Relevant bibliographies by topics / Product life cycle - Environmental aspects

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Academic literature on the topic 'Product life cycle - Environmental aspects'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Product life cycle - Environmental aspects"

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Bi, Yan Gang, and Chun Li Liu. "The Sustainable Design of Product Life Cycle." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1572.

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To reduce products’ negative impact on environment, save resources and energy, and recycle materials scientifically and effectively. We use "the sustainable design of product life cycle",it is a design concept. Its guide is prevention in advance, and its basic demands are low-carbon, green, energy conservation and environmental protection. It focuses on the technology in the aspects of design, materials, structure, crafts, circulation, recycling and so on. Its goal is to satisfy the demand of human and develop sustainably at the same time.
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Mahmood, Salwa, Mohd Fahrul Hassan, Abdul Rahman Hemdi, and Muhamad Zameri Mat Saman. "Sustainability in the Product Design: A Review of Recent Development Based on LCA." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.7 (July 4, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.7.16208.

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In order to achieve sustainable product design process, aspects such of environmental, economic and social should be balanced. This paper discussed on sustainability of product design, conceptual basis of life cycle assessment (LCA), review of LCA at several product design, methodology of proposed framework and discussion on strengths and limitations of LCA. This paper proposed to develop a framework for improving the product design process based on LCA tool. The aims is to calculate potential impact of environment, economic and social aspects during product design process. For environmental aspects, LCA tool will be used. For economic and social considerations, life cycle costing (LCC) and social life cycle assessment will be applied respectively. At the end, proposed framework are able to help designers to improve product design by considering all sustainability aspects.
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Tellnes, Lars G. F., Gry Alfredsen, Per Otto Flæte, and Lone Ross Gobakken. "Effect of service life aspects on carbon footprint: a comparison of wood decking products." Holzforschung 74, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0055.

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AbstractCarbon footprint over the life cycle is one of the most common environmental performance indicators. In recent years, several wood material producers have published environmental product declarations (EPDs) according to the EN 15804, which makes it possible to compare the carbon footprint of product alternatives. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of service life aspects by comparing the carbon footprint of treated wood decking products with similar performance expectations. The results showed that the modified wood products had substantially larger carbon footprints during manufacturing than preservative-treated decking materials. Replacement of modified wood during service life creates a huge impact on life cycle carbon footprint, while maintenance with oil provided a large contribution for preservative-treated decking. Hence, service life and maintenance intervals are crucial for the performance ranking between products. The methodological issues to be aware of are: how the functional unit specifies the key performance requirements for the installed product, and whether full replacement is the best modeling option in cases where the decking installation is close to the end of the required service life.
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Diekel, Felice, Natalia Mikosch, Vanessa Bach, and Matthias Finkbeiner. "Life Cycle Based Comparison of Textile Ecolabels." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 6, 2021): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041751.

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Environmental impacts of textile production increased over the last decades. This also led to an increasing demand for sustainable textiles and ecolabels, which intend to provide information on environmental aspects of textiles for the consumer. The goal of the paper is to assess selected labels with regard to their strengths and weaknesses, as well as their coverage of relevant environmental aspects over the life cycle of textiles. We applied a characterization scheme to analyse seven selected labels (Blue Angel Textiles, bluesign®, Cotton made in Africa (CMiA), Cradle to Cradle CertifiedTM, Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS), Global Recycled Standard (GRS), VAUDE Green Shape), and compared their focus to the environmental hotpots identified in the product environmental footprint case study of t-shirts. Most labels focus on the environmental aspects toxicity, water use, and air emissions predominantly in the upstream life cycle phases of textiles (mainly garment production), whereas some relevant impacts and life cycle phases like water in textile use phase remain neglected. We found significant differences between the ecolabels, and none of them cover all relevant aspects and impacts over the life cycle. Consumers need to be aware of these limitations when making purchase decisions.
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Gukasova, A. E., and S. P. Kiseleva. "TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 7 (September 7, 2020): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-7-76-82.

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Actual problems of industry and environmental aspects of their manifestation have been designated. To reduce the negative impact of industry on the environment, the authors suggest using public procurement tools. The main measures carried out by the state in the interests of ensuring environmental-oriented purchases of industrial products have been given. It has been proposed to expand the practice of using life-cycle contracts as the main way of state support for environmental-oriented procurement, which will subsequently allow you to use effectively available resources, taking into account the environmental factor. There is a large number of different methods for determining the stages of the product life cycle. An attempt was made in this article to describe the application of the environmental factor at each stage of the product life cycle using the example of industry.
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Kovačič Lukman, Rebeka, Vasja Omahne, and Damjan Krajnc. "Sustainability Assessment with Integrated Circular Economy Principles: A Toy Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 3856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073856.

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When considering the sustainability of production processes, research studies usually emphasise environmental impacts and do not adequately address economic and social impacts. Toy production is no exception when it comes to assessing sustainability. Previous research on toys has focused solely on assessing environmental aspects and neglected social and economic aspects. This paper presents a sustainability assessment of a toy using environmental life cycle assessment, life cycle costing, and social life cycle assessment. We conducted an inventory analysis and sustainability impact assessment of the toy to identify the hotspots of the system. The main environmental impacts are eutrophication, followed by terrestrial eco-toxicity, acidification, and global warming. The life cycle costing approach examined the economic aspect of the proposed design options for toys, while the social assessment of the alternative designs revealed social impacts along the product life cycle. In addition, different options based on the principles of the circular economy were analysed and proposed in terms of substitution of materials and shortening of transport distances for the toy studied.
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Dwi Astuti, Arieyanti, Rahayu Siwi Dwi Astuti, and Hadiyanto Hadiyanto. "Application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Sugar Industries." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183104011.

