on Desmond, and 周國安. "The environmental improvement due to the relocation of base load gas production plant from Ma Tau Kok to Tai Po industrial estate." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4257433X.

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22

Kantarelis, Efthymios. "Catalytic Steam Pyrolysis of Biomass for Production of Liquid Feedstock." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energi- och ugnsteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-142412.

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The current societal needs for fuels and chemical commodities strongly depend on fossil resources. This dependence can lead to economic instabilities, political problems and insecurity of supplies. Moreover, global warming, which is associated with the massive use of fossil resources, is a dramatic “collateral damage” that endangers the future of the planet. Biomass is the main renewable source available today that can, produce various liquid, gaseous and solid products. Due to their lignocellulosic origin are considered CO2 neutral and thus can generate CO2 credits. Biomass processing can meet to the challenge of reducing of fossil resources by producing a liquid feedstock that can lessen the “fossil dependence” and /or meet the increased demand via a rapidly emerging thermochemical technology: pyrolysis. The ultimate goal of this process is to produce liquid with improved properties that could directly be used as liquid fuel, fuel additive and/or feedstock in modern oil refineries and petrochemical complexes. However, the liquids derived from biomass thermal processing are problematic with respect to their handling and end use applications. Thus, alternative routes of advanced liquid feedstock production are needed. Heterogeneous catalysis has long served the oil refining and petrochemical industries to produce a wide range of fuels and products. The combination of biomass pyrolysis and heterogeneous catalysis (by bringing in contact the produced vapours/liquids with suitable catalysts) is a very promising route. In this dissertation, the exploitation of biomass to produce of liquid feedstock via pyrolysis over a multifunctional catalyst and in a steam atmosphere is investigated. Steam pyrolysis in a fixed bed reactor demonstrated that steam can be considered a reactive agent even at lower temperatures affecting the yields and the composition of all the products. The devolatilisation accelerates and the amount of final volatile matter in the char. Fast pyrolysis in the presence of steam results in improved and controlled thermal decomposition of the biomass; higher liquid yields and slightly deoxygenated liquid products are also obtained. Steam pyrolysis over a bi-metallic Ni-V catalyst can produce liquids of improved quality (lower O content) and also provide routes for selective deoxygenation. However, a decrease in liquid yield was observed. The combination of metal and acid catalysts (Ni-V/HZSM5) shows enhanced deoxygenation activity and increased H preservation in the produced liquid. The final O content in the liquid was 12.83wt% at a zeolite (HZSM5) loading of~75wt%; however, the yield of the obtained liquid was substantially decreased. Moreover, increased coke formation on the catalyst was observed at highest zeolite rate. The increased catalyst space time (τ) results in a lower liquid yield with reduced oxygen (7.79 wt% at τ =2h) and increased aromatic content. The coke deposited per unit mass of catalyst is lower for longer catalyst space times, while the char yield seems to be unaffected. The evaluation of the stability of the hybrid catalyst showed no significant structural defects and activity loss when the catalyst was regenerated at a low temperature (550οC).
Det nuvarande samhällets behov av bränslen och kemiska produkter är starkt knutet till fossila resurser. Detta beroende kan leda till ekonomisk instabilititet, politiska svårigheter och osäker leveranssäkerhet. Dessutom riskeras allvarliga skador i framtiden på grund av global uppvärmning, vilket är relaterat till det ökande och massiva användandet av fossila bränslen. Biomassa är en förnybar resurs som är tillgänglig idag, möjlig att utnyttja för produktion av diverse flytande, gasformiga och fasta produkter. Dessa produkter, beroende på biogeniskt ursprung, betraktas som koldioxidneutrala och kan därför generera koldioxidkrediter. Processande av biomassa kan möta utmaningen av minskad fossilbränsleanvändning, genom produktion av flytande råvara som kan reducera beroendet och/eller möta ökad efterfrågan, via en snabbt expanderande termokemisk teknik - pyrolys. Det slutgiltiga målet med en sådan process är att producera en flytande produkt med förbättrade egenskaper som direkt skulle kunna användas som flytande bränslen, bränsleadditiv och/eller som råmaterial i moderna oljeraffinaderier och petrokemiska komplex. Vätskor som utvinns från termiska processer är problematiska med avseende på hantering och slutanvändningen i olika applikationer, därmed behövs olika spår för produktion av avancerade flytande råvaror. Heterogena katalysen har länge tjänat raffinaderi- och petrokemisk industri, som producerar ett brett utbud av bränslen och produkter, lämpliga för säker användning. Kombinationen av biomassapyrolys och heterogen katalys (genom att bringa pyrolysångorna i kontakt med en lämplig katalysator) är ett väldigt lovande spår. I denna avhandling undersöks användningen av biomassa för produktion