Academic literature on the topic 'Product recall process'
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Journal articles on the topic "Product recall process"
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Peters, Wesley, Carl Pellerin, and Cory Janney. "RESEARCH: Evaluation of Orthopedic Hip Device Recalls by the FDA from 2007 to 2017." Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 54, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-54.6.418.
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Background: Medical device recalls have increased in the previous two decades. Orthopedic devices are estimated to constitute 12% of all medical devices recalled. Medical devices enter the market via the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) premarket approval (PMA) or 510(k) pathways. This article evaluates orthopedic hip device recalls between Jan. 1, 2007, and Dec. 31, 2017. We hypothesized that the 510(k) approval process would have substantially higher recall rates for defective devices. Methods: The FDA's device recall database was queried for all orthopedic hip devices from Jan. 1, 2007, to Dec. 31, 2017. Each recall included product description, recall number, device class, date of recall posting, date of recall termination, manufacturer, FDA-determined cause for recall, number of recalled units, distribution, product classification, and method of approval [510(k), PMA, or unspecified]. Results: In total, 774 orthopedic hip devices were recalled between Jan. 1, 2007, and Dec. 31, 2017. The 510(k) approval process constituted 85% of hip device recalls. The most common FDA-determined cause of hip device recalls was device design, which constituted 37% of 510(k)-approved device recalls but only 6% of PMA-approved device recalls. The most recalled hip devices were hip prostheses. Orthopedic hip device recalls have shown a decrease of about 10 recalls per year during the 11-year period of analysis. Conclusion: Devices approved through the 510(k) process, compared with the PMA process, were more likely to be recalled for design defects. Although device design is the most common reason for device recall, many recalls are due to suboptimally standardized processes (e.g., packaging, process controls, device labeling). Overall, orthopedic hip device recalls decreased during the period of analysis (2007–17).
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Wynn, M. T., C. Ouyang, A. H. M. ter Hofstede, and C. J. Fidge. "Data and process requirements for product recall coordination." Computers in Industry 62, no. 7 (September 2011): 776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2011.05.003.
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Nandhini B, Balamurlidhara V, Aniket Anant Gulumkar, and Sridhar S. "Drug recall procedure in United Kingdom and Australia: a regulatory overview." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (April 3, 2020): 1457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2018.
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Recall occur as a consequence of the safety concerns over a manufacturing defect in a product that may harm its user. Due to their deficient quality, security or effectiveness, medicinal products are accused of being possibly dangerous to customers and may be subject to recall. A recall is defined as the process of recovering. A pharmaceutical product from the distribution chain due to product deficiencies, complaints of serious adverse reactions or corners that the product is or may be defective. The objective of study is to help identify the significance of the recall action and classification and focused on the prospective danger of the patient / consumer defect and, to understand the recall procedure in United Kingdom and Australia. The recall may either be conducted by the license holder or the manufacturer, or and the wholesale dealer. The evaluation should consist of checking the efficacy of the recall and investigating the justification for the recall as well as the remedial measures adopted to avoid the occurrence of the issue. The present work highlights the comparison of the recall procedure between United Kingdom and Australia.
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Alba, Joseph W., and Amitava Chattopadhyay. "Salience Effects in Brand Recall." Journal of Marketing Research 23, no. 4 (November 1986): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378602300406.
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The effects of brand salience on brand recall were investigated in five experiments, each involving a different product category. The authors demonstrate that increasing the salience of a single brand can significantly impair unaided recall of competing brands. The effect was observable even in the early stages of the recall process.
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Wang, Lei, and Chang Liu. "Evolutionary Game Analysis on Government Supervision and Dairy Enterprise in the Process of Product Recall in China." International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector 12, no. 1 (January 2020): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisss.2020010104.
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On the basis of stating recall and regulation mode, this paper analyzes long-term evolutionary trend between dairy enterprise and government supervision on bounded rationality with evolutionary game. The authors use Python matplotlib to simulate research results. Studies show that it is helpful to build a standard recall system of defect and dairy products. This system should reduce the costs of government supervision. In addition, in case of mandatory recall, it should strengthen punishment intensity of the government supervision branch on dairy enterprise, increase more losing costs of dairy enterprise, and decrease external environment benefits of dairy enterprise. In case of voluntary recall, the system should encourage various strategies and subsidy of the government supervision branch on dairy enterprise and amplify social influence of dairy enterprise. Especially, the paper puts forward detailed strategies for dairy enterprise.
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Wang, Chuanxu, Changqun Song, and Lang Xu. "Evolutionary strategies of consumer federation and manufacturer under recall mechanism." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 41, no. 1 (August 11, 2021): 2403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-200086.
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Based on an unqualified product recalling process in a supply chain, this paper establishes an evolutionary game model between consumer federation and manufacturer, as well as analyzes the effects of manufacturer’s pricing strategy and consumer federation’s supervision on the decision-making and dynamic tendency. Under this structure, the manufacturers’ pricing strategies on recalls mechanism have two scenarios: the high penalty and low penalty from consumer federation. Results shows that, when the consumer federation adopts high penalty measures, there will be an ESS for consumer federation that can both minimize the cost and protect consumers’ rights. Further, the probability of manufacturer adopting “recall” strategy is positively correlated with the change in the product price, and both the probability of consumer federation adopting “regulate” strategy and manufacturer adopting “recall” strategy are positively correlated with the penalty coefficient.
