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Journal articles on the topic 'Product placement effectiveness'
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Wiles, Michael A., and Anna Danielova. "The Worth of Product Placement in Successful Films: An Event Study Analysis." Journal of Marketing 73, no. 4 (July 2009): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.4.044.
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As a result of the diminishing effectiveness of broadcast advertising, firms are increasingly turning to product placements in films and television to promote their products. A growing stream of product placement research has conducted surveys of consumer and practitioner views on the practice and experiments to gauge product placement's impact on brand awareness, attitudes, and purchase intent. However, there is no evidence of whether firms’ investments in film product placements are worthwhile. The event study of 126 product placements in successful films during 2002 reveals a mean cumulative abnormal return of .89% during the film's opening, indicating that product placement in a successful film is associated with positive movements in firm stock prices. Cross-sectional analysis of the returns offers new insight into how product, film, and execution factors influence the placement's worth. The authors find that placement abnormal returns are enhanced by tie-in advertising and brand equity but are inhibited by audience absorption, critical acclaim, and violent film content. Placement modality, character associations, and blatancy also significantly affect the placement's value.
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Chan, Fanny Fong Yee, Dan Petrovici, and Ben Lowe. "Antecedents of product placement effectiveness across cultures." International Marketing Review 33, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-07-2014-0249.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the marketing literature by developing and testing a conceptual model to examine the effects of product placement across a country low in assertiveness and performance orientation (the UK) and a country high in assertiveness and performance orientation (Hong Kong (HK)). Design/methodology/approach – A content analysis of brand appearances in high grossing films within the UK and HK was conducted followed by a 2×2 between-subjects experiment (n=572). Findings – The results indicate participants exposed to prominent placements have a less positive brand attitude and lower purchase intention toward the placed brand. Likewise, respondents exposed to a less well-known placed brand tend to have a less positive brand attitude and lower purchase intention toward the placed brand. There is evidence of interaction effects with cultural dimensions such as assertiveness and performance orientation within the UK and HK. Practical implications – The results suggest that product placements can be optimized through tailored campaigns targeted at markets with known cultural characteristics. With advances in digital technology, such practices are becoming more frequent and more feasible. Originality/value – This is one of the first studies to explore the effect of culture on perceptions of product placement and the first study to empirically examine the role of prominence and brand awareness, and their interactions with GLOBE values on the effectiveness of product placement.
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Dens, Nathalie, Patrick De Pelsmacker, Peter Goos, and Leonids Aleksandrovs. "How to Mix Brand Placements in Television Programmes to Maximise Effectiveness." International Journal of Market Research 58, no. 5 (September 2016): 649–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-2016-022.
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This research, based on 20 brand placement campaigns for 17 brands in 11 Belgian entertainment shows, uses the mixture modelling technique to identify the optimal mix of brand placement types in a programme. It determines the ideal proportions of prop placements (branded products that are put on display during the programme, without active interaction between the product and a person), interactive placements (placements that entail interaction between a branded product and a person), and look-and-feel placements (branding elements that are visually incorporated in the scenery of the programme) to maximise brand attitude and brand recall. Controlling for programme connectedness, brand attitude is maximised when all brand placements in a programme are interactive. The optimal mix for brand recall is more diverse, and changes for consumers with different viewing frequencies. For light viewers, 39% interactive and 61% prop placements should be used. For consumers with high viewing frequency, a relatively larger proportion should be allocated to interactive placements (44%).
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Guennemann, Frank, and Yoon C. Cho. "The Effectiveness Of Product Placement By Media Types: Impact Of Image And Intention To Purchase." Journal of Service Science (JSS) 7, no. 1 (November 3, 2014): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jss.v7i1.8911.
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Product placement, as an integrated marketing communication tool, is widely applied to increase attention, interest, and purchasing intention. Product placement is also identified as an integrative conceptual model that captures how such messages generate audience outcomes (Balasubramanian, Karrah, and Patwardhan, 2006). By considering various applications of product placement in the automobile brands, the purpose of this study is to measure awareness, familiarity, image, and purchase intention of brands placed in various media types. In particular, this study measures 1) how brand awareness from product placement affects brand image, 2) how brand familiarity from product placement affects brand image, 3) how brand image affects purchase intention, and 4) the effects of brand awareness and familiarity based on different media types. This study applied a survey to collect data and used quantitative analyses to test hypotheses. The study provides managerial implications for the effectiveness of product placements by media types.
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Karrh, James A., Kathy Brittain McKee, and Carol J. McKee. "Practitioners' evolving views on product placement effectiveness." Journal of Advertising Research 43, no. 2 (June 2003): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/jar-43-2-138-149.
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Hofman-Kohlmeyer, Magdalena Hofman-Kohlmeyer. "DETERMINANTS OF EFFECTIVE PRODUCT PLACEMENT IN COMPUTER GAMES – LITERATURE REVIEW." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 24, 2018): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1153.
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Product placement is a common tool in promotional campaign. Marketers feature products in the plot of movies or TV programs to improve brand image and influence purchase decisions. Companies more often decide to embed products or brand identifiers inside computer games. Product placement attracts attention of managers as well as scholars. Vast parts of research focused on determinants of effective product placement in a game environment. The present paper aims to represent the main determinants that influence the effectiveness of product placement and is based on literature review.INTRODUCTION: Recently, we have witnessed the evolution of product placement in computer games. This new medium attracted many well-known companies such as IBM, Adidas or Coca-Cola. According to the growing popularity of placing product in games, an increase in scientists' interest in the effectiveness of this phenomenon can be observed. Research focuses on evaluating players' brand memory, attitudes toward to the game, product or brand, and purchasing intentions. It is important to note that brands placed in games affect the audience in different degrees because the brand can be featured in various ways. Some of the scholars investigated the factors that can exert influence on the effectiveness of product placement in computer games.OBJECTIVES: The present paper is aimed to investigate the main determinants of effective product placement in computer games.METHODS: The article is based on polish and foreign literature review.RESULTS: The growing ranks of scholars has been observed to have interest in the effectiveness of product placement in computer games. According to the literature, it can be said that an effectiveness of product (or brand) placement in a game environment is determined by: the degree of product/brand visibility in the game (prominence as well as proximity), game-product congruity, customer engagement in a game, persuasive knowledge, and strategy of product or brand integration with the game. There is also research that explores how these determinants influence product placement effectiveness in a game environment.CONCLUSION: Despite the progress made, there are still important limitations of the conducted research, e.g. results can be moderate by various circumstances such as using fictitious or real brands. In addition, the same factor can have positive as well as negative effects. For instance, product placement proximity on the one hand enhances brand recall, but on the other can cause negative attitudes toward the brand. There are also determinants with limited research such as influence of product or brand integration with the game on product (or brand) effectiveness.
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McDonnell, John, and Judy Drennan. "Virtual Product Placement as a New Approach to Measure Effectiveness of Placements." Journal of Promotion Management 16, no. 1-2 (March 17, 2010): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496490903571365.
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Kramolis, Jan, and Martina Drabkova. "The Identification of Factors Modifying Product Placement Effectiveness." Organizational Cultures: An International Journal 13, no. 2 (2014): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2327-8013/cgp/v13i02/50926.
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Glass, Zachary. "The Effectiveness of Product Placement in Video Games." Journal of Interactive Advertising 8, no. 1 (September 2007): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2007.10722134.
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Marchand, Andre, Thorsten Hennig-Thurau, and Sabine Best. "When James Bond shows off his Omega: does product placement affect its media host?" European Journal of Marketing 49, no. 9/10 (September 14, 2015): 1666–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-09-2013-0474.
