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Journal articles on the topic 'Processing Impairment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Bishop, D. V. M., R. P. Carlyon, J. M. Deeks, and S. J. Bishop. "Auditory Temporal Processing Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42, no. 6 (December 1999): 1295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4206.1295.

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2

Miner, Tori, and Adam Buchwald. "Distinguishing Morphological Processing Impairment from Phonological Impairment in Aphasia." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 23 (2011): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.171.

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3

Pereira, Diana Nakamura, Wellington da Cruz Souza, Ariella Fornachari Ribeiro Belan, Marina von Zuben de Arruda Camargo, Orestes Vicente Forlenza, and Marcia Radanovic. "Sentence processing in mild cognitive impairment." Journal of Neurolinguistics 63 (August 2022): 101070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2022.101070.

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4

Jentschke, Sebastian, Stefan Koelsch, Stephan Sallat, and Angela D. Friederici. "Children with Specific Language Impairment Also Show Impairment of Music-syntactic Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 11 (November 2008): 1940–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20135.

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Both language and music consist of sequences that are structured according to syntactic regularities. We used two specific event-related brain potential (ERP) components to investigate music-syntactic processing in children: the ERAN (early right anterior negativity) and the N5. The neural resources underlying these processes have been posited to overlap with those involved in the processing of linguistic syntax. Thus, we expected children with specific language impairment (SLI, which is characterized by deficient processing of linguistic syntax) to demonstrate difficulties with music-syntactic processing. Such difficulties were indeed observed in the neural correlates of music-syntactic processing: neither an ERAN nor an N5 was elicited in children with SLI, whereas both components were evoked in age-matched control children with typical language development. Moreover, the amplitudes of ERAN and N5 were correlated with subtests of a language development test. These data provide evidence for a strong interrelation between the language and the music processing system, thereby setting the ground for possible effects of musical training in SLI therapy.

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Mollon, Josephine, Samuel R. Mathias, Emma E. M. Knowles, Amanda Rodrigue, Marinka M. G. Koenis, Godfrey D. Pearlson, Abraham Reichenberg, et al. "Cognitive impairment from early to middle adulthood in patients with affective and nonaffective psychotic disorders." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718003938.

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AbstractBackgroundCognitive impairment is a core feature of psychotic disorders, but the profile of impairment across adulthood, particularly in African-American populations, remains unclear.MethodsUsing cross-sectional data from a case–control study of African-American adults with affective (n = 59) and nonaffective (n = 68) psychotic disorders, we examined cognitive functioning between early and middle adulthood (ages 20–60) on measures of general cognitive ability, language, abstract reasoning, processing speed, executive function, verbal memory, and working memory.ResultsBoth affective and nonaffective psychosis patients showed substantial and widespread cognitive impairments. However, comparison of cognitive functioning between controls and psychosis groups throughout early (ages 20–40) and middle (ages 40–60) adulthood also revealed age-associated group differences. During early adulthood, the nonaffective psychosis group showed increasing impairments with age on measures of general cognitive ability and executive function, while the affective psychosis group showed increasing impairment on a measure of language ability. Impairments on other cognitive measures remained mostly stable, although decreasing impairments on measures of processing speed, memory and working memory were also observed.ConclusionsThese findings suggest similarities, but also differences in the profile of cognitive dysfunction in adults with affective and nonaffective psychotic disorders. Both affective and nonaffective patients showed substantial and relatively stable impairments across adulthood. The nonaffective group also showed increasing impairments with age in general and executive functions, and the affective group showed an increasing impairment in verbal functions, possibly suggesting different underlying etiopathogenic mechanisms.

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6

Leekam, Susan. "Social cognitive impairment and autism: what are we trying to explain?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1686 (January 19, 2016): 20150082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0082.

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Early psychological theories of autism explained the clinical features of this condition in terms of perceptual and sensory processing impairments. The arrival of domain-specific social cognitive theories changed this focus, postulating a ‘primary’ and specific psychological impairment of social cognition. Across the years, evidence has been growing in support of social cognitive and social attention explanations in autism. However, there has also been evidence for general non-social cognitive impairments in representational understanding, attention allocation and sensory processing. Here, I review recent findings and consider the case for the specificity and primacy of the social cognitive impairment, proposing that we should focus more explicitly on clinically valid features for insights on the integration of ‘social’ and ‘non-social’ cognition.

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Rubinsztein, Judy S., Barbara J. Sahakian, and John T. O'Brien. "Understanding and managing cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder in older people." BJPsych Advances 25, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2018.74.