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Schumacher, Roman, Rob Glew, Naoum Tsolakis, and Mukesh Kumar. "Strategies to manage product recalls in the COVID-19 pandemic: an exploratory case study of PPE supply chains." Continuity & Resilience Review 3, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/crr-07-2020-0024.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate strategies to manage product recalls where shortages are a critical threat, with impacts such as loss of life. The authors aim to identify key supply chain strategies and opportunities for theoretical advancement by taking a resilience perspective on temporary supply chain design.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the authors conducted an impact event analysis of product recalls by exploring the RAPEX database and official statements of individual country regulators. Second, the authors conducted an exploratory case study with the Cambridge University Hospitals on Personal Protective Equipment to explore product recall risks, utilising an action research methodology.FindingsAdditional processes, mainly testing, can compensate for the risks that may arise from temporary supply chains, where changes in location and product design are not possible due to the immediate nature of demand caused by COVID-19 pandemic. This finding reflects on the resilience of designing and implementing temporary supply chains from the perspective of product, process and location.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper does not employ an in-depth multiple case study methodology. However, the authors argue that the role of institutional actors in global supply chains and its implications on product safety needs to be empirically studied in order to expand existing supply chain management theories to cover resilience in emerging, mature and temporary supply chain.Practical implicationsManagers can learn from the Cambridge University Hospitals case study that a downstream quality inspection system can be deployed to manage product quality and safety risks where recalls are not an option, such as during critical situations in the COVID-19 pandemic.Social implicationsThe authors’ observations suggest that governments may be socially responsible for implementing rigorous mechanisms to manage product recall risks that compromise consumer safety.Originality/valueThe authors’ study is uniquely designed and studies various specific phenomena of product recalls risks in COVID-19. The unique design features include a dynamic and recent database analysis involving a product, process and location centric perspective complemented with a Cambridge University Hospitals case study.
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Ekstrand, Susie Stærk, and Kristine Lilholt Nilsson. "Faced with a Recall – How good is your Insurance?" European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 2 (June 2011): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001197.
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Any business having experienced a product recall knows how costly this can be. Sometimes the main costs of the recall are concentrated around counteracting bad publicity, but if several or large numbers of batches are affected by the recall, the costs of the recall itself can mount up considerably.In many large companies the overall responsibility for quality assurance and product safety is placed in a different part of the organization from the one responsible for product liability insurance and recall insurance.As a consequence inside the organization there is not always a common understanding of what the insurance should cover and what the insurance actually does cover – or of whether and when the insurance company should become involved in the process.
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Aboelela, Eman M., Walaa Gad, and Rasha Ismail. "The impact of semantics on aspect level opinion mining." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (June 18, 2021): e558. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.558.
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Recently, many users prefer online shopping to purchase items from the web. Shopping websites allow customers to submit comments and provide their feedback for the purchased products. Opinion mining and sentiment analysis are used to analyze products’ comments to help sellers and purchasers decide to buy products or not. However, the nature of online comments affects the performance of the opinion mining process because they may contain negation words or unrelated aspects to the product. To address these problems, a semantic-based aspect level opinion mining (SALOM) model is proposed. The SALOM extracts the product aspects based on the semantic similarity and classifies the comments. The proposed model considers the negation words and other types of product aspects such as aspects’ synonyms, hyponyms, and hypernyms to improve the accuracy of classification. Three different datasets are used to evaluate the proposed SALOM. The experimental results are promising in terms of Precision, Recall, and F-measure. The performance reaches 94.8% precision, 93% recall, and 92.6% f-measure.
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Langer, Philip, Verne Keenan, Julie Wetzel, Juree Jacques-Griffin, and David Chiszar. "Memorial Representations as a Product of Feedback and Text Variants." Psychological Reports 78, no. 3 (June 1996): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.3.803.
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This study examined the effects of feedback on several memorial representations of a text. Subjects were given either of two variant texts describing a mythical town. One version (route) describes the town as a driver might encounter it, while the other (survey) describes the town using spatial referents. Each version is 25 sentences long and is presented one sentence at a time to control the reading process. For each text version, after reading the text subjects were given 50 seconds to read the entire text in paragraph form (textual feedback) or see a map of the town (map feedback). They were then asked to recall as much of the text as possible and to verify the accuracy of inferential statements. The subjects then read the same version again. Following the reading subjects were given either the same or the alternate type of feedback. Recall and inferential reasoning protocols were obtained again. The recall protocols were scored for number of propositions, and the scores for accuracy of verification of estimated inferential reasoning using a d′ analysis. Recall yielded a doubling of propositions from the first to the second reading. Analysis yielded several findings: (1) a gain in d′ scores between trials, (2) a significant interaction between text version and trial, with the survey group showing a much larger gain than the route version, and (3) an interaction between version, type of feedback, and sequence, with readers of the survey version showing consistently better scores across all conditions. Data for the route version showed some interference between Trials 1 and 2. The results are described within the context of our memorial model of assisted comprehension.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Product recall process"
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Diallo, Thierno M. L. "Approche de diagnostic des défauts d’un produit par intégration des données de traçabilité unitaire produit/process et des connaissances expertes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10345.
