Journal articles: 'Processes and metrics'

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Shepperd, M. "Products, processes and metrics." Information and Software Technology 34, no. 10 (October 1992): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-5849(92)90072-w.

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André, Charles. "Stroke treatment: metrics and processes." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 73, no. 6 (June 2015): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20150090.

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Desharnais, Josée, Vineet Gupta, Radha Jagadeesan, and Prakash Panangaden. "Metrics for labelled Markov processes." Theoretical Computer Science 318, no. 3 (June 2004): 323–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2003.09.013.

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Castro, Pablo Samuel. "Scalable Methods for Computing State Similarity in Deterministic Markov Decision Processes." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 06 (April 3, 2020): 10069–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i06.6564.

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We present new algorithms for computing and approximating bisimulation metrics in Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). Bisimulation metrics are an elegant formalism that capture behavioral equivalence between states and provide strong theoretical guarantees on differences in optimal behaviour. Unfortunately, their computation is expensive and requires a tabular representation of the states, which has thus far rendered them impractical for large problems. In this paper we present a new version of the metric that is tied to a behavior policy in an MDP, along with an analysis of its theoretical properties. We then present two new algorithms for approximating bisimulation metrics in large, deterministic MDPs. The first does so via sampling and is guaranteed to converge to the true metric. The second is a differentiable loss which allows us to learn an approximation even for continuous state MDPs, which prior to this work had not been possible.

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Hölttä, Vesa, and Heikki Koivo. "Performance metrics for web-forming processes." Journal of Process Control 21, no. 6 (July 2011): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2011.03.008.

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Muketha, G. M., A. A. A. Ghani, M. H. Selamat, and R. Atan. "Complexity Metrics for Executable Business Processes." Information Technology Journal 9, no. 7 (September 15, 2010): 1317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2010.1317.1326.

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Daudelin, Denise H., Laura E. Peterson, Lisa C. Welch, Redonna Chandler, Mridu Pandey, Farzad Noubary, Philip L. Lee, and Harry P. Selker. "Implementing Common Metrics across the NIH Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) consortium." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, no. 1 (November 26, 2019): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.425.

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AbstractThe Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Consortium and the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) undertook a Common Metrics Initiative to improve research processes across the national CTSA Consortium. This was implemented by Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute at the 64 CTSA academic medical centers. Three metrics were collaboratively developed by NCATS staff, CTSA Consortium teams, and outside consultants for Institutional Review Board Review Duration, Careers in Clinical and Translational Research, and Pilot Award Publications and Subsequent Funding. The implementation program included training on the metric operational guidelines, data collection, data reporting system, and performance improvement framework. The implementation team provided small-group coaching and technical assistance. Collaborative learning sessions, driver diagrams, and change packages were used to disseminate best and promising practices. After 14 weeks, 84% of hubs had produced a value for one metric and about half had produced an initial improvement plan. Overall, hubs reported that the implementation activities facilitated their Common Metrics performance improvement process. Experiences implementing the first three metrics can inform future directions of the Common Metrics Initiative and other research groups implementing standardized metrics and performance improvement processes, potentially including other National Institutes of Health institutes and centers.

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Yakovyna, Vitalii, and Bohdan Uhrynovskyi. "User-perceived Response Metrics in Android OS for Software Aging Detection." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Ìnformacìjnì sistemi ta merežì 9 (June 10, 2021): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sisn2021.09.032.

