Journal articles on the topic 'Product safety – Law and legislation – European Union countries'
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1
Klovach, E. V., G. M. Seleznev, and A. Yu Sulimov. "Relationship between the Classification of Chemical Products and Criteria for Qualifying Objects as Hazardous Production Facilities." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 10 (October 2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2022-10-27-32.
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In 2002 the international community adopted a new system of hazard classification and labeling of chemical products, which is recommended to be implemented by all the Member- countries of the United Nations through national legislation and international acts. Within the frame of the implementation of this decision, in 2015 the amendments were made to the Directive of the European Community of June 24, 1982, № 82/501/EEC on the prevention of major industrial accidents, and to the United Nations Convention onthe prevention of major industrial accidents, and a little later to the national legislation of the European countries establishing measures on preventing major accidents. In 2017, the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union adopted the technical regulation on the safety of chemical products, which establishes classification criteria that are completely identical to the criteria for the system of hazard classification and labeling of chemical products. Entry into force of the technical regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union will lead to the need for amending all theregulatory legal acts and regulations that contain regulations based on the classification of chemical products, including in the Federal Law № 116-FZ of July 21, 1997, On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities. The task of harmonizing the legislation on industrial safety with the international documents in terms of the classification of chemicals was planned to be solved when developing a new law on industrial safety. During the discussion, the developers encountered different approaches to the definition of classes of hazardous substances, the analysis of which became the subject of this article. The authors formulated proposals that can be used at the next round of harmonization of the Russian legislation on industrial safety with the international documents. When preparing proposals with classes and lists of hazardous chemicals for use in the industrial safety legislation, a comparison was made not only of the definitions of classes of chemicals in different documents, but also of their quantities, which are the criteria for qualifying objects as hazardous production facilities. It is noted that the term «flammable liquids», used in 116-FZ, practically does not occur in the international classifications, therefore, when developing new documents, it was proposed not to use it.
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Zajc, Katarina, and Breda Mulec. "New Challenges in the Filed of Ambient Air Protection with the Emphasis on Economic (in)efficiencies of Chimney Sweeping Services." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/11.2.311-324(2013).
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This paper analyzes new challenges in the field of ambient air protection, such as the use of new energy-generating products, and assesses the air quality protection responsibilities of local communities in European Union (EU) Member States. Domestic heating systems are a major source of air pollution. Thus, chimney-sweeping services are very important and must be regulated to provide fire safety and guarantee better ambient air quality. This paper analyzes Slovenian legislation regulating chimney-sweeping services and compares the Slovenian laws with comparable laws of other European countries and the national laws of EU Member States to examine the laws’ effectiveness in regulating and protecting air quality. More specifically, the paper uses legal and economic analyses to examine the efficiency of current legislation pertaining to chimney-sweeping services. The paper concludes that, consistent with theories of asymmetric information and negative externalities, licensing would be more effective in meeting the challenges of ambient air protection than current exclusive concession agreements, which effectively establish geographical monopolies in chimney-sweeping services.
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Dukhnevych, Andrii V., Nataliia V. Karpinska, and Iryna V. Novosad. "Phytosanitary examination: Ukraine experience and international standards." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.262-268.
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The article explores Ukraine’s experience in conducting phytosanitary expertise based on international standards. It was stated that Ukraine should develop a series of draft in national legislation in the field of quarantine and plant protection, which would be adapted to the legislation of the European Union and at the same time meet the requirements of the International Plant Protection Convention. In this area, Ukraine has already partially implemented some structural reforms in the phytosanitary sector, but these processes require continued state support and encouragement, international coordination that will facilitate the development of agriculture in general. Such coordination can be undertaken primarily in the framework of international universal organisations within the UN system, in particular within FAO. It has been emphasised that Law of Ukraine No. 2501-VIII “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Regulation of Some Phytosanitary Procedures” came into force on February 2, 2019. Among the innovations are the granting of the right to carry out expert examination to private laboratories, new terms in the field of plant quarantine and the creation of the Register of Phytosanitary Certificates issued. It has been concluded that Ukraine is currently actively applying international standards, participating in their development and registering official translations of international standards for phytosanitary measures. Developing national and applying international standards, as a key factor in creating a quality system in the field of plant quarantine, not only ensure full fulfilment by Ukraine of its obligations under the IPPC and SPS, agreeing on the phytosanitary safety of exported quarantine cargoes, but also increase the competitiveness of the domestic vegetal products in the world market. This creates a positive image of Ukraine as a reliable trading partner that does not violate the requirements of other countries and guarantees the conformity of product quality, phytosanitary procedures to internationally recognised standards. Therefore, for qualified phytosanitary examinations, the mechanism of guaranteeing compliance with national and international standards, amending legislation, introducing effective penalties for violation of the rules and procedure for conducting phytosanitary examinations should be a promising area
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Kiseļova, Olga, Baiba Mauriņa, Venta Šidlovska, and Jānis Zvejnieks. "The Extent of Extemporaneous Preparation and Regulatory Framework of Extemporaneous Compounding in Latvia." Medicina 55, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090531.
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Background and objectives: Extemporaneous preparations are pharmaceutical preparations individually prepared for a specific patient or patient group, but also high-risk products accompanied by doubts regarding their safety and quality. Legislation regulating the compounding of extemporaneous preparations is not harmonized among European countries. This problem is partially resolved by Resolution CM/Res(2016)1 on quality and safety assurance requirements for medicinal products prepared in pharmacies for the special needs of patients. In order to understand the relevance of extemporaneous compounding in Latvia and the fulfillment of the abovementioned resolution’s requirements, it is essential to get information about the volume and breakdown of sales of extemporaneous medicinal products in community pharmacies. The purpose of this survey is to identify the sales volume of extemporaneous preparations in community pharmacies in Latvia in 2017 by analyzing unpublished data of the State Agency of Medicines (SAM), as well as comparing Latvian laws with the requirements of the resolution. Materials and Methods: A separate Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was prepared for each statistical region in order to summarize the unpublished information of SAM on the turnover of extemporaneous preparations in 2017 in all Latvian statistical regions. In order to compare the regulatory framework in Latvia with the resolution, the Latvian Pharmaceutical Law and the Cabinet of Ministers Regulations regulating prescription, compounding and control of extemporaneous preparations in community pharmacies were analyzed. Results: Only 280 of 384 pharmacies submitted a report of sales of extemporaneous preparations for 2017 to the SAM. These pharmacies represented all Latvian statistical regions. Extemporaneous preparations were mostly sold in Riga (78.93%). The Latvian regulation does not include all paragraphs of the resolution. Most of the paragraphs of the resolution are described in Latvian regulatory enactments only partially. Conclusions: The total number of compounding pharmacies evidence that the service is needed. Latvian example highlights a necessity for European Union countries to compare their national legislation with the requirements of the resolution’s last version and, if necessary, implement relevant amendments.
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Rіeznikov, Valeriі. "State industrial policy in conditions European integration of Ukraine." Public administration and local government 45, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/102030.
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Since the beginning of 2020, there have been crisis phenomena around the world due to the global slowdown in economic growth and the introduction of quarantine due to the coronavirus pandemic. In this situation, the most vulnerable are developing countries with a small margin of safety, which, unfortunately, also applies to Ukraine, whose economy is open and highly dependent on external markets.
Due to the slowdown in the growth of the global economy, the situation in one of the main export industries of Ukraine – industry is deteriorating first of all. The European Union has become one of the important export markets for Ukraine’s industrial products in recent years, which has raised the issue of shaping a relevant state industrial policy in today’s challenging environment. The purpose of the article is to determine the directions of formation and implementation of state industrial policy in the conditions of European integration of Ukraine in modern conditions. In 2020, due to the economic crisis and the pandemic of the coronavirus, the Ukrainian industry may lose even more due to low demand for ferrous metals in world markets, including in EU countries.
The Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products is a way of eliminating technical barriers to trade between Ukraine and the EU. The Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products is a type of mutual recognition agreement that requires a partner country to align its legislation, practices and infrastructure with EU rules.It is envisaged that in the sectors covered by this Agreement, Ukrainian exporters will be able to label their products with the CE mark and to sell them freely on the EU market without additional EU certification. Potentially, the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products could cover up to a fifth of Ukraine’s exports to the EU, notably mechanical engineering products. The formation and implementation of state industrial policy in the conditions of European integration of Ukraine should take place using the following algorithm:1. Study of the new EU Regulation 2019/1020 of 20.06.2019 on market surveillance and conformity of products and elaboration of relevant amendments to the legislation of Ukraine.2. Concentration of the function of legal coordination of draft regulatory acts (including technical regulations) aimed at implementing the Association Agreement and preparation for the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products in one state instance, equipped with specialized personnel with adequate knowledge of EU law and languages.3. Strengthening the requirements for the accreditation and oversight process for accredited bodies, as well as the process of designating and monitoring conformity assessment bodies to ensure that their technical competence is adequate and to prevent fraud and the use of fraudulent practices.4. In the absence of a rapid prospect of concluding an Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products, the harmonization of procedures and requirements that are too burdensome for exporters and importers, first and foremost.5. Paying particular attention to capacity building of state market surveillance authorities.6. Raising awareness of business entities and enhancing the role of business associations in raising such awareness.7. Increasing the EU’s interest in providing Ukraine with effective technical assistance for the development of legislation and the proper functioning of quality infrastructure and market surveillance authorities.
Introduce the position of Deputy Prime Minister for Industry and launch support programs for the real economy.
Thus, Ukraine’s further integration with the European Union is largely linked to the formulation and implementation of relevant industrial policy, which should be to continue reforming all sectors of the economy, in particular, to modernize the industrial complex. And the signing of the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products in the three priority sectors («industrial visa waiver») in the medium term should become one of the main foreign economic priorities of Ukraine’s European integration in the face of the current challenges of today.
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Khitska, O., and R. Gerard. "INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION TO CONTROL MICTOXINS IN FOOD: REVIEW." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 1(149) (May 30, 2019): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2019-149-1-30-40.