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Sugar is one of the main commodities that are needed for human life. The demand of sugar is very high with the trend increase from year to year. This condition makes the sugar industry become a leading industry that must be maintained sustainability. The sustainability of the sugar industry is influenced by the use of energy and natural resources and the resulting environmental impacts. Therefore, an effort is needed to analyze the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts resulting from a product (sugar), by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is a very important tool for the analysis of a process/system from its cradle to grave. This technique is very useful in the estimation of energy usage and environmental load of a product/system. This paper aims to describe the main elements of sugar industries using Life Cycle Assessment.
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Van Rensburg, Melissa L., S’phumelele L. Nkomo, and Ntandoyenkosi M. Mkhize. "Life cycle and End-of-Life management options in the footwear industry: A review." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 599–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20908938.

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It is well recognized globally that the footwear industry contributes to a large waste stream throughout its life cycle. This article reviews the literature pertaining to the life cycle of footwear products and their End-of-Life (EoL) management strategies. The review discusses critical aspects of the footwear industry, commencing with a background on the growth and consumption of footwear products across the globe. The review provides an overview of the environmental impacts of different footwear materials across their life cycles. In this regard, leather materials are given intense focus due to their poor environmental performance. The review further examines proactive and reactive approaches to footwear waste management, whilst additionally exploring the challenges facing EoL footwear recovery. Finally, pyrolysis is examined as a thermochemical treatment process with value due to its potential to recover materials from post-consumer footwear. The significant findings in this review paper are as follows: (a) leather footwear materials have the most detrimental environmental impacts across their life cycle; (b) there is limited scientific literature on thermochemical processes (particularly pyrolysis) as waste recovery options for post-consumer footwear; and (c) several challenges face the recovery of post-consumer footwear products, including inefficient reverse logistics, mixed product recycling and difficulties establishing a value recovery chain. This review paper recommends further research on pyrolysis as a potential post-consumer footwear recovery option. Exploring the viability of new avenues for footwear waste recovery is significant due to its potential to divert this waste stream from landfills and allow a progression toward a more circular economy.
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Vetrova, Maria, and Dinara Ivanova. "Closed Product Life Cycle as a Basis of the Circular Economy." GATR Journal of Business and Economics Review (GATR-JBER) VOL. 5 (4) JAN-MAR. 2021 5, no. 4 (March 13, 2021): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jber.2021.5.4(4).

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Objective – The circular economy aims to preserve the value of products and materials within a closed supply chain. The existing models and decision-making methods for managing the end of the product life cycle are mostly focused on the economic aspects. While the circular economy is aimed at combining environmental, economic and social goals. This article aims to develop a model for enterprise decision-making on the disposal of used products, taking into account socio-environmental and economic factors. Methodology/Technique – The article analyzes the impact of digital technologies on the formation of closed supply chains and the development of a circular economy. At the same time, special attention is focused on the model of a closed product life cycle, as a fundamental element in the formation of a circular economy at the micro and nano levels, as well as the importance of using digital technologies at all stages of the product life cycle. Findings –The methods of product management at the end of the life cycle studied in the article have made it possible to form a simulation decision support model regarding the method of product disposal, taking into account environmental and economic feasibility. Novelty – This study identified the main trends in the development of closed supply chains under the influence of digital technologies in the context of a circular economy. Type of Paper: Review JEL Classification: F42, F43 Keywords: Circular Economy; Digital Technology; Decision-making Model; Closed-loop Supply Chains Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Vetrova, M; Ivanova, D. (2021). Closed Product Life Cycle as a Basis of the Circular Economy, Journal of Business and Economics Review, 5(4) 36–50. https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2021.5.4(4)
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Briem, Ann-Kathrin, Thomas Betten, and Daniel Wehner. "Personalized Life Cycle Assessment – Reflecting Individuality within the Methodological Framework." Matériaux & Techniques 107, no. 5 (2019): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2019030.

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Growing environmental awareness in society increasingly influences individual everyday decisions, such as which product to buy or how to sustainably use it. Yet, available information to support these decisions is often limited, or difficult to understand particularly regarding sustainability. Effective ways of communicating environmental impacts of individual decisions are required to close this gap. While Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an established tool to evaluate environmental impacts of products and services and support environmental decision-making, the results are typically standardized and based on statistical or averaged data. However, for individuals, this information might be irrelevant, as it neglects personal situation, behavior, information need, or individual level of expertise. In tackling those central issues of personalization in LCA, this article focuses on two main questions: How can individual aspects be addressed in LCA and at which stages of the methodology can LCA be personalized? For this purpose, the ISO 14040/44 standards are analyzed regarding individuality, and current approaches in literature are presented. In an explorative approach, this research identifies two general approaches of personalizing LCA. A personalized Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) enables evaluating the environmental impacts of personal(ized) products and conditions. A broader personalization approach based on the flexibility of the methodological framework of LCA aims at providing understandable and relevant results for individual stakeholders. This article provides an overview, outlines key aspects of this vision, and points out further research needs to bring the concept into application.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Product life cycle - Environmental aspects"

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Yu, Chuan, and 余川. "Life cycle analysis of different feedstocks of biodiesel production." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49618027.