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Purpose – This paper aims to contribute to the marketing literature and practice by examining the effect of product placements on the host brand. The declining effectiveness of traditional advertising has prompted increasing interest in strategies for placing products in media programming. Most existing research adopt the perspective of the brands embedded in media products, with limited attention to the impact that product placement has on the media product that serves as a host brand for the embedded brands. The authors investigate this effect in the context of motion pictures and develop a theory-driven conceptual model. Design/methodology/approach – The authors test their hypotheses with two experiments in which randomly assigned participants view one of seven versions of a custom-made, seven-minute short film that differ in their level of placement prominence. Findings – The results from a mediation analysis indicate that, after controlling for audiences’ general attitudes toward the embedded brand, greater placement prominence heightens consumers’ reactance to persuasion attempts and negatively affects their evaluations of the host brand. A post hoc experiment confirms that even very low levels of placement prominence can worsen host brand evaluations. Originality/value – This research is among the first to investigate the effects of product placement from a host brand perspective. It issues a warning to producers of entertainment content: a product placement strategy may generate additional earnings, but it also can lower audiences’ evaluations of the focal entertainment product.
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Begy, Genevieve, and Vishal Talwar. "The Economic Worth of Product Placement in Prime-time Television Shows." International Journal of Market Research 58, no. 2 (March 2016): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-2015-026.
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Product placement is fiercely being courted by firms as a consequence of the declining credibility of traditional broadcast advertising and the ‘30-second spot’. Very little research analysing its economic worth exists outside of the realm of film, however. This paper responds by applying a consistent measure of placement effectiveness to television through use of event analyses. It finds a mean cumulative abnormal return of 0. 79% in a sample of 264 placements from the 2011-12 prime-time season, confirming that product placement in television is positively and significantly associated with movement in firms' stock prices. Placement in a season premiere has significantly higher mean returns than in a non-pivotal episode, irrespective of whether the firm places the product in both episodes. A cross-sectional analysis of placement, episode and show factors suggests that the duration of placement and one-hour show length are positively associated with stock price movement. Placement in a show's debut season is adversely associated to worth.
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Kit, Liew Chee, and Elizabeth Lim Qui P’ng. "The Effectiveness of Product Placement: The Influence of Product Placement towards Consumer Behavior of the Millennial Generation." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 4, no. 2 (2014): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2014.v4.334.
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Abu Seman, Rabiah Adawiah, Yee Shan Lew, and Jing Ni Tee. "Correlation Between Product Placement in Film, Purchase Intention And Brand Attitude." Jurnal Pengajian Media Malaysia 21, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jpmm.vol21no1.5.
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Product placement has been widely used in international film industry because of its efficiency. During the past 20 years, the practice of product placement has grown appreciably which lead to most of the marketers nowadays use placements as their marketing strategy. Therefore, this research aim to analyse the effectiveness of product placement in film. Experimental design was employed by 40 respondents in UCSI University for this study which was supported by the theories of the Hidden Message and the Character-Product Interaction (CPI). Correlation between product placement in film, purchase intention and brand attitude were found significant. Brand attitude and the purchase intention after exposed to product placement have higher findings among others. Moreover, purchase intention and brand attitude of respondents both increased after being exposed towards product placement. Limitation were taken in account in terms of demographic, efficiency and extensive. Future researchers are suggested to conduct their studies with a larger sampling size, a longer duration and to conduct the study with different categories of product to provide a more accurate result for the improvement of marketers. Hence, marketers were suggested to use product placement in film in order to increase the purchase intention and positive brand attitude of audiences.Students generally have positive purchase intention and brand attitude on product placement in film no matter before or after the exposure to the selected movie Jurassic World.
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Kamleitner, Bernadette, and Abul Khair Jyote. "How using versus showing interaction between characters and products boosts product placement effectiveness." International Journal of Advertising 32, no. 4 (January 2013): 633–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ija-32-4-633-653.
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Girdharwal, Nitin. "Product placement effectiveness in movie: A case study from India." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 7, no. 12 (2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2017.00109.4.
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Kishiya, Kazuhiro. "Exploring the impact of celebrity endorsement on product placement effectiveness." International Journal of Marketing & Distribution 2, no. 1 (2018): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5844/ijmd.2.1_25.
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Mohd Nordin, Mohd Amir Syafiq, and Shahrel Nizar Baharom. "A Study on Awareness of Product Placement in Malaysian Movies." Idealogy Journal 3, no. 2 (September 7, 2018): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/idealogy.v3i2.80.
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Product placement in movies is a strategy to advertise the products and services. This strategy is generally used in international movies and become a trend for Malaysian movies. However, its effectiveness is still questionable especially for the local people. This research aims to discuss about how far the awareness of Malaysian people towards product placement in local movies for the brand recall. By using the qualitative method, the researcher randomly interviewed five participants through in-depth interview. The result shows that most of the participants are aware about the product placement in Malaysian movies and lead to the viewers' brand recall. Therefore, this will give a great potential for advertisers in Malaysia to use the product placement in movies as one of the key strategies for the brand awareness.
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Liu, Su-Houn, Chen-Huei Chou, and Hsiu-Li Liao. "An exploratory study of product placement in social media." Internet Research 25, no. 2 (April 7, 2015): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-12-2013-0267.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus specifically on the examination of factors influencing the effectiveness of product placement in social media. Design/methodology/approach – Two field experiments were used to test research models and questions. In each experiment, random sampling was used to assign volunteers into groups, controlled by different experimental settings. Questionnaires were distributed to the volunteers in order to collect their attitude toward advertisement, brand impression, and intention to click the advertisement. Their browsing behavior was measured by click through rate, browse depth, and browsing time. Findings – The paper found that the effects of product placement conducts (product prominence and presentation) in social media are similar to the effects of product placement in other media. Also, a match between the vehicle and product would create deeper browsing depth and longer browsing time on the product web site. Product placement on a higher awareness vehicle would be more effective for marketing. Originality/value – This study makes its contribution in understanding the effectiveness of product placement in social media on delivering a marketing message. The results further highlight the importance of “integrating” the product placement content with its context and its vehicle.
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Rahayu, Milyana. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PRODUCT PLACEMENT ON YOUTUBE CONTENT VIDEO TOWARD CONSUMER PURCHASE DECISION IN INDONESIA." Advanced International Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship and SMEs 3, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/aijbes.39011.
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Nowadays, almost everyone knows YouTube as one of the world's most popular social media platforms. The usage of YouTube is not only a place to share videos but also as a medium for information, aid learning, and even as a commercial medium for business. With the increasing popularity of YouTube, marketers have discovered a new way of integrating their product into online videos namely YouTube product placement. An example of popular product placement is by one of the healthy instant noodle brands from Indonesia who collaborates with well-known Indonesian YouTube influencers. However, even though YouTube has already existed and been popular for a long time, there is still a few research that discusses product placement in YouTube content. Therefore, this research is important to find out whether a YouTube content with a product placement delivered by a YouTube influencer will be effective in influencing the viewers’ purchase decisions or not. This research will be used a quantitative approach to collect the data by conducting the survey method. The researcher uses descriptive statistics and PLS-SEM to analyze the data. The results indicate that product placement on YouTube content video has a positive influence on consumer purchase decisions in Indonesia.
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Stewart, Kristin, Matt Kammer-Kerwick, Allison Auchter, Hyeseung Elizabeth Koh, Mary Elizabeth Dunn, and Isabella Cunningham. "Examining digital video advertising (DVA) effectiveness." European Journal of Marketing 53, no. 11 (November 11, 2019): 2451–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-11-2016-0619.