av flytande råvara, via pyrolys över en flerfunktionel katalysator i ångatmosfär. Ångpyrolys i en fastbäddsreaktor visade att ånga kan betraktas som ett reaktivt medium, även vid låga temperaturer, som påverkar utbyten och sammansättning av alla produkter. Avgasningen sker snabbare och den slutliga flykthalten i kolresterna blir lägren vid användning av ånga. Snabbpyrolys i ångatmosfär resulterar i förbättrad och mer kontrollerad termisk nedbrytning av biomassa, vilket ger ett högre vätskeutbyte och en något deoxygenerad flytande produkten. ångpyrolys i kombination med bimetalliska NiV-katalysatorer, ger upphov till en flytande råvara med förbättrad kvalitet och selektiv deoxygenering. Dock med ett minskande utbyte som följd. Kombinationen av metall och en sur katalysator (Ni-V/HZSM5) visade förstärkt deoxygenering med bibehållen vätehalt i den flytande produkten. Den slutliga syrehalten i vätskan var 12.83 vikt% vid en zeolithalt (HZSM5) på 75 vikt%, dock med ett kraftigt minskande vätskeutbyte. Dessutom noterades ökad koksbildning på katalysatormaterialet med den högsta zeolithalten. Ökad rymd-tid för katalysatorn (τ) ger ett lägre vätskeutbyte med reducerad syrehalt (7.79 vikt% vid τ=2h) och ökad aromathalt. Koksbildning på ytan, per massenhet katalysatormaterial, minskade vid längre rymd-tider medan utbytet av kolrester förblev opåverkat. Undersökningen av stabiliteten hos hybridkatalysatorn visade inga strukturella defekter och ingen signifikant minskad aktivitet efter regenerering vid låg temperatur (550οC).
Οι σύγχρονες ανάγκες της κοινωνίας για παραγωγή υγρών καυσίμων και χημικών προϊόντων εξαρτώνται από τους ορυκτούς πόρους. Αυτή η εξάρτηση μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε οικονομικά προβλήματα, πολιτκή αστάθεια, όπως επίσης και αβεβαιότητα στις προμήθειες της ενεργειακής εφοδιαστικής αλυσίδας. Επιπροσθέτως, μια δραματική «παράπλευρη απώλεια» η οποία θέτει σε κίνδυνο το μέλλον του πλανήτη είναι η υπερθέρμανσή του, η οποία έχει συσχετισθεί με την εκτεταμένη χρήση ορυκτών πόρων. Σήμερα, η βιομάζα είναι η μόνη ανανεώσιμη πηγή από την οποία μπορούν να παραχθούν υγρά, αέρια και στερεά προϊόντα, που λόγω της λιγνοκυταρρινικής τους προελεύσεως, η συνεισφορά τους στις εκομπές CO2 θεώρειται μηδενική. Η θερμοχημική επεξεργασία της βιομάζας συνεισφέρει στον περιορισμό της χρήσης ορυκτών πόρων, με την παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων, τα οποία μπορούν να μειώσουν την εξάρτηση ή /και την αυξημένη ζήτηση μέσω μιας ταχέως αναπτυσόμενης τεχνολογίας, της πυρόλυσης. Στόχος της διεργασίας είναι η παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων με ιδιότητες, που επιτρέπουν την απευθείας χρήση τους ως υγρά καύσιμα ή ως πρώτη ύλη, για την παραγώγη χημικών προϊόντων σε συγχρονες μονάδες διύλισης πετρελαίου και σε πετροχημικά συγκτροτήματα. Εν τούτοις, τα υγρά προϊόντα της θερμικής διάσπασης (πυρόλυση) είναι προβληματικά στη διαχείρηση και στις τελικές τους εφαρμογές, λόγω της σύστασής τους. Ως εκ τούτου, απαιτούνται νέες τεχνικές για παραγωγή προηγμένων υγρών προοϊόντων. Η ετερογενής κατάλυση έχει επιτυχώς εφαρμοσθεί στην πετρελαϊκή και χημική βιομηχανία, παράγοντας ένα μεγάλο εύρος προϊόντων. Ο συνδυασμός της με την πυρόλυση (φέρνοντας σε επαφη τα υγρά/ατμούς με κατάλληλο καταλύτη) αποτελεί μια πολλά υποσχόμενη ενναλακτική. Στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετάται η αξιοποίηση βιομάζας για παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων μέσω καταλυτικής πυρόλυσης, με χρήση πολυλειτουρικού καταλύτη (multi-functional catalyst) υπό την παρουσία ατμού. Η χρήση ατμου κατά τη διαρκειά πυρόλυσης βιομαζας σε αντιδραστήρα σταθερής κλίνης, μεταβάλει τη σύσταση των επιμέρους προϊόντων. Η παρουσία ατμού έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την ταχύτερη αποπτητικοποίηση του υλικού, ενώ παράλληλα η περιεκτικότητα του υπολειπόμενου εξανθρακώματος σε πτητικά είναι μικρότερη. Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα ταχείας πυρόλυσης σε αντιδραστήρα ρευστοστερεάς κλίνης δείχνουν ό,τι η χρήση ατμού βελτιώνει την θερμική διάσπαση της βιομαζας, αυξάνοντας την απόδοση σε υγρά προϊοντά, ενώ παράλληλα βοηθάει στην αποξυγόνωσή τους. Ο συνδυασμός της πυρόλυσης υπό την παρουσία ατμού και διμεταλλικού καταλύτη νικελίου–βαναδίου μπορεί να βελτιώσει την ποιότητα των παραγόμενων υγρών (αποξυγόνωση) με παραλλήλη μείωση της απόδοσής τους, ενώ μπορεί να παράγει προϊόντα εκλεκτικής αποξυγόνωσης. Συνδυασμός μεταλλικών και ζεολιθικών καταλυτών (Ni-V/HZSM5) εμφανίζει βελτιωμένη δραστικότητα στις αντιδράσεις αποξυγόνωσης, με παράλληλη συγκράτηση υδρογόνου (Η) στα υγρά προϊόντα. Η τελική περιεκτικότητα των υγρών προϊόντων σε οξυγόνου (Ο) μετά από 90 min αντίδρασης είναι 12.83 wt%, με περιεκτικότητα ζεόλιθου (ΗZSΜ5) ~75 wt% στον καταλύτη. Ωστόσο, η αυξηση της περεικτικότητας σε ζεόλιθο έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την αύξηση των επικαθήσεων άνθρακα επάνω στον κατάλυτη, καθώς και την σημαντική μειώση της απόδοσης των υγρών προϊόντων (24.35wt% επι ξηρής βιομάζας). Η αύξηση του χώρου χρόνου του καταλύτη (τ) έχει ως αποτέλεσμα: τη μείωση των υγρών προϊόντων, τη μείωση του περιεχόμενου Ο στα υγρά προϊόντα (7.79 wt% at τ =2h), την αύξηση των αρωματικών υδρογονανθράκων και τη μείωση του επικαθήμενου κωκ ανά μονάδα μάζας καταλύτη. Η απόδοση του εξανθρακώματος παρέμεινε πρακτικά αμετάβλητη. Η αναγέννηση του υβριδικού καταλύτη σε χαμηλές θερμοκρασιές (550οC) δεν επέφερε σημαντικές δομικές αλλαγές και απώλεια δραστικότητας.