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SUMMARYBipolar disorder is less prevalent in older people but accounts for 8–10% of psychiatric admissions. Treating and managing bipolar disorder in older people is challenging because of medical comorbidity. We review the cognitive problems observed in older people, explore why these are important and consider current treatment options. There are very few studies examining the cognitive profiles of older people with bipolar disorder and symptomatic depression and mania, and these show significant impairments in executive function. Most studies have focused on cognitive impairment in euthymic older people: as in euthymic adults of working age, significant impairments are observed in tests of attention, memory and executive function/processing speeds. Screening tests are not always helpful in euthymic older people as the impairment can be relatively subtle, and more in-depth neuropsychological testing may be needed to show impairments. Cognitive impairment may be more pronounced in older people with ‘late-onset’ bipolar disorder than in those with ‘early-onset’ disorder. Strategies to address symptomatic cognitive impairment in older people include assertive treatment of the mood disorder, minimising drugs that can adversely affect cognition, optimising physical healthcare and reducing relapse rates.LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this article you will be able to: •understand that cognitive impairment in euthymic older people with bipolar disorder is similar to that in working-age adults with the disorder, affecting attention, memory and executive function/processing speeds•recognise that cognitive impairment in older people is likely to be a major determinant of functional outcomes•Implement approaches to treat cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder.DECLARATION OF INTERESTB.J.S. consults for Cambridge Cognition, PEAK (www.peak.net) and Mundipharma.

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8

Palmieri, Arianna, Gianni Sorarù, Carla D'Ascenzo, Silvia Balestreri, Giorgio Arcara, Mario Ermani, Elena Pegoraro, and Carlo Semenza. "Specific numerical processing impairment in ALS patients." Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration 14, no. 1 (September 6, 2012): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17482968.2012.719235.

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9

Claessen, Mary, Suze Leitão, Robert Kane, and Cori Williams. "Phonological processing skills in specific language impairment." International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 15, no. 5 (January 17, 2013): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2012.753110.

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10

Schwartz, Richard G., Arild Hestvik, Liat Seiger-Gardner, and Diana Almodovar. "Processing Binding Relations in Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59, no. 6 (December 2016): 1384–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-l-15-0107.

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Purpose This sentence processing experiment examined the abilities of children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with typical language development (TD) to establish relations between pronouns or reflexives and their antecedents in real time. Method Twenty-two children with SLI and 24 age-matched children with TD (7;3–10;11 [years;months]) participated in a cross-modal picture priming experiment to determine whether they selectively activated the correct referent at the pronoun or reflexive in sentences. Triplets of auditory sentences, identical except for the presence of a pronoun, a reflexive, or a noun phrase along with a picture probe were used. Results The children with TD were slightly more accurate in their animacy judgments of pictures, but the groups exhibited the same reaction time (RT) pattern. Both groups were slower for sentences with pronouns than with reflexives or noun phrases. The children with SLI had longer RTs than their peers with TD. Conclusions Children with SLI activated only the appropriate antecedent at the pronoun or reflexive, reflecting intact core knowledge of binding as was true for their TD peers. The overall slower RT for children with SLI suggests that any deficit may be the result of processing deficits, perhaps attributable to interference effects.

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11

Hillis, Argye E., Brenda Rapp, Cristina Romani, and Alfonso Caramazza. "Selective impairment of semantics in lexical processing." Cognitive Neuropsychology 7, no. 3 (May 1990): 191–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643299008253442.

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12

Hillis, A. E. "Selective impairment of semantics in lexical processing." Neurocase 4, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 399ab—427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neucas/4.4.399-ab.

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13

Watkins, Ruth V. "Processing problems and language impairment in children." Topics in Language Disorders 11, no. 1 (November 1990): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-199011000-00008.

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14

Zhang, Lei, Chunyan Zhu, Rong Ye, Zhaolun Cao, Yanghua Tian, Ping Yang, Panpan Hu, and Kai Wang. "Impairment of conflict processing in alexithymic individuals." Neuroscience Letters 504, no. 3 (October 2011): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.043.

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15

Fujita, Kenichi, Yoshikazu Shutara, Hiroto Takeuchi, Yoshihiko Koga, and Kenichi Takemasa. "Impairment of early cortical processing in dementia." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 87, no. 2 (August 1993): S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(93)91191-3.

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16

Ju, Daushen. "Information-Processing Approach in Studying Memory Impairment." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 43, no. 3 (March 1998): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/001550.

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17

Piccirilli, Massimo, Patrizia D’Alessandro, Norma Micheletti, Sara Macone, Laura Scarponi, Paola Arcelli, Stefania Maria Petrillo, Mauro Silvestrini, and Simona Luzzi. "Impairment of homonymous processing in Alzheimer’s disease." Neurological Sciences 36, no. 8 (January 30, 2015): 1331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-015-2085-5.