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The scarcity of fossil fuel and its environmental impact have shifted the world focus on green innovations At a time when the use of fossil fuel means increasing energy scarcity and an environmental crisis in the world in which we live, we need green innovations now more than ever. Growing attention has been drawn to the use of biofuels, such as bioethanol and biodiesel, which have gradually come to make up part of the total energy supply. Uncertainties about the environmental and ecological aspects of the production and consumption of biofuel still exist despite its rapid development. A life cycle analysis (LCA) evaluates the two principal functional parameters 1) energy efficiency and 2) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) balance of different feedstocks for biodiesel production from the cradle to the grave. By accounting a life cycle analysis stage by stage, we can ascertain the change in GHG emissions and energy demand that result from the various uses of feedstocks for the production of biodiesel. In this thesis, various life cycle analysis models are reviewed and evaluated with emphasis on specific biofuels. Different LCA models depend on different LCA calculation under different situations, including GREET, LEM, SimaPro, etc. The software SimaPro was used to compare the life cycle GHG emissions and energy demand from conventional petroleum fuels and several hydro-processed renewable green diesels. A consistent methodology was used for selected fuel pathways to facilitate relatively equitable comparisons. The building of life cycle flow tree in SimaPro combined the input and output with an emphasis on the following stages 1) raw material farming and acquisition, 2)liquid fuel production, 3)transport, 4)refueling, 5)liquid fuel conversion to biodiesel and 6) end uses. Consistent impact assessment methods were chosen for simulation, equitable comparisons and comprehensive analysis of selected fuel pathways for the calculation of Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Cumulative Energy Demand (CED). However, the results of the entire lifetime estimates vary dramatically in production chains, which make it difficult to take a holistic view about energy intake and yields, economic costs and values, environmental impacts and their benefits. Apart from the diversity in system boundaries and life cycle inventories, a variance in terminologies and the limitations of interdisciplinary communication are the main factors that affect the quality of the results.
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Mechanical Engineering
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Emblemsvåg, Jan. "Activity-based life-cycle assessments in design and management." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32855.

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Chan, Wah-man, and 陳華民. "Application of life cycle analysis (LCA) to consumer product development." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255140.

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Pope, Stephen Michael. "Designing for technology obsolescence through closing the product life cycle : an investigation and evaluation of three successional audio-video products." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23138.

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Newcomb, Patrick James. "Implications of modularity on product design for the life cycle." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17593.

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Yiu, W. Y., and 姚泳儀. "Life cycle assessment in the construction industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576039.

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Muir, Michael Christopher. "Lifecycle Assessment for Strategic Product Design and Management." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19878.

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With the advent of digital imaging technology, the options available to consumers in consumer imaging have increased tremendously. From image capture through image processing and output, many options have emerged; however, the relative environmental impacts of these different options are not clear cut. Simplistically, one might say that the use of a digital camera has a lesser environmental burden than the use of a reloadable film camera because the image produced as a result of using the digital camera avoids chemicals in film developing. However, digital cameras require electronics and computers that need energy; and, energy production is one of the contributors to greenhouse gasses like CO2. Assessment of the environmental impacts of these different options can help provide feedback to decision makers and insights that will help reduce environmental impact through product system design. One tool that has been used to relate environmental impacts with functions provide to consumers through products or services is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA, which has been standardized by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in ISO14000, is used here to evaluate both traditional film and digital imaging systems. Data from publicly available databases and both external and internal Eastman Kodak Company studies were utilized to develop LCA modules for the different processes involved. Product and service business models are explored for both technologies through ten different imaging and output scenarios. The functional unit used is the capture, processing and output of one 4 x6 image. Four impact categories (energy use, greenhouse emission, water use and waste generation) across four life cycle phases (upstream, distribution, use, and end of life) are explored for the ten scenarios. LCA is also evaluated as a tool to help facilitate strategic level environmental performance issues with both new and established business activities. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to evaluate the impact of assumptions made in the course of the assessment and comments are made regarding the effectiveness of LCA for strategic assessment and product service strategies in lowering environmental impact. Results indicate that the lowest impact scenarios are Digital Capture to LCD Display for Greenhouse Emissions and Energy Use and Film Capture to Wholesale Print for Water Use and Waste Generation. Highest impacts were seen for Greenhouse Emissions in the Film Capture to Retail Print scenario. In the Energy Use and Water Use category, the Digital Capture to CRT Computer Display was the highest scenario. For Waste Generation, the Digital Capture to Inkjet Print was the highest impact scenario.
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Choi, Wing-Kei, and 蔡穎琪. "Environmental life-cycle assessment of viaduct construction in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255814.

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Chang, Chi-wai, and 鄭志偉. "Sustainability of products: frameworks reviewand case study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48542830.

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Sustainability is a hot topic for years and sustainability assessment has been generally used as an approach to assess the level of sustainability. For the effect of general products to the development of sustainability, there are existing assessment frameworks in use. However, they are either environmental-focused, or relied mainly on life cycle assessment approach, which has many deficiencies especially in the social aspect. In this paper, history of development of sustainability and relevant principles related to sustainability are extensively reviewed. Those relevant in the context of product assessment, like the nested model of sustainability, strong sustainability, precautionary principle, design of environmental sustainability and sustainability assessment and measurement principles (BellagioSTAMP), are chosen as the foundation theories of development of the new product sustainability assessment framework. Even though the focus is put into assessment of social aspect of sustainability, the framework is designed for the assessment of overall sustainability. The framework comprises of a list of guiding principles, vision and goals and an assessment process. It is suitable for the evaluation of any product, no matter it is in conceptual stage, design stage or already in the market. It can be used for company in any level of maturity in sustainability assessment through allowing them to define their own position and targets. A standard list of measurement is defined and can be used for any product, while product-specific measurement can be defined within the process. A case study is done using iPad2and every step in the process is gone through. The pilot study proves that the framework is logical, easy to use and practical enough to help identifying what needs to be done to contribute into sustainability. Issues are identified in the process of pilot study, including the lifecycle for some products is too short for a meaningful review and remediation follow up; social impacts could be associated with the whole series of product or the general technology instead of specific product under assessment; the comment given by participants in survey or focus group meeting may come from perceived impact instead of actual impact; knock-on effect to other existing products and services may be neglected; and the potential for companies to pretend they are contributing to sustainability but actually not. Nevertheless, these issues are not difficult to be resolved. Future research agenda includes handling of cumulative effect from sales of the product, formalizing the professional qualification of sustainability assessor and improving the practicality of economic and environmental sustainability assessment through the proposed framework. Through this paper, with the creation of a new and practical product sustainability assessment framework, it is believed that the effect of products on sustainability can be evaluated and actions can be identified for them to contribute into sustainability development.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
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Joshi, Surabhi. "Guidelines to integrate life cycle assessment in building design." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31791.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Augenbroe, Godfried; Committee Member: Bayer, Charlene; Committee Member: Gentry, Russell. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Books on the topic "Product life cycle - Environmental aspects"

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Environmental life cycle analysis. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 1997.