QC 20140306

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23

Mensah, Joel B. [Verfasser], Regina Akademischer Betreuer] Palkovits, and Lars Mathias [Akademischer Betreuer] [Blank. "Chemo-catalytic and electrochemical deoxygenation of bio-derivable 3-hydroxydecanoic acid : production of drop-in fuels and fine chemicals / Joel Boakye Mensah ; Regina Palkovits, Lars M. Blank." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1226303811/34.

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Zhang, Mingming. "Properties of bio-oil based fuel mixtures: biochar/bio-oil slurry fuels and glycerol/bio-oil fuel blends." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1825.

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This thesis reports the properties of bio-oil-based fuel mixtures. For bioslurry fuels, the interaction between biochar and bio-oil results in changes in fuel properties and the redistribution of inorganic species. For glycerol/methanol/bio-oil (GMB) fuel blends, the solubility and fuel properties are improved upon methanol addition but other impurities in crude glycerol worsen the solubility with limited impact on properties. It is also possible to integrate the GMB blends production into the biodiesel production process.

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25

Blochel, Amanda. "The Future of Advanced Bio-Jet Fuel." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138629.

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The aviation industry is growing rapidly and the carbon dioxide emissions from the industry are following in the same manner. Biofuels made from edible feedstock have had an impact on lowering the emissions but at the same time an impact on increasing food prices. There are a few alternative fuels on the market today (TF-SPK, HEFA-SPK) which work in a blend with the petroleum based fuels, reducing the emissions from the aircrafts. Biofuels from next generation biomass, also called advanced biomass, such as algae and lignin, seem likely to be a good substitute for the first generation biofuels. The advanced biofuels are relatively costly to produce. This is due to the many steps in the production process, which restricts the usage of these sorts of fuels in the aviation industry. There are some problems associated with a jet fuel produced from 100% biomass. This is because the jet fuel produced from biomass differs from the jet fuels used today, making it unsafe to use in modern day airplane engines. That is why it is important to find an alternative jet fuel based on biomass that has the same characteristics as the conventional jet fuel, to be able to use the same transportation and engines that are in use today. Otherwise the high cost of advanced bio-jet fuels will make them unusable.

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Gao, Wenran. "Fuel Properties and Thermal Processing of Bio-oil and Its Derived Fuel Mixtures." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75545.

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This thesis reports the fuel properties and thermal processing of bio-oil derived fuel mixtures. Biochar loading level affects fuel properties and ignition behavior of slurry fuels prepared from crude glycerol/methanol/bio-oil (CGMB) blends and biochar, while exhibits little effect on cold flow behavior. Crude glycerol (CG) improves the ignition and cold flow behavior of slurry fuels while has limited effect on fuel properties. Interactions between sugar and lignin-derived oligomers contribute bed agglomeration during bio-oil fast pyrolysis.

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27

Renbjörk, Eva. "ATEX classification for construction of bio-fuel factory." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-96326.

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Detta examensprojekt är utfört på Ageratec AB som ligger strax utanför Norrköping. Syftet med hela examensprojektet är att göra layoutritningar som används vid ATEX-klassning för byggnationer av biobränslefabriker, som sedan skall ut till beställaren/kunden. Min huvuduppgift var att rita en layoutritning för en speciell modell av biobränslefabrik - processor P1000. Detta från uppmätning av processor P1000 till färdig layoutritning i 3D uppritad i AutoCAD, med klassningsplan över farliga ställen och zoner i fabriken. Tanken var att om tiden medgav skulle även ritningar tas fram för de resterande modeller av biobränslefabriker, vilket inte blev fallet. Ageratecs kunder måste nämligen ta hänsyn och följa ATEX-direktiv för arbete i explosionsfarlig miljö som gäller för att driva en biobränslefabrik. Vad ATEX-klassning innebär, hur en biobränslefabrik byggs upp och fungerar från början till färdig framställning av biobränsle samt en översikt över de olika typer av biobränslen som finns, tas upp i denna rapport. Ageratec startade år 2004 av Gert och David Frykerås. Det är ett familjeföretag med en omsättning på 30 miljoner per år och 32 anställda år 2007. Ageratec tillverkar och säljer helautomatiska processorer över hela världen i olika storlekar som hanterar en volym mellan 1000-288 000 liter biodiesel per dygn. Biobränslefabrikerna är helautomatiskt styrda med hjälp av ett PLC-system från Mitsubishi Electric. Processorerna är framtagna för framställning av biobränsle av vegetabiliska oljor, där anläggningen renar oljan och tillsätter metanol eller etanol. Produkten som kommer ut ur anläggningen är så rent och lättflytande att det kan användas som bränsle till dieselmotorer som det är eller blandas med vanlig diesel. Med hjälp av utrustning från Ageratec så är det nu möjligt för rapsodlare att även bli lokala drivmedelsproducenter och förvandla den odlade rapsen till biodiesel. Det enda som krävs är en processor från Ageratec samt tillgång till någon typ av fettsyra. Tider och sekvenser sköts automatiskt av PLC-systemet vilket gör att kunden inte behöver tänka på sådant. Biodiesel/RME (RapsMetylEster) är ett miljöbränsle som bildar koldioxid men skillnaden är att den mängd koldioxid som bildas av biobränslet är samma mängd som växterna behöver för sin tillväxt. Biodiesel släpper ut 60-80 procent mindre utsläpp av växthusgasen koldioxid jämfört med vanlig dieselolja. Koldioxidhalten ökar alltså inte vid förbränning av biobränsle. Det enda som bidrar till växthuseffekten är koldioxid, därför måste vi vara noga med att inte odla mer än vad vi behöver. Den svenska regeringens mål är att 5,75 procent av transportbränslet år 2010 ska utgöras av förnyelsebara drivmedel. Den svenska rapsarealen har ökat med över 70 procent, till 95 000 hektar under de senaste åren. De flesta dieselmotorer behöver inte anpassas på något sätt för att köra på biodiesel.

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Thorne, Rebecca. "Bio-photo-voltaic cells (photosynthetic-microbial fuel cells)." Thesis, University of Bath, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.548097.