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Today, the problem of monitoring mycotoxins has become global in connection with climate change, a violation of the ecological balance for the use of intensive technologies for processing crops, through air pollution and the accumulation of products of photochemical reactions (photooxidants), which leads to a decrease in plant resistance to phytopathogens. Every year, the problem of mycotoxicosis is exacerbated, as toxic fungi adapt quickly to new technologies and modern plant protection products. The increase in mycotoxins in foods also relates to the widespread use of nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides. Natural toxins create risks for the health of humans and animals, affect food security and nutrition, reducing people's access to healthy food. The World Health Organization is constantly appealing to national authorities to monitor and ensure that the levels of the most relevant natural toxins in foods are as low as possible and consistent with both national and international requirements. Ukraine's membership in the WTO, an association with the European Union, and the expansion of international trade require solutions to the issues of free movement of goods, safe and healthy food, and, accordingly, an adequate level of protection of life and health of people. One of the most important ways to solve them is to improve and harmonize national food legislation in line with international standards, including on the control of mycotoxins. The purpose of our work was to conduct an analysis of literary sources, international and national legislative acts on the control of mycotoxins in food products throughout the food chain. To prepare the publication, we have used literary sources on the subject of publication, as well as we have conducted a comparative analysis of national and international legislative acts regulating procedures and methods for controlling the residues of mycotoxins in food. An analysis of numerous sources has shown that the issue of monitoring mycotoxins in foods, improving laboratory control and risk-based approach to preventing foodborne mycotoxicosis worries scientists from different countries, including Ukrainian. The analysis of national legislation shows that national standards on maximum levels of pollutants have been revised in Ukraine and a number of standards have been harmonized for methods of monitoring the residues of mycotoxins in feed for productive animals, food products of animal and vegetable origin. Key words: mycotoxins, food chain, food, international law, national legislation, control, safety, risks.
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Oelze, Ilse-Barbara, Kurt Neeser, and Elvira Müller. "PP31 Medical Device Regulation: What Is New?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319001958.
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IntroductionIn 2017, the European Union (EU) commission released the final versions of the Medical Device Regulation (MDR) and In-vitro Diagnostic Device Regulation. These regulations will replace the EU directives (Medical Device Directive [MDD], In-vitro Diagnostic Device [IVDD], and Active Implantable Medical Device [AIMD]). EU regulations are effective in all EU countries at date of publication. In contrast, the EU directives must be implemented in national law first.MethodsGuidelines and respective legislation, consultation results and methods/medical device (MD) evaluations were reviewed and analyzed. Decision criteria and reasoning, assessment outcomes and potential impact on price negotiations were the main aspects for comparison.ResultsManufacturers have to be aware of the importance of clinical data for demonstrating the compliance of their products. This applies both to the approval of the products and the “post-market activities” and particularly to the “post-market clinical follow-up” for which requirements for Class I and II products need to be further developed. The MDR requires manufacturers to collect clinical data before and after approval, which could lead to excessive documentation requirements. The term “sufficient clinical data” from the MDR is unclear. A functional Eudamed specification is necessary, which enables an automated processing of relevant data. A stronger involvement in the evaluation process is needed as well as more transparency in the Joint Federal Committee (G-BA) and faster evaluation processes.ConclusionsThe MDR increases the burden especially for small businesses, and it is doubtable that the ultimate goal – improving patient safety – will be achieved. The increased demands and rising costs of the new EU MDR and bottlenecks at Notified Bodies can be a risk for the MD industry. Due to the general reduction in the remuneration for services with a high proportion of technical services, it is feared that products will be withdrawn from the market for economic reasons or that they will not be marketed.
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Lähteenmäki-Uutela, Anu, Moona Rahikainen, María Teresa Camarena-Gómez, Jonna Piiparinen, Kristian Spilling, and Baoru Yang. "European Union legislation on macroalgae products." Aquaculture International 29, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 487–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-020-00633-x.
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AbstractMacroalgae-based products are increasing in demand also in Europe. In the European Union, each category of macroalgae-based products is regulated separately. We discuss EU legislation, including the law on medicinal products, foods including food supplements and food additives, feed and feed additives, cosmetics, packaging materials, fertilizers and biostimulants, as well as biofuels. Product safety and consumer protection are the priorities with any new products. Macroalgae products can be sold as traditional herbal medicines. The novel food regulation applies to macroalgae foods that have not previously been used as food, and organic macroalgae are a specific regulatory category. The maximum levels of heavy metals may be a barrier for macroalgae foods, feeds, and fertilizers. Getting health claims approved for foods based on macroalgae is demanding. In addition to the rules on products, the macroalgae business is strongly impacted by the elements of the general regulatory environment such as agricultural/aquacultural subsidies, maritime spatial planning and aquaculture licensing, public procurement criteria, tax schemes, and trade agreements.
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Čapla, Jozef, Peter Zajác, Katarína Ševcová, Jozef Čurlej, and Martina Fikselová. "Overview of the milk and dairy products legislation in the European Union." Legestic 1 (January 5, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/legestic.1.
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European Union legislation laying down rules for the dairy sector. The legislation defines the conditions under which milk and milk products intended for human consumption can be imported into the EU. Milk and milk products must come only from third countries that appear on the list of authorized countries. Establishments, where milk and milk products are produced, must be approved for export. The TRACES system is used on imports and the consignment must be accompanied by a certificate. This system ensures product traceability and prevents the introduction of diseases. An important role is delegated to the designated border control posts (BCPs) where the appropriate customs and veterinary inspections are performed by government institutions of the country. The European Union has adopted legislation to ensure the safety of food placed on the market in EU member countries. This legislation sets general hygienic requirements for food production based on the good manufacturing practice and the HACCP system. The criteria for microorganisms, chemicals, and applicable food additives are set. Also, the legislation contains requirements for product labeling. Part of the legislation concerns the common organization of the market in milk and milk products. These regulations contain rules for direct payments, subsidies, define the school milk system, etc. Specific legislation creates rules for organic bio food production, for production and labeling of products with the Protected Geographical Indication, Protected Designation of Origin, and Traditional Specialty Guaranteed. There is also legislation that defines the labeling of products intended for specific populations, e.g. gluten-free foods, lactose-free foods, etc. Areas not regulated by the legislation include the labeling of products with certification marks designed to highlight the suitability of food for religious purposes or quality certification.
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Kravchuk, Natalia. "REGULATION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS IN EUROPEAN UNION: THE NECESSITY TO UPDATE THE LEGISLATION IS OBVIOUS." Pravovedenie IAZH, no. 4 (2022): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rgpravo/2022.04.07.
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The review is devoted to the problems of legislative regulation of genetically modified organisms in European Union. EU legislation in this field is more strict than that in the other countries. It is based on the difference between natural organisms and those created artificially through genetic engineering. The core of the GMO legislation is the precautionary principle which aims at protecting environment and human health. This principle is not compatible with the principle of presumed safety of the product which underpins legislation of many countries-EU trade partners. Asymmetry in regulation leads to complications in trade and to noncompliance with EU legislation. A control of GMO non-authorized for use on the territory of EU in imported food and feed is realized through inspections, conducted on the level of EU states. Undertaken measures, however, can not guarantee consumer’s freedom of choice. All the mentioned problems in the field of GMO regulation dictate the necessity to update the relevant legislation.
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Siemianowska, Ewa, Adrianna Kucińska, Andrzej Wesołowski, Agnieszka Barszcz, Ewelina Kolankowska, and Andrzej Anders. "LAW ASPECTS OF QUALITY AND SAFETY OF HONEY." sj-economics scientific journal 22, no. 3 (October 31, 2016): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v22i3.318.
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Any regulations regarding the production of honey became stricter afer Poland has entered the European Union. However, in case of sugar levels or HMF(5-hydroxymethylfurfural) the regulations got reduced. In many beekeeping farms, even though the laws were transformated, the process of obtaining honey did not change at all. Honey keeps its good quality thanks to abiding the Polish Norm’s requirements on honey PN-88/A-77626. Lowering the standards in the countries belonging to European Union puts the Polish honey on a pedestal. Because of the tradition of Polish beekeeping, the apiarists with years of expierience do not see the necessity of changing something which is already good. High quality of the product do not require any huge changes in the process of obtaining honey.
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Pankov, Yevhenii, Olha Filipshykh, and Dmytro Boichuk. "Problems of the environmental law of the European Union." Problems of Legality, no. 155 (December 20, 2021): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.155.243720.
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The problem of ecology is one of the most common problems of the twenty-first century. No country is immune: no country has better military equipment, no country with low inflation, no country with “perfect” legislation. The purpose of the article was to clarify legislative issues: European Union legislation was outdated, general and lacking in specificity. To address these problems, this article uses different approaches to the definition of environmental security, which makes it necessary to change the concept and the actions within which the definition is adopted. The article goes on to discuss the position of realists who argue that environmental security cannot be set because of lack of accountability “the importance” of the issue of “high” issues. Thus, the paper refers to the emergence of environmental security and its long path. This article contains the following changes and provisions: Brundtland Committee (1987), Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Habitats in Europe (1979), International Tropical Timber Agreement (1983) as well as the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (1979), the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the Hazardous Substances Directives, the impact of EU measures on the environment and the Animal Protection Directive. In addition, the article exposes Programs designed to ensure and regulate environmental safety. The report of the European Environment Agency was also reviewed and a comparative analysis of the data contained in the report and the British Broadcasting Corporation estimates was made. The authors draw attention to several directives, calling them “triumvirate”, which provide the basis for countries to regulate some environmental legislation. Almost in the end of the paper the authors pay attention to the phenomenon of environmental ethics, which is a consequence of imperfect legislation. In its conclusion, the article states that the problems that arise from the lack of accountability of legal acts of a real environmental situation occur in the member states, taking into account the special case of the European Union.
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Čapla, Jozef, Peter Zajác, Katarína Ševcová, Jozef Čurlej, and Martina Fikselová. "Milk and diary products – summary of European legislation, hygiene manuals, ISO standards and Codex Alimentarius standards." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 16 (August 5, 2022): 431–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1744.