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Purpose Marketers are increasing their use of digital strategies and prioritizing digital tactics, although the effectiveness digital video advertising (DVA) has not been examined empirically. The purpose of this research is to suggest that it is useful for advertisers to consider theories of the past to understand the link between product, advertising format and message processing. Design/methodology/approach To examine DVA effectiveness, this study utilized a 2-product type (utilitarian vs hedonic) × 2-product involvement (low vs high) x 2-platform (laptop vs mobile) mixed-design. Participants were recruited from a research company, who invited members of their panel to participate in an online experiment. Findings DVA for hedonic products resulted in stronger attitudes toward the ad and brand, and intentions to purchase. DVA for low involvement products resulted in stronger purchase intentions and likelihood to opt-in for more information. Moreover, there was an interaction between product category and involvement across all five measures of DVA effectiveness. Research limitations/implications Like TV commercials, DVA is more effective when used with low involvement, hedonic products than with high involvement, utilitarian products. Additionally, the device on which the advertisement is viewed impacts the effectiveness of DVA. Practical implications Companies promoting high-involvement utilitarian products may consider alternative advertising strategies (e.g. MDAs, apps, websites and advergames), as DVA may not be the most effective ad format. Originality/value As technology continues to develop and marketers continue to pursue growing numbers of consumers through digital means and on mobile devices, understanding how device type influences advertising effectiveness is important for media strategy, message placement and marketing metrics. This research takes one step in that direction.
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Koopman, A., S. Perumal, K. Perumal, M. Williamson, and Z. E. Cebisa. "Students’ perceptions on the effectiveness of product placements: A case study of a private higher education institution in Durban." Business and Management Review 11, no. 02 (December 15, 2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24052/bmr/v11nu02/art-10.
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The aim of the study was to investigate students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of product placements and to determine whether they are aware of product placements, whether they pay any attention to product placements and whether the exposure to product placements has influenced their purchasing behaviour in any way. This study adopted a quantitative research approach and employed the case study design; hence, the main focus of this study is on how students, based at private higher institution in Durban, perceive the effectiveness of product placement. The study was conducted at a private higher education institution with an estimated population of 1000; the sample size was 135. The form of non-probability convenience sampling method was employed. Although the form of non-probability sampling techniques is not common in quantitative studies, sufficient representation was ensured. Hence, the research results were able to be generalised from a sample to a population. Quantitative data was collected using the questionnaire method. SPSS statistical package was used to capture numerical data. The study also employed both descriptive and inferential statistics in order to infer the sample results to the entire population. The quantitative data analysis results indicated that product placements are similar to traditional advertising in terms of capturing the audience’s attention, developing positive feelings towards the product and recall when faced with a purchase decision. The study has also contributed immensely to the digital and social media advertising theory and practice.
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Hofman-Kohlmeyer, Magdalena. "IMPACT OF PRODUCT PLACEMENT STRATEGIES ON BRAND RECEPTION – LITERATURE REVIEW." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4509.
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Considering the changes in media consumption, many well-known brands decided to invest in product placement. Companies apply various strategies of placing the brand inside the media programming, not only in movies or television programs but also in social media, computer games and music videos. Present paper is aimed on investigate the influence of chosen product placement strategy on product placement effectiveness and is based on literature review. Research on product placement in movies shows that a mixed type of placement which encompass visual presentations of a branded product, company name or logo, and verbal reference to the embedded brand is better remembered in comparison to only visual product placement. There are also recognized product placement strategy based on various plot-relation level. According to research made in computer games, higher brand and game congruity result in better attitude but a brand incongruent with the game plot is better remembered. The authors also frequently mention about product placement visibility. Prominent placement in movies and computer games led to worse brand attitudes, is perceived as more disruptive, less realistic and interferes with the plot than subtle placement. The advantage of prominent placement in both medias and video sharing sites is better influenced on brand remembering. When it comes to social media, product placement takes a form of written placement or video placement. Some studies proved that video placement exert greater impact on attitude, better brand impression and cause higher users’ intention to click. Similarly in computer games it can be listed animated or as a static ads. In quoted study, brand recognition for the animated billboards was significantly higher than for static billboards and attitudes toward the animated ads were better.
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Perwitasari, Dwi Atmi, and Eristia Lidia Paramita. "PRODUCT PLACEMENT ON KOREAN DRAMA AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR BRAND POSITIONING (CASE STUDY: LANEIGE)." Jurnal Muara Ilmu Ekonomi dan Bisnis 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmieb.v4i1.7717.
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Kemunculan Drama Korea di berbagai Negara, salah satunya Indonesia menjadi faktor meningkatnya popularitas global dan permintaan kosmetik Korea. Melalui penempatan produk dalam Drama Korea Descendants of the Sun, Laneige sebagai perusahaan kosmetik bergengsi di Korea berhasil menarik perhatian pelanggan dan menaikkan penjualan produknya. Berdasarkan fenomena tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efektifitas penempatan produk dalam Drama Korea bagi penempatan posisi merek Laneige di Indonesia khususnya pada area Jakarta dan Tangerang dan selanjutnya berkontribusi untuk mengidentifikasi perspektif pelanggan Indonesia tentang penempatan produk sebagai faktor kunci keberhasilan dalam hal meningkatnya keinginan pelanggan untuk membeli produk Laneige di negara ini. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dengan cara membagikan kuesioner terbuka untuk memberikan kesempatan pada responden dalam memberikan pendapat diikuti dengan wawancara untuk menggali informasi secara lebih dalam. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian adalah fenomenologi kualitatif dengan menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel purposif. Sampel yang digunakan berjumlah empat informan kunci. Dalam proses analisis data, penelitian ini menggunakan metode triangulasi dan konten analisis yang kemudian membentuk proposisi dan model penelitian. Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukan efektifitas penempatan produk terhadap penempatan posisi merek dipengaruhi faktor kemasan produk, fungsi produk, kualitas produk, citra merek, konsep produk, kesadaran pelanggan, dan pengulangan merek. Selain itu, ditemukan faktor yang menyebabkan penempatan produk mempengaruhi keinginan pelanggan untuk membeli produk yaitu duta besar merek, kemasan produk, fungsi produk, kualitas produk dan kemunculan merek. The emergence of Korean Drama in various countries, one of it is Indonesia becomes a factor in increasing global popularity and demand of Korean’s cosmetics. Through product placement in the Korean Drama Descendants of the Sun, Laneige as a prestigious cosmetics company in Korea managed to attract customers’ attention and increase sales of its products. Based on this phenomenon, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of product placement in Korean Drama for brand positioning of Laneige in Indonesia, especially in the Jakarta and Tangerang areas and subsequently contribute to identifying the perspective of Indonesian customers about product placement as a key success factor in terms of increasing customers’ willingness to buy Laneige’s products in this country. The data in this study obtained with distributing open questionnaires to give respondents the opportunity to provide opinions followed by interviews to dig deeper information. The method used in this research is qualitative phenomenology by using a purposive sampling technique. The sample used consisted of four key informants. In the process of data analysis, this study used triangulation method and content analysis which subsequently forms a research propositions and models. The results in this study indicate the effectiveness of product placement on brand positioning is influenced by product packaging, product function, product quality, brand image, product concepts, customer awareness, and brand repetition. In addition, this study found factors that cause product placement affect the customer's willingness to buy products which are brand ambassador, product packaging, product functions, product quality and brand appearance.
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Anggeliana, Dhea, Muhammad Gunawan Alif, and Christian Haposan Pangaribuan. "The Effectiveness of Gojek’s Product Placement in Keluarga Cemara Movie towards Purchase Intention." Journal of Business, Management, and Social Studies 1, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53748/jbms.v1i1.11.