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Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell (p-MFC) research aims to develop devices containing photosynthetic micro-organisms to produce electricity. Micro-organisms within the device photosynthesise carbohydrates under illumination, and produce reductive equivalents (excess electrons) from both carbohydrate production and the subsequent carbohydrate break down. Redox mediators are utilised to shuttle electrons between the organism and the electrode. The mediator is reduced by the micro-organism and subsequently re-oxidised at the electrode. However this technology is in its early stages and extensive research is required for p-MFC devices to become economically viable. A basic p-MFC device containing a potassium ferricyanide mediator and the algae Chlorella vulgaris was assembled and tested. From these initial experiments it was realised that much more work was required to characterise cell and redox mediator activities occurring within the device. There is very little p-MFC literature dealing with cellular interaction with redox mediators, but without this knowledge the output of complete p-MFC devices can not be fully understood. This thesis presents research into the reduction of redox mediators by the micro-organisms, including rates of mediator reduction and factors affecting the rate. Both electrochemical and non-electrochemical techniques are used and results compared. Additionally, cellular effects relating to the presence of the mediator are studied; crucial to provide limits within which p-MFCs must be used. After basic characterisation, this thesis presents work into the optimisation of the basic p-MFC. Different redox mediators, photosynthetic species and anodic materials are investigated. Importantly, it is only through fundamental characterization to improve understanding that p-MFCs can be optimised.

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Atiku, Farooq Abubakar. "Combustion of bio-oil and heavy fuel oil." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12179/.

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The use of combustion parameters to predict what happens to fuel during burning and its effect on living systems is important. This work is directed towards understanding the fundamental chemistry of soot generated from burning biomass-pyrolysis liquid fuels and its mechanism of formation. In this study, fuels such as eugenol, anisole, furfural and some hydrocarbon fuels are subjected to combustion using a wick burner which allowed the burning rate, smoke point and emission factor to be investigated. Reaction zone analysis of flames by direct photography and by using optical filters for further investigation of C2* and CH* species, was conducted. Additionally, detailed characterization of the soot generated was performed, and comparisons were made with soot from petroleum products and from biomass combustion system. The key aim was to generate experimental data and to capture detailed information regarding sooting tendencies with a view to utilize the information which would eventually allow the formation of a comprehensive bio-oil combustion model. This could provide accurate predictions of the combustion characteristics and pollutant formation. Studies are reported on the significant role of high temperature pyrolysis products in soot formation and acquiring further mechanistic insight. This work has been extended to consider heavy petroleum fuel oils (residual oil) during combustion and the effect of composition on combustion products and on the effect on health and the global environment. Heavy fuel oil, such as Bunker C and vacuum residue, are commonly used as fuel for industrial boilers, power generation, and as transport fuels in, for example, in large marine engines. The combustion of these fuels gives rise to carbonaceous particulate emissions including fine soot (Black Carbon or BC) which, along with associated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): The structure and thermal reactions of petroleum asphaltene have been studied by analytical pyrolysis. Additionally, related combustion characteristics of the asphaltene extracted from bio-oil have been investigated by pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed the difference between bio-asphaltene and the petroleum asphaltene and the different tendency to form smoke. They also showed the presence of markers for the bio-asphaltene structure.

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30

Chan, Jacky. "Ethanol production from bio-oil." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14730.

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Bioethanol is often viewed as one of the solutions to the tight gasoline supplies in North America. Although bioethanol is already available in the market, there are a number of problems associated with the current processes for the production of bioethanol. The current bioethanol production processes are often referred as first generation bioethanol production processes. For these first generation processes, the feedstocks for production are usually energy crops. The most common energy crops in North America are corn and wheat. The use of these energy crops has triggered debates on the problems associated with using food sources to create energy and the uptake of agricultural land to produce energy. In this project, an alternative feedstock for bioethanol is investigated. The feedstock used in the project is bio-oil, which can be derived from any biomass waste. An advantage of using bio-oil is that it is not derived from food crops but instead waste material is being converted into energy. The objective of this study was to determine the technical viability of producing bio ethanol using bio-oil as a substrate for fermentation. In order to maximize the ethanol yield, the extraction of levoglucosan with water was optimized and a number of detoxification techniques for inhibitor removal were evaluated. This report provides a technical overview of conditions evaluated for extracting levoglucosan from bio-oil, and methods used for improving the fermentability of bio-oil hydrolysate by detoxification. The techniques used in an attempt to improve the fermentability of bio-oil hydrolysate include: adsorption, overliming, solvent extraction, and hydrogenation. In addition, a biological approach called adaptive evolution was used to aid the yeast to adapt to the inhibitory environment of bio-oil hydrolysate in order to increase their resistance to inhibitors. The optimal condition for aqueous extraction of levoglucosan from bio-oil was found to be 1:1 (mass water to mass bio-oil). It was found that the temperatures examined (25°C and 80°C) had minimal effect on the amount of levoglucosan extracted. Among the detoxification techniques tested, it was found that overliming and solvent extraction were able to improve the fermentability of bio-oil hydrolysates. Overliming was able to increase the yield of ethanol from bio-oil hydrolysate by 0.19±0.01 (g ethanol/g glucose) at 50% strength hydrolysate and 0.45±0.05 (g ethanol/g glucose) at 40% strength hydrolysate. A number of extractants were examined and the three best solvents were 25% volume of tri-n-octylamine with co-solvent 1-octanol, 50% volume of alamine 336 with co-solvent 1-octanol and oleyl alcohol. These three solvents were able to selectively remove at least 84 — 93% of acetic acid, which was the targeted inhibitor in bio-oil hydrolysate. In addition, a technique called adaptive evolution of yeasts was applied, which was capable of increasing the ethanol yield by at least 6% when compared with the unadapted parental strains.

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31

Ahlgren, Serina. "Crop production without fossil fuel : production systems for tractor fuel and mineral nitrogen based on biomass /." Uppsala : Dept. of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200978.pdf.

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32

Shah, Bilal. "Distributed biogas production for biogas fuel." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-218021.

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33

Gottumukala, Vasudev. "Evaluation of Lake Erie Algae as Bio-fuel Feedstock." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1271194064.

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34

Mohammed, Isah Yakub. "Pyrolysis of Napier grass to bio-oil and catalytic upgrading to high grade bio-fuel." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/39572/.