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European Union legislation laying down rules for the dairy sector. The legislation defines the conditions under which milk and milk products intended for human consumption can be imported into the EU. Milk and milk products must come only from third countries that appear on the list of authorized countries. Establishments, where milk and milk products are produced, must be approved for export. The TRACES system is used on imports and the consignment must be accompanied by a certificate. This system ensures product traceability and prevents the introduction of diseases. An important role is delegated to the designated border control posts (BCPs) where the appropriate customs and veterinary inspections are performed by government institutions of the country. The European Union has adopted legislation to ensure the safety of food placed on the market in EU member countries. This legislation sets general hygienic requirements for food production based on the good manufacturing practice and the HACCP system. The criteria for microorganisms, chemicals, and applicable food additives are set. Also, the legislation contains requirements for product labeling. Part of the legislation concerns the common organization of the market in milk and milk products. These regulations contain rules for direct payments, subsidies, define the school milk system, etc. Specific legislation creates rules for organic bio food production, for production and labeling of products with the Protected Geographical Indication, Protected Designation of Origin, and Traditional Specialty Guaranteed. There is also legislation that defines the labeling of products intended for specific populations, e.g. gluten-free foods, lactose-free foods, etc. Areas not regulated by the legislation include the labeling of products with certification marks designed to highlight the suitability of food for religious purposes or quality certification.
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Faeh, Andrea. "Giving Information on Medicinal Products to the General Public — In Search of a Definition to Safeguard the Patient." European Journal of Health Law 21, no. 2 (March 31, 2014): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341313.
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Abstract Information on medicinal products is vital for enabling patients to give informed consent to the use of a specific product. Within the European Union (eu) the debate about how much information about prescription-only medicinal products should be made available to patients has gone on for the past five years with no definite conclusion yet. This contribution assesses the current legislation and the ongoing debate in order to identify the challenges and the prospect of new legislation, and consider its potential implications for the scope for advertising and for patient safety.
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Kacem, Ikbal Abbassi A. "Safety of Nuclear Installations, Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management in the European Union: A Legal Analysis." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 13, Issue 4 (April 1, 2004): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2004014.
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Summary:The current European Union (EU) regime constitutes a strong incentive to achieve a high level of nuclear safety. However, when new eastern and central European countries join the Union, there is nothing to prevent them from abandoning these measures, as the current regime does not provide for common legal rules for nuclear safety in the EU. To this end, the European Commission has issued new proposals known as `the nuclear package', which includes a proposal for a Directive on the safety of nuclear installations, and a proposal for a Directive on spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management. This article discusses the legal basis for the Community's legislation on nuclear safety, the current regime and the new proposals. It also examines the extent to which changes can be brought through these proposals.
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Tesarivska, U. I., I. A. Holub, and L. I. Fliak. "ADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM BASED ON HACCP PRINCIPLES." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 22, no. 2 (October 7, 2021): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2021-22-2.42.
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The article presents the results of the analysis of legal acts and substantiates the advantages of implementing product safety management systems at enterprises, food producers, based on the principles of HACCP. Ukraine's desire to enter international food markets and the latest trends in cooperation with the European Union and other countries will encourage the country's leadership to harmonize Ukrainian food legislation with European ones. The obligation to approximate national legislation to the legislation of European countries, including in the field of sanitary and phytosanitary measures, is a guarantee of the creation and implementation of an effective control system in Ukrainian industries. The article presents normative-legal and legislative acts that determine the procedure for ensuring the safety of food products that are produced, are in circulation, imported or shipped to the customs territory of Ukraine, or, conversely, are exported and shipped from it. The introduction of food safety systems based on HACCP principles helps to optimize technological and ancillary processes, and, ultimately, to obtain a consistently safe, high-quality food product, which is an important step to meet these requirements. Confirmation of the implementation of an effective safety system based on HACCP principles is to ensure that the measures for the production of safe food products carried out by manufacturers are adequate and meet the goal - the production of products that do not harm the consumer, provided the correct method of consumption. In Ukraine there are changes in national legislation and its approximation to the legislation of European countries, relating to the implementation of official control by the state for the full implementation of the HACCP system in enterprises.
The key reason for implementing the HACCP system is effective food quality and safety management, it is a tool to protect the reputation of the producer and in the long run, all players in the food chain - from producers to consumers - receive significant benefits.
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Betlem, Gerrit. "Standing for Ecosystems—Going Dutch." Cambridge Law Journal 54, no. 1 (March 1995): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300083197.
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Traditionally, common lawyers are used to examining other jurisdictions of their legal family as a source of inspiration for law reform or even as persuasive authority for the development of case law. Developments in continental civil law jurisdictions are less noted. However, particularly in the field of public law, English law is now being influenced by civil law concepts through the mediation of Community law.1 Product liability provides an example in private law of rules shared by the civil and common law jurisdictions of the European Union due to harmonisation by the Product Liability Directive. An important new area of non-contractual liability is environmental liability. Firmly established in the United States, liability for damage to the environment is increasingly being introduced in many countries around the world.3 In the European Union, the first step towards Community-wide legislation was taken in March 1993 with the publication of a Green Paper by the Commission.4 One of the many controversial aspects of a possible environmental liability regime is the issue of standing to sue.
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Baraniak, Justyna, Radosław Kujawski, and Marcin Ożarowski. "Law regulations concerning food supplements, dietetic food and novel food containing herbal substances." Herba Polonica 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2016-0025.
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Summary Food supplements are concentrated sources of nutrients and/or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect. However, they often contain herbal substances or their preparations. Food supplements belong to category of food and for that reason are regulated by food legislation. European Union regulations and directives established general directions for dietary supplements, dietetic food, which due to their special composition or manufacturing process are prepared for specific groups of people with special nutritional needs, and novel food/novel food ingredients to ensure product safety, suitability and appropriate consumer information.
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Vujić, Mario, and Lea Pollak. "Composition, labelling, and safety of food supplements based on bee products in the legislative framework of the European Union – Croatian experiences / Sastav, označavanje i zdravstvena ispravnost dodataka prehrani koji se temelje na pčelinjim proizvodima u pravnom okviru Europske unije – hrvatska iskustva." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 66, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2015-66-2654.
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The European Union market is overflown by food supplements and an increasing number of consumers prefer those where bee products play an important part in their composition. This paper deals with complex European Union legislation concerning food supplements based on bee products, placing a special emphasis on their composition, labelling, and safety. Correct labelling of food supplements also represents a great challenge since, in spite of legal regulations in force, there are still open issues regarding the statements on the amount of propolis, which is not clearly defined by the legal framework. One of the key issues are the labels containing health claims from the EU positive list approved by the European Food Safety Authority. Emphasis will also be placed on informing consumers about food, as statements which imply the healing properties of food supplements and their capacity to cure diseases are forbidden. One of the key elements of product safety is HACCP based on the EU Regulations EC 178/02 and 852/2004. Health safety analyses of food supplements with bee products used as raw materials, which are standardised by legal regulations will also be discussed. In the future, attention should also be paid to establishing the European Union “nutrivigilance” system. Croatian experiences in addressing challenges faced by producers, supervisory entities, and regulatory and inspection bodies may serve as an example to countries aspiring to become part of the large European family.
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Kurtyak, B. M., M. S. Romanovych, T. O. Pundyak, L. V. Romanovych, and R. V. Voloshin. "ВЕТЕРИНАРНА МЕДИЦИНА УКРАЇНИ І ЧАС РЕФОРМ." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, no. 3(70) (September 8, 2016): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7040.
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The State Service of Ukraine on issues of food safety and consumer protection (Derzhprodspozhyvsluzhba) is a central executive body that implements the state policy in the field of veterinary medicine, the fields of security and individual food quality indicators, identification and registration of animals, sanitary legislation, market surveillance within the scope of their responsibilities, the state control over observance of legislation on consumer protection and advertising in this area in accordance with the law of Ukraine «on basic principles and requirements for safety and quality of food», which entered into force on 20 September 2015. This law establishes a new approach to food safety. The primary responsibility for food safety lies with the manufacturers, and government control is not directed to the finished product, and the production and trafficking.The only supervisory body in the field of food safety in Ukraine, according to the law, is the State Service for Food Safety and Consumer Protection. Service exercises its powers directly and through its territorial bodies – food safety and veterinary control products in all areas of Kiev, and cities of regional subordination, areas.As a result of the creation in Ukraine Derzhprodspozhyvsluzhby obtained a clear hierarchy of government veterinary medicine, required by the European Community, in particular, is structurally complies with the requirements of the European Union. Their main task – the diversity of the state veterinary supervision and its periodicity.
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Chauhan, Amisha, Shikha Baghel Chauhan, and Sakshi Nainwani. "The Review on Cosmetic Regulation: Quality Education." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.0241ecst.
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The cosmetics industry is undergoing substantial transformations all over the world. It has grown dramatically over the world, providing a means for a person to alter his or her appearance and make a product instantly noticeable and appealing. To accomplish effective promoting, one must consider a variety of factors. Today's cosmetic industry or market takes use of cutting-edge technology to create new cosmetic agents with enhanced qualities. Trend for cosmetics is getting elevated each passing day, hence enormous growth is encountered in the cosmetic market globally. If we talk about legislation of the cosmetic industries nowadays then they are kind of stringent all over the globe. There are different regulatory bodies globally with their own rules and regulation regarding cosmetics. The major market for cosmetics is in United states and in European Union, and all other developing countries ideally look the regulation of these developed countries as a role model. Despite of all the differences in regulatory bodies their aim is somewhat similar which is to ensure the safety, efficacy, and stability of the product. So, in this article we are going to study about the various differences which are present regarding the regulatory bodies and rules and regulation among India, United States and European Union.
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Chudinovskikh, M. "Regulation of Telework in BRICS: Lessons from the Pandemic." BRICS Law Journal 9, no. 2 (July 14, 2022): 72–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2022-9-2-72-93.