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Ministers, Nordic Council of, ed. Product life cycle assessments: Principles and methodology. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1992.

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Streamlined life-cycle assessment. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.

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1964-, Schaltegger S., and Braunschweig Arthur 1959-, eds. Life cycle assessment (LCA)--quo vadis? Basel: Birkhäuser, 1996.

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H. A. Udo de Haes. Life-cycle impact assessment: Striving towards best practice. Pensacola, FL: Society of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, 2002.

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Wenzel, Henrik. Environmental assessment of products. London: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

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Beaufort-Langeveld, Angeline S. H. de 1947- and SETAC (Society), eds. Code of life-cycle inventory practice. Pensacola, Fla: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003.

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Ayres, Robert U. Life cycle analysis and materials/energy forecasting models. Fontainebleau: INSEAD, 1993.

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Ayres, Robert U. Life cycle analysis and materials/energy forecasting models. Fontainebleau: INSEAD, 1993.

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England), Textile Institute (Manchester, ed. Sustainable textiles: Life cycle and environmental impact. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Product life cycle - Environmental aspects"

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Ritzén, S., J. Bäckmar, and M. Norell. "Product development - integration of environmental aspects." In Life Cycle Networks, 152–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6381-5_13.

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Frei, M., and R. Züst. "The Eco-effective Product Design - The Systematic Inclusion of Environmental Aspects in Defining Requirements." In Life Cycle Networks, 163–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6381-5_14.

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Schischke, Karsten, Marina Proske, Rainer Pamminger, Sebastian Glaser, Nils F. Nissen, and Martin Schneider-Ramelow. "The “Environmental Activation Energy” of Modularity and Conditions for an Environmental Payback." In Towards a Sustainable Future - Life Cycle Management, 15–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77127-0_2.

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AbstractSimilar to the meaning of “activation energy” in physics and chemistry, there is a certain environmental investment needed for some circular design approaches: On the example of modular mobile devices, the additional environmental impact of implementing “modularity” is explained. This additional impact can be overcompensated through lifetime extension effects, if the design and related business models trigger the intended circularity effect. The paper systematically categorizes the different variants of modularity, explained on the example of smartphones. Each modularity approach features specific circularity aspects, including repair, upgrade, customization as a means to not over-spec a product, reuse and repurposing of modules. These life cycle management aspects are discussed on the example of various smart mobile products.
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Fet, Annik Magerholm, Luitzen de Boer, and Martina Keitsch. "Looking Beyond the Factory Gates: Life Cycle Assessment, Supply Chain Management and Design for Environment." In Business Transitions: A Path to Sustainability, 45–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22245-0_5.

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AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of the principles of life cycle assessment (LCA), supply chain management (SCM) and design for the environment (DfE). They are all placed at Level 2 in the CapSEM Model as tools for enhancing the product by improving the actual production processes that take place at different stages and subsystems in the life cycle of a product. One way of analysing and ameliorating the environmental performance of a product can be by analysing the environmental aspects and impacts initially by performing a life cycle assessment aimed at finding the most significant environmental impacts in the life cycle of the product. These hotspots can then be identified under different suppliers in the upstream value chain. Results from this analysis should then be addressed in the design of a new product, and further result in changes to the supply chain by supply chain management. An optimal solution for improving the environmental impacts at the different stages of the life cycle of a product, can be achieved at the end by introducing this into design principles as better specification of the performance at each stage in the life cycle of the product. This chapter also introduces green public procurement as a driver for change in the supply chain.
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Brunnhuber, Nadine, Andreas Windsperger, Enrique Alejandro Perdomo Echenique, and Franziska Hesser. "Implementing Ecodesign During Product Development: An Ex-Ante Life Cycle Assessment of Wood-Plastic Composites." In Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management, 23–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29294-1_3.

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AbstractAbout 80% of environmental performance is determined during product development. This study assesses environmental impacts of wood-plastic composite (WPC) boards still in development, to identify impact hot spots and improvement potentials. A seven-step approach to ecodesign implementation was used. It identifies environmental impacts and derives improvement strategies. A life cycle assessment (LCA) according to ISO 14040 was conducted to quantify potential environmental impacts. The WPC boards are made of PVC and wood flour. Impacts mostly result from PVC and electricity consumption for production. Thus, this study proposes replacing PVC with polylactic acid (PLA). Further improvement strategies are increasing material efficiency, energy efficiency, renewable electricity use and secondary plastic input. Increased end of life recycling reduces environmental impacts, compared to incineration only. These changes reduce the initial climate change results of 145 kg CO2 eq by 55%. Thus, early consideration of environmental aspects supports sustainable product development.
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Groiß-Fürtner, Daniela, Claudia Mair-Bauernfeind, and Franziska Hesser. "Proposing a Multi-level Assessment Framework for Social LCA and Its Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals." In Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management, 103–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29294-1_7.