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Ces travaux de thèse, menés dans le cadre du projet FUI Traçaverre, visent à optimiser le rappel pour un processus qui n'est pas de type batch avec une traçabilité unitaire des articles produits. L'objectif étant de minimiser le nombre d'articles rappelés tout en s'assurant que tous les articles avec défaut sont rappelés. Pour cela, nous avons proposé un processus de rappel efficient qui intègre, d'une part, les possibilités offertes par la traçabilité unitaire et, d'autre part, utilise une fonction de diagnostic devenue indispensable avant le rappel effectif des produits. Dans le cas des systèmes industriels complexes pour lesquels l'expertise humaine est insuffisante et dont nous n'avons pas de modèle physique, la traçabilité unitaire offre une possibilité pour mieux comprendre et analyser le procédé de fabrication par une reconstitution de la vie du produit à travers les données de traçabilité. Le couplage des données de traçabilité unitaire produit/process représente une source potentielle de connaissance à mettre en oeuvre et à exploiter. Ces travaux de thèse proposent un modèle de données pour le couplage de ces données. Ce modèle de données est basé sur deux standards, l'un dédié à la production et l'autre portant sur la traçabilité. Après l'identification et l'intégration des données nécessaires, nous avons développé une fonction de diagnostic à base de données. La construction de cette fonction diagnostic a été réalisée par apprentissage et comprend l'intégration des connaissances sur le système pour réduire la complexité de l'algorithme d'apprentissage. Dans le processus de rappel proposé, lorsque l'équipement à l'origine du défaut nécessitant le rappel est identifié, l'état de santé de cet équipement au voisinage de l'instant de fabrication du produit contrôlé défectueux est évalué afin d'identifier les autres produits susceptibles de présenter le même défaut. L'approche globale proposée est appliquée à deux études de cas. La première étude a concerné l'industrie verrière. Le second cas d'application a porté sur le process benchmark Tennessee EastmanThis thesis, which is part of the Traçaverre Project, aims to optimize the recall when the production process is not batch type with a unit traceability of produced items. The objective is to minimize the number of recalled items while ensuring that all items with defect are recalled. We propose an efficient recall procedure that incorporates possibilities offered by the unitary traceability and uses a diagnostic function. For complex industrial systems for which human expertise is not sufficient and for which we do not have a physical model, the unitary traceability provides opportunities to better understand and analyse the manufacturing process by a re-enactment of the life of the product through the traceability data. The integration of product and process unitary traceability data represents a potential source of knowledge to be implemented and operate. This thesis propose a data model for the coupling of these data. This data model is based on two standards, one dedicated to the production and the other dealing with the traceability. We developed a diagnostic function based on data after having identified and integrated the necessary data. The construction of this diagnosis function was performed by a learning approach and comprises the integration of knowledge on the system to reduce the complexity of the learning algorithm. In the proposed recall procedure, when the equipment causing the fault is identified, the health status of this equipment in the neighbourhood of the manufacturing time of the defective product is evaluated in order to identify other products likely to present the same defect. The global proposed approach was applied to two case studies. The first study focuses on the glass industry. The second case of application deals with the benchmark Tennessee Eastman process
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Lindberg, Emma, and Therese Sohlin. "Food recalls in the Food Supply Chain : A qualitative study of different product flows in a retail context." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185262.
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The issue of food scandals originating from unsafe food has in recent years caught the attention of the public. Consequently, the number of food recalls has increased, and food retailers and food producers are getting questioned regarding their ability to provide consumers with safe food products. Thus, because the primary responsibility to deal with this problem is the food business operators who have real control over the products within the Food Supply Chain (FSC). Even though food safety has received more interest from academic researchers and practitioners in the latter years, we could identify that previous literature still lacks research on food recalls. In addition, prior research interprets food recalls as generalizable within the FSC and does not have its various product flows in mind. In order to fill the research gap, this study seeks to gain a deeper understanding of food recalls in the context of the different product flows within the FSC from a retailer perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how the occurrence and the consequences of food recall differ across various product flows within the FSC by focusing on four elements. The elements include the challenges within the FSC to ensure food quality, the reasons behind food recall, the types of food recall, and the consequences they infer. The current study had finally answered the following research question: “How do the occurrence and the consequences of food recalls differ across various product flows within the FSC?” In order to answer the research question and address the purpose of the thesis, a qualitative study was conducted by focusing on Swedish food retailers and conducting interviews with responsible Purchasers within each of the product flows, and additionally, Quality Assurance Managers. The sample of the semi-structured interviews was selected based on the position and experience of food recalls within the retailers. This to assure that the interviewees possessed sufficient insights regarding the studied field to fulfill the purpose of the study and answer its research question. From the gathered data, several themes were derived through the thematic analysis, and the analysis and discussion regarding the elements led us to a conclusion. The result confirmed that the various product flows, and in some cases, even specific products within the flows, need to be taken into consideration when the occurrence and the consequences of food recalls are addressed within the FSC. This is because the different product flows include different products with different characteristics making them more or less complex to handle along the chain and when carrying out food recalls. Even though previous theories assume a general approach, the findings still confirmed the theories regarding the challenges within the FSC to ensure food quality, the reasons behind recalls, the types of recalls, and the consequences the recalls can infer. However, the main differences found between our study and prior research regarding the FSC were that supply chain-related reasons are more commonly related to food reclaims and that environmental consequences are considered an additional consequence of food recalls.
Books on the topic "Product recall process"
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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation Subcommittee on Consumer Protection Product Safety and Insurance. Examining the GM recall and NHTSA's defect investigation process: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Insurance of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, April 2, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2015.
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Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Excretion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0008.