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Biomass is one of the renewable energy resources that has carbon in its building blocks that can be processed into liquid fuel. Napier grass biomass is a herbaceous lignocellulosic material with potentials of high biomass yield. Utilization of Napier grass for bio-oil production via pyrolysis is very limited. Bio-oil generally has poor physicochemical properties such as low pH value, high water content, poor chemical and thermal stabilities which makes it unsuitable for direct use as fuel and therefore requires further processing. Upgrading of bio-oil to liquid fuel is still at early stage of research. Several studies are being carried out to upgrade bio-oil to transportation fuel. However, issues regarding reaction mechanisms and catalyst deactivation amongst others remain a challenge. This thesis gives insights and understanding of conversion of Napier grass biomass to liquid biofuel. The material was assessed as received and characterized using standard techniques. Pyrolysis was conducted in a fixed bed reactor and effect of pyrolysis temperature, nitrogen flow rate and heating rate on product distribution and characteristics were investigated collectively and pyrolysis products characterized. Effects of different aqueous pre-treatments on the pyrolysis product distribution and characteristics was evaluated. Subsequently, in-situ catalytic and non-catalytic, and ex-situ catalytic upgrading of bio-oil derived from Napier grass using Zeolite based catalysts (microporous and mesoporous) were investigated. Upgraded bio-oil was further fractionated in a micro-laboratory distillation apparatus. The experimental results showed that high bio-oil yield up to 51 wt% can be obtained from intermediate pyrolysis of Napier grass at 600 oC, 50 oC/min and 5 L/min nitrogen flow in a fixed bed reactor. The bio-oil collected was a two-phase liquid, organic (16 wt%) and aqueous (35 wt%) phase. The organic phase consists mainly of various benzene derivatives and hydrocarbons while the aqueous phase was predominantly water, acids, ketones, aldehydes and some phenolics and other water-soluble organics. Non-condensable gas (29 wt%) was made-up of methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide with high hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio. Bio-char (20 wt%) was a porous carbonaceous material, rich in mineral elements. Aqueous pre-treatment of Napier grass with deionized water at severity factor of 0.9 reduced ash content by 64 wt% and produced bio-oil with 71 % reduction in acid and ketones. Performance of mesoporous zeolites during both in-situ and ex-situ upgrading outweighed that of microporous zeolite, producing less solid and highly deoxygenated organic bio-oil rich in alkanes and monoaromatic hydrocarbons. The Upgraded bio-oil produced 38 wt% light fraction, 48 wt% middle distillate and 7.0wt% bottom product. This study demonstrated that bio-oil derived from Napier grass can be transformed to that high-grade bio-oil via catalytic upgrading over hierarchical mesoporous zeolite.

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Tolonen, Erik. "Evaporation Characteristics of a Liquid Bio-Fuel from Chicken Litter." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26060.

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Alternative fuels are becoming more important as fossil fuels become more expensive. This thesis describes the production and properties of a bio-oil produced from waste biomass, in this case chicken litter. A higher quality fuel was produced through thermal and chemical upgrading of the raw bio-oil; this fuel is similar in some respects to fossil fuels, as it has a high hydrocarbon content and energy density comparable to gasoline. Combustion of liquid fuels commonly occurs in clouds of droplets, and studying the evaporation of single liquid drops provides information on the evaporation characteristics of the fuel as a whole. Droplet evaporation tests on the chicken litter fuel were carried out using the suspended droplet/moving furnace technique. For some tests, a fine wire thermocouple was used as the droplet suspension in order to measure the distillation characteristics of the fuel. An existing computational model based on continuous ther- modynamics was used to model the evaporation of the fuel. The modelled composition of the fuel was based on an existing pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS) analysis and used five major groups of compounds. The properties for these groups re- quired for the model were determined using several prediction methods and the values then used in a numerical model. Model predictions of droplet temperatures calculated for the fuel showed good agree- ment with the measured temperatures, indicating that the modelled composition gave an accurate picture of the fuel. Droplet evaporation histories also agreed well with mea- surements, but were not capable of reproducing the observed disruption of the droplet produced by internal boiling at higher temperatures, nor the formation of a solid residue at the end of evaporation. Further enhancements to the model should allow the prediction of residue formation.Model predictions of droplet temperatures calculated for the fuel showed good agree- ment with the measured temperatures, indicating that the modelled composition gave an accurate picture of the fuel. Droplet evaporation histories also agreed well with mea- surements, but were not capable of reproducing the observed disruption of the droplet produced by internal boiling at higher temperatures, nor the formation of a solid residue at the end of evaporation. Further enhancements to the model should allow the prediction of residue formation.

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Brock, Melissa Kay. "Microchemical characterization of ash from fuel production." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11102009-020117/.

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Brown, Dustin Heath. "Design of a Fuel Additive Production Facility." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144249.

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Correll, David. "Optimized landscape plans for bio-oil production." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1464191.

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Wu, Xuan, and 吴璇. "Optimization of biodiesel production and purification for maximizing biodiesel yield from camelina oil." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617692.

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Because of the depletion of the world’s petroleum reserves and the increasing environmental concerns, biodiesel, as a low-emission renewable fuel and one of the best substitutes for petro-diesel fuel, has attracted great public interest over the past decades. At present, camelina oil has been considered as a low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production because of its high oil content and environmental benefits. In the present study, the optimization of biodiesel production and purification from camelina oil is studied extensively in order to maximize the biodiesel yield. The orthogonal array design is used to optimize the biodiesel production and four relevant process conditions for affecting biodiesel yield are investigated: methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time and temperature. For the optimization study on biodiesel purification, five commonly used washing methods are also investigated: cold deionized water washing, hot deionized water washing, phosphoric acid washing, ultrasonic assisted washing, and magnesol washing. The optimization study, based on traditional mechanical stirring process, reveals that the decreasing ranking of significant factors for biodiesel production is catalyst concentration > reaction time > reaction temperature > methanol to oil ratio. The maximum biodiesel yield is found at a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 8:1, a reaction time of 70 min, a reaction temperature of 50℃, and a catalyst concentration of 1 wt.%. After testing the fuel properties of the final product, the optimized biodiesel meets the relevant requirements of the biodiesel standards and thus can be used as a qualified fuel for diesel engines. The optimization study, based on ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process, reveals that the maximal fatty acid methyl ester yield of the final biodiesel product is obtained under a methanol to oil molar ratio of 8:1, catalyst concentration of 1.25 wt.%, reaction time of 50 min and reaction temperature of 55 ℃. Compared with traditional mechanical stirring production process, ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process improves the biodiesel production since it could reduce the production cost and save energy. For the optimization study on biodiesel purification, the fatty acid methyl ester yield of the final biodiesel product, energy consumption and economic costs of different washing methods are compared. The comparisons indicate that the ultrasonic assisted washing method is the best method for biodiesel purification, when energy consumption and operation costs are considered. A preliminary kinetics study of transesterification reaction of camelina oil is carried out. After discussing four cases for overall reaction, a third-order reaction mechanism was proposed to fit the experimental data better because of the highest coefficient of determination. Based on the best-fit plot, the rate constants and activation energy are also determined. To sum up, the present research focuses on the optimization of biodiesel production and purification from camelina oil, and provides insights into the optimal process conditions for maximizing the biodiesel yield. Further research works are finally recommended to be continued.
published_or_final_version
Mechanical Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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40

Vafamehr, Hassan. "A study of pre-ignition and knock in an optical spark ignition engine." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17562.