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The COVID-19 outbreak forced many employers worldwide to organize remote workplaces and introduce new technologies of labor organization in order to protect employees from the threat of disease. After the pandemic is over, it is reasonable to anticipate an increase in telework. The legal framework of telework continues to evolve unevenly in different countries around the world. The BRICS countries lag behind the United States and the European Union in terms of the legal regulation of telework, and they lack the necessary statistical data collection. The integration of the BRICS countries calls for the development of unified approaches to the legal status of teleworkers. The creation of new jobs in the conditions of the pandemic requires the development of the regulatory framework, analysis of innovative experience and assessment of law enforcement. This article systematizes the approaches of Russian and world scientists to the major issues of telework regulation, including: the conceptual apparatus, the advantages and disadvantages of remote employment, the analysis of legislative initiatives of the BRICS countries in the context of a pandemic and the allocation of best practices, the features of concluding, changing and terminating an employment contract, determining the rights and obligations of teleworkers, the implementation of the right to social partnership, and ensuring labor protection, safety and well-being. The findings of the analysis lead to the conclusion that in order to achieve decent work in digital economy, the BRICS countries need to design a general approach to the regulation of telework for similar to the approach taken by the European Union, and to upgrade existing legislation.
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Sokolowski, Maciej M. "Laws and Policies on Electric Scooters in the European Union: A Ride to the Micromobility Directive?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 4 (August 1, 2020): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020036.
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The conducted research shows that the EU-27 and the UK have a varied approach to electric scooters when it comes to law: some see them as means of micro-transportation or personal transport, others define them exclusively in their legislation (in a direct manner). In some countries electric scooters are not defined in legislation but other rules apply (e.g. rules on bicycles). Electric scooters’ users are qualified either as pedestrians using scooters, drivers, or cyclists. The limit of 20 – 25 km/h of speed is a general benchmark. The rules on the access to pavement, pedestrian zones, and pedestrian crossings vary among the Member States (some allow it, providing speed limits; others offer only the possibility of accessing bike paths or public roads). National legislation also provides some other requirements, such as age limits for electric scooter users when riding on a road or wearing protective equipment (e.g. helmet or safety vest). The research also proves that the majority of Member States do not provide any special rules on driving licences or insurance (generally not required when using electric scooters). Finally, the article addresses a seemingly basic legal European framework on electric scooters and a possible harmonization by adopting the Micromobility Directive. electric transport, electric scooters, micromobility, micro-transportation, Micromobility Directive
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Brolin, Matilda J., and Arnoud Willems. "The Unhappy Marriage of Customs and Anti-Dumping Legislation: Tensions Relating to Product Description and Origin." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 45, Issue 3 (August 1, 2018): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2018013.
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In most countries, the rules concerning anti-dumping and customs reside in different laws. However, since the enforcement of anti-dumping measures is the responsibility of customs authorities, there is necessarily interaction between both areas of law. It is important to get this interaction right. For instance, changes in customs legislation could (inadvertently) increase the number of products covered by anti-dumping measures, arguably violating the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This article examines two key points of tension between customs and anti-dumping laws, which have previously not been given much attention, taking the European Union (EU) as an example. First, the article sets out the problem of two competing interests concerning product description: that of a description that is accurate for purposes of coverage under an anti-dumping regulation, on the one hand, and that of a description that is efficient for purposes of ensuring simple and automatic duty collection by the customs authorities, on the other. It then explains the EU’s practical solution to this problem (TARIC codes), but advises caution regarding that practice. Second, it sets out how the EU uses rules of origin to impose anti-dumping duties on products that otherwise might not be covered, and cautions against that practice as well. Finally, the article discusses how to avoid breaching WTO law and how to ensure certainty and transparency for companies.
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Chmil, V. D., and H. I. Petrashenko. "To the issue of studying plant protection products active substances behavior inside the surface and ground water in Ukraine according to the European Union (EU) regulations." Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 91, no. 2 (September 15, 2021): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2021-91-2-63-78.
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Purpose. To consider the study of the fate and behavior of active substances of plant protection products (AS PPP) in surface and groundwater in EU countries, the quality of surface and groundwater associated with the use of PPP in Ukraine and proposals for improving domestic monitoring of environmental and chemical status of surface and groundwater in Ukraine according to the EU regulations. Materials and Methods. The presence of AS PPP in water in Ukraine is regulated by various legislative acts, including the Law on Drinking Water and Drinking Water Supply, the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine on Approval of State Sanitary Norms and Rules “Hygienic Requirements for Drinking Water for Human Consumption”, the Water Code of Ukraine, Ministers of Ukraine “Procedure for state water monitoring”, the Law of Ukraine “On ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population” and others. Most of these documents take into account the safety criteria and quality indicators of drinking, surface and groundwater established in the EU. The Water Code of Ukraine and the Procedure for State Water Monitoring also take into account the main provisions of the EU Water Framework Directive in the field of protection of surface and groundwater from pollution by hazardous substances, including PPP. However, it should be noted that these documents use terms that are not in the EU documents and which misinterpret the terms and concepts that have become entrenched in world environmental science, in particular in the field of protection of surface and groundwater from contamination by hazardous chemicals. The use of such terms undoubtedly complicates the intended use of Ukrainian documents. Conclusions. Proposals have been formulated on the inappropriateness of using in the legislative acts of Ukraine in the field of water policy some concepts and terms that does not meet EU requirements and have expired and are not used in Ukraine according to the Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine №94-r from 20.01.2016. When state registration in Ukraine of PPP of foreign production, which have passed the necessary tests in EU countries, in the dossier for the formulation registered and submitted by the Applicant, the values of predicted concentrations of DR PPE in soil, surface and groundwater and air must be given. characterize the risk to humans and non-target organisms. Key Words: active substances of plant protection products, surface waters, groundwater, environmental quality standards, predicted ecological concentrations of active substances of plant protection products, monitoring of ecological and chemical condition of surface and groundwater.
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Jacobides, Michael G., and Ioannis Lianos. "Ecosystems and competition law in theory and practice." Industrial and Corporate Change 30, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 1199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtab061.
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Abstract One of the most profound changes in the industrial landscape in the last decade has been the growth of business ecosystems—groups of connected firms, drawing on (digital) platforms that leverage their complementors and lock in their customers, exploiting the “bottlenecks” that emerge in new industry architectures. This has created new asymmetries of power, where the “field” of competition is not the relevant product market, as is usually the case in competition law, but rather the ecosystem of various complementary products and associated complementor firms. These dynamics raise novel concerns over competition. After examining the foundational elements of the ecosystem concept, we review how ecosystems are addressed within the current scope of competition law and identify the gap in the existing framework of conventional competition law. We then move to a critical review of current efforts and proposals in the European Union for providing regulatory remedies for ex ante and ex post resolution of problems, focusing on the current (2020) proposals of the Digital Market Act on ex ante regulation, with its particular focus on “gatekeepers.” We also review recent regulatory initiatives in European countries that focus on ex post regulation and on the role of business models and ecosystem architectures in regulation before providing a deep dive into proposed Greek legislation that explicitly focuses on ecosystem regulation. We conclude with our observations on the challenges in instituting and implementing a regulatory framework for ecosystems, drawing on research and our own engagement in the regulatory process.
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Tritsch, Nadine, Marc C. Steger, Valerie Segatz, Patrik Blumenthal, Marina Rigling, Steffen Schwarz, Yanyan Zhang, Heike Franke, and Dirk W. Lachenmeier. "Risk Assessment of Caffeine and Epigallocatechin Gallate in Coffee Leaf Tea." Foods 11, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030263.
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Coffee leaf tea is prepared as an infusion of dried leaves of Coffea spp. in hot water. It is a traditional beverage in some coffee-producing countries and has been authorized in 2020 within the European Union (EU) according to its novel food regulation. This article reviews current knowledge on the safety of coffee leaf tea. From the various ingredients contained in coffee leaves, only two were highlighted as possibly hazardous to human health, namely, caffeine and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), with maximum limits implemented in EU legislation, which is why this article focuses on these two substances. While the caffeine content is comparable to that of roasted coffee beans and subject to strong fluctuations in relation to the age of the leaves, climate, coffee species, and variety, a maximum of 1–3 cups per day may be recommended. The EGCG content is typically absent or below the intake of 800 mg/day classified as hepatotoxic by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), so this compound is suggested as toxicologically uncritical. Depending on selection and processing (age of the leaves, drying, fermentation, roasting, etc.), coffee leaf tea may exhibit a wide variety of flavors, and its full potential is currently almost unexplored. As a coffee by-product, it is certainly interesting to increase the income of coffee farmers. Our review has shown that coffee leaf tea is not assumed to exhibit risks for the consumer, apart from the well-known risk of caffeine inherent to all coffee-related beverages. This conclusion is corroborated by the history of its safe use in several countries around the world.
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Laurinaitytė, Ilona, Ilona Michailovič, Liubovė Jarutienė, and Justina Zokaitė. "The criminalization of stalking and characteristics of court practices in stalking cases in Lithuania." Kriminologijos studijos 9 (June 16, 2022): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/crimlithuan.2021.9.3.
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Stalking is considered a serious public health problem as well as a harmful form of victimization often leading to severe consequences for the victim. Although there is still little agreement on the exact definition of stalking, it has been recognized that the core elements of stalking include deliberateness and recurrence of the stalker’s actions as well as victim fear and concern for safety. The main purpose of this article is to debate on the definition of stalking as well as provide the rates of stalking in Lithuania. Authors conclude that stalking refers to a constellation of a diverse range of actions and may include both direct communication with the victim and the use of cyberspace technologies. A rapid development of modern digital technologies leads to a wide variety of complex stalking behavior patterns that makes it complicated to generate an adequate legal response to this phenomenon. The results of a public survey conducted by a research group from the Law Institute of the Centre for Social Sciences in 2021 show that the rates of stalking in Lithuania are comparable to those reported in foreign studies as 17.5% of Lithuanian population have experienced stalking at least once during their lifetime. Stalking by the current or former intimate partner was the most prevalent stalking category, as it comprised nearly 39% of all stalking cases in the state. The article also covers some aspect of court practices in stalking-related cases during the period from 2016 to 2020, before anti-stalking legislation was introduced in Lithuania. By year 2021, when stalking was criminalized in Lithuania, 23 European Union member countries have managed to develop criminal anti-stalking legislation. Another aim of this article is to discuss the way criminal anti-stalking legislation was introduced in Lithuania and compare Lithuanian approach to the legal provisions enacted in other countries. Authors conclude that although the introduction of criminal anti-stalking legislation in Lithuania was an important step towards ensuring victims’ safety, it still may possibly lead to some practical issues during the criminal investigation of stalking cases.