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Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, ions and water as well as toxic xenobiotics and metals. The process involves the gills, kidney, liver and rectal gland (elasmobranchs and coelacanth). In the liver, amino acids, haemoglobin, steroids and molecules resulting from human activities are transformed to excretable products. The rectal gland excretes ions, notably Na+ and Cl−. The kidney in teleosts has a distinction between an anterior head-kidney containing haematopoietic tissue and endocrine tissue and the posterior region with nephrons (kidney tubules). Fish nephrons generally have a Malphigian corpuscle with a glomerulus but the structure varies between fish taxa and some marine teleosts lack a glomerulus. Control systems for fish excretion are unclear but it is expected that various hormones influence excretory homeostasis.
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Whiting, Rebecca, Helen Roby, Gillian Symon, and Petros Chamakiotis. Participant-led video diaries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0010.
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Rebecca Whiting, Helen Roby, Gillian Symon, and Petros Chamakiotis develop an unconventional research design using video methods, asking participants to produce their own video diaries, a process which is then followed by narrative interviews. This approach generates multi-modal data: audio, visual, and textual, and involves adopting a qualitative perspective, and a social constructionist epistemology. This participant-led research design allows researchers to investigate a range of issues that are not often recalled in interviews or surveys, by capturing naturally occurring, real-time events and activities, and micro-interactions including non-verbal behaviours. Although video methods are used in other disciplines, they are rare in organizational research. The approach is illustrated by a study which explored how digital technologies affect our ability to manage switches across work-life boundaries. Analysis of participants’ video diaries illustrates the theoretical and reflexive insights that can be gained from this method. The problems and pitfalls encountered in this study are also considered.
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McGlazer, Ramsey. Old Schools. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823286591.001.0001.
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This book marks out a modernist counter-tradition. The book proceeds from an anachronism common to Italian- and English-language literature and cinema: a fascination with outmoded, paradigmatically pre-modern educational forms that persists long after they are displaced in modernizing, reform-minded pedagogical theories. Old Schools shows that these old-school teaching techniques organize key works by Walter Pater, Giovanni Pascoli, James Joyce, Pier Paolo Pasolini, and Glauber Rocha. All of these figures oppose ideologies of progress by returning to and creatively reimagining the Latin class long since left behind by progressive educators. Across the political spectrum, advocates of progressive education, from Jean-Jacques Rousseau to John Dewey and Giovanni Gentile, had targeted Latin in particular. The dead language—taught through time-tested techniques including memorization, recitation, copying out, and other forms of repetition and recall—needed to be updated or eliminated, reformers argued, so that students could breathe free and become modern, achieving a break with convention and constraint. By contrast, the works that Old Schools considers valorize instruction’s outmoded techniques, even at their most cumbersome and conventional. Like the Latin class to which they return, these works produce constraints that feel limiting but that, by virtue of that very limitation, invite valuable resistance. As they turn grammar drills into verse and repetitious lectures into voiceovers, they find unlikely resources for creativity and critique in the very practices that progressive reformers sought to clear away.
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Omissi, Adrastos. Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824824.001.0001.
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This book is the first history of civil war in the later Roman Empire to be written in English. It advances the thesis that civil war was endemic to the later Empire (third to fifth centuries AD) and explores the way in which successive imperial dynasties—many of whose founding members had themselves usurped power—attempted to legitimate themselves and counter the threat of almost perpetual internal challenge to their rule. The work takes as its operating principle that history is written by the victors, and seeks to employ panegyric as a tool to understand the processes that, according to one contemporary commentator, ‘made tyrants by the victory of others’. Panegyric provides direct evidence of how, in the wake of civil wars, emperors attempted to publish their legitimacy and to delegitimize their enemies. The book explores the ceremony and oratory that surrounded imperial courts, examines how and why this ceremony was aggressively used to dramatize and constantly recall the events of recent civil wars, and, above all, it explores how the narratives produced by the court in this context went on to have enormous influence on the messages and narratives found within contemporary historical texts. The resulting book is a thoroughly original reworking of late Roman domestic politics, an exploration of the way that successive imperial courts sought to communicate with their subjects, and an examination of the fallibility of history.
Book chapters on the topic "Product recall process"
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Shaikh, Salim. "Cognitive Integrated Business Planning." In Technology Optimization and Change Management for Successful Digital Supply Chains, 156–68. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7700-3.ch008.
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Supply chains of the 21st century are becoming exponentially more complex due to increased mergers and acquisitions, the omni-channel conflict, direct-to-consumer, rapid proliferation of product configurations, same-day delivery, the recall management problem, shrinking product lifecycles, and market volatility. Moreover, today's consumers are increasingly demanding a personalized, consistent, and seamless experience across retail, online, and mobile. To be able to serve this diverse spectrum of customers, products, markets, and channels and at the same time do so in a win-win profitable manner, organizations need a cognitive integrated business planning process, which has the ability to act with speed, agility, responsiveness, and flexibility, leveraging machine learning and artificial intelligence for predictive and prescriptive analytics, thereby enabling organizations to realign their plans quickly through an always-on, self-learning, and autonomous integrated business planning process.
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de Leon, Justin. "Process as Product." In Racialized Media, 114–36. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479811076.003.0007.
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A central goal of filmmaking is to produce content to share with audiences. However important “film as a product” may be, the process of creating a film holds great potential for individual and community empowerment and expression, particularly within Native American communities. This chapter explores Lakota Sioux approaches to process and storytelling and asks, What can be learned from Lakota-based approaches to storytelling that can recast contemporary practices of filmmaking? How can a heightened attention to processes open up new spaces of possibility for filmmaking? By looking at Lakota approaches to constructing tipis, popular evaluation of films, Indigenous approaches to storytelling, and Indigenous storytelling as a form of decolonial resistance, it suggests that Indigenous-inspired approaches to processes hold significant potential for reorienting popular understandings of filmmaking. The chapter calls for the elevation of process to the level of product.