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The currently reported work involved fundamental study of auto-ignition under unusually high knock intensities in an optical spark ignition engine. The single cylinder research engine adopted included full bore overhead optical access capable of withstanding continuous peak in-cylinder pressure and knock intensity of up to 150 bar and 60 bar respectively. Heavy knock was deliberately induced under relatively low loads (5 bar IMEP) using inlet air heating up to 66 °C and a primary reference fuel blend of reduced octane rating (75 RON). High speed chemiluminescence natural light imaging was used together with simultaneous heat release analysis to evaluate the combustion events. The key out comes of this study could be listed as follow: • Proof and improved understanding of multi centred auto-ignition events under high KIs • Improved understanding of the potential pitfalls of over-fuelling for heavy knock suppression • Optical validation of 'natural' oil droplet release and on-off behaviour of knocking cycles Multiple centred auto-ignition events were regularly observed to lead in to violent knocking events, with knock intensities above 140 bar observed. The ability to directly image the events associated with such high magnitude of knock is believed to be a world first in a full bore optical engine. The multiple centred events were in good agreement with the developing detonation theory to be the key mechanism leading to heavy knock in modern downsized SI engines. The accompanying thermodynamic analysis indicated lack of relation between knock intensity and the remaining unburned mass fraction burned at the onset of the auto-ignition. Spatial analysis of the full series of images captured demonstrated random location of the first captured auto-ignition sites during developing auto-ignition events. Under such circumstances new flame kernels formed at these sites, with initial steady growth sometimes observed to suppress the growth of the earlier spark initiated main flame front prior to violent end gas auto-ignition. It was found that pre-ignition most commonly initiated in the area surrounding the exhaust valve head and resulted in a deflagration that caused the overall combustion phasing to be over advanced. In the cycles after heavy knock, droplets of what appeared to be lubricant were sometimes observed moving within the main charge and causing pre-ignition. These released lubricant droplets were found to survive within the combustion chamber for multiple cycles and were associated with a corresponding "on-off" knocking combustion pattern that has been so widely associated with super-knock in real downsized spark ignition engines. This research also concerned with improving understanding of the competing effects of latent heat of vaporization and auto-ignition delay times of different ethanol blended fuels during heaving knocking combustion. Under normal operation the engine was operated under port fuel injection with a stoichiometric air-fuel mixture. Additional excess fuel of varied blend was then introduced directly into the end-gas in short transient bursts. As the mass of excess fuel was progressively increased a trade-off was apparent, with knock intensity first increasing by up to 60% before lower unburned gas temperatures suppressed knock under extremely rich conditions (γ=0.66). This trade-off is not usually observed during conventional low intensity knock suppression via over-fuelling and has been associated with the reducing auto-ignition delay times outweighing the influence of charge cooling and ratio of specific heats. Ethanol had the highest latent heat of vaporization amongst the other fuels directly injected and was more effective to reduce knock intensity albeit still aggravating knock under slightly rich conditions. Overall, the results demonstrate the risks in employing excess fuel to suppress knock deep within a heavy knocking combustion regime (potentially including a Super-Knock regime).

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Tan, Giam. "Development of a laminar flame test facility for bio-diesel characterization." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FTan_Giam.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Sinibaldi, Jose O. ; Milsaps, Knox T. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Laminar flame speed test, Test faculty characterization for bio-diesel characterization, Combustion Chamber, Ignition, Fuelling. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-70). Also available in print.

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Malone, Amanda Louise. "Unintended consequences of ethanol production : a geospatial lifecycle analysis /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/8334.

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Bunga, Santos. "Self-powered bio-sensing platform with glucose energy harvesting fuel cell." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14583.

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The design and implementation of self-powered, low power implant microcontroller, with wireless data transmitter system that captures data as subcutaneous bio-sensing platform has been achieved with glucose fuel cell (GFC) energy harvesting power solution. Data transfer is unidirectional, implant to reader and is initiated by a single transmission from the external reader. The implant's memory contents are transmitted as a stream of wireless pulses to the reader. This work explored two different approaches on current technologies used for designing self-powered bio medical devices (BMDs) and active implantable medical devices (IMDs), their processing, sampling data, transmission of data and energy hasting powering techniques with a view to identifying state-of-the art technologies and methods to improve the long-term powering and recharging of IMDs via a highly safe, efficient and convenient way. The designed low power implant microcontroller, with wireless data transmitter system combines glucose energy harvesting technique by using materials with efficient catalyst capabilities based on platinum nanoparticles supported on Vulcan carbon cloth (PtVCC) as a cathode electrode for GFC configuration, while plain Platinum (Pt) mesh/sheet acted as anode. The PtVCC and Pt electro-reaction, catalytic activities and stability resulted in a design of a direct GFC with high output voltage and current, >0.4V and >300μA respectively per cell, and increased this voltage to value >4V, to power the implant system, by using a voltage booster; direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converter circuit, and a rechargeable battery. The innovative self-powered bio-sensing platform integrating GFC design, meets the self-powered IMDs expectations in terms of simplified fabrication and materials that allows one-compartment design that can directly be placed on the surface of medical implant to provide sufficient output power boosted by DC-DC converter to produced higher output voltage ten times greater than the input value, enough to power most efficient electronic devices. This research therefore proposes the practicability and potential of designing and implementing a wireless bio sensor system powered by an energy harvesting solution, based on GFC to produce a proof-of-concept design system and integration, including power management and data communication (sampling and transmission) platform suitable for self-low-powered periodically-activated IMD.

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Kostas, Emily Tsambika. "Bio-refining of seaweed : a sustainable source of chemicals and fuel?" Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40217/.