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18

Brown, Stephen, Rohit Shankar, and Kathryn Smith. "Borderline personality disorder and sensory processing impairment." Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry 13, no. 4 (July 2009): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pnp.127.

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19

Young, Andrew W., Ian Reid, Simon Wright, and Deborah J. Hellawell. "Face-Processing Impairments and the Capgras Delusion." British Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 5 (May 1993): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.5.695.

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Investigations of two cases of the Capgras delusion found that both patients showed face-processing impairments encompassing identification of familiar faces, recognition of emotional facial expressions, and matching of unfamiliar faces. In neither case was there any impairment of recognition memory for words. These findings are consistent with the idea that the basis of the Capgras delusion lies in damage to neuro-anatomical pathways responsible for appropriate emotional reactions to familiar visual stimuli. The delusion would then represent the patient's attempt to make sense of the fact that these visual stimuli no longer have appropriate affective significance.

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20

Cárdenas, José, María J. Blanca, Fernando Carvajal, Sandra Rubio, and Carmen Pedraza. "Emotional Processing in Healthy Ageing, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052770.

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Emotional processing, particularly facial expression recognition, is essential for social cognition, and dysfunction may be associated with poor cognitive health. In pathological ageing conditions, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), in which cognitive impairments are present, disturbed emotional processing and difficulty with social interactions have been documented. However, it is unclear how pathological ageing affects emotional processing and human social behaviour. The aim of this study is to provide insight into how emotional processing is affected in MCI and AD and whether this capacity can constitute a differentiating factor allowing the preclinical diagnosis of both diseases. For this purpose, an ecological emotional battery adapted from five subsets of the Florida Affect Battery was used. Given that emotion may not be separated from cognition, the affect battery was divided into subtests according to cognitive demand, resulting in three blocks. Our results showed that individuals with MCI or AD had poorer performance on the emotional processing tasks, although with different patterns, than that of controls. Cognitive demand may be responsible for the execution patterns of different emotional processing tests. Tasks with moderate cognitive demand are the most sensitive for discriminating between two cognitive impairment entities. In summary, emotional processing tasks may aid in characterising the neurocognitive deficits in MCI or AD. Additionally, identifying these deficits may be useful for developing interventions that specifically target these emotional processing problems.

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Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan, and P. Jidesh. "Frontiers in Retinal Image Processing." Journal of Imaging 8, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8100265.

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22

Van Rheenen, Tamsyn Elizabeth, and Susan Lee Rossell. "Let's Face It: Facial Emotion Processing Is Impaired in Bipolar Disorder." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 20, no. 2 (January 15, 2014): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713001367.

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AbstractPatients with bipolar disorder (BD) have difficulty in recognizing and discriminating facial emotions. However, beyond this broad finding, existing literature is equivocal about the specific nature of impairments, and progress toward adequately profiling facial emotion processing in BD is hampered by methodological inconsistencies. The current study aimed to advance the literature by comparing 50 BD patients and 52 controls on a series of facial emotion processing tasks. Results indicated that patients with BD had a small, yet consistent impairment in emotion processing overall. This impairment did not vary as a function of specific emotions, tasks, or intensities between groups, and was not influenced by current mood state. These results suggest that past inconsistencies in the literature are unlikely to be attributable to task related artifacts influencing the estimation of an effect. These findings add to our understanding of social cognition in BD, and have important implications for clinicians treating patients with the disorder. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–9)

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23

Devi, P. Rama, K. Sahaja, S. Santrupth, M. P. Tony Harsha, and K. Balasubramanyam Reddy. "Blind Assistance System using Image Processing." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 2232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41102.

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Abstract: Eye diseases usually cause blindness and visual impairment. According to the World Health Organization, around 40 million people are blind, while another 250 million have some form of visual impairment. They come across many troubles in their daily life, especially while navigating from one place to another on their own. They often depend on others for help to satisfy their day-to-day needs. So, it is quite a challenging task to implement a technological solution to assist them. Several technologies have been developed for the assistance of visually impaired people. One such attempt is that we would wish to make an Integrated Machine Learning System that allows the blind victims to identify and classify real-time objects generating voice feedback and distance. Which also produces warnings whether they are very close or far away from the thing. Keywords: Blindness, Visual impairment, Machine Learning, Real-time objects

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24

Montgomery, James W. "Haptic Recognition of Children With Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 1 (February 1993): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3601.98.