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Gencer, Yasin Galip, and Ulas Akkucuk. "Reverse Logistics." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 125–54. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9723-2.ch007.
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Reverse Logistics has become an important concept in today's supply chain operations. Besides being an old concept, it was hard to find in literature a precise differentiation from some recycling terminology. This chapter starts with a detailed explanation of Logistics and Reverse Logistics concepts, and then continues with the processes carried out in reverse logistics systems, and also the effects on marketing of the products that are subject to the reverse logistics. With all that, the case of automobile recalls will be included in the research scope of this chapter as an exploratory example. Precisely, the literature shows valid examples of direct relationship between recall of automobiles and their demand. In light of the literature, and real-world examples automobile recalls are examined to better explain the concept of reverse logistics.
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Bokstein, Boris S., Mikhail I. Mendelev, and David J. Srolovitz. "Kinetics of heterogeneous processes." In Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Materials Science. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198528036.003.0013.
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Most practical reactions that occur in synthesizing or processing materials are heterogeneous. These include oxidation, reduction reactions, dissolution of solids in liquids, and most solid-state phase transformations. Consider the oxidation of a metal by exposure of a solid metal to an atmosphere with a finite partial pressure of oxygen. In order for oxidation to occur, molecular oxygen must dissociate into atomic oxygen on the metal surface. In some cases, atomic oxygen diffuses into the metal and reacts to form an internal oxide, while in others, the reaction occurs at the surface. In the latter case, thickening of the oxide layer requires either metal or oxygen diffusion through the growing oxide layer. This example demonstrates that heterogeneous processes commonly involve several steps. The first step is usually the transport of a reactant through one of the phases to the interface. The second is the adsorption (segregation) or chemical reaction on the interface. Finally, the last third step is the diffusion of the products into the growing phase or the desorption of the product. Since the entire heterogeneous process is a type of complex reaction, there is usually one step that controls the rate of the process, that is, is the rate-determining step. Recall that the rate-determining step is the slowest (fastest) step for a consecutive (parallel) reaction (see Sections 8.2.1 and 8.2.2). Consider the case of a consecutive heterogeneous reaction in which one of the reactants is transported through the fluid phase to the solid–fluid interface, where a first-order reaction takes place. The reaction rate ωr in such a case is ωr=kcx, where cx is the concentration of the reactant on the interface. Since the reactant is consumed at the interface, cx is smaller than the reactant concentration far from the interface, c0. It is usually easier to measure the reactant concentration in the bulk fluid. Therefore, it is convenient, to rewrite the reaction rate in terms of the bulk concentration in the fluid and an effective rate constant . . . ωr = kcx = keffc0. (11.1) . . . It is easiest to see the relation between keff and k by considering the steady-state case.
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Vague, Tom. "Vague post-punk memoirs, 1979–89." In Ripped, torn and cut, 191–200. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526120595.003.0011.
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Tom Vague produced on of (post-)punk’s most notable fanzines, Vague. Here Vague recalls the rationale for his fanzine, the processes he went through to produce it and the shifting historical and cultural context the informed the content.
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Jayaraman, Raja, Khaled Salah, and Nelson King. "Improving Opportunities in Healthcare Supply Chain Processes via the Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology." In Research Anthology on Blockchain Technology in Business, Healthcare, Education, and Government, 1635–54. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5351-0.ch089.
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Despite key advances in healthcare informatics and management, little progress to address supply chain process-related problems has been made to date. Specifically, key healthcare supply chain processes include product recalls, monitoring of product supply shortages, expiration, and counterfeits. Implementing and executing these processes in a trusted, secure, efficient, globally accessible and traceable manner is challenging due to the fragmented nature of the healthcare supply chain, which is prone to systemic errors and redundant efforts that may compromise patient safety and impact health outcomes adversely. Blockchain, combined with the Internet of things (IoT), is an emerging technology that can offer a practical solution to these challenges. Accordingly, IoT blockchain offers a superior way to track and trace products via a peer-to-peer distributed, secure, and shared ledger of the blockchain network. This article highlights key challenges related to healthcare supply chains, and illustrates how IoT blockchain technologies can play a role in overcoming these challenges now and in the near future.
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Parker, Linda A. "Cannabinoids, Learning, and Memory." In Cannabinoids and the Brain. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035798.003.0005.
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Global activation of CB1 receptors produces actions on hippocampal neurons, which results in interference with short tem memory and consolidation of memories that are currently being processed. However, such CB1 receptor activation does not impair recall of previously established memories. Evidence suggests that the acute effects of cannabis on memory depend in part on the type of cannabis that is used. THC acts to impair short-term memory and the consolidation of new memories, but CBD protects against the memory impairing effects of THC. There is conflicting human evidence that chronic exposure to cannabis can produce permanent changes in learning and memory processes and/or can modify the human adolescent and adult brain functioning. This evidence is reviewed.
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Dasgupta, Subrata. "“The Best Way to Design . . .”." In It Began with Babbage. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199309412.003.0016.