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Wróbel, Kacper, Anna Justyna Milewska, Michał Marczak, and Remigiusz Kozłowski. "Dietary Supplements Questioned in the Polish Notification Procedure upon the Basis of Data from the National Register of Functional Foods and the European System of the RASFF." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (July 3, 2022): 8161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138161.
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Dietary supplements (DS) in the countries of the European Union falls within the scope of the food law. DS may, however, contain substances that are simultaneously applied in medicinal products as defined in the pharmaceutical law. The presence of such ingredients may cause problems with the product qualification. The phenomenon of applying such borderline ingredients in dietary supplements may require additional regulations, and ensuring them may be problematic. We conducted an analysis aiming to identify dishonest market practices resorted to by the producers and distributors of non-conforming dietary supplements. We examined mostly questioned DS and compared them with data from the RASFF system and registers of medicinal substances and pharmaceutical entities. The results show that some operators tend to re-notify the same products in response to the initiation of official control procedures. Products in the form of capsules or powders were the most common re-notifications within the 50–100 days. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that some entities are obliged to document the safety of the product or its compliance with the regulations, use the imperfection of the notification procedure, and re-notify the questioned product in order to keep it on the market despite potential non-compliance.
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Frantsuz, A. J., and Y. K. Tupichenko. "ORGANISATIONAL AND LEGAL BASIS OF PRIVATE DETECTIVES IN POLAND AN UKRAINE." Legal Bulletin 76, no. 6 (December 15, 2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31732/2708-339x-2022-06-54-59.
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institutional crisis, destruction of anti-corruption legislation and loss of trust in law enforcement agencies - stimulates the development of non-governmental organizations and the emergence of individuals, protect private property, ensure personal safety, protect the lives and health of citizens. These include security agencies, bodyguards and private detectives. The lack of legal regulation of detective activity in Ukraine is a very big legal problem that separates us from the modern European world. The desire of the current government to maintain control over law enforcement agencies and the weak implementation of law enforcement and investigative activities - contributes to the active development of crime in Ukraine. This forces Ukrainian scientists and lawyers to study international experience for the effective implementation of the institute of detective work, in accordance with current international law. The activities of private detectives in European countries - is ensured by the right of citizens of these countries to protect their constitutional rights. Also, in the territory of the European Union, the activities of private detectives are legal and clearly spelled out in law. Legal regulation of private detective work is a very difficult issue. It is difficult to create adequate legal conditions when it comes to the authority of some people - to obtain information about third parties without their consent and knowledge. Therefore, the legislator of a modern European country must find a fine line between personal freedom, the right to privacy and the minimum rights of a person engaged in private detective work. This is necessary for the detective to be able to perform his duties efficiently and reliably. Today in Ukraine there are no laws that would clearly regulate private detective work. However, services that show signs of private detective work are still provided by individuals and agencies. If you look at the sections of ads on the Internet, you can find many suggestions for the provision of detective services.
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Kuryndin, A. V., A. S. Shapovalov, N. B. Timofeev, and A. L. Vernik. "On the Regulation of Liquid and Airborne Radioactive Discharges of the Industrial Enterprises that do not Use Atomic Energy." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 1 (January 2021): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-1-88-93.
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In accordance with the legislative framework of the system for regulating liquid and airborne discharges of radioactive substances into the environment in force in the Russian Federation, this system is equally designed to regulate discharges of the radionuclides of both artificial and natural origin. The mechanisms of radiological impact of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides on the environment and population do not have any specificity in comparison with the ones of artificial origin radionuclides. Nevertheless, to date, the law enforcement of the Russian system for regulating discharges of the radioactive substances is applied only in relation to the discharges of the radionuclides of artificial origin carried out by nuclear facilities. At the same time, regulation of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides, in accordance with the safety standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency, is the best practice in the field of environmental protection, and the levels of radiation exposure, which characterize such discharges, are not low enough to be neglected. Regulation of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides is provided for in the norms of the European Union and is practically applied in the number of countries of the European Union, where the legislation provides for the regulation of activities, in which the raw materials containing radionuclides of natural origin are used, and the types of economic and other activities subject to this regulation are determined. The Russian system of regulation of discharges of the radioactive substances into the environment is built on the same basic principles and criteria that underlie foreign regulation systems, and which are recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The regulatory and methodological base formed to date in the Russian Federation contains all the required legal mechanisms for the regulation of discharges of the radioactive substances from nuclear facilities, is based on the best international practices and fully complies with the standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
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Mariam Chachua, Mariam Chachua. "Hindering Factors for exporting Georgian Agri-food Products to the EU Market (DCFTA)." New Economist 16, no. 03 (January 28, 2022): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/nec62-6303-042021-72.
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In 2014 after signing the Association Agreement between the European Union and Georgia, a wide range of trade relations has been opened for the state of Georgia and was given the opportunity for the free trade. Chapter IV of the Agreement - "Trade and Trade-Related Issues", the agreement about Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) includes the mechanism of economic integration with the EU and opens its internal market for Georgia. According to the agreement, if the required conditions are achieved, the world’s largest market will be opened for Georgia, which currently unites 28 countries and more than the 500 million customers. Utilizing this opportunity will lead increasing investment flows in the country, the emergence of new enterprises and export products, suppling of safe and harmless products to the customers. This will ultimately have a positive impact on the country's economic growth and the development, nevertheless it is still a distant prospect. In order to receive all the foreseen benefits of the Association Agreement, it became necessary to identify and eliminate problems in the number of areas. According to the agreement, food safety is recognized as a political priority of the European Union. Created program of legislative approximation with the EU includes the fulfillment of commitments and the deadlines, which is an ongoing process. In the years of 2015-2020, in accordance with the DCFTA agreement, 146 legal acts had been aligned with the EU legislation in the fields of food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary. Despite all these achievements, the major challenge for both the regulators and business operators still remains to be the enforcement and putting into effect the EU required standards. As the most products in the EU market are subject to harmonized rules, that protect the consumers, public health and the environment, it excludes the adoption of different national rules - the product made in Georgia must comply with the EU standards. That is why the Georgian business operators have to: introduce internationally recognized systems in the enterprise; adapt to the new regulatory environment; create a harmless, quality and competitive product; attract the European partners and be able to produce the required quantity, which may need to involve the different and modern production technologies. Therefore, it is essential to understand, that using the terms of the agreement do not completely depend on the smooth running of government agencies, as it largely depends on the personal progress of the business operators and the relevant associations. Keywords : Economic integration with Europe, food safety, international commitment, Association Agreement.
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DULGHERU, IONUT, MANUELA AVADANEI, SAVIN-DORIN IONESI, IRINA IONESCU, and EMIL-CONSTANTIN LOGHIN. "Rationalisation methods for managing the production processes of textile products from the regulated field." Industria Textila 73, no. 06 (December 20, 2022): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.073.06.2021108.
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One of the essential features of the unified European market is the free movement of many industrial products, thanks to the harmonisation of the laws of the European Union countries. The rigour of safety regulations has led to a constant increase in the supply and volume of personal protective equipment. The EU legislation defines “essential requirements” for personal protective equipment but does not do the same for technical specifications. From this point of view, products can be divided into non-regulated and regulated products. Protective products and toys are manufactured in the regulated sector in the textile sector and require formal certification under European Community directives. Products intended for military use (in the regulated area) are subject to special, sometimes top-secret rules. Fashionable clothing belongs to the non-regulated area and does not require formal certification. The protective equipment must ensure compliance with EU regulations, such as absolute individual protection against specific risks; durable protective functions; psychological comfort while wearing it; ease of maintenance. The production of textile garments in the regulated sector requires flawless execution with the help of qualified personnel, who have created the physical conditions for the optimal execution of the operations to achieve a constant level of quality. A factor that determines the constant quality level is efficient production management. Production management in the textile industry refers to structuring processes, setting time rules and ensuring efficient working conditions for the people performing the work (rational design of the workplace makes it possible to achieve greater efficiency and meet occupational safety requirements). Once the requirements are clearly defined from the customer’s point of view, their translation into technical measures is a task for the manufacturing company. With this in mind, the main objective of this paper is to provide an example of streamlining the management of production to facilitate the manufacturing process of a product in a regulated sector that is compliant with European regulations. The case study has been carried out for the manufacturing process of a pistol bag.
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V. V., Novitskyi. "Political and legal mechanisms for the protection of human rights through the lens of the European Union countries." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (August 2020): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-32.
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The author of the article, first of all, draws attention to the current problems of protection and protection of human rights, which unfortunately are traced within the territorial jurisdiction of the European Union. Such problem is quite well demonstrated by Berbel Koffler, as the Commissioner of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany on human rights and humanitarian aid policy. Indeed, the Ombudsman of Germany has raised a number of deep dilemmas: violence against human rights defenders on the grounds of their professional activity, the relation of human rights institutions with public security and economic development. In fact, these questions, in varying percentages, are equally relevant to many countries in the world. In the outlined context, the case of the European Court of Human Rights “Gabriel Weber and Caesar Richard Saravia v. Germany” of 29.06.06 was analyzed. Actually, this case covers directly the issues of human rights and national security of Germany. Grounds for initiating this case have arisen in connection with the legislative provisions of the Law of Germany on the Restriction of the Secret of Correspondence, Mail and Telecommunications of 13.08.68., ("Law G-10"), taking into account changes made under the Anti-Crime Act of 28.10.94, which extend the powers of the Federal Intelligence Service, within the so-called strategic monitoring. It is about collecting information by listening to telephone conversations in order to identify and prevent serious threats to the Federal Republic of Germany, such as: armed attacks on its territory, international terrorist attacks, other serious crimes. According to the applicants who worked as journalists, strategic monitoring can be used against individuals to prevent effective journalistic investigations. In view of these suspicions, the applicants argued that they had violated the human rights guaranteed by the Convention, such as the right to privacy and correspondence, the violation of press freedom, and the right to an effective remedy. The ECHR Judges, having examined the circumstances of the case, concluded that there were no grounds to satisfy the complaints on the basis of the following arguments: 2) German legislation, as part of strategic monitoring, is endowed with adequate and effective safeguards against abuse by authorized entities. In addition, the article analyzes the multi-vector issue of banning citizens of some European Union countries from wearing hats that completely or partially hide their faces. The fact is that, under such restrictions, in particular, the traditional clothing of women adherents of Islam has fallen. It is a “burqa” and a “niqab”. The presented study is mainly based on the legislative practice of France, Belgium, which provides for administrative as well as criminal penalties for non-compliance with the stated prohibition. In such cases as S.А.С. France, Belkacemi and Oussar v. Belgium, Dakir v. Belgium, the applicants, alleged that they had violated the human rights guaranteed by the Convention, including: the right to respect for their private life; the right to freedom of expression of one's religion or belief; the right to freedom of expression; the right to freedom of association; humiliating treatment and discrimination against the enjoyment of the abovementioned human rights. According to most ECHR judges, who have dealt with the said cases, the disputed prohibition is not necessary in a "democratic society for public safety" but its main task is to preserve the conditions of "cohabitation" as an element of "protection of the rights and freedoms of others." In the context of this debate, attention was paid indirectly to such EU Member States as: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Switzerland. Keywords: human rights, legal guarantees, security, privacy.