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Children with specific language impairment (SLI) have been shown to exhibit deficient nonlinguistic symbolic functioning as indexed by their poor haptic recognition. Previous findings from conventional haptic tasks may be confounded because subject responses required cross-modal processing. The present study compared the haptic processing of children with SLI and children with normal language (NL) using one cross-modal and two tactile response conditions to isolate the influence of cross-modal processing on haptic recognition. Results showed that children with SLI and those with NL performed (a) similarly when the response modality was tactile and task requirements were minimal and (b) differently when the response demands included cross-modal processing or increased symbolic and memory processing. The results were interpreted to suggest that (a) children with SLI and those with NL possess comparable nonlinguistic representational abilities as indexed by haptic processing and (b) deficient cross-modal processing and limited capacity processing are two likely sources of the overall poorer haptic functioning of children with SLI.

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Gorter, M., J. G. Röttgering, V. Belgers, M. R. van Lingen, P. C. De Witt Hamer, L. Douw, and M. Klein. "OS09.4.A Cognitive functioning of patients with diffuse glioma during stable disease." Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_2 (September 1, 2022): ii20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac174.063.

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Abstract Background Glioma patients often experience cognitive problems, which are associated with decreased functional independence and health-related quality of life. However, the prevalence and nature of cognitive impairment in these patients is relatively underreported, particularly during stable disease. In this study we determine the prevalence of cognitive deficits and explore distinct cognitive profiles of patients with diffuse glioma at least two months after tumor treatment. Material and Methods A total of 112 patients (mean age: 43 years) without clinical or radiological progression with a grade II-IV glioma were included in this observational cohort study. Cognitive functioning was assessed in five cognitive domains (attention, information processing speed, verbal memory, working memory, and executive functioning). Cognitive impairment was defined as a z-score of 1.5 SD below that of healthy controls. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to examine cognitive profiles. Results In total, 46 patients (41%) had cognitive impairment. More than one domain was impaired in 25 of these patients (54%). The domains were affected in decreasing order of frequency: working memory in 31%, information processing speed in 22%, attention in 19%, verbal memory in 12%, and executive functioning in 11% of the patients. A clustered heatmap revealed three prominent cognitive clusters with an increasing number of cognitive domains impaired. The first cluster displayed patients with only working memory deficits, patients in the second cluster also had deficits in information processing speed, and the last cluster showed patients with impairments across all domains. Conclusion Cognitive impairment is highly prevalent in patients with diffuse glioma during stable disease. Working memory and information processing speed are most frequently affected. Importantly, our analyses show evidence for three subgroups in cognitively impaired glioma patients. Working memory seems an important driver in cognitive impairment given the involvement in all subgroups.

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Defrin, Ruth, Martina Amanzio, Marina de Tommaso, Violeta Dimova, Sasa Filipovic, David P. Finn, Lydia Gimenez-Llort, et al. "Experimental pain processing in individuals with cognitive impairment." PAIN 156, no. 8 (August 2015): 1396–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000195.

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Gonçalves, Óscar F., Tiago Reis Marques, Nicolás F. Lori, Adriana Sampaio, and Miguel Castelo Branco. "Obsessive–compulsive disorder as a visual processing impairment." Medical Hypotheses 74, no. 1 (January 2010): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.048.

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28

Revheim, Nadine, Pamela D. Butler, Isaac Schechter, Maria Jalbrzikowski, Gail Silipo, and Daniel C. Javitt. "Reading impairment and visual processing deficits in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 87, no. 1-3 (October 2006): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.022.

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Turetsky, Bruce I., Paul J. Moberg, Kiana Owzar, Sarah C. Johnson, Richard L. Doty, and Raquel E. Gur. "Physiologic impairment of olfactory stimulus processing in schizophrenia." Biological Psychiatry 53, no. 5 (March 2003): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01865-6.

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30

Braff, D. L., M. A. Geyer, W. Perry, and N. R. Swerdlow. "Information processing impairment: A clinical & neurodevelopmental perspective." Biological Psychiatry 39, no. 7 (April 1996): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(96)83957-6.

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31

Healy, Eric W. "Across-Frequency Processing by Listeners With Hearing Impairment." Perspectives on Hearing and Hearing Disorders Research and Diagnostics 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2004): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/hhd8.2.9.

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32

WHITTAKER, J. F., J. F. W. DEAKIN, and B. TOMENSON. "Face processing in schizophrenia: defining the deficit." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 3 (April 2001): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701003701.

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Background. Abnormalities of face affect naming and face recognition occur in schizophrenia but it is not clear whether the deficits reflect wider underlying impairments of perception, memory, language or executive function.Method. Twenty-six patients with schizophrenia were compared with 23 healthy volunteers on neuropsychological tests and tests of face and affect processing. Face and non-face tests were compared at four levels of processing: visuo-spatial perception, recognition memory, language and naming, and executive function. We examined relationships with drug dose, duration of illness and pre-morbid and current IQ.Results. Patients and controls did not differ in estimated pre-morbid IQ but current IQ was 12 points lower in patients. At each level of processing there were correlated deficits of face and non-face processing in the patients that were mostly independent of IQ decline. Impaired face and non-face visuo-spatial function and recognition performance were generally correlated with drug dose. Impairments in naming face emotions were correlated with other non-face naming tasks independently of drug dose. Patients performed less well than controls in classifying faces by emotion while ignoring identity and this was associated with poorer performance in Wisconsin Card Sorting.Conclusions. The pattern of results suggests that deficits in face processing reflect three wider neuropsychological impairments: a drug-related impairment of visual imagery, and disease-related impairments of semantic retrieval and executive function.