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In February 1951, the Ferranti Mark I was delivered to the University of Manchester. This was the commercial “edition” of the Manchester Mark I (see Chapter 8, Section XIII), the product of a collaboration between town and gown, the former being the Manchester firm of Ferranti Limited. It became (by a few months) the world’s first commercially available digital computer (followed in June 1951 by the “Universal Automatic Computer” [UNIVAC], developed by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation). The Ferranti Mark I was unveiled formally at an inaugural conference held in Manchester, June 9 to 12, 1951. At this conference, Maurice Wilkes delivered a lecture titled “The Best Way to Design an Automatic Calculating Machine.” This conference is probably (perhaps unfairly) more known because of Wilkes’s lecture than for its primary focus, the Ferranti Mark I. For during this lecture, Wilkes announced a new approach to the design of a computer’s control unit called microprogramming, which would be massively consequential in the later evolution of computers. Wilkes’s lecture also marked something else: the search for order, structure, and simplicity in the design of computational artifacts; and an attendant concern for, a preoccupation with, the design process itself in the realm of computational artifacts. We have already seen the first manifestations of this concern with the design process in the Goldstine-von Neumann invention of a flow diagram notation for beginning the act of computer programming (see Chapter 9, Section III), and in David Wheeler’s and Stanley Gill’s discussions of a method for program development (Chapter 10, Section IV). Wilkes’s lecture was notable for “migrating” this concern into the realm of the physical computer itself. We recall that, in May 1949, the Cambridge EDSAC became fully operational (see Chapter 8, Section XIII). The EDSAC was a serial machine in that reading from or writing into memory was done 1 bit at a time (bit serial) ; and, likewise, the arithmetic unit performed its operations in a bit-by-bit fashion. Soon after the EDSAC’s completion, while others in his laboratory were busy refining the programming techniques and exploring its use in scientific applications (see Chapter 9, Sections V–VIII; and Chapter 10), Wilkes became preoccupied with issues of regularity and complexity in computer design and their relation to reliability.
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Chakraverty, Aishwarrya, and Deepesh Mandal. "Role of Consumer Mood Analysis in Buying Guitars." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 43–68. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5690-9.ch003.
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This chapter explores consumer engagement, brand/category recall of the target audience by utilizing the mind and mood analysis method. What really goes into the decision-making process by the consumers before making a choice in the market which is full of clutter in its space has been the sole purpose of this research paper. The arduous work involved processes to find out the consumer buying behavior of guitars by semi-professionals and professionals at Indian semi-metro cities. With the growing numbers of offline and online stores, consumers are spoilt for choices when it comes to purchasing the desired products. The innovative world and various brands of products make it difficult for a consumer to make a buying decision. The authors aimed to throw some light into how such decisions are made by choosing a target audience and one of the most popular musical instruments, guitars, by using some invigorating techniques which have been discussed in this research paper.
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Bokstein, Boris S., Mikhail I. Mendelev, and David J. Srolovitz. "Kinetics of homogeneous chemical reactions." In Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Materials Science. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198528036.003.0010.
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Kinetics considers the rates of different processes. Chemical kinetics refers to the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions and mass transfer (diffusion). Recall that since thermodynamic equilibrium implies that the rates of all processes are zero, time is not a thermodynamic variable. Rather, time is the new parameter introduced by the consideration of kinetic processes. The rate of a kinetic process and how it depends on time is determined, in part, by the degree of the deviation from equilibrium. If the deviation from equilibrium is small, the rate decreases (without changing sign) as the system approaches equilibrium. If the deviation from equilibrium is large, the situation is more complicated. For example, non-monotonic (including oscillatory) processes are possible. The sign of the rate can change during such processes; that is, the reaction can proceed in one direction and then the other. Additionally, if the deviation from equilibrium is large, small changes to the system can produce very large changes in the rate of the kinetic process (i.e. chaos). Non-equilibrium, yet nearly stationary states of the system can arise (i.e. states that exist for a very long time). Finally, if the deviation from equilibrium is very large, the system can explode (i.e. the process continues to accelerate with time). In this chapter, we develop a formal description of the kinetics of rather simple chemical reactions. Consecutive and parallel reactions will also be considered here. A more general approach (irreversible thermodynamics) will be considered in Chapter 9. In Chapter 10, we examine diffusive processes. Then, in Chapter 11, we consider the kinetics of heterogeneous processes. In order to start the study of chemical reaction kinetics, we must first define what we mean by the rate of reaction. Consider the following homogeneous reaction: . . . Cl2 + 2NO → 2NOCl. (8.1) . . .
Conference papers on the topic "Product recall process"
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Grantham Lough, Katie. "Detailed Risk Analysis for Failure Prevention in Conceptual Design: RED (Risk in Early Design) Based Probabilistic Risk Assessments." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35386.
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Avoiding product recalls and failures is a must for companies to remain successful in the consumer product industry. Large numbers of failed products result in significant profit losses do to repair or replacement costs as well as untraceable costs of reputation damage among customer bases. Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is key to preventing product failures. When risks are adequately identified and assessed the potential product failures can be mitigated and save lives as well as company profit. Risk mitigation is more effective the earlier it can be applied in the design process; therefore, the identification and assessment of risk through PRA techniques is most beneficial to the company when employed early in the design process. This paper presents new techniques for performing four common PRAs, preliminary hazards analysis (PHA), failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA), fault tree analysis (FTA), and event tree analysis (ETA), during the conceptual phase of design, when products have yet to assume a physical form. The backbone for the application of these PRA techniques during the conceptual design phase is the Risk in Early Design (RED) Method. RED generates a listing of potential product risk based on historical failure occurrences. These risks are categorized by function, which enables this preliminary risk assessment to be performed during conceptual design. A risk analysis is performed for a bicycle that demonstrates the powerful failure prevention ability of RED and PRA during conceptual product design with a Consumer Product Safety Commission recall.