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de Ávila, Renato Ivan, and Marize Campos Valadares. "Brazil Moves Toward the Replacement of Animal Experimentation." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 47, no. 2 (May 2019): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261192919856806.
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In Brazil, efforts towards the regulatory acceptance and implementation of innovative methods to replace experimental animal use in various fields began to gather force in 2008, with the approval of Law No. 11,794/2008 (the Arouca Law). This law represented a milestone, as it created the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) to deal with the ethical and legal issues related to the use of laboratory animals. In 2014, CONCEA put together a framework for expanding the implementation of non-animal methodologies for use in research and education. It also promoted the regulatory acceptance in Brazil of 24 test guidelines, including 15 in vitro approaches. It should be emphasised that, in Brazilian legislation, replacement is generally based on the toxicological endpoint and not on the category of product, as tends to be the case in other countries (e.g. cosmetics in the European Union). The resolution-dependent deadlines for the obligatory replacement of in vivo methods with the CONCEA-approved tests are 2019 and 2021. Brazil has advanced considerably towards the replacement of animal experimentation, and in certain aspects, this has been in a highly progressive manner. However, there is still a lot of work to be done, especially considering the current political scenario with reduced investment in research, development and innovation. The chronology of significant events following the approval of the Arouca Law, which have contributed to the promotion of the Three Rs alternatives in Brazil, will be examined.
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Chakaldziyan, Mikael. "THE NORMATIVE REGULATION OF MEDICAL DEVICES – A GUARANTOR FOR THE PROTECTION OF PATIENTS’ RIGHTS AS USERS OF HEALTH SERVICES IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 5 (October 4, 2019): 1567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34051567c.
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Health is envisaged as a right of the citizens both in the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria and in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Healthcare is subject to regulation by a number of secondary European legislation acts as well as by acts of our domestic legislation. The overall state policy on health care provision and development constitutes a complex set of diverse activities. Its quality is largely the result of strict and good-faith implementation of the normative regulations, addressing both public authorities and individuals. Exercising preventive medical procedures, adequate diagnosis and conducting successful treatment are undoubtedly essential parts of healthcare. This essential part is implemented by healthcare professionals with specific qualifications and by using medicinal products that contribute to achieving positive results in each patient's health in every individual case. In turn, medical equipment such as apparatus, instruments, materials and other supplies, plays an increasingly important and crucial role in the overall process of the actual implementation of medical assistance. Today, secondary European legislation determines medical equipment as a medical device and defines it. The continued development of science in the field of medicine, as well as in other fields, is an important factor in achieving ever greater opportunities for medical care and determines the significant place of medical devices in the provision of healthcare to a particular patient. Using them is often the only way to correctly diagnose a patient, though the cases where the medicinal product itself comes into contact with the patient's body through a medical device are also not isolated. The presence of the appropriate type of medical device and its corresponding level of quality are essential prerequisites for proper diagnosis and conducting a precise treatment procedure to achieve the optimal end effect. To ensure a positive result in the patient's health, medical devices must be safe and meet a number of quality requirements. The safety and quality of medical devices are a prerequisite for the actual realization of the right to healthcare for citizens. This report examines some administrative-juridical remedies for exercising control over medical devices, as well as certain obligations that individuals should carry out when performing activities related to medical devices. Bearing in mind the actual object of protection in medical law - the patient, and that one of the principles of consumer law is to protect the life and health of the consumer as an individual, it is concluded that medical and consumer law have the same object of protection and that is every individual. The report makes a comparative analysis of the administrative-juridical measures taken by the Medicines Executive Agency and by the Consumer Protection Commission. It also compares some of the obligations that private law entities need to observe in medical law in respect to medical devices and those of private parties in consumer law regarding goods.
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Dąbrowska, Jolanta, Marcin Sobota, Małgorzata Świąder, Paweł Borowski, Andrzej Moryl, Radosław Stodolak, Ewa Kucharczak, Zofia Zięba, and Jan K. Kazak. "Marine Waste—Sources, Fate, Risks, Challenges and Research Needs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020433.
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The article presents a comprehensive and cross-cutting review of key marine waste issues, taking into account: sources, fate, risks, transport pathways, threats, legislation, current challenges, and knowledge gaps. The growing amount of both human-created waste in seas and oceans and waste reaching marine ecosystems from land is one of today’s challenges for the global economy and the European Union. It is predicted that if no decisive steps are taken to limit the amount of this type of waste, there may be more plastic waste than fish in the oceans after 2050. The influence of microplastics and nanoplastics on living organisms remains undiagnosed. Within the international and EU law, solutions are being developed to properly manage waste on board ships and to reduce the impact of processes related to the recycling of the vessels on the environment. Currently, over 80% of ships are dismantled in the countries of South Asia, in conditions that threaten the environment and the safety of workers. After World War 2, large quantities of chemical weapons were deposited in the seas. Steel containers with dangerous substances residing in the sea for over 70 years have begun leaking, thus polluting water. For many years, radioactive waste had also been dumped into marine ecosystems, although since 1993 there has been a total ban on such disposal of radionuclides. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine waste generation has also been presented as a significant factor influencing marine waste generation and management.
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Dąbrowska, Jolanta, Marcin Sobota, Małgorzata Świąder, Paweł Borowski, Andrzej Moryl, Radosław Stodolak, Ewa Kucharczak, Zofia Zięba, and Jan K. Kazak. "Marine Waste—Sources, Fate, Risks, Challenges and Research Needs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020433.
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The article presents a comprehensive and cross-cutting review of key marine waste issues, taking into account: sources, fate, risks, transport pathways, threats, legislation, current challenges, and knowledge gaps. The growing amount of both human-created waste in seas and oceans and waste reaching marine ecosystems from land is one of today’s challenges for the global economy and the European Union. It is predicted that if no decisive steps are taken to limit the amount of this type of waste, there may be more plastic waste than fish in the oceans after 2050. The influence of microplastics and nanoplastics on living organisms remains undiagnosed. Within the international and EU law, solutions are being developed to properly manage waste on board ships and to reduce the impact of processes related to the recycling of the vessels on the environment. Currently, over 80% of ships are dismantled in the countries of South Asia, in conditions that threaten the environment and the safety of workers. After World War 2, large quantities of chemical weapons were deposited in the seas. Steel containers with dangerous substances residing in the sea for over 70 years have begun leaking, thus polluting water. For many years, radioactive waste had also been dumped into marine ecosystems, although since 1993 there has been a total ban on such disposal of radionuclides. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine waste generation has also been presented as a significant factor influencing marine waste generation and management.
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de Klerk, Joanna N., and Philip A. Robinson. "Drivers and hazards of consumption of unpasteurised bovine milk and milk products in high-income countries." PeerJ 10 (May 16, 2022): e13426. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13426.
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Introduction The consumption of dairy products contributes to health, nutrition, and livelihoods globally. However, dairy products do not come without microbiological food safety risks for consumers. Despite this risk, common hygiene measures in high-income countries, particularly pasteurisation, ensures that milk is safe, and is indeed frequently mandated by law. Nevertheless, over the past two decades, there has been a global increase in the number of consumers in high-income developed countries actively seeking out unpasteurised milk in liquid and product forms for perceived nutritional and health benefits, and improved taste. The often-anecdotal claims upon which consumers make such choices are not all supported by scientific evidence; however, some recent research studies have investigated (and in some cases demonstrated) the positive impact of unpasteurised milk consumption on the prevalence of asthma, atopy, rectal cancer and respiratory illness. Methods To investigate the significance of unpasteurised milk and milk product consumption for human health in high-income countries, outbreak data between the years 2000 and 2018 were obtained for the United States of America, Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand and Australia, which were then categorized into three World Health Organisation subregions: AMR A, EUR A and WPR A. Outbreak dynamic variables such as pathogens, the place of consumption, numbers of outbreaks and deaths per million capita, the average number of cases per outbreak and regulations were described and analysed using R Studio. To provide an overview of unpasteurised milk-related disease outbreaks, a rapid evidence review was also undertaken to establish an overview of what is known in the current literature about hazards and drivers of consumption. Results Foodborne outbreaks associated with unpasteurised dairy consumption have risen in high-income countries over the period 2000 to 2018, with Campylobacter spp. being the most common aetiological agent responsible, followed by Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The most common places of consumption are on farms or in households, indicating individuals choose to drink unpasteurised milk, rather than a widespread distribution of the product, for example, at social events and in schools. Further study is needed to better understand contributing factors, such as cultural differences in the consumption of dairy products. Conclusion There are several observable health benefits linked to consuming raw milk, but outbreaks associated with unpasteurised milk and milk products are on the rise. It cannot be definitively concluded whether the benefits outweigh the risks, and ultimately the decision lies with the individual consumer. Nevertheless, many countries have regulations in place to protect consumer health, acknowledging the definite risks to human health that unpasteurised dairy foods may pose, particularly from microbial hazards.
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Davydiuk, Oleksandr. "Economic and legal regulation of the technology subsystem of the National innovation system." Law and innovative society, no. 2 (15) (January 4, 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2020-2(15)-15.