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AbstractIn the context of sustainable product development, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods are used to gain knowledge about environmental hotspots and derive options for improvement. In light of international efforts to promote sustainable development, Social LCA (SLCA) is an emerging method to assess potential socio-economic impacts of products and services. Even when available data is limited in the early stages of materials, process, and product development, the implementation of SLCA benefits target-oriented research and development to support sustainable development. This article introduces a multi-level SCLA framework for accompanying innovation processes. The multi-level framework starts by prioritizing social aspects and proceeds as more and more data becomes available with generic and primary assessments and sets the results in context to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The application of the multi-level SLCA is showcased via a bio-based value chain. The study aims to identify options for social risk reduction and consequently provide recommendations for decision-makers. The results show that options to increase social sustainability can be realized by reducing chemical and fertilizer use or fostering sustainability reporting. By mapping the SLCA results to the SDGs, it could be found that the bio-based value chain at hand mostly contributes to the SDG no. 8.
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Muñoz López, Natalia, José Luis Santolaya Sáenz, and Anna Biedermann. "Methodology of Product Sustainable Redesign. Case Study: Furniture of a Clothing Retail Store." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 175–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_28.

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AbstractCompanies awareness of the impact generated by its products increases and motivates them to develop initiatives to improve their sustainability. In this work, a methodology consisting of three main phases: sustainability assessment, redesign process and comparison of designs, is proposed to obtain more sustainable product designs. Methodology is based on the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) approach, which is applied to simultaneously evaluate environmental, economic and social aspects. In the case study the sustainability improvement of the furniture of a clothing retail store is addressed. A set of indicators are considered to evaluate the sustainability performance of both initial design and redesign. The study concludes that the application of different sustainability strategies allows a significant enhancement of the environmental and economic indicators.
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Keivanpour, Samira. "A Fuzzy Sustainable Quality Function Deployment Approach to Design for Disassembly with Industry 4.0 Technologies Enablers." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 772–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_86.

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AbstractIntegrating sustainability into product design is a proactive circular economy practice and design for disassembly is an essential eco-design practice for complex product manufacturers. Today, industry 4.0 technologies have considerable influence on product life cycle management, and a few studies address the contributions of these technologies to eco-design methods. Designing the appropriate eco-design tool is challenging considering the complexity of products, organizational instruments, the need for integrating diverse databases, customization of the tool, and incorporating the strategic goals. Hence, a systematic approach is required to address the implications of innovative technologies and integrate the different technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects into the design stage. Quality function deployment (QFD) is an effective approach to integrating customers, technical, and business requirements into new product development. Fuzzy Sustainable QFD is an extended version of this method for considering three pillars of sustainability in design and dealing with qualitative linguistic judgments. This paper proposes a Fuzzy sustainable QFD approach to design for disassembly. A numerical example illustrates the application of the proposed method.
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Bay, Christian, Niko Nagengast, Hans-Werner Schmidt, Frank Döpper, and Christian Neuber. "Environmental Assessment of Recycled Petroleum and Bio Based Additively Manufactured Parts via LCA." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 669–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_75.

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AbstractAdditive Manufacturing (AM) as much as sustainability aspects gained increasing attention in the last couple of years. The vision of resource-efficient manufacturing at batch size one is often claimed as an outstanding property of AM. Fused Filament Fabrication, as one of the most used AM technologies, satisfies this statement only in a restricted sense, through simple handling for non-experts and low-cost materials and machines. Next to performance-driven and process-influencing attributes, the question of a general ecological improvement through thermo-mechanical recycling rises. Therefore, recycling options of the thermoplastics are mandatory to explore. Based on the ISO 14040/44 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology two different geometries were environmentally assessed during a primary process cycle, using, and recycling. Each geometry was manufactured by a bio-based polymer and internationally produced (PLA) and petroleum-based locally produced polymer (PP) with a corresponding support filament. The methodological approach demonstrates an option how to evaluate the field of AM and recycling regarding environmental aspects. Furthermore, an adaption of the sensitivity towards industrial parameters (material/energy efficiency) showed an ecological benefit concerning recycling.
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de Winter, A., and J. A. G. Kals. "Environmental Aspects of Sheet Metal Forming." In Life Cycle Networks, 188–200. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6381-5_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Product life cycle - Environmental aspects"

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Choi, Jun-Ki, and Karthik Ramani. "An Integrated Decision Analysis for the Sustainable Product Design." In ASME 2008 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 3rd JSME/ASME International Conference on Materials and Processing. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec_icmp2008-72029.

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Engineering designers consider many aspects surrounding a product’s life in order to meet safety, reliability, quality, manufacturing, and cost requirements. Most of the time this is done in an excellent way and the resulting products offers broad functionality with high quality and reasonable price. However serious considerations of integration of environmental requirements are often missed in the product development process. All products contribute to a range of environmental problems. These problems arise through the entire life cycle of products from the creation to the disposal of products. Design for environment (DfE) is the systematic consideration of design performance with respect to environmental, health, and safety objectives over the full product and process life-cycle. It takes place early in a product’s design or upgrade phase to ensure that the environmental consequences of a product’s life cycle are considered. The key issue to success is how to select the most appropriate and effective strategy for a particular product to reduce environmental impacts without disregarding the business strategies in the decision making process. In this paper, a general framework is proposed to integrate the life cycle assessment and decision analysis for prioritizing the design for environment strategy by considering uncertainty issues exist in the decision making process. A case study is illustrated focusing in the product upgrade phase. The ultimate goal is to provide a design advisory tool for product designers in the hopes of facilitating their complex decision making processes by considering the environmental issues in mind.
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Newcomb, Patrick J., Bert Bras, and David W. Rosen. "Implications of Modularity on Product Design for the Life Cycle." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dtm-1516.