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Objective – This study explores the influence of product placement towards purchase intention while assessing the effectiveness of the ad determined by aspects of prominence, celebrity endorsement, modality, attitude towards movie and attitude towards brand.Methodology – This type of research was a quantitative method using associative research approach and measured by regression method. The distribution of questionnaires was a non-probability with simple random sampling. The survey was conducted to 184 respondents in Jakarta, Indonesia, in May 2019.Findings – The research found that modality does have a direct and significant effect on attitude towards the movie, attitude towards the brand, and purchase intention. We also find that celebrity endorsement has an impact on attitude towards the brand and purchase intention, not on attitude towards the movie. Prominence does not seem to have any relationship with all dependent variables.Novelty – Although research has investigated product/brand placement, we extend the literature by investigating modality, prominence, and celebrity endorsement.
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Sharma, Sneha, Suresh K. Chadha, and B. B. Goyal. "Product Placement Effectiveness in a Bollywood Movie with Debutant Actors: A Case Study." Indian Journal of Marketing 44, no. 11 (November 1, 2014): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2014/v44/i11/80111.
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Hang, Haiming, and Susan Auty. "Children playing branded video games: The impact of interactivity on product placement effectiveness." Journal of Consumer Psychology 21, no. 1 (January 2011): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2010.09.004.
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Watkins, Matthew Alan, Martin Higginson, and Philip Richard Clarke. "Enhancing graduate employability in product design." Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 8, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-09-2017-0062.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a case study to discuss approaches taken within a traditional undergraduate degree course to embed employability skills, encourage student uptake of sandwich placement and increase graduate prospects. A number of new initiatives are presented, including working with live industrial clients, formally preparing students for placement applications and the introduction of an externally facing student run design consortium. Alongside these new initiatives, details of the existing sandwich year provision are also considered and their effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach A case study-based action research approach presents changes to a specific undergraduate course, measuring the effectiveness over a four-year period using externally collected national Destination of Leavers in Higher Education (DLHE) data and internal student feedback to assess the long-term effects on employability. Findings The paper considers improvements in the graduate employability over the four year period covered, in particular, an increase in the graduate employability from 81 to 100 per cent and graduate prospects from 62.5 to 95.2 per cent for sandwich students. Data presented also considers additional student feedback correlating with an increase in their preparedness for employment. Practical implications The implications of undertaking the changes highlighted within this paper have been relatively straightforward, due to the small incremental nature of the changes and the opportunities available through the agencies within the university, and should be replicable at least in part at other HE institutions. Originality/value This paper considers the impact of employability initiatives undertaken on a single undergraduate course and how these have affected the employability of graduates over a four-year period, supported by student feedback both internally and externally through national feedback mechanisms. It is anticipated that this research would be beneficial for informing and guiding the development of employability on other undergraduate programmes.
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Valenzuela-Fernández, Leslier, Carolina Martínez-Troncoso, and Felipe Yáñez-Wieland. "Influence of Placement on Explicit and Implicit Memory of College Students." Comunicar 22, no. 44 (January 1, 2015): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c44-2015-18.
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The use of product placement as a marketing communication tool is based on the inclusion of products or brands in the scene where the action is. The use of this tool has benefits for both the producer of the movie, as well as for brands and / or products. There is currently no consensus in the academic world on how to measure the effectiveness of this communication tool. There is scarce scientific evidence in Latin America, and in Chile this format has been used in television programs, and only recently in movies. The objective of this research is to study the influence of placement in movies on explicit memory (unaided recall and brand awareness) and implicit memory (purchase intention) through the implementation of an experiment performed on a sample of 205 Chilean college students, according to the different types of placement in movies: brands as part of the background, used by a main character, and connected with the plot. The results indicate that the higher the degree of integration of the brand with the plot of the film, the higher the probability of stimulating the explicit memory of participants and thereby unaided recall and brand awareness, providing empirical evidence regarding the learning of consumer behavior through placement as a communication tool.El uso del «product placement» como una herramienta de comunicación en marketing, se basa en la inclusión de productos o marcas en el escenario donde se desarrolla la acción. La utilización de esta herramienta presenta beneficios tanto para el productor del largometraje, como también para las marcas y/o productos. Actualmente no existe en el mundo académico un consenso respecto a cómo medir la efectividad de esta herramienta de comunicación. En Latinoamérica existe una escasa evidencia científica, y en Chile, este formato ha sido utilizado en espacios televisivos, y recientemente se está incursionando en el cine. El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la influencia del «placement» en las películas sobre la memoria explícita (recuerdo espontáneo y reconocimiento de marca) y memoria implícita (intención de compra) a través de la aplicación de un experimento a una muestra de 205 estudiantes universitarios chilenos, según los distintos tipos de «placement» en las películas: marcas como parte del fondo, usadas por un personaje principal, y conectadas con la historia. Los resultados indican que cuanto mayor es el grado de integración de la marca con la trama de la película, mayor es la probabilidad de estimular la memoria explícita de los estudiantes y con esto el recuerdo y reconocimiento de una marca, aportando evidencia empírica en relación con el aprendizaje de conductas de consumo por medio del «placement» como herramienta de comunicación.
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Carr, Amanda, Jared R. Green, Erin Benish, Richard Lanham, Tricia Kleidon, Louise Freeney, and Nicola York. "Midline venous catheters as an alternative to central line catheter placement: a product evaluation." British Journal of Nursing 30, no. 8 (April 22, 2021): S10—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.8.s10.
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Midline catheters have emerged as a successful alternative to peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) and central venous catheters (CVCs) in select patients. Midline catheters allow for greater duration of access when compared with PVCs and avoid the critical complications associated with CVCs. This article describes the implementation of the Powerwand® midline at a large paediatric tertiary care facility in acute and intensive care settings, and presents illustrative cases of the catheter in use. Product evaluation was performed by a paediatric vascular access team of registered nurses and included information on patient outcomes, inserter satisfaction, patient satisfaction, and cost effectiveness.
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Alonso Dos Santos, Manuel, Maria Huertas-Serrano, Manuel J. Sánchez-Franco, and Eduardo I. Torres-Moraga. "Alcohol versus sponsorship: effectiveness in sports posters." British Food Journal 123, no. 7 (February 23, 2021): 2398–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-06-2020-0541.
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PurposeThe academic literature debates the desirability of sponsoring alcohol products at sporting events, a discussion that increases as major sporting events approach. This study aims to examine the influence that sponsorship of an alcoholic product such as beer has on the sports spectator, and the level of efficacy with respect to congruent, alcohol, and incongruent sponsorship.Design/methodology/approachThe experiment was performed on 180 subjects considering three variables 3 × 3 × 2 (congruency type vs alcohol; sport discipline; placement). The experiment consisted of exposure to sponsored sports posters. Visual attention was recorded through eye tracking and then a self-reported questionnaire.FindingsThrough an experiment using eye tracking the results showed that the recall variable is higher among alcohol sponsorships and incongruent sponsorship, but it cannot be concluded either that the intention to buy or the attitude toward the brand differ among the sponsorships analyzed.Practical implicationsAlcohol brand is perceived as an incongruous brand in the context of sports sponsorship. Congruent sponsors attract more attention and recall, but no differences in terms of intention to buy. If purchase intent and consumption does not increase, perhaps sports sponsorship by alcohol brands should be reconsidered.Originality/valueThis research makes at least three relevant contributions to the scientific literature. (1) It examines the response to sponsorship in the media of the sports poster. (2) It analyses the consumer's response using neurophysiological means and provides new indicators in this area and (3) It compares performance indicators such as purchase intent, recall and brand attitude for alcoholic and non-alcoholic brand sponsors. These contributions could introduce new information about sponsorship performance.