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De Visscher, Alice, Marie-Pascale Noël, Mauro Pesenti, and Valérie Dormal. "Developmental Dyscalculia in Adults: Beyond Numerical Magnitude Impairment." Journal of Learning Disabilities 51, no. 6 (September 23, 2017): 600–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219417732338.

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Numerous studies have tried to identify the core deficit of developmental dyscalculia (DD), mainly by assessing a possible deficit of the mental representation of numerical magnitude. Research in healthy adults has shown that numerosity, duration, and space share a partly common system of magnitude processing and representation. However, in DD, numerosity processing has until now received much more attention than the processing of other non-numerical magnitudes. To assess whether or not the processing of non-numerical magnitudes is impaired in DD, the performance of 15 adults with DD and 15 control participants was compared in four categorization tasks using numerosities, lengths, durations, and faces (as non-magnitude-based control stimuli). Results showed that adults with DD were impaired in processing numerosity and duration, while their performance in length and face categorization did not differ from controls’ performance. Our findings support the idea of a nonsymbolic magnitude deficit in DD, affecting numerosity and duration processing but not length processing.

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Latysheva, N. V., E. G. Filatova, and D. V. Osipova. "Chronic pain, depression and cognitive impairment: a close relationship." Neuromuscular Diseases 8, no. 3 (October 26, 2018): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/2222-8721-2018-8-3-34-42.

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Over a half of chronic pain (CP) patients present with cognitive complaints, which increase their disability and impact quality of life. The paper reviews objective impairments in memory, attention, processing speed and executive function demonstrated in the CP population. The paper also reviews common pathology underlying cognitive impairment and CP: neuroplasticity in the shared brain areas, neurotransmitter and other molecular mechanisms. Common mechanisms in CP and depression precipitating cognitive impairment are also discussed. The paper also compares the potential of different antidepressants to improve cognitive functions in depression and CP.

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35

Channon, Shelley. "Impairments in Deductive Reasoning and Working Memory in Parkinson’s Disease." Behavioural Neurology 10, no. 1 (1997): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/721396.

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This study was designed to investigate the nature and extent of executive impairments in medicated subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) and matched control subjects. They performed two tasks involving strategic processing, deductive reasoning and memory updating. PD patients differed significantly from controls in solving two- and four-dimensional deductive reasoning problems, and they also showed impairment in memory updating. The findings are discussed in relation to previous studies which have shown deficits in strategic processing in PD.

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Libben, Gary. "Semantic Transparency in the Processing of Compounds: Consequences for Representation, Processing, and Impairment." Brain and Language 61, no. 1 (January 1998): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.1997.1876.

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37

Chieffi, Sergio. "Dysfunction of Magnocellular/dorsal Processing Stream in Schizophrenia." Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews 15, no. 1 (May 2, 2019): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400515666190119163522.

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Background: Patients with schizophrenia show not only cognitive, but also perceptual deficits. Perceptual deficits may affect different sensory modalities. Among these, the impairment of visual information processing is of particular relevance as demonstrated by the high incidence of visual disturbances. In recent years, the study of neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie visuo-perceptual, -spatial and -motor disorders in schizophrenia has increasingly attracted the interest of researchers. Objective: The study aims to review the existent literature on magnocellular/dorsal (occipitoparietal) visual processing stream impairment in schizophrenia. The impairment of relatively early stages of visual information processing was examined using experimental paradigms such as backward masking, contrast sensitivity, contour detection, and perceptual closure. The deficits of late processing stages were detected by examining visuo-spatial and -motor abilities. Results: Neurophysiological and behavioral studies support the existence of deficits in the processing of visual information along the magnocellular/dorsal pathway. These deficits appear to affect both early and late stages of visual information processing. Conclusion: The existence of disturbances in the early processing of visual information along the magnocellular/dorsal pathway is strongly supported by neurophysiological and behavioral observations. Early magnocellular dysfunction may provide a substrate for late dorsal processing impairment as well as higher-level cognition deficits.

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Clough, Meaghan, Jade Bartholomew, Owen B. White, and Joanne Fielding. "Working Memory Phenotypes in Early Multiple Sclerosis: Appraisal of Phenotype Frequency, Progression and Test Sensitivity." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 10 (May 23, 2022): 2936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102936.