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Abstract Growing concern for the environment has spurred interest in environmentally conscious design and manufacturing. The concept of Design for the Life Cycle encompasses all aspects of a product’s life cycle from initial conceptual design, through normal product use, to the eventual disposal of the product. A product’s architecture, determined during the configuration design stage, plays a large role in determining the product’s life cycle characteristics. In this paper, modularity of product architectures with respect to life cycle concerns, not just product functionality and structure, is defined and applied in the analysis of architecture characteristics. A principal hypothesis underlying this work is that high degree of life cycle modularity can be beneficial across all viewpoints of interest because all interested people will view the product similarly and consistently. An architecture decomposition algorithm from the literature is adopted for partitioning architectures into modules from each life cycle viewpoint. Two measures of modularity are proposed: one that measures module correspondence between several viewpoints, and another that measures coupling between modules. The algorithm and measures are applied to the analysis and redesign of an automotive center console. Results of applying the algorithm and measures accurately reflected our intuitive understanding of the original center console design and predicted the results of our redesign. Furthermore, these measures incorporate only configuration information of the product; hence, can be used before detailed design stages.
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Michalek, Jeremy J., Chris T. Hendrickson, and Jonathan Cagan. "Using Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment to Guide Sustainable Design." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47664.

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Successful design for the environment (DfE) requires the designer to understand the life cycle impact of design decisions. However, estimating life cycle implications of design choices using traditional process-based life cycle assessment (LCA) is typically too time- and resource-intensive to be practical as part of the design process. We examine the use of economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) as a tool to support sustainable design by helping the designer to quickly determine which aspects of the product dominate its lifetime emissions. Compared to traditional process-based LCA, EIO-LCA produces estimates at a more aggregated level using data on economic transactions and emissions from each sector of the economy. However, EIO-LCA computes full supply chain emissions associated with output from a particular sector in seconds, and for many products these aggregate-level data are sufficient to determine which aspects of the product dominate and to guide sustainable design efforts. We explore two product design examples where a quick scoping exercise with EIO-LCA identifies clear areas of focus for design improvement and innovation.
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Serra, Angela, Sergio Gandini, Simone Colantoni, Giulio Buia, Luca Fantaccione, Pietro Bartocci, and Francesco Fantozzi. "Additive Manufacturing Versus Investment Casting for a Gas Turbine Component: a Social Life Cycle Comparison." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-77981.

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Abstract Currently the Energy Industry and Industrial Power Plants are committed to support sustainable development balancing environmental, economic, and social benefits. As the first two aspects are fully covered by environmental lifecycle assessment and life cycle costing, the third one is covered only for the portion regarding human health while other aspects, like local employment, contribution to economic development, supplier’s relationship, are not so easy to be measured. Social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) is considered a powerful tool to measure and improve a company’s sustainability. Yet there is not a unique way of measuring how a company or even a product is impacting on the well-being of the society. In general, S-LCA is seen as an opportunity to improve a company’s reputation, it can help handling social aspects in the lifecycle of a product or service. S-LCA methodology is evolving since 1996 when first attempt to evaluate the social impact of a product rose and many methodologies and databases are now available; at present the phase of S-LCA development is the research of standardization. A use case of S-LCA application to a gas turbine component will be presented comparing the impact of moving the production of one component from Investment Casting to Additive Manufacturing plus insourcing coating execution: proving the benefit of applying S-LCA to products. The findings allow comparing design and manufacturing alternatives to maximize sustainability of a product manufacturing.
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Yang, Dongfang. "The application of Life Cycle Assessment in sustainable furniture system design." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001987.

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a quantitative methodology to assess the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems. Considering the sustainable furniture production and consumption system is one of the challenges that should be addressed and improved for a better quality of life for residents and lower pollution levels for the environment. The International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook by the European Commission has defined 23 LCA applications within which developing design strategies is one. Considering 80% of environmental impacts are decided in the design stage, the research explores LCA's application in sustainable furniture system design by reviewing former articles. The study aims to define furniture design strategies based on LCA analysis. Methods: This research presents a systematic review of 165 articles and books (2000 - 2021) of Life cycle assessment research on furniture. These articles are chosen from Scopus and Google scholar, based on the relation to furniture LCA and impact factor, to make the literature review reliable. It analyses papers in the following three aspects—first, the assessed object(s) and the LCA objectives; second, LCA methods used in articles; and third, the recommended design strategies. The main findings: Reviewed articles generally belong to two categories, case study research and literature review. The exploration provides an overview of LCA supporting sustainable furniture design in 4 different levels: material level, product life cycle level, product service system level and company level. As a result, the research proposes a framework and maps the reviewed furniture design strategies onto this framework. The proposed framework shows design strategies in these four levels: material design, furniture life cycle design, product service system design, and value chain management. The framework also shows how various design strategies contribute to sustainable furniture design and visualizes linkages, overlaps and complementarities between these strategies based on quantitative LCA results.Discussion: Even though these articles proposed many strategies, we are unsure whether some strategies are missing. What is more, if we want to use these design strategies to support practical design activities, an important step is to define the priorities of different strategies in these four levels. This framework needs further assessment and confrontation among experts to make the framework comprehensive and meaningful in real work.
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Walters, Justin, and Amin Mirkouei. "Social Life Cycle Assessment of Computer-Aided Design Tools." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22576.