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De Jans, Steffi, Liselot Hudders, and Veroline Cauberghe. "Advertising literacy training." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 11/12 (November 14, 2017): 2156–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2016-0472.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the immediate and delayed effects of advertising literacy training on children’s cognitive advertising literacy for an embedded advertising format, product placement and, subsequently, its persuasive effects. In addition, this study explored whether this effect is moderated by children’s general advertising liking. The study also investigated whether the effects of training were dependent on children’s ages. Design/methodology/approach The present study is conducted using a three (training session: control condition vs advertising literacy training with immediate ad exposure vs advertising literacy training with ad exposure after one week) by two (age: 7-8 years vs 10-11 years) between-subjects experimental design. Findings The results of the experimental study showed that advertising literacy training increases children’s cognitive advertising literacy for product placement for both younger and older children and both immediately and delayed (measured after one week). In addition, cognitive advertising literacy had an influence on the effectiveness of product placement (i.e. purchase request) when children’s general ad liking was low, though not when it was high. No moderating effects of age were found. Practical implications This study shows that advertising literacy training sessions can improve children’s cognitive advertising literacy for non-traditional, embedded advertising formats. Originality/value This study is one of the first to examine and confirm the immediate and delayed effects of advertising literacy training sessions on children’s cognitive advertising literacy for non-traditional advertising formats.
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Reznik, Derek S., Arthur H. Jeske, Jung-Wei Chen, and Jeryl English. "Comparative Efficacy of 2 Topical Anesthetics for the Placement of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices." Anesthesia Progress 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2344/0003-3006-56.3.81.
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Abstract This study compared the effectiveness of topical benzocaine 20% versus a combination of lidocaine, tetracaine, and phenylephrine in providing sufficient analgesia for the placement of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices (TADs). The 2 topical anesthetics were tested against each other bilaterally using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. The agents were left in place for the amount of time prescribed by the manufacturer. The TAD was then placed, and each subject rated the degree of pain on a Heft-Parker visual analogue scale. A pulse oximeter was used to record the preoperative and postoperative pulse rates. Statistically significant differences in perceived pain (P < .05) and success rate (P < .01) between drugs were seen, but no significant difference in pulse rate change between the topical anesthetics was observed (P > .05). It was concluded that when the efficacy of topical benzocaine and of a combination product was compared as the sole anesthetic to facilitate acceptable pain control for placement of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices, the combination product was considerably more efficacious.
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Modini, Matthew, Leona Tan, Beate Brinchmann, Min-Jung Wang, Eoin Killackey, Nicholas Glozier, Arnstein Mykletun, and Samuel B. Harvey. "Supported employment for people with severe mental illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the international evidence." British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 1 (July 2016): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.165092.
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BackgroundIndividual placement and support (IPS) is a vocational rehabilitation programme that was developed in the USA to improve employment outcomes for people with severe mental illness. Its ability to be generalised to other countries and its effectiveness in varying economic conditions remains to be ascertained.AimsTo investigate whether IPS is effective across international settings and in different economic conditions.MethodA systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing IPS with traditional vocational services was undertaken; 17 studies, as well as 2 follow-up studies, were included. Meta-regressions were carried out to examine whether IPS effectiveness varied according to geographic location, unemployment rates or gross domestic product (GDP) growth.ResultsThe overall pooled risk ratio for competitive employment using IPS compared with traditional vocational rehabilitation was 2.40 (95% CI 1.99–2.90). Meta-regressions indicated that neither geographic area nor unemployment rates affected the overall effectiveness of IPS. Even when a country's GDP growth was less than 2% IPS was significantly more effective than traditional vocational training, and its benefits remained evident over 2 years.ConclusionsIndividual placement and support is an effective intervention across a variety of settings and economic conditions and is more than twice as likely to lead to competitive employment when compared with traditional vocational rehabilitation.
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Manansala, M. N., R. M. Ong, and K. A. Vergara. "VISIBILITY ANALYSIS OF HUGE OUTDOOR ADVERTISEMENTS ALONG GUADALUPE BRIDGE IN EDSA HIGHWAY FROM STRUCTURE-FROM-MOTION PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (October 1, 2019): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-385-2019.
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Abstract. When it comes to business and marketing, huge outdoor advertising is considered as one of the best ways by contributing largely in disseminating information about a product, service or even raise awareness. With commuters or the people riding in a moving car as its target audience, the placement of advertising materials is very crucial since it should be visible and must deliver its message in a short span of time. This study tests the methodology of gathering data using action camera and DSLR mounted and situated on a moving vehicle, utilizing structure from motion techniques, to extract the geometry of the billboards from the point cloud generated from structure-from-motion as acquired from camera videos that would be used to represent these billboards in the three-dimensional space. These extracted geometries would be used for visibility analysis from a passenger’s point of view by assessing the percentage of visible content and logos of each billboard from each point of observation along the path of a moving vehicle. The results of this study are nine sets of mean percent visibilities and raster representations that show the mean percent visibility of the billboards as viewed from the road of interest. To assess product placement effectiveness of the billboards, visibility percentage of the product logos contained in the nine billboards was also obtained.
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Irawati, Anastasia Dwi Wiwik, Kuntoro Kuntoro, and Akhmad Jazuli. "PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK SENI DAN BUDAYA MENGGUNAKAN VIDEO TEATERIKALISASI COWONGAN DI SEKOLAH DASAR." Dinamika Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar 11, no. 1 (November 25, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/dinamika.v11i1.5983.
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This study aims to develop a thematic learning model of art and culture usingvideo theatericalization of “Cowongan” for students in elementary schools. Thisresearch is a research development that aims to improve the ability to verbalize“Kidung Kasengsaraan Mangsa Ketiga” with the Banyumas dialect. The researchdesign uses R and D Data collection techniques in research gather information, productdesign, product validation, product testing, design revision, trial use, product revision,mass production, and dissemination. These data sources are interviews, observations,taking questionnaires, and tests. The sampling technique uses cluster sampling as thepopulation of SDN 4 Sokanegara students. The results of research in verbalizing thegeguritan include laval, intonation, placement of pauses, and expressions. Theobservations of researchers obtained data that the average posttest results that theexperimental class reached 90% of the expected score, while the average control classreached 75.75% of the expected score. The results of the effectiveness test in theresearch prove that the class that uses the product is better than the one that does notuse the product so that the ability to speak up using the Banyumas dialect is moreeffective.
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Yun, Bichwi, and Yoon C. Cho. "Analyzing The Effectiveness Of Public Policy Advertising On Attitudes And Behavioral Changes." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 12, no. 4 (September 24, 2014): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v12i4.8865.
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Understanding the publics interest toward public policy and advertising has become a central issue in marketing and public policy. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the public perceives policy advertising and how their perceptions affect attitudes and behavior. This study was an exploration of the effects of public policy-related messages on conditional principles through the application of the extended Fishbein model. In particular, relationships were measured concerning 1) the effects of estimates of attitudes on the differential attitude to public policy advertising, 2) the effect of subjective norms on the differential subjective norm, 3) the effect of differential attitude and subjective norm on differential intention, and iv) the effect of differential intention on behavioral change. In particular, the effects of conditional principles, including the effects of print and television (TV) advertising, were measured. For the effects of TV advertising, both direct and indirect (e.g., product placement [PPL]) delivery formats of messages were measured. To test the hypotheses, various statistical analyses were performed, including factor analysis, Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and regression. The results of this study suggested both theoretical and managerial implications to public policy.