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Working memory (WM) impairments are common and debilitating symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), often emerging early in the disease. Predominantly, WM impairments are considered in a binary manner, with patients considered either impaired or not based on a single test. However, WM is comprised of different activated subcomponents depending upon the type of information (auditory, visual) and integration requirements. As such, unique WM impairment phenotypes occur. We aimed to determine the most frequent WM phenotypes in early MS, how they progress and which WM test(s) provide the best measure of WM impairment. A total of 88 participants (63 early relapsing–remitting MS: RRMS, 25 healthy controls) completed five WM tests (visual–spatial, auditory, episodic, executive) as well as the symbol digit modalities test as a measure of processing speed. RRMS patients were followed-up for two years. Factors affecting WM (age/gender/intelligence/mood) and MS factors (disease duration/disability) were also evaluated. Some 61.9% of RRMS patients were impaired on at least one WM subcomponent. The most subcomponents impaired were visual,–spatial and auditory WM. The most common WM phenotypes were; (1) visual–spatial sketchpad + episodic buffer + phonological loop + central executive, (2) visual–spatial sketchpad + central executive. The test of visual–spatial WM provided the best diagnostic accuracy for detecting WM impairment and progression. The SDMT did not achieve diagnostic accuracy greater than chance. Although this may be unsurprising, given that the SDMT is a measure of cognitive processing speed in MS, this does highlight the limitation of the SDMT as a general screening tool for cognitive impairment in early MS.

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Koohi, Nehzat, Gilbert Thomas-Black, Paola Giunti, and Doris-Eva Bamiou. "Auditory Phenotypic Variability in Friedreich’s Ataxia Patients." Cerebellum 20, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12311-021-01236-9.

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AbstractAuditory neural impairment is a key clinical feature of Friedreich’s Ataxia (FRDA). We aimed to characterize the phenotypical spectrum of the auditory impairment in FRDA in order to facilitate early identification and timely management of auditory impairment in FRDA patients and to explore the relationship between the severity of auditory impairment with genetic variables (the expansion size of GAA trinucleotide repeats, GAA1 and GAA2), when controlled for variables such as disease duration, severity of the disease and cognitive status. Twenty-seven patients with genetically confirmed FRDA underwent baseline audiological assessment (pure-tone audiometry, otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem response). Twenty of these patients had additional psychophysical auditory processing evaluation including an auditory temporal processing test (gaps in noise test) and a binaural speech perception test that assesses spatial processing (Listening in Spatialized Noise-Sentences Test). Auditory spatial and auditory temporal processing ability were significantly associated with the repeat length of GAA1. Patients with GAA1 greater than 500 repeats had more severe auditory temporal and spatial processing deficits, leading to poorer speech perception. Furthermore, the spatial processing ability was strongly correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an association between genotype and auditory spatial processing phenotype in patients with FRDA. Auditory temporal processing, neural sound conduction, spatial processing and speech perception were more severely affected in patients with GAA1 greater than 500 repeats. The results of our study may indicate that auditory deprivation plays a role in the development of mild cognitive impairment in FRDA patients.

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Boccuni, Leonardo, Sarah Meyer, Simon S. Kessner, Nele De Bruyn, Bea Essers, Bastian Cheng, Götz Thomalla, et al. "Is There Full or Proportional Somatosensory Recovery in the Upper Limb After Stroke? Investigating Behavioral Outcome and Neural Correlates." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 32, no. 8 (July 10, 2018): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968318787060.

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Background. Proportional motor recovery in the upper limb has been investigated, indicating about 70% of the potential for recovery of motor impairment within the first months poststroke. Objective. To investigate whether the proportional recovery rule is applicable for upper-limb somatosensory impairment and to study underlying neural correlates of impairment and outcome at 6 months. Methods. A total of 32 patients were evaluated at 4 to 7 days and 6 months using the Erasmus MC modification of the revised Nottingham Sensory Assessment (NSA) for impairment of (1) somatosensory perception (exteroception) and (2) passive somatosensory processing (sharp/blunt discrimination and proprioception); (3) active somatosensory processing was evaluated using the stereognosis component of the NSA. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained within 1 week poststroke, from which lesion load (LL) was calculated for key somatosensory tracts. Results. Somatosensory perception fully recovered within 6 months. Passive and active somatosensory processing showed proportional recovery of 86% (95% CI = 79%-93%) and 69% (95% CI = 49%-89%), respectively. Patients with somatosensory impairment at 4 to 7 days showed significantly greater thalamocortical and insulo-opercular tracts (TCT and IOT) LL ( P < .05) in comparison to patients without impairment. Sensorimotor tract disruption at 4 to 7 days did not provide significant contribution above somatosensory processing score at 4 to 7 days when predicting somatosensory processing outcome at 6 months. Conclusions. Our sample of stroke patients assessed early showed full somatosensory perception but proportional passive and active somatosensory processing recovery. Disruption of both the TCT and IOT early after stroke appears to be a factor associated with somatosensory impairment but not outcome.