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Abstract Social life cycle assessment (SLCA) is a newly developed concept that is used to assess the potential positive and negative social impacts of products and services. However, the existing approaches have not focused on improving social aspects in the execution of computer-aided design (CAD) software. The Idaho National Laboratory’s Materials and Fuels Complex is currently using Creo Parametric CAD software to design all experimental equipment. The purpose of this study is to conduct a socio-environmental life cycle assessment on the existing design procedures and present the findings and possible solutions to upper management. A comparison was performed to highlight the differences between the procedures. To determine the social effects, the Social Hotspots Database in OpenLCA was used in connection with a low, medium, high, and very high scale, which was used to quantify specific social categories. The social categories developed for this study include communication, rework time, time spent investigating non-normal methods of task completion, excessive working time, and social impacts of electricity usage. The environmental aspects were calculated by gathering data on carbon dioxide emissions per computer, utilizing the Creo software. The results produced through the calculations show that in all three areas of interest, the proposed approach decreased time and carbon dioxide emissions as well as an increase in employee satisfaction. Due to the virtually nonexistent SLCA studies in relation to the use of CAD software, it is anticipated that this study will provide a starting point for a more in-depth analysis of engineering departments.
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Eastwood, Michael D., Karl R. Haapala, Matthew D. Carter, and Paul W. Liner. "Product and Process Design for Sustainable Assembly." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63272.

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Abstract Design and manufacturing engineers often focus on technical performance and cost as primary factors in the design of components and assemblies. With a changing market and a growing list of regulations, however, manufacturing decision makers must address economic, environmental, and social aspects of sustainability in product design and manufacturing. Current methods and tools for conducting such sustainability assessments often consider corporate level metrics and lack the detail necessary to assist engineering decision making at the product and process level. A sustainability assessment method is presented that takes advantage of unit process modeling and life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches to assist in product assembly design. The combination of these two approaches facilitates process level sustainability assessment by addressing unit manufacturing and assembly operations, while identifying relevant economic, environmental, and social metrics. This method is demonstrated to evaluate alternate product and process designs for an aircraft-like assembly.
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Germani, Michele, Marco Mandolini, Marco Marconi, Alessandro Morbidoni, and Marta Rossi. "Eco-Design Platform Within an Extended Enterprise: How to Implement It?" In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34340.

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Nowadays, the environmental issue has become increasingly important and has taken a leading role in the product design process. The product sustainability pass through the use of specific software tools supporting the design phase. Their integration, to build up a platform, is a key aspect toward the implementation of an effective eco-design approach. Even if the approaches presented in literature to create an eco-design platform aim to integrate environmental aspects during the design process, a proper tools integration is not existing. To overcome these limitations, the paper presents an eco-design platform in which tools for the improvement of the product environmental characteristics are contained. The tools of the platform are used to calculate the environmental impact of a product for each product life cycle phase: manufacturing, transportation, use and End of Life. The platform is completed by a tool containing the eco-design guidelines, also specific for the industrial sector of the company, used to suggest the designers how to improve the product eco-sustainability. The end users of the platform consist of designers from the design office but also from every department relevant for the project, mainly R&D, production, purchasing department, and quality. In particular, the following roles have been considered as users: designer, product manager, environmental manager and buyer. Designers and company experts use the same workspace, made of different tools. They can detail all the product life cycle phases, quantify the product performances, modify its characteristics and verify the improvements obtained without change the traditional design process in a radical way.
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Musacchio, Alessandro, Andrea Corona, Luca Cencioni, Angela Serra, Pietro Bartocci, and Francesco Fantozzi. "Defining Key Environmental Performance Factors (KEPF) for Gas Turbines Eco-Design and Production Through Life Cycle Assessment." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15335.

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Abstract Nowadays environmental impact assessment of a new product is necessary to meet rising sustainability requirements also in the Oil & Gas and Power Generation markets, especially for industrial gas turbines. From the conceptual phase to the detailed design, engineer’s work is supported by a wide range of tools aimed to define and evaluate typical parameters such as performances, life and costs, etc. However, considering environmental impact aspects from the early stages of product development may not be easy if the involved engineers are not provided by a specific Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) knowledge. Scope of this paper is to introduce and explain the development of a methodology aimed to define and evaluate the Key Environmental Performance Factors (KEPF) during the whole design process. The proposed methodology enables easy and fast eco-design evaluations and supports sustainable design assessments. Preliminary analysis of the entire processes involved in gas turbine (GT) design and production as well as testing and commissioning phases were performed to evaluate which factors affect mostly the Carbon Footprint of each process, referred to their specific functional unit. Extrapolating the KEPF from Cradle-to-Gate LCA they can be combined with case-specific qualitative and quantitative information such as material selection, manufacturing processes, mass quantity, presence of coatings etc. to provide environmental assessments. A case study of LCA applied to a heavy-duty GT is presented to outline the relative weight of each KEPF.
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Kalyan-Seshu, Uma-Sankar, and Bert Bras. "Integrating DFX Tools With Computer-Aided Design Systems." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/dac-5621.

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Abstract The growing emphasis on environmentally conscious design and manufacturing approaches has placed new burdens on designers. The amount of information available to designers is of great significance in making life cycle assessments on a product. However, well-established commercial CAD systems do not provide means for evaluating most of the different life cycle aspects of the product being modeled. Hence there is a need to have a CAD-environment where the life cycle tools (DFX tools in this work) are integrated with these systems so that life cycle design is made possible. In the research discussed in this paper, the specific focus is to enable the quantification and enhancement of product assemblability, serviceability, recyclability, remanufacturability, de-manufacturability, and life cycle impact during product design. Guidelines for integrating some of the commercially available CAD packages (I-DEAS and Pro/ENGINEER) to these assessment models, and ways to use the input information to some these assessments for making other assessments are developed. A case study is given to illustrate the approach.
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Reports on the topic "Product life cycle - Environmental aspects"

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Lu, Bin, Bo Li, Xiaolong Song, and Jianxin Yang. Multi Life Cycle Assessment: A Potential Assessment Method for Product Lifespan and Environmental Performance. University of Limerick, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/10225.