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Kristianto, Angga Widi, and Agus Baktiono. "The Influence of Product Quality, Service Quality, and Location on Loyalty Customers of Lontong Balap Pak Gendut Surabaya." Journal of World Conference (JWC) 2, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/prd.v2i3.235.
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Customer loyalty is an important key to maintaining the position of the company in the market and creating efficiency and effectiveness of the company because if the company does not build customer loyalty then the possibility of companies having to spend more and more energy to find new customers Therefore this study aims to analyze whether product quality, service quality, and location can affect customer loyalty to make repurchases at that place. This research is quantitative research and multiple linear regression analysis with a sample of 160 respondents. Furthermore, there are four variables used in this study, namely product quality (X1), service quality (X2), location (X3), and customer loyalty (Y). Data collection was obtained from the distribution of questionnaires to customers of Lontong balap mr.Gendut at Surabaya. The results show that product quality variables (X1), service quality (X2), and location (X3) simultaneously have a significant effect on customer loyalty (Y). Then variable product quality (X1), service quality (X2), and location (X3) partially have a significant effect on customer loyalty (Y). Based on the results of this study, business owners of Lontong Balap should maintain product quality, service quality and location placement so that customers remain and always buy at that pleace.
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Cai, Kaijun, Weiming Zhang, Wenzhuo Chen, and Hongfei Zhao. "A study on product assembly and disassembly time prediction methodology based on virtual maintenance." Assembly Automation 39, no. 4 (September 2, 2019): 566–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-12-2017-177.
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Purpose Based on virtual maintenance, this paper aims to propose a time prediction method of assembly and disassembly (A&D) actions of product maintenance process to enhance existing methods’ prediction accuracy, applicability and efficiency. Design/methodology/approach First, a framework of A&D time prediction model is constructed, which describes the time prediction process in detail. Then, basic maintenance motions which can comprise a whole A&D process are classified into five categories: body movement, working posture change, upper limb movement, operation and grasp/placement. A standard posture library is developed based on the classification. Next, according to motion characteristics, different time prediction methods for each motion category are proposed based on virtual maintenance simulation, modular arrangement of predetermined time standard theory and the statistics acquired from motion experiment. Finally, time correction based on the quantitative evaluation method of motion time influence factors is studied so that A&D time could be predicted with more accuracy. Findings Case study of time prediction of products’ various A&D processes is conducted by implementing the proposed method. The prediction process of diesel cooling fan disassemble time is presented in detail. Through comparison, the advantages and effectiveness of the method are demonstrated. Originality/value This paper proposes a more accurate, efficient and applicable product A&D time prediction method. It can help designers predict A&D time of a product maintenance accurately in early design phases without a physical prototype. It can also provide basis for the verification of maintainability, the balance of the design of product structure and system layout.
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Fong Yee Chan, Fanny. "The perceived effectiveness of overt versus covert promotions." Journal of Product & Brand Management 29, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-06-2018-1912.
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Purpose The purpose of this study contributes to literature on marketing communications by empirically contrasting the effectiveness of a new form of covert promotions (product placement in recipes) and an overt promotion (traditional advertisement). The mediating role of perceived believability of promotional materials and the moderating roles of advertising skepticism and brand awareness were examined based on a conceptual model. Design/methodology/approach A Web-based experiment with 2 (form of promotion: overt versus covert) × 2 (brand awareness: low versus high) between-subjects full factorial design was used. A public sample of 537 participants had participated in the study. The conceptual model was further tested on 106 participants using stimuli of a fictitious brand. Findings A two-stage moderated mediation analysis shows that the perceived believability of promotional materials was a significant mediator of the form of promotion and brand evaluations. Consumers showed a higher level of believability toward covert promotion, which, in turn, led to more positive evaluations of the promoted brand. Advertising skepticism and brand awareness were found to significantly moderate the relationship between form of promotion and attitudes toward the promoted brands. A similar pattern of results was obtained when stimuli of a fictitious brand were used. Originality/value This research addresses an important issue in marketing communication and extends the understanding of the perception of overt and covert promotions by examining the underlying mediating and moderating variables, which have rarely been explored before. The results guide marketers in developing effective marketing communication strategies for well-known, less well-known and even new brands. It also directs policymakers to consider whether integrated branded content in recipes should be disclosed to protect consumers from surreptitious promotions, which may help to lower consumers’ skepticism toward advertising in the long run.
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Whatnall, Megan C., Amanda J. Patterson, and Melinda J. Hutchesson. "Effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions in Vending Machines to Encourage the Purchase and Consumption of Healthier Food and Drinks in the University Setting: A Systematic Review." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030876.
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University food environments typically offer an abundance of unhealthy foods, including through vending machines. This review evaluated the effectiveness of nutrition interventions in vending machines in the university setting. Ten databases were searched for experimental studies published up to July 2019, evaluating nutrition interventions that aimed to encourage the purchase or consumption of healthier foods and drinks in vending machines in the university setting. In total, 401 articles were identified, and 13 studies were included. Studies were pre-post test (n = 7, 54%), randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (n = 5, 38%), and non-randomized controlled trial (n = 1, 8%). Most studies were from the USA (n = 10, 77%) and were published between 2014 and 2018 (n = 9, 69%). Eight interventions (62%) reported positive change in outcomes, including increased number/proportion of sales or revenue from healthier items (n = 6), improved adherence to guidelines for the ratio of healthy/unhealthy products available (n = 1), and improved consumer perception of items available (n = 1). Effective interventions involved the promotion, reduced pricing, increased availability, and/or optimized product placement of healthier items within vending machines. Strategies to improve the nutritional quality of food and drinks in vending machines are warranted. This may be achieved by making healthier options more available and promoting them; however, more robust intervention studies are needed to determine effectiveness.
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Nakayama, Wataru, Ryuichi Matsuki, Yukari Hacho, and Kiyoko Yajima. "A New Role of CFD Simulation in Thermal Design of Compact Electronic Equipment: Application of the Build-up Approach to Thermal Analysis of a Benchmark Model." Journal of Electronic Packaging 126, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1827259.
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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes have proved their high potential as a tool of thermal design of electronic equipment. However, as the product development cycle is shortened, the CFD-based thermal design needs a new format that allows the packaging designer fast and versatile searches for better design options. The most serious factor that slows the CFD-based design is geometric complexity created by packing various components in a tight space of the system box. In a proposed methodology coined “Build-up Approach (BUA),” CFD simulations are conducted on a set of hardware models to gain insight into the effects of component placement on the junction temperature. Two algorithms are introduced before and after CFD simulations: one defines the geometric parameters through singular value decomposition (SVD) of components placement patterns and the other identifies important geometric parameters by means of the Taguchi method. A case study was conducted on a simple hardware model (benchmark model) that embodies essential features of portable electronic equipment. The results proved the effectiveness of these algorithms in measuring the relative importance of geometric parameters and weeding out unimportant geometric details.
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Vernyhora, Svitlana. "The book as an object of advertising." Integrated communications 25242644 (2019): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-2644.2019.7.3.
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In the face of fierce competition in the book market, which is caused by its glut of printed domestic and foreign publishing products, reduction of requests for a printed book because of the development of digital technologies, the publishing industry is undergoing changes and needs innovative means to find new opportunities for development of its activity and promotion of its publications for the reader. The significance of the research topic is based on the need to explore new trends in the use of advertising and PR in book publishing. Purpose of the study: to study the genres and types of advertising used by publishers on pages of book publications and to determine the effectiveness of their use of advertising and PR tools. The object of study is the main and official texts of the book edition. The subject of the research is the effectiveness of the use of advertising and PR tools in order to obtain additional financial resources and promotion of the book in the publishing market. The study found that book advertising is used, first, to promote goods and services (product placement), which allows the publisher to earn additional income, and secondly, to promote the book (copywriting), makes it possible to significantly expand the readership of a particular publication. The author of the article reveals the basic rules and principles of copywriting, gives examples of their effective application in the course of the research.