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Problem setting. The fact of significant technological lag of the national economy of Ukraine from the countries of the European Union and South and North America is obvious. In addition to the economic components of this trend, of great importance is the lack of necessary organizational and regulatory prerequisites for the mass dissemination of technology transfer and development of public relations for their creation, transfer of rights and implementation in the productive sector of the economy. The current legislation that regulates innovation and determines the status of technology, unfortunately, is a branch of law that has been implemented under the influence of global trends in the spread of these processes and is not the result of natural development of society and business practices. Given the leading, initiating role of innovation legislation, the requirements of which create the preconditions for the development of innovative legal relations, legal science faces an extremely important task – to form such an effective and efficient concept of legal regulation of relations that mediate the circulation of technologies that would interest businesses intensive exchange of scientific developments and their more mass bringing to the level of specific production equipment, machinery, machines and mechanisms. Analysis of recent researches and publications in the work were investigated the works of scientists such as Yu. Ye. Atamanova, O. D. Svyatotsky, P. P. Krainev, S. F. Revutsky, S. Yu. Poguliayev, K. Yu. Ivanova, O. V. Hladka, A. I. Denisov etc. Article’s main body. Elements that are part of the technology transfer subsystem: relationships, subjects and objects. Relations that are part of the structure of the technology transfer subsystem of the National Innovation System: (1) Relations within the technology market; (2) Relations within the public-law sector of technology transfer; (3) Relationships involving unorganized ways of creating, transferring and implementing technologies. All entities involved in the technology transfer subsystem of the National Innovative System can be characterized as follows: (a) the author (developer) of the technology; (b) the owner of the object of intellectual property rights (owner of property rights to the object of intellectual property rights) on the basis of which the technology is developed; (c) the recipient of the technology (business entity in which the technology is embodied in the integral property complex); (d) the customer of the technology development process; (e) the state, represented by the authorized bodies of state power, which carries out public administration within the framework of the state technological policy; (f) local governments that, within their competence, influence the specifics of technology transfer within one or more settlements; (g) the investor, the person at whose expense the process of development and further implementation of the technology takes place and is implemented; (h) professional participants (specialized and professional intermediaries), which should include technology brokers, legal entities and individuals providing services related to the use of technology etc. The following forms of technology participation in economic legal relations can act as objects of the technology transfer subsystem of the National Innovative System, namely: (a) material embodiment of technology in the form of an integral technological line and / or experimental design of technology; (b) information implementation of the technology; (c) an integral property complex of the business entity to the production assets of which the technology has already been implemented; (d) technology as an innovative product; (e) technology as an innovative product that is both commodityfunctional and production (industrial) nature. Conclusions and prospects for development. (1) The main areas of improvement of the current legislation of Ukraine regulating relations in the field of technology circulation are: (a) determination of the legal status of subjects and participants of relations related to the creation, transfer of rights and implementation of such objects; (b) creation of normative “tools” for protection of the rights and legitimate interests of subjects and participants of relations related to the circulation of technologies; (c) creation of a normative field that establishes the list and procedure for the functioning of the organizational principles of the technology market (means of state influence, determination of the limits of such influence, the general procedure for implementation). (2) The necessity of adopting an additional new Law of Ukraine “On Technologies in Ukraine”, which will contain all the necessary regulations that will determine the economic and legal mechanism for regulating relations related to the creation, transfer of rights and implementation of technologies and / or its components, which in fact remained outside the subject of regulation of current regulations. (3) It is proposed to enshrine in the current legislation of Ukraine, in a normative document not lower than the level of the Law of Ukraine, an updated concept of the National Innovative System, which would reflect all relevant features of understanding its structure and interaction; (4) To determine in the current legislation of Ukraine the legal status of the technology transfer subsystem as a separate element of the National Innovation System; (5) To fix in the Law of Ukraine “On state regulation of activities in the field of technology transfer” a list of elements of the subsystem of technology transfer of the National Innovation System, for more adequate formation of long-term legislation, which should serve as a guideline for regulatory impact as an integral object of legal regulation by authorized public authorities.
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Yasynska, Daria. "ENSURING THE EFFICIENCY OF MANAGING THE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE ENTERPRISE DURING THE CRISIS." Three Seas Economic Journal 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2022-4-9.
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The purpose of the article is to present effective anti-crisis management measures to bring enterprises out of the crisis situation and improve their financial and economic security. The subject of this study is the financial and economic security of an enterprise during a crisis. Methodology. Using the historical and comparative methods, the author analyzes the events of recent years and analyzes the impact of external factors on the formation of the crisis state of an enterprise. The economic and statistical method made it possible to analyze the scale of damage caused by the Russian Federation to the state of Ukraine during almost nine years of active hostilities in violation of such principles of international law as the principle of non-use of force or threat of force; the principle of sovereign equality of states; the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; the principle of peaceful settlement of international disputes; the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states; the principle of peaceful cooperation; the principle of fulfilling international obligations in good faith; the principle of inviolability of borders; the principle of territorial integrity of states; the principle of universal respect and protection of human rights; and to see what level of crisis the terrorist state of the Russian Federation has spread in the largest country of the European Union, namely Ukraine. Using the philosophical dialectical method, the author analyzes the very phenomenon of crisis in the broad sense of the word and finds a way to respond to the challenges of the crisis. Results. This study assesses the benefits that have contributed to the development of economic relations with countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The losses suffered by the Ukrainian economic system due to the destructive processes of the crisis are analyzed. The author examines the peace formula approved by Volodymyr Zelenskyy, which provides for the implementation of measures aimed at shaping peace in the European space and correcting the mistakes made by officials of the terrorist state of the Russian Federation, which led to terrible consequences; the author analyzes the achievements of this peace formula and determines how much benefit and lives it has already brought. The practical significance lies in the definition of reorganization as one of the best anti-crisis management measures that can bring an enterprise out of a crisis. In particular, attention is drawn to the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures that can restore the solvency of an enterprise. In turn, taking into account the established practice of attracting investment capital as a means of improving the economic activity of an enterprise, the author analyzes the risks of losing property and non-property assets in the event of adverse conditions and proposes to create a mechanism for investment guarantees, which consist in preserving assets by the investor in the event of adverse market fluctuations. The scientific novelty lies in the proposal to amend the current legislation to guarantee the safety of the rehabilitation procedure to the investor by mitigating the risk of loss of invested assets in restoring the enterprise's solvency.
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STAVSKA, Yulia. "THE GREEN TOURISM AS A DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 1 (41) (January 2019): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-1-7.
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Ukraine, choosing its strategic course of integration into the European Union, took the time to accelerate the reform of various spheres of socio-political and economic life of the country, in particular, the sphere of tourism services, transforming it into the standards of the European Union. The world-wide experience of progressive management gives tourism the first place among other sectors of the economy in terms of exports of goods and services. In conditions of development of the Ukrainian state, tourism becomes an effective means of forming a market mechanism of management, the receipt of significant funds to the state budget, one of the forms of rational use of free time, conducting meaningful leisure, studying the history of the native land, attracting the general population to the knowledge of the historical and cultural heritage. Current experience and scientific research show that accelerated development of rural green tourism can play the role of a catalyst for structural adjustment of the economy, provide demographic stability and solve urgent socio-economic problems in rural areas. It is important for Ukraine to overcome the gap in this area and realize the existing rich tourism potential through an elaborate policy of state regulation, including at the regional level. One of the reasons for the rapid development of rural green tourism in Europe is the crisis in the agricultural sector. Today, the process of productivity and automation of agriculture leads to jobs reduction. In fact, in many rural regions of Europe, agriculture has ceased to be the most important form of land use and the most important activity of the rural community. The rural green tourism is closely linked with other types of tourism, primarily with recreational, cultural, specialized tourism types – relief, gastronomy, ethno-tourism, etc. All this allows rural tourism to be included in combined tours, increasing the demand for a traditional tourist product. The rural green tourism in Ukraine is a holiday of the inhabitants of the city in the countryside in guest rooms created by a village family on the basis of its own residential house and private plot. As entrepreneurial activity, rural green tourism develops rather heterogeneously in different regions of Ukraine. Systematization of motivational interests of the rural green tourism activation in the regions of Ukraine showed that the dominant motives for diversification of activities in agricultural sector in the current conditions of rural areas development are: increase of incomes of rural population and increase of employment level, the possibility of diversification of income sources of peasants, significant investments and additional training, opportunities for self-realization of rural inhabitants. Priority directions of development of green tourism in these regions in the near future should be: reception and accommodation of tourists; rental of tourist equipment; production and sale of tourist goods of folk crafts; provision of tourist services (bicycle, gastronomy, agrotourism, cultural and historical tourism, organization of recreational recreation, mountain and ecological tourism); organization of tasting and culinary excursions; active development of the hotel business, camping (construction of agricultural cottages, fishing houses, farmhouses, horse farms); organization of historical and ethnographic events; distribution of religious tours; providing a complex of widely distributed services (fishing, hunting, picking berries and mushrooms, medicinal plants, etc.); development and popularization of water sports (kiting, windsurfing). The research of the current conditions for the development of green tourism in the regions of Ukraine allowed to outline the area of the key problems that hinder the active expansion of this type of activity: - disorderly legislation on key aspects of tourism business regulation in rural areas; lack of a law regulating this type of activity; - low level of development of the infrastructure of the market of green tourism services and social infrastructure of the village; - outdated stereotypes of rural residents, which hinder the active development of the newest types of tourism industry, the pronounced unsystematic and irregular nature of services; - absence of state programs supporting development of green tourism and limited amount of their financial, consulting and information-marketing support; - low level of informatization and popularization of green tourism in the regions of Ukraine among the population of European countries; - lack of political stability and social tension in society, deterioration of the world image of Ukraine. Thus, Ukraine has a rather powerful potential for the development of green tourism as an alternative type of agribusiness in the regions of Ukraine. In the context of modern economic conditions, solving key problems of development of green tourism forms the fundamental framework for addressing the most important socio-economic issues of rural areas: overcoming unemployment, promoting employment, raising incomes and quality of life for rural inhabitants.