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Mertens, Attakias T., Christopher McComb, and Christine A. Toh. "Towards an Understanding of Semantic Memory During Idea Generation." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22577.
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Abstract Research in new product design still lacks an understanding of how the types of information used by designers can lead to more successful designs and what cognitive components are involved in the process of generating new ideas. Some theories have arisen that focus on memory usage that could have an impact in idea generation early on in the design process. This framework forms the basis of the current study, focused on identifying the underlying cognitive processes that are active during the design process. To accomplish this, undergraduate students were recruited from the University of Nebraska-Omaha. During the study, participants were presented a design problem, given information pieces that corresponded to the Information Archetypes Framework, and asked to generate ideas for a solution. Students were then asked to recall the information pieces from memory. Participants’ data were analyzed using Latent Semantic Analysis in order to assess the similarities between generated ideas, recall, and information pieces. Results from this were assessed for relationships using Spearman correlations and simple regression. This study was able to demonstrate memory usage within the early design process.
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Yang, Seung-Cheol, Lalit Patil, and Debasish Dutta. "Similarity Computation for Knowledge-Based Sustainability Evaluation of Engineering Changes." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28347.
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Systematic sustainability assessment of a proposed Engineering Change (EC) is, typically, a time-consuming process due to the complexity of typical products and the lifecycle-wide impact of a change. One approach to enable faster evaluation is the use of the knowledge from similar past ECs. In this paper, we present an approach based on research in psychology to calculate the similarity of Engineering Changes such that the retrieved ECs can be used to predict only the carbon footprint of the proposed EC. Product knowledge is structured, and there is no acceptable standard for representation. Therefore, we propose a measure that focuses on identifying and aligning corresponding components of the query and target representations. We apply the measure to a case of 14 Engineering Changes (91 matching problems) and compare the matches for relevance to evaluation of carbon footprint. The precision and recall are evaluated by comparing against carbon footprints obtained using commercial LCA tool.
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Mertens, Attakias T., and Christine A. Toh. "It Rings a Bell! Memory’s Impact on Information Utilization by Novice Designers in the Early Design Process." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97699.
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Abstract Research in new product design still lacks an understanding of how the types of information used by designers can lead to more successful designs and what cognitive components are involved in the process of generating new ideas. Some theories have arisen that focus on memory usage that could have an impact in idea generation early on in the design process. As a first step to address this gap, an Information Archetypes Framework was developed in previous work to outline the different dimensions and levels of information commonly used by designers. This framework forms the basis of the current study, focused on identifying the underlying cognitive processes that are active during the design process. To accomplish this, undergraduate students were recruited from the University of Nebraska-Omaha. During the study, participants were presented a design problem, given information pieces that corresponded to the Information Archetypes Framework, and asked to generate ideas for a solution. Students were then asked to recall the information pieces from memory. Participants’ data were analyzed using Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) for relevant cognitive mechanisms. Scores from LIWC captured the linguistic properties of information pieces and generated ideas, and this study was able to demonstrate that memory usage has both semantic and linguistic components that emerge during the conceptual design process.
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Kruth, Jean-Pierre, and Evren Yasa. "Experimental Analysis of Process and Laser Parameters in Laser Marking." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59375.
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Laser marking is a relatively new process to produce a mark on a product by the energy of a laser beam, mostly for the purpose of product identification and traceability. Compared to other techniques such as ink-marking, mechanical engraving and electro-chemical methods, laser marking has many advantages. In this study, laser marking is done with the laser of a standard RP/RM machine, i.e. a selective laser melting machine. This makes laser marking especially suited for marking parts produced by laser RP/RM techniques. On the other hand, the major difficulty in the process is the number of parameters and their complex relations which have not yet been investigated thoroughly. In the current study, the influences of scan speed, laser pump current (laser power) and pulse frequency of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser on the mark qualities were investigated by single-factor experiments on stainless steel parts. It was found that these parameters substantially affect mark width, depth and rim formation which is caused by the expelled molten material due to the recoil pressure during the marking process. In order to investigate the influence of cross interactions, a design of experiment methodology was used to evaluate the effects of the same parameters on the success of the laser marking process in terms of removed material and clarity of the mark (visibility, sharpness, etc.).
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Huang, Jingyuan, and Xiang Wang. "Design Workflow for Electronic Product With Safety Assessment Concept at the Early Stage." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86963.
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Today, the interdisciplinary design approach has been quickly adopted as a new trend in the modern product design process. Whereas, it is believed that manufacturers try to make shortcuts in order to reduce the time-to-market. Therefore, many inherent or uncertain safety parameters and factors are normally ignored in the early stage of the process until problems occur during the life cycles of products. This is very harmful to users. Enterprises may face liability claims and recalls of those products. In addition to the claims, additional time and cost are required to investigate the root cause of problems and to redesign the products and. Those problems mostly happen in some developing countries in which their product design and manufacturing process is still in a labor-intensive mode. Systematic and knowledge-based design approaches have not yet been popularly adopted. In order to have a better consideration, in terms of safety at the early stage of design process, the integration of practical experience of safety assessment concept and analysis methods into the traditional electronic product design process is the key proposed idea in this paper. A new design workflow with safety assessment concept at the early stage is generated, with a result of saving redesign cost and time.