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The research presented in this thesis evaluated a range of UK native seaweeds as potential feedstocks for both bioethanol and speciality chemical production, with the objective of developing a putative bio-refining process. The gross chemical compositions of nine different UK species of seaweed were determined (Chapter 3) to evaluate their potential for bioethanol production. The carbohydrate contents were within the range 16.8 – 41.8 % (d/w). Three species were selected for further work targeted at bioethanol production. Methodologies involved using thermo-chemical pre-treatments followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Optimisation experiments concluded that water based (hydrothermal) pre-treatments were most suitable for both D. carnosa and U. lactuca spp (121°C, 24 – 30 min, 15% and 10% (w/v) solids, respectively) to maximise glucose liberation. In contrast dilute acid hydrothermal pre-treatment (1.5 N H2SO4, 121°C, 24 min, 25% (w/v) solids) was most suitable for L. digitata. Feedstocks were produced using optimised conditions for trial fermentations (using S. cerevisiae NCYC2592). These produced yields of 78.4 - 94.5% theoretical ethanol, which equated to 15.4-20.4 kg of pure ethanol per metric tonne of native seaweed. The thermo-chemical pre-treatment of seaweed generated a liquid fraction rich in an array of different monosaccharides inherent to seaweed which was used to identify microorganisms capable of fermenting seaweed monosaccharides into ethanol using a novel phenotypic microarray approach (Chapter 5). Whilst S. cerevisiae spp were suggested to be the most suitable (and efficient) for fermentation of C6 sugars, the yeast stain P. anomala TP12 was able to utilize a mixture of sugars inherent to seaweed. Attempts were made to link both bioethanol production and fucoidan extraction as part of a novel bio-process using L. digitata (Chapter 6). At pilot plant scale, fucoidan was extracted with a purity of 65% and an overall extraction efficiency of 17% was attained. Pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of the remaining waste residue generated a feedstock that achieved 93.8% theoretical glucose, which when fermented yielded 94.4% of theoretical ethanol. Furthermore, extracts from waste streams of the putative process exhibited both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

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Mazlan, Nurul Musfirah. "Assessing/Optimising Bio-fuel Combustion Technologies for Reducing Civil Aircraft Emissions." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7941.

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Gas turbines are extensively used in aviation because of their advantageous volume as weight characteristics. The objective of this project proposed was to look at advanced propulsion systems and the close coupling of the airframe with advanced prime mover cycles. The investigation encompassed a comparative assessment of traditional and novel prime mover options including the design, off-design, degraded performance of the engine and the environmental and economic analysis of the system. The originality of the work lies in the technical and economic optimisation of gas turbine based on current and novel cycles for a novel airframes application in a wide range of climatic conditions. The study has been designed mainly to develop a methodology for evaluating and optimising biofuel combustion technology in addressing the concerns related to over-dependence on crude oil (Jet-A) and the increase in pollution emissions. The main contributions of this work to existing knowledge are as follows: (i) development of a so-called greener-based methodology for assessing the potential of biofuels in reducing the dependency on conventional fuel and the amount of pollution emission generated, (ii) prediction of fuel spray characteristics as one of the major controlling factors regarding emissions, (iii) evaluation of engine performance and emission through the adaptation of a fuel’s properties into the in-house computer tools, (iv) development of optimisation work to obtain a trade-off between engine performance and emissions, and (v) development of CFD work to explore the practical issues related to the engine emission combustion modelling. Several tasks have been proposed. The first task concerns the comparative study of droplet lifetime and spray penetration of biofuels with Jet-A. In this task, the properties of the selected biofuels are implemented into the equations related to the evaporation process. Jatropha Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine (JSPK), Camelina Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine (CSPK), Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) and Ethanol are used and are evaluated as pure fuel. Additionally, the mixture of 50% JSPK with 50% Jet-A are used to examine the effects ofblend fuel. Results revealed the effects of fuel volatility, density and viscosity on droplet lifetime and spray penetration. It is concluded that low volatile fuel has longer droplet lifetime while highly dense and viscous fuel penetrates longer. Regarding to the blending fuel, an increase in the percentage of JSPK in the blend reduces the droplet lifetime and length of the spray penetration. An assessment of the effect of JSPK and CSPK on engine performance and emissions also has been proposed. The evaluation is conducted for the civil aircraft engine flying at cruise and at constant mass flow condition. At both conditions results revealed relative increases in thrust as the percentage of biofuel in the mixture was increased, whilst a reduction in fuel flow during cruise was noted. The increase in engine thrust at both conditions was observed due to high LHV and heat capacity, while the reduction in fuel flow was found to correspond to the low density of the fuel. Regarding the engine emissions, reduction in NOx and CO was noted as the composition of biofuels in the mixture increased. This reduction is due to factors such as flame temperature, boiling temperature, density and volatility of the fuel. While at constant mass flow condition, increases in CO were noted due to the influence of low flame temperature which leads to the incompletion of oxidation of carbon atoms. Additionally, trade-off between engine thrust, NOx, and CO through the application of multi-objective genetic algorithm for the test case related to the fuel design has been proposed. The aim involves designing an optimal percentage of the biofuel/Jet-A mixture for maximum engine thrust and minimum engine emissions. The Pareto front obtained and the characteristics of the optimal fuel designs are examined. Definitive trades between the thrust and CO emissions and between thrust and NOx emissions are shown while little trade-off between NOx and CO emissions is noted. Furthermore, the practical issues related to the engine emissions combustion modelling have been evaluated. The effect of assumptions considered in HEPHAESTUS on the predicted temperature profile and NOx generation were explored. Finally, the future works regarding this research field are identified and discussed.

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Cárdenas, Morcoso Drialys. "Advanced semiconductors for photo-electrocatalytic solar fuel production." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/14104.2020.679916.