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KOOF, Alexander. "Impact of Brexit on Zonal Approval Procedures and Mutual Recognition Procedures in Plant Protection Legislation." European Journal of Risk Regulation, June 30, 2020, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.46.
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On 29 March 2017, the UK made use of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and thus initiated its withdrawal from the European Union. As a result, the UK left the European Union on 31 January 2020 (23:00 UTC). This paper provides a legal assessment of the impact of the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (Brexit) on zonal authorisation and mutual recognition procedures regarding the authorisation of plant protection products. Many legal issues are unclear in this respect due to the lack of European and national case law. The German Administrative Court of Braunschweig had to decide in an urgent procedure on the effects of Brexit with regards to the authorisation of a plant protection product in the mutual recognition procedure.
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Best, Richard. "A Comparison of Civil Liability for Defective Products in the United Kingdom and Germany." German Law Journal 3, no. 4 (April 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200014917.
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The Product Liability Directive of 1985 (85/374/EEC) (“the Directive”), which sought to harmonise a strict liability regime for defective products across the European Union, has now been implemented into domestic law by all EU member states. In some countries the implementing legislation has been in force for more than 10 years. Nevertheless, until recently, there were few decided cases, both in the United Kingdom and across Europe generally, considering in detail the often critical provisions of articles 6 (definition of defectiveness) and 7(e) (the development risks defence).
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"The Process of Health Legislation Reform in the Republic of Slovenia." European Journal of Health Law 7, no. 1 (2000): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718090020523061.
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AbstractSlovenia was among the first European countries to introduce laws and regulations in the social security field, including public health. The current health legislation is the culmination of a century-long development of the health care system through different periods and diverse political and economic conditions affecting the region. The present organization of the health care system reflects the pattern of partnership which already existed in the former Yugoslavia. The ultimate goal of all countries is to implement health care activities within a system ensuring active participation and partnership of citizens who are universally covered by a public health insurance scheme, health legislators and providers of health services. Slovenia has therefore not been confronted with any major difficulties in implementing health care system reforms. By amending and modifying its health legislation Slovenia will build upon its good points, improve clarity and integrate certain approaches important for the functioning of its health care system in the European Union when Slovenia becomes a full member. Changes are directed towards:strengthening inter-sectoral cooperation and health and safety at work;creating environments supporting a healthy life style and emphasizing personal responsibility for one's own health;— maintaining a unified public health insurance scheme and sufficient financing through employer and employee contributions;— introducing voluntary health insurance;— developing in a controlled way an efficient and effective private medical practice;— strengthening of management in public health institutions and increasing staff's responsibility for business success.— implementing quality improvement systems.
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Sadlovska, Iryna, and Oksana Ovsak. "ANALYSIS OF THE CONFORMITY OF THE AIR TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITY REGULATION OF UKRAINE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION TO THE CANDIDATE COUNTRIES." PROBLEMS OF SYSTEMIC APPROACH IN THE ECONOMY, no. 2(88) (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2520-2200/2022-2-4.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the conformity of the regulation of air transport activities of Ukraine with the requirements of the European Union to the candidate countries and the determination of priorities for the development of Ukraine in the field of civil aviation. Systematization of the questionnaire made it possible to determine its general and profile content blocks: air transportation; airport management; provision of air navigation services; aviation insurance; aviation security; aviation security; ensuring environmental friendliness of air transport activities; participation in international activities; social protection of aviation personnel; administrative capacity of air transport. A meaningful analysis of the profile blocks shows the positive dynamics of bringing the requirements for flight operation in the civil aviation of Ukraine into compliance with the international requirements for aviation safety, the introduction of appropriate procedures for Ukrainian aviation enterprises and objects of aviation activity by incorporating the relevant directives and regulations of the European Union into the Air Code, Aviation Rules of Ukraine and other regulatory documents. The latter allowed Ukrainian air carriers that have a valid operator's certificate, issued in accordance with the requirements and procedures for flight operation in civil aviation, approved by the State Aviation Service of Ukraine, to continue unhindered passenger and cargo flights, including in EU countries, under martial law conditions and bans on the use of Ukrainian airspace by civil aircraft. A conclusion was drawn on the expediency of ensuring the further development, adoption and implementation of aviation rules of Ukraine in accordance with the standards and recommended practice of the International Civil Aviation Organization, regulations of the International Air Transport Association, the European Association for the Safety of Air Navigation ("Eurocontrol"), the European Aviation Safety Agency, others international aviation organizations and taking into account the legislation of the European Union in the field of civil aviation.
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Bredikhina, Viktoriia, and Yuliya Ignatyuk. "ON THE ADAPTATION OF UKRAINIAN LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR PROTECTION TO THE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." International scientific journal "Internauka". Series: "Juridical Sciences", no. 11(55) (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.25313/2520-2308-2021-11-7746.
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Atmospheric air is one of the main vital elements of the environment. The constant growth of the negative anthropogenic impact on it leads to a deterioration in the ecological state of the environment, an increase in morbidity and an increase in the risk of mortality among the population. This article explores the basic principles of legal protection of atmospheric air, on which EU legislation is based. In particular, ‒ is taking into account influences, practical reach, the principle of universality, uncertainty of requirements for specific technologies, the principle of the best available technologies, as well as the principle of "pollutant pays". The authors also analyzed the standards and standards of air quality of the EU, proposed ways to solve the problem of improving national legislation in this area, bringing it in line with international standards. The experience of some European countries proves the need and importance of implementing effective standards of air pollution, since ignoring such normalization can lead to detrimental consequences not only in Ukraine but also around the world. The article states that the regulatory and legal regulation of this sphere in the EU is effective and in a sense exemplary, because with the help of various legal instruments effective air protection is carried out, adaptation to climate change, which makes it possible to properly ensure environmental safety of the population not only in Europe, but also around the world. Ukraine, by adopting relevant regulations at the present stage of the development of legal regulation, takes generally successful steps in the field of approximation of its environmental legislation to EU legislation. However, this process is still gaining momentum and does not exclude problems, contradictions that can inhibit this approximation.
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KUSHYBEK, Saule. "International legal regulation of electronic document circulation." Historia i Świat, no. 10 (October 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2021.10.18.
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Electronic documents are a type of document that exists only in digital form. These electronic documents are the information product of the latest electronic information technologies such as Internet technologies, WWW technologies, multimedia. Electronic document circulation is known as a system of electronic document management, the relations between the participants of which are regulated by national law and other regulatory legal acts. On the basis of international legislation and legislation of foreign countries, the analysis of the essence and content of electronic document circulation is carried out, the legal relations that make up this concept are defined, the concepts and use of electronic documents and electronic signatures are studied. The unification of rules on electronic documents and their use in contractual relations are the cause of economic and legal issues. The article examines and conducts a comparative analysis of the features and effectiveness of the laws of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the directives of the European Union and the Convention laws in the emergence of electronic document management.
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ABROSIMOV, Serhii. "The Concept and Content of Adaptation of Ukrainian Civil Legislation to EU Legislation in the Field of Sales." University Scientific Notes, December 31, 2020, 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37491/unz.75-76.23.
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The article investigates the legal nature of the processes of adaptation of the civil legislation of Ukraine to the EU legislation in the field of purchase and sale. The issues studied in the scientific work are updated through the prism of re-encoding of civil legislation in Ukraine. The author emphasizes the importance of the process of approximation of legal orders within integration associations or other international organizations. Legislative approximation with EU law means the transposition, implementation and enforcement of EU law in the national legal practice of third countries; legislative process aimed at gradually approximating and bringing the legal framework of partner countries in line with EU law. The author studies the draft Common European sales law (CESL) through the prism of its importance for the harmonization of EU law and the adaptation of national legal orders. In the article the author emphasizes the ambiguity of interpretations of the content of the adaptation of national legislation. The author takes the position that adaptation is not limited to issues of legislation, as it is about law enforcement practice and legal techniques. The author proposes to perceive adaptation as a component of the harmonization process, which is aimed at purposeful convergence and harmonization of legal regulations in order to achieve consistency of legislation in a particular area. In fact, adaptation is the final stage of harmonization of legislation, because without the harmonization of national legislation with a single body of legislation, there will be no process of harmonization within a particular international community or community. Given the content of the Association Agreement, the author points out the main areas of adaptation of civil law in the field of purchase and sale: consumer protection in the field of electronic commerce; consumer protection against unfair pricing methods; consumer protection in the field of product safety, etc. The author defines the concept of adaptation of civil legislation of Ukraine to EU legislation in the field of purchase and sale as a process of gradually achieving compatibility of existing civil legislation and new acts of Ukraine with EU acts in the field of sale.
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Aldegunde-Louzao, Natalia, Pablo Pérez López, Manuel Lolo Aira, and Carlos Herrero Latorre. "Seven-year-long screening of phthalate esters in clothing and textile products from a quality control laboratory." Textile Research Journal, November 3, 2022, 004051752211356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405175221135619.
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The results of extensive yearly screening (2014–2020) of ortho-phthalate ester levels in textiles sent to a quality control laboratory by textile companies from southern European and northern African countries are presented. Six different regulated phthalates: benzyl butyl phthalate, di-butyl phthalate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-iso-decyl phthalate, di-iso-nonyl phthalate and di-n-octyl phthalate, were measured in 4729 samples of textile materials from 10 different groups. Analyses were carried out according to the standard gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy procedure, as described by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission. The results revealed a high level of compliance with the European Union legislation (97.25%). In the group of noncompliant samples (total phthalate content >0.1% w/w), positive results were due to the presence of two or more phthalates in almost 60% of the cases. The phthalate esters most commonly detected were di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, followed by di-iso-nonyl phthalate and di-butyl phthalate. In the group of compliant samples (total phthalate <0.1% w/w), the same frequency of occurrence was identified, but in this case most of the samples (almost 90%) contained only one phthalate. In addition, a growing tendency for a decrease in di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate levels and an increase in di-iso-nonyl phthalate and di-iso-decyl phthalate concentrations were detected throughout the study, due to replacement of the former by the latter in the use as a plasticizer. No significant differences between countries were noted with regard to the frequency or concentration of phthalates in the textile samples. The study findings contribute to advancing knowledge about the phthalate content of textiles and to evaluating and controlling the potential risks of exposure to these compounds.