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Barjaktarova-Valjakova, Emilija, Anita Grozdanov, Ljuben Guguvcevski, Vesna Korunoska-Stevkovska, Biljana Kapusevska, Nikola Gigovski, Aneta Mijoska, and Cvetanka Bajraktarova-Misevska. "Acid Etching as Surface Treatment Method for Luting of Glass-Ceramic Restorations, part 1: Acids, Application Protocol and Etching Effectiveness." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 3 (March 14, 2018): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.147.
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AIM: The purpose of this review is to represent acids that can be used as surface etchant before adhesive luting of ceramic restorations, placement of orthodontic brackets or repair of chipped porcelain restorations. Chemical reactions, application protocol, and etching effect are presented as well.STUDY SELECTION: Available scientific articles published in PubMed and Scopus literature databases, scientific reports and manufacturers' instructions and product information from internet websites, written in English, using following search terms: “acid etching, ceramic surface treatment, hydrofluoric acid, acidulated phosphate fluoride, ammonium hydrogen bifluoride”, have been reviewed.RESULTS: There are several acids with fluoride ion in their composition that can be used as ceramic surface etchants. The etching effect depends on the acid type and its concentration, etching time, as well as ceramic type. The most effective etching pattern is achieved when using hydrofluoric acid; the numerous micropores and channels of different sizes, honeycomb-like appearance, extruded crystals or scattered irregular ceramic particles, depending on the ceramic type, have been detected on the etched surfaces.CONCLUSION: Acid etching of the bonding surface of glass - ceramic restorations is considered as the most effective treatment method that provides a reliable bond with composite cement. Selective removing of the glassy matrix of silicate ceramics results in a micromorphological three-dimensional porous surface that allows micromechanical interlocking of the luting composite.
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Brull, Sorin J., and David G. Silverman. "Pulse Width, Stimulus Intensity, Electrode Placement, and Polarity during Assessment of Neuromuscular Block." Anesthesiology 83, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199510000-00009.
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Background Although the intensity of neurostimulation (i.e., charge) is a product of current intensity and pulse duration, the effects of the latter on the amplitude of evoked response and subjective discomfort are unknown. Therefore, the authors investigated the effects of current intensity and pulse width, and their interaction with electrode placement and polarity, on force translation (FTR), accelerography (ACG), and electromyography (EMG) at the adductor pollics muscle. Methods Ulnar stimulating electrodes were applied in one of two configurations: over the distal forearm and olecranon groove ("A") or 5 cm apart on the distal forearm ("B"). Stimuli for FTR and EMG with current intensities of 20, 40, 60, and 70 mA and pulse widths of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 msec resulted in 16 different charges. These combinations were delivered in each of four orientations: "A-" ("A" configuration with negative electrode distal); "A+", "B-", and "B+" (n = 64 stimuli). Eight stimulus combinations (n = 32 stimuli) were used for ACG. For each monitoring technique, the effects of current intensity, pulse width, electrode polarity, and placement were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA. Pain responses were scored on a 0-100-mm verbal analog scale and analyzed with ANOVA and Fisher's exact test. Results The evoked response amplitude varied directly with current intensity and pulse width. In both electrode placement configurations, the response was greater when the negative electrode was distal. The electrode positioning ("A" vs. "B") had less of an impact on evoked responses than did polarity, regardless of monitoring technique. The evoked pain varied directly with the amplitude of evoked neuromuscular response in all electrode position-polarity combinations. Conclusions The total current charge required for evoking a supramaximal neuromuscular response is much higher than previously appreciated, and electrode polarity is important in attaining a supramaximal plateau. Failure to attain (and maintain) a supramaximal stimulus allows changes in the effectiveness of neurostimulation, thus influencing the magnitude of the evoked neuromuscular response and confounding measurements of neuromuscular block.
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Singh, Anmole. "The English language factor as a litmus test for placement with luxury hotel brands in India." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 11, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-10-2018-0060.
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Purpose Travel and tourism has played an instrumental role in the growth of a progressive Indian economy. Contributing 6.3 per cent to the total Indian gross domestic product in 2015 and expected to rise by 7.3 per cent in 2016, the sector has exhibited positive signs of growth and is delivering to its forecasted potential (WTTC, 2017). To manage this growth, it is estimated that there is an incremental need of 4.9 million people to take up varied job roles. To cater to the growing need and take advantage of being the youngest economy, Skill India mission was launched with a view to training 400 million people by 2022. This paper aims to explore the recruitment of Skill Initiative-certified candidates for Luxury Hotels in India, identify the challenges in recruiting Skill Initiative candidates and explore whether the knowledge of the English language is important to the recruitment of skilled personnel by employers. Design/methodology/approach Primary information was gathered via conversations with industry practitioners to gauge the effectiveness of the hospitality-based curriculum design and to explore the concept of employability and the challenges they face. To measure the effectiveness of a course designed to develop English language proficiencies, interviews were conducted with language trainers. Findings Skill India initiative is not delivering the promise that was expected. The key findings were that the initiative is being perceived as a program for those not willing to help themselves or the marginalized who would have opted out or failed to complete formal education. There should be structural changes in primary education to develop English language skills in particular. The program needs to reconsider the time it allocates to developing soft skills. The biggest barrier to the absorption of candidates after being skilled and certified via the Government’s skilling agenda is poor English language communication, especially verbal expression. Originality/value Although the issue discussed is a genuine bottleneck, there has been no prior formal research on this topic in relation to the Skill India initiative. There is an abundance of literature on the topic of communication skills as it relates to employment and growth, but there is very limited work in the Indian context, especially in relation to the Skill India Initiative. The research forms a platform for various stakeholders, government planners/agencies (for understanding gaps and making necessary changes), training providers (to identify requisite profile of trainers), researchers and industry specialists (to recognize their role and contribution) to build upon and develop.
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Arifin, Jauhari, and Tri Pamungkas. "PERBAIKAN TATA LETAK GUDANG DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE SHARED STORAGE PADA PERUM BULOG SUBDIVRE KARAWANG." Jurnal Media Teknik dan Sistem Industri 3, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35194/jmtsi.v3i1.548.