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VanZomeren, Christine, Kevin Philley, Nia Hurst, and Jacob Berkowitz. Wildrice (Zizania palustris; Manoomin) biology, functions and values, and soil physiochemical properties affecting production : a review of available literature. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47513.

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Wildrice (Zizania palustris L.) is an annual aquatic emergent plant primarily distributed across portions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Canada. Wildrice requires narrow environmental conditions that vary throughout its life cycle. Environmental conditions required include water levels between 15 and 90 cm, slow flowing water, anaerobic soil, and circum-neutral pH. Wildrice production and abundance is most often limited by nitrogen availability. Both short- and long-term changes in local conditions impact distribution and abundance of wildrice at local and regional scales. Reported declines in wildrice production have increased interest in evaluating changing environmental conditions, specifically within the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Wildrice, or manoomin, is an important food and cultural resource, and remains important to native peoples throughout the region, including the Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians. This report provides a review of literature related to wildrice and examines potential factors affecting its production in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. This report highlights cultural and traditional values, functions and values of wildrice, and unique chemical and physical aspects of the environment where wildrice grow. Additionally, this report synthesizes the data gathered in the literature review, identifies knowledge gaps, and provides research opportunities for improved wildrice production in the Great Lakes region.
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Nilsson Lewis, Astrid, Kaidi Kaaret, Eileen Torres Morales, Evelin Piirsalu, and Katarina Axelsson. Accelerating green public procurement for decarbonization of the construction and road transport sectors in the EU. Stockholm Environment Institute, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2023.007.

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Public procurement of goods and services contributes to about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In the EU, public purchasing represents 15% of its GDP, acting as a major influencer on the market through the products and services acquired by governments from the local to national levels. The public sector has a role to play in leveraging this purchasing power to achieve the best societal value for money, particularly as we scramble to bend the curve of our planet’s warming. Globally, the construction and transport sectors each represent about 12% of government procurements’ GHG emissions. Furthermore, these sectors’ decarbonization efforts demand profound and disruptive technological shifts. Hence, prioritizing these sectors can make the greatest impact towards reducing the environmental footprint of the public sector and support faster decarbonization of key emitting industries. Meanwhile, the EU committed to achieving 55% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Drastic emissions reductions are needed at an unprecedented speed and scale to achieve this goal. Green Public Procurement (GPP) is the practice of purchasing goods and services using environmental requirements, with the aim of cutting carbon emissions and mitigating environmental harm throughout the life cycle of the product or service. While the EU and many of its Member States alike have recognized GPP as an important tool to meet climate goals, the formalization of GPP requirements at the EU level or among local and national governments has been fragmented. We call for harmonization to achieve the consistency, scale and focus required to make GPP practices a powerful decarbonization tool. We surveyed the landscape of GPP in the EU, with a focus on construction and road transport. Through interviews and policy research, we compiled case studies of eight Member States with different profiles: Sweden, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Estonia, Poland, Spain and Italy. We used this information to identify solutions and best practices, and to set forth recommendations on how the EU and its countries can harmonize and strengthen their GPP policies on the path toward cutting their contributions to climate change. What we found was a scattered approach to GPP across the board, with few binding requirements, little oversight and scant connective tissue from national to local practices or across different Member States, making it difficult to evaluate progress or compare practices. Interviewees, including policy makers, procurement experts and procurement officers from the featured Member States, highlighted the lack of time or resources to adopt progressive GPP practices, with no real incentive to pursue it. Furthermore, we found a need for more awareness and clear guidance on how to leverage GPP for impactful societal outcomes. Doing so requires better harmonized processes, data, and ways to track the impact and progress achieved. That is not to say it is entirely neglected. Most Member States studied highlight GPP in various national plans and have set targets accordingly. Countries, regions, and cities such as the Netherlands, Catalonia and Berlin serve as beacons of GPP with robust goals and higher ambition. They lead the way in showing how GPP can help mitigate climate change. For example, the Netherlands is one of the few countries that monitors the effects of GPP, and showed that public procurement for eight product groups in 2015 and 2016 led to at least 4.9 metric tons of avoided GHG emissions. Similarly, a monitoring report from 2017 showed that the State of Berlin managed to cut its GHG emissions by 47% through GPP in 15 product groups. Spain’s Catalonia region set a goal of 50% of procurements using GPP by 2025, an all-electric in public vehicle fleet and 100% renewable energy powering public buildings by 2030. Drawing from these findings, we developed recommendations on how to bolster GPP and scale it to its full potential. In governance, policies, monitoring, implementation and uptake, some common themes exist. The need for: • Better-coordinated policies • Common metrics for measuring progress and evaluating tenders • Increased resources such as time, funding and support mechanisms • Greater collaboration and knowledge exchange among procurers and businesses • Clearer incentives, binding requirements and enforcement mechanisms, covering operational and embedded emissions With a concerted and unified movement toward GPP, the EU and its Member States can send strong market signals to the companies that depend on them for business, accelerating the decarbonization process that our planet requires.
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PR-472-144505-R02 Development of Guidance on Subsea Launchers and Receivers. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010035.

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Various subsea pig launching and receiving systems have been designed and built, and some of these have seen actual usage offshore. However, subsea pig launching / receiving on pipeline systems that have been in service remains rare, and there are concerns in the industry regarding the safety, operational reliability, technical complexity and environmental impact of subsea pig launching / receiving. This may have a negative effect on overall integrity management and maintenance strategies for subsea pipeline systems, and thus may lead to greater likelihood of pipeline failures. As a minimum, it causes a great deal of uncertainty in risk assessments. This document aims to provide guidance on the various aspects of a subsea pig launch-ing/receiving campaign, from conception to execution. This includes describing industry best practices for each phase of the project life cycle (design, execution, operation), as well as general project contracting and project management.
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