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Lee, David E., and H. Thomas Hahn. "Virtual Assembly Production Analysis of Composite Aircraft Structures." In ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium collocated with the ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1995-0815.
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Abstract Concurrent with the use of tailored materials for specific applications has been the understanding that a product’s design has a significant and measurable effect on manufacturing process cycle times and unit production costs. In order to reliably manufacture and assemble aircraft structures fabricated from composite materials on a cost-effective basis, an environment for virtual assembly production analysis is being developed. Within this environment, members of an aircraft’s integrated product development team can rapidly assess the impact of design decisions on individual assembly operations and overall aircraft assembly in a virtual manufacturing context. Effects related to joint design and component matings are measured based on force and process conditions as well as the types of tooling required for final assembly. By evaluating assembly production impacts early during product design, the costly design-manufacture-redesign cycle is redefined and recast based on the realities of manufacturing process constraints.
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Khangura, Sehijpal Singh, Lakhvir Singh Sran, Anil K. Srivastava, and Harinder Singh. "Investigations Into the Removal of EDM Recast Layer With Magnetic Abrasive Machining." In ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9259.
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Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non conventional machining process capable of accurately machining parts with high hardness and of complex shapes. The sparks produced during the EDM process cause localized melting on the work surface. The formation of recast layer is very common on EDMed surfaces. The recast layer reduces the service life of the die or mould surfaces, especially under fatigue loads. In the present work, Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) process has been explored as a method to remove the recast layer formed on a EN 31 steel cylindrical specimen machined by EDM. MAF process is one of promising methods capable of removing the material at micro/nano level under gentle mechanical forces. The diamond based sintered magnetic abrasives have been used to machine the EDMed surface. The experimental results indicate that the EDMed surface of EN-31 steel can be successfully finished with diamond sintered magnetic abrasives. On the finished surfaces, no evidence of micro cracks, voids and recast layer has been seen. Moreover, an average improvement in the surface finish up to 80% over the initial surface finish has been obtained. The micro hardness measurement on MAFed surface shows that brittle and hard layer has been removed. SEM photographs indicate the success of MAF for removal of EDMed surface.
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Chen, Yimeng, Yanyan Lan, Ruinbin Xiong, Liang Pang, Zhiming Ma, and Xueqi Cheng. "Evaluating Natural Language Generation via Unbalanced Optimal Transport." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/516.
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Embedding-based evaluation measures have shown promising improvements on the correlation with human judgments in natural language generation. In these measures, various intrinsic metrics are used in the computation, including generalized precision, recall, F-score and the earth mover's distance. However, the relations between these metrics are unclear, making it difficult to determine which measure to use in real applications. In this paper, we provide an in-depth study on the relations between these metrics. Inspired by the optimal transportation theory, we prove that these metrics correspond to the optimal transport problem with different hard marginal constraints. However, these hard marginal constraints may cause the problem of incomplete and noisy matching in the evaluation process. Therefore we propose a family of new evaluation metrics, namely Lazy Earth Mover's Distances, based on the more general unbalanced optimal transport problem. Experimental results on WMT18 and WMT19 show that our proposed metrics have the ability to produce more consistent evaluation results with human judgements, as compared with existing intrinsic metrics.
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Czernichowski, Albin, Piotr Czernichowski, and Krystyna Wesolowska. "Plasma-Catalytical Partial Oxidation of Various Carbonaceous Feeds Into Synthesis Gas." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2537.
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We propose a sulfur-resistant process in which a gaseous or liquid carbonaceous matter is converted into the Synthesis Gas in a presence of high-voltage cold-plasma (“GlidArc”) that assists the exothermal Partial Oxidation. This process is performed in our 0.6 to 2-Liter reactors using atmospheric air. The reactants are mixed at the reactor entry without use of vaporizers or nozzles. Our process is initiated in the discharges’ zone in presence of active electrons, ions, and radicals generated directly in the entering mixture. Then the partially reacted steam enters a post-plasma zone of the same reactor. This zone is filled with a metallic and/or mineral material. We found several solids that present some catalytic properties enhanced by high temperatures and active species generated in the cold plasma. Atmospheric pressure reforming is presently studied. This paper recalls our earlier tests with natural gas, propane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, various gasolines, diesel oils (including logistic ones), and the Rapeseed oil. New experiments are then presented on the reforming of heavy naphtha and an aviation fuel. The synthesis gas issued from the last one has been successfully converted into electric energy in an on-line inserted Solid Oxide fuel Cell. All tested feeds are totally reformed into Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide and some Methane. Other components are Steam and Carbon Dioxide. All these products are diluted in Nitrogen coming from the air. No soot, coke or tars are produced even from highly aromatic liquids. The output Synthesis Gas power issued as the result of our tests can presently reach 11 kW (accounted as the Lower Heating Value of produced H2 + CO stream). Only 0.05–0.2 kW of electric power is necessary to drive such cold-plasma-assisted reformer. Up to 45 vol.% of H2 + CO mixture (dry basis) is produced in long runs. We obtain a better than 70% thermal efficiency of the process (defined as the output combustion enthalpy of H2 + CO at 25°C concerning the Lower Heating Value of the feed). However a large part of remaining percentage of the energy leaving the reformer (the sensitive heat and CH4 at 2–3 vol.% level) can be further reused in the high-temperature Fuel Cells.