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Abstract--- Perum Bulog is a general company of state-owned enterprises in the field of logistics which has a role in maintaining national food availability and security such as prices for government purchases, distribution of rice and management of state-owned rice reserves. To maintain availability, products are stored and placed in a warehouse according to their needs and capacities by calculating how long it takes to store and deliver products to be marketed according to consumer demand. In the Bulog Karawang warehouse activity, there are still problems with poor product placement because irregular distances between the placement and shipping areas are caused by inappropriate product storage flow patterns so that loading and unloading activities become ineffective. Based on the existing problems, layout improvement design is carried out using shared storage methods in order to increase the effectiveness of the distance between the doors to the storage area. The steps to redesign using shared storage begin with knowing the warehouse area, warehouse capacity and other warehouse data, as well as collecting data by determining space requirements, determining space allowances, and distance from the entrance to the storage area by using Euclidean Distance. From the results of distance data processing becomes regular and can be known every distance. Based on the comparison of the initial layout and the proposal it is known that by implementing shared storage loading and unloading activities become better and more effective. Keywords ; Allowance, Euclidean Distance, First In First Out (FIFO), Shared StorageAbstrak--- Perum Bulog adalah perusahaan umum badan usaha milik negara di bidang logistik yang memiliki peran dalam menjaga ketersediaan dan ketahanan pangan nasional seperti harga pembelian pemerintah, penyaluran beras dan pengelolaan cadangan beras milik negara. Untuk menjaga ketersediaan, produk disimpan dan diletakan pada suatu gudang sesuai kebutuhan dan kapasitasnya dengan menghitung waktu berapa lama simpan dan pengiriman produk yang akan dipasarkan sesuai permintaan konsumen. Pada aktifitas gudang Bulog Karawang masih mengalami permasalahan penempatan produk yang kurang baik karena tidak teraturnya jarak antar area penempatan dan pengiriman disebabkan tidak sesuai pola aliran penyimpanan produk sehingga aktifitas bongkar muat menjadi tidak efektif. Berdasarkan permasalahan yang ada, dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan perancangan perbaikan tata letak menggunakan metode shared storage dengan tujuan dapat meningkatkan efektifitas jarak antar pintu ke area penyimpanan. Langkah-langkah perancangan ulang menggunakan shared storage dimulai dengan mengetahui luas area gudang, kapasitas gudang dan data gudang lainnya, serta pengumpulan data dengan menentukan kebutuhan ruang, penentuan allowance ruang, dan jarak dari pintu masuk ke area penyimpanan dengan menggunakan Euclidean Distance. Dari hasil pengolahan data jarak menjadi teratur dan dapat diketahui tiap jaraknya. Berdasarkan perbandingan layout awal dan usulan diketahui dengan menerapkan shared storage aktifitas bongkar muat menjadi lebih baik dan efektif.Kata kunci ; Allowance, Euclidean Distance, First In First Out (FIFO), Shared Storage.
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Peng, Chaoqun, Xinglin Zhang, Zhaojing Ou, and Junna Zhang. "Task Planning Considering Location Familiarity in Spatial Crowdsourcing." ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 17, no. 2 (June 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3442698.
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Spatial crowdsourcing (SC) is a popular distributed problem-solving paradigm that harnesses the power of mobile workers (e.g., smartphone users) to perform location-based tasks (e.g., checking product placement or taking landmark photos). Typically, a worker needs to travel physically to the target location to finish the assigned task. Hence, the worker’s familiarity level on the target location directly influences the completion quality of the task. In addition, from the perspective of the SC server, it is desirable to finish all tasks with a low recruitment cost. Combining these issues, we propose a Bi-Objective Task Planning (BOTP) problem in SC, where the server makes a task assignment and schedule for the workers to jointly optimize the workers’ familiarity levels on the locations of assigned tasks and the total cost of worker recruitment. The BOTP problem is proved to be NP-hard and thus intractable. To solve this challenging problem, we propose two algorithms: a divide-and-conquer algorithm based on the constraint method and a heuristic algorithm based on the multi-objective simulated annealing algorithm. The extensive evaluations on a real-world dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
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Loginova, Lyudmila N., and Alexander M. Shash. "Data Mining technologies in managing the assortment of trading companies." Journal of Applied Informatics 16, no. 91 (February 26, 2021): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0649-2021-16-1-99-109.
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In the conditions of fierce competition, satisfaction of all customer needs provides a trading enterprise with a sustainable competitive advantage. With the traditional structure of the assortment, there is a decrease in both the potential and real level of profit, the loss of competitive positions in promising markets, and, therefore, there is a decrease in the stability of the enterprise. The development of an analysis system to determine the specifics of the product range, optimize the range, and adapt it to the conditions of the Russian market is undoubtedly an urgent task. This article provides an overview of trade and IT companies that use data mining technologies. The survey showed that many companies are using data mining technology to improve customer service, turnover and sales in stores. In this regard, the management of Familia decided to develop its own software that will combine the analysis of turnover and sales in the company's stores in order to increase sales and improve the placement of goods in stores so that the client buys the necessary things, increasing the company's profit. The paper shows the possibility of combining several data mining methods in one system; shows the results of the analysis system and shows the effectiveness of the developed analysis system at Familia. The uniqueness of the developed software is the combination of data mining algorithms into one software product. The developed analysis system, based on the joint work of two data mining algorithms K-means and Apriori, allows you to manage the range of trade enterprises, reducing company losses.
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Lopez-Minguez, Sandra, Carolina Serrano-Casorran, Jose A. Guirola, Sergio Rodriguez-Zapater, Cristina Bonastre, and Miguel Angel De Gregorio. "New tracheal stainless steel stent pilot study: twelve month follow-up in a rabbit model." PeerJ 7 (October 8, 2019): e7797. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7797.
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Background Canine tracheal collapse is a complex airway pathology without promising treatment results. Currently nitinol stents are the best surgical option; however, some professionals are doubting if stent placement is the best option due to the associated complications. Objective Determine the technical feasibility, safety, and long-term follow-up after the implantation of a new tracheal stent designed for canine tracheal collapse. Methods Thirteen healthy, adult female New Zealander rabbits were involved in this pilot study.A new intra-tracheal device (Reference number 902711 patent registered as CasMin-Twine) was implanted in ten animals. Deployment was performed under general anesthesia, making a puncture incision via a 21 Gauge needle in the intra-tracheal space where the stent was introduced with a screwing process. The device was fixed to the tracheal wall with a non-absorbable suture. Computerized Tomography (CT) and an endoscopy to study structural abnormalities were performed after 30, 90 and 365 days after stent placement. Results Technical and clinical success was 100%. There was no significant change in behavior or respiratory disorders. CT studies showed no significant alterations. After the 30 days, 60% of the animals showed partial endothelization in the endoscopy study, and only one animal still presented partial endothelization after 12 months. Mucus accumulation was only present in 40% of cases and classified as low, without respiratory consequences. Only one animal presented a single granuloma at caudal stent tip. Conclusions This new tracheal stent (CasMin-Twine) is an effective and safe procedure with promising results, and also shows the possibility of removing the device after endothelization has been produced. New studies should be carried out to evaluate the effectiveness in patients with tracheomalacia. Clinical Significance/Impact This new product can give veterinarians a new option of treatment for this complicated pathology. Minimizing specific equipment for its deployment, CasMin-Twine will be more accessible for all professionals.
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Tafazzoli, Ali, Anuraag Kansal, Peter Lockwood, Charles Petrie, and Alexandra Barsdorf. "The Economic Impact of New Therapeutic Interventions on Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) Symptom Scores in Patients with Alzheimer Disease." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 8, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488140.
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Background/Aims: Few studies have modeled individual Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) symptom scores for Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and assessed the value of therapeutic interventions that can potentially impact them. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of new AD symptomatic treatments on relevant health economic outcomes via their potential effects on cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, irritability, anxiety, and sleep disorder. Methods: We enhanced the previously published AHEAD model (Assessment of Health Economics in Alzheimer’s Disease) by including new variables and functional relations to capture the NPI’s individual neuropsychiatric symptoms in addition to the total NPI score. This update allowed us to study the longitudinal effect of improvements in specific NPI subscale scores and the downstream impact on outcomes such as psychiatric medication use, survival, and institutional placement. Results: The model base-case results showed that a hypothetical treatment with symptomatic effects on anxiety, depression, and irritability NPI subscales was not cost-effective; however, the treatment’s cost-effectiveness was improved once a direct link between NPI subscales and mortality was explored or under relatively stronger treatment effects. Conclusion: Treatments that influence specific symptoms within the overall NPI have the potential to improve patient outcomes in a cost-effective way. This model is a useful tool for evaluating target product profiles of drugs with effect on NPI symptoms in early stages of development.