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Joshua, Nicole, Tamsyn E. Van Rheenen, David J. Castle, and Susan L. Rossell. "Taking It at “Face Value”: The Use of Face Processing Strategies in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 22, no. 6 (June 3, 2016): 652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617716000412.

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AbstractObjectives: Use of appropriate face processing strategies is important for facial emotion recognition, which is known to be impaired in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). There is preliminary evidence of abnormalities in the use of face processing strategies in the former, but there has been no explicit attempt to assess face processing in patients with BD. Methods: Twenty-eight BD I, 28 SZ, and 28 healthy control participants completed tasks assessing featural and configural face processing. The facial inversion effect was used as a proxy of second order configural face processing and compared to featural face processing performance (which is known to be relatively less affected by facial inversion). Results: Controls demonstrated the usual second-order inversion pattern. In the BD group, the absence of a second-order configural inversion effect in the presence of a disproportionate bias toward a featural inversion effect was evident. Despite reduced accuracy performance in the SZ group compared to controls, this group unexpectedly showed a normal second-order configural accuracy inversion pattern. This was in the context of a reverse inversion effect for response latency, suggesting a speed-versus-accuracy trade-off. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to explicitly examine and contrast face processing in BD and SZ. Our findings indicate a generalized impairment on face processing tasks in SZ, and the presence of a second-order configural face processing impairment in BD. It is possible that these face processing impairments represent a catalyst for the facial emotion recognition deficits that are commonly reported in the literature. (JINS, 2016, 22, 652–661)

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Dobryakova, E., S. L. Costa, G. R. Wylie, J. DeLuca, and H. M. Genova. "Altered Effective Connectivity during a Processing Speed Task in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 22, no. 2 (February 2016): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715001034.

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AbstractObjectives: Processing speed impairment is the most prevalent cognitive deficit in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the neural mechanisms associated with processing speed remain under debate. The current investigation provides a dynamic representation of the functioning of the brain network involved in processing speed by examining effective connectivity pattern during a processing speed task in healthy adults and in MS individuals with and without processing speed impairment. Methods: Group assignment (processing speed impaired vs. intact) was based on participants’ performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities test (Parmenter, Testa, Schretlen, Weinstock-Guttman, & Benedict, 2010). First, brain regions involved in the processing speed task were determined in healthy participants. Time series from these functional regions of interest of each group of participants were then subjected to the effective connectivity analysis (Independent Multiple-Sample Greedy Equivalence Search and Linear, Non-Gaussian Orientation, Fixed Structure algorithms) that showed causal influences of one region on another during task performance. Results: The connectivity pattern of the processing speed impaired group was significantly different from the connectivity pattern of the processing speed intact group and of the healthy control group. Differences in the strength of common connections were also observed. Conclusions: Effective connectivity results reveal that MS individuals with processing speed impairment not only have connections that differ from healthy participants and MS individuals without processing speed impairment, but also have increased strengths of connections. (JINS, 2016, 22, 216–224)

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Pomarol-Clotet, E., F. Hynes, C. Ashwin, E. T. Bullmore, P. J. McKenna, and K. R. Laws. "Facial emotion processing in schizophrenia: a non-specific neuropsychological deficit?" Psychological Medicine 40, no. 6 (September 24, 2009): 911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709991309.

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BackgroundIdentification of facial emotions has been found to be impaired in schizophrenia but there are uncertainties about the neuropsychological specificity of the finding.MethodTwenty-two patients with schizophrenia and 20 healthy controls were given tests requiring identification of facial emotion, judgement of the intensity of emotional expressions without identification, familiar face recognition and the Benton Facial Recognition Test (BFRT). The schizophrenia patients were selected to be relatively intellectually preserved.ResultsThe patients with schizophrenia showed no deficit in identifying facial emotion, although they were slower than the controls. They were, however, impaired on judging the intensity of emotional expression without identification. They showed impairment in recognizing familiar faces but not on the BFRT.ConclusionsWhen steps are taken to reduce the effects of general intellectual impairment, there is no deficit in identifying facial emotions in schizophrenia. There may, however, be a deficit in judging emotional intensity. The impairment found in naming familiar faces is consistent with other evidence of semantic memory impairment in the disorder.