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Uno de los retos actuales de la ciencia y la tecnología es el desarrollo y utilización de fuentes de energías limpias, sostenibles y seguras, con el fin de sustituir el uso de combustibles fósiles. La energía solar, única alternativa viable, puede convertirse y almacenarse en forma de enlaces moleculares, mimetizando el proceso de fotosíntesis de las plantas, para la obtención de combustibles u otros productos de valor añadido. Para ello se requieren materiales semiconductores que puedan absorber y transformar la energía solar en energía química de manera eficiente. En la presente tesis doctoral se abordó el estudio de materiales semiconductores empleados en la obtención fotoelectrocatalítica de combustibles solares. Dicha investigación se realizó desde diferentes enfoques, que inlcuyen: la modificación de fotoelectrodos con recubrimientos catalíticos obtenidos a partir de marcos metal-orgánicos; la implementación de un nuevo método para la comprensión de los mecanismos de operación de fotoelectrodos; la integración de dispositivos electrocatalíticos y fotovoltaicos; y la evaluación y establecimiento de nuevos sistemas con potencial aplicación en procesos foto-electrocatalíticos.
The development and use of clean, sustainable and safe energy sources, in order to substitute the use of fossil fuels, is a current challenge of science and technology. Solar energy, the only viable alternative, can be converted and stored in the form of molecular bonds, mimicking the photosynthesis process in green plants, to obtain fuels or other added-value products. This process requires semiconductor materials that can efficiently harvest and transform solar into chemical energy. In the present doctoral thesis, the study of semiconductor materials for photo-electrocatalytic applications was addressed from different approaches. That includes: the modification of photoelectrodes with catalytic coatings, obtained from a metal-organic framework; the implementation of a new method for the understanding of the photoelectrodes operating mechanisms; the integration of electrocatalytic and photovoltaic devices from Earth-abundant materials; and, finally, the investigation of new systems with potential application in photo-electrocatalytic processes. (Signatura
Programa de Doctorat en Ciències

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47

Stamouli, Konstantina. "Fuel production and optimisation from mixed plastic waste." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8268/.

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Increasing plastic consumption has created an alerting problem with waste disposal of the mixed waste plastics once the recyclable fractions have been recovered. The percentage sent to landfill of the generated mixed plastic waste amounts to one third of the total. Liquid fuel recovery from mixed plastic waste is possible using pyrolysis as a tertiary recycling process. The focus of this study was to obtain useful liquid product recovered from the pyrolysis of a variety of commercial mixed plastic waste utilising a pilot scale fluidised bed reactor of 1kg/hr processing capacity. The influence of residence time (1.78 to 2.74s), feedstock variation and reaction temperature (500 – 550oC) were investigated to optimise the quality of the wax products. Characterisation of the mixed plastic feedstocks through TGA, DSC and FTIR analysis was carried out to lay the foundation of the pyrolysis conditions. Understanding the fuel quality and product distribution was essential in assessing the key properties such as melting point and viscosity in the optimisation process. Key findings of the research concluded that increasing residence time has the strongest effect on reducing the melting point (up to 14oC) of the liquid product across all studied feedstocks although the magnitude of the effect greatly depends upon the initial feedstock composition. Changes is the average melting point correspond to a shift in the average carbon number distribution of the product. Feedstock and process parameters variability were also found to greatly affect the final product quality resulting in a versatile product composition as well as the product yields that varied between 27 and 60% w.t.

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Sanson, Joseph. "Hemicellulose and Cellulose Hydrolysis for Butanol Fuel Production." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1371218027.

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De, la Torre Garcia Ricardo. "Production of Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368790.

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An innovative current collection architecture for micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) has been developed. A nickel wire is coiled around a thin carbon composite rod in order to fabricate cell supports. Different carbon composites such as pencil leads and carbon fibres were investigated. The cell support was then coated with ceramic slurries based NiO/YSZ and YSZ for anode and electrolyte, respectively, by successive dip coatings. Effect of thermal behaviour, porosity, amount of binder and dip coating parameters were conjunctly analysed to produce anode and electrolyte crack-free layers with the thickness desired. Pyrolisable materials were then eliminated under air atmosphere at 800ÂºC followed by co-sintering of half-cells at 1380ÂºC for 2 h in argon to avoid the oxidation of the nickel wire. In order to complete the cells, sintered half-cells were dipped into cathode inks consisted of LSM-YSZ composite for a functional layer and LSM pure to increase the electrical conductivity of the cathode. The cathode was also sintered at 1150ÂºC for 2 h under argon atmosphere. Complete cells with an outer diameter below 1.2 mm and length of 30 mm with an effective cathode length of 20 mm and whose active cathode area is 0.75 cm2 were produced. The efficiency of the current collector method developed is evaluated by comparison with the performance of a micro-tubular cell produced and tested under similar conditions, but with a common current collection method. The results of I-V curves shown that the innovative current collection method enhances the performance of a typical micro-tubular cell in the order of 3-4 times. The improvement in performance is attributed to the reduction of current paths of the micro-tubular cells. Suggestions for the production and characterization of current collector-supported micro-tubular cells are also given.

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De, la Torre García Ricardo. "Production of Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2011. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/541/1/PRODUCTION_OF_MICRO-TUBULAR_SOLID_OXIDE_FUEL_CELLS.pdf.

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An innovative current collection architecture for micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) has been developed. A nickel wire is coiled around a thin carbon composite rod in order to fabricate cell supports. Different carbon composites such as pencil leads and carbon fibres were investigated. The cell support was then coated with ceramic slurries based NiO/YSZ and YSZ for anode and electrolyte, respectively, by successive dip coatings. Effect of thermal behaviour, porosity, amount of binder and dip coating parameters were conjunctly analysed to produce anode and electrolyte crack-free layers with the thickness desired. Pyrolisable materials were then eliminated under air atmosphere at 800ºC followed by co-sintering of half-cells at 1380ºC for 2 h in argon to avoid the oxidation of the nickel wire. In order to complete the cells, sintered half-cells were dipped into cathode inks consisted of LSM-YSZ composite for a functional layer and LSM pure to increase the electrical conductivity of the cathode. The cathode was also sintered at 1150ºC for 2 h under argon atmosphere. Complete cells with an outer diameter below 1.2 mm and length of 30 mm with an effective cathode length of 20 mm and whose active cathode area is 0.75 cm2 were produced. The efficiency of the current collector method developed is evaluated by comparison with the performance of a micro-tubular cell produced and tested under similar conditions, but with a common current collection method. The results of I-V curves shown that the innovative current collection method enhances the performance of a typical micro-tubular cell in the order of 3-4 times. The improvement in performance is attributed to the reduction of current paths of the micro-tubular cells. Suggestions for the production and characterization of current collector-supported micro-tubular cells are also given.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Production of bio fuel'

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