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Rhodus, Elizabeth K., Elizabeth G. Hunter, Graham D. Rowles, Shoshana H. Bardach, Kelly Parsons, Justin Barber, MaryEllen Thompson, and Gregory A. Jicha. "Sensory Processing Abnormalities in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: A Mixed Methods Study." Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 8 (January 2022): 233372142110682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23337214211068290.

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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia often leads to behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Sensory processing abnormalities may be associated with BPSD. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships among sensory processing, behavior, and environmental features within the homes of people with MCI or dementia. This project used mixed methods to assess participants’ sensory processing, care partner perspectives on behaviors, and in situ observations of the home environment. Nine participants with cognitive impairment (MCI n = 8, early dementia = 1) and their care partners were included. Seven participants with cognitive impairment were reported to have abnormal sensory processing. Findings suggest that unique environmental adaptations, tailored to personal and sensory preferences for each participant, were associated with a decreased level of behavioral disruption during the observation periods. Implementing sensory-based approaches to maximize environment adaptation may be beneficial in reducing disruptive behaviors for adults with cognitive impairment.

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Moschopoulos, Nikolaos, Ioannis Nimatoudis, Stergios Kaprinis, Kosmas Boutsikos, Christos Sidiras, and Vasiliki Iliadou. "Implications for Early Diagnosis and Treatment in Schizophrenia Due to Correlation between Auditory Perceptual Deficits and Cognitive Impairment." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 4557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194557.

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It is indicated that auditory perception deficits are present in schizophrenia and related to formal thought disorder. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association of auditory deficits with cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. An experimental group of 50 schizophrenia patients completed a battery of auditory processing evaluation and a neuropsychological battery of tests. Correlations between neuropsychological battery scores and auditory processing scores were examined. Cognitive impairment was correlated with auditory processing deficits in schizophrenia patients. All neuropsychological test scores were significantly correlated with at least one auditory processing test score. Our findings support the coexistence of auditory processing disorder, severe cognitive impairment, and formal thought disorder in a subgroup of schizophrenia patients. This may have important implications in schizophrenia research, as well as in early diagnosis and nonpharmacological treatment of the disorder.

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., Umashanker Sahu. "DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR LTI FIBER IMPAIRMENT COMPENSATION." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 02, no. 10 (October 25, 2013): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2013.0210024.

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Hanley, J. Richard, Kim Hastie, and Janice Kay. "Developmental Surface Dyslexia and Dysgraphia: An Orthographic Processing Impairment." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 44, no. 2 (February 1992): 285–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724989243000046.

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This study presents a detailed investigation of a young man in his early twenties who has suffered from a severe spelling impairment since childhood, and currently has a spelling age of only 9 years and 2 months. In contrast with the developmental phonological dyslexics reported by Campbell and Butterworth (1985) and Funnell and Davison (1989), his performance on tests of phonological awareness is good. In addition, he can read and spell non-words competently and, unlike normal 9-year-old children, virtually all of his spelling errors are phonologically appropriate. Further analysis of these errors reveals that he has knowledge of many of the different ways in which a given phoneme can be written, and that he uses phoneme-to-grapheme correspondences at the end of a word that are different from those he uses earlier in a word. However, he finds it difficult to spell words that contain uncommon phoneme-to-grapheme correspondences, which is compatible with the view that he has not developed an orthographic spelling lexicon. Although his oral reading of words is prompt and generally accurate, analysis of his lexical decision performance and the way that he defines homophones indicate that he does not have fully specified lexical entries available for reading either. We suggest that he suffers from a general orthographic processing deficit, and relies instead upon the combination of sub-lexical phonology and a lexicon that contains only partial information about way in which words are spelt. This leads to reasonably competent reading, even of many irregular words, but produces very poor spelling. It is argued that qualitatively different types of developmental dyslexia do genuinely exist, but that reading impairments are likely to be much more pronounced in children who have a phonological rather than an orthographic processing deficit.

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Schneider, Frank, Ruben C. Gur, Kathrin Koch, Volker Backes, Katrin Amunts, N. Jon Shah, Warren Bilker, Raquel E. Gur, and Ute Habel. "Impairment in the Specificity of Emotion Processing in Schizophrenia." American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 3 (March 2006): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.442.

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Albuquerque, Luisa, Maurício Martins, Miguel Coelho, Leonor Guedes, Joaquim J. Ferreira, Mário Rosa, and Isabel Pavão Martins. "Advanced Parkinson disease patients have impairment in prosody processing." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 38, no. 2 (November 23, 2015): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2015.1100279.

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Brunsdon, Ruth, Max Coltheart, and Lyndsey Nickels. "Severe developmental letter-processing impairment: A treatment case study." Cognitive Neuropsychology 23, no. 6 (September 2006): 795–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643290500310863.

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