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Mobile systems and devices including Android are vulnerable to the effects of software aging which are manifested in performance degradation during long run-time. It is important to identify efficient system and user interface metrics for detecting and counteracting the software aging effects. The aging metrics used in researches of the Android operating system do not take into account the aging processes in user applications. Therefore, this paper discusses two new graphical user interface metrics that allow to track performance degradation and user applications response time: Frame Draw Time and Janky Frames (dropped or delayed frames). Test framework was implemented to perform stress testing of mobile applications in the Android operating system, to collect system state data during stress test performing and to map obtained raw data into time series. Calculated time series are used for further analysis and study of system and graphical user interface metrics. The considered metrics have been compared to the previously used Android Activity Launch Time metric and RAM usage metrics. Practical results have shown that Frame Draw Time and Janks Frames metrics provide data, which can be useful in most scenarios of mobile application using. Therefore, it is proposed to use the two new metrics in combination with other previously used metrics to detect aging trends in the system state and to study the phenomenon of software aging in general. It is noted that the Frame Draw Time metric value can be mapped to states with determined thresholds for transition between these states. These states and thresholds provide the possibility of developing mathematical models based on Markov chains or forecasting the time to aging-failure using regression methods. The need of further study of the correlations between Frame Draw Time metric, Janky Frames metric and metrics of memory usage by different system processes has been identified. Thus, the expediency of using the proposed metrics in future studies of the aging phenomenon in the Android operating system is substantiated, in particular, the effectiveness of the proposed metrics could be checked for different mobile use cases and for different types of mobile applications.

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Salas, Eduardo, and Stephen M. Fiore. "Macrocognition Metrics: Meaningful Measures for Complex Processes." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100453.

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Increasingly we see business functions and military operations engaging systems that are interconnected and interdependent with an even greater degree of cognitive work distributed among people and machines. From this we will see an increased need to understand how individuals and teams in these environments are able to work together to plan, think, decide, solve problems, and take action as integrated units. This panel brings together leading researchers from the burgeoning field of macrocognition to discuss their research. In cognitive engineering and related scientific disciplines the term macrocognition has been contrasted with microcognition to illustrate differing types of cognitive processes. What complicates the issue is that these distinctions consider not only the realization of cognition in the real world but also a level of analysis. Panel members will discuss issues arising out of research to understand complex and collaborative activities in vivo and in situ and in the development of the appropriate metrics to measure dynamic cognitive processes in such environments.

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Shaw, Robert, and Carolyn White. "better managed processes CREATE better marketing metrics." Measuring Business Excellence 3, no. 4 (April 1999): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb025584.

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Ferns, Norm, Prakash Panangaden, and Doina Precup. "Bisimulation Metrics for Continuous Markov Decision Processes." SIAM Journal on Computing 40, no. 6 (January 2011): 1662–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/10080484x.

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Elloumi, Nessrine, Habiba Loukil Hadj Kacem, Nilanjan Dey, Amira S. Ashour, and Med Salim Bouhlel. "Perceptual Metrics Quality." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2017010105.

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A 3D mesh can be subjected to different types of operations, such as compression, watermarking etc. Such processes lead to geometric distortions compared to the original version. In this context, quantifying the resultant modifications to the original mesh and evaluating the perceptual quality of degraded meshes become a critical issue. The perceptual 3D meshes quality is central in several applications to preserve the visual appearance of these treatments. The used metrics results have to be well correlated to the visual perception of humans. Although there are objective metrics, they do not allow the prediction of the perceptual quality, and do not include the human visual system properties. In the current work, a comparative study between the perceptual quality assessment metrics for 3D meshes was conducted. The experimental study on subjective database published by LIRIS / EPFL was used to test and to validate the results of six metrics. The results established that the Mesh Structural Distortion Measure metric achieved superior results compared to the other metrics.

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Schuhmacher, Dominic, and Aihua Xia. "A new metric between distributions of point processes." Advances in Applied Probability 40, no. 3 (September 2008): 651–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1222868180.

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Most metrics between finite point measures currently used in the literature have the flaw that they do not treat differing total masses in an adequate manner for applications. This paper introduces a new metric d̅1 that combines positional differences of points under a closest match with the relative difference in total mass in a way that fixes this flaw. A comprehensive collection of theoretical results about d̅1 and its induced Wasserstein metric d̅2 for point process distributions are given, including examples of useful d̅1-Lipschitz continuous functions, d̅2 upper bounds for the Poisson process approximation, and d̅2 upper and lower bounds between distributions of point processes of independent and identically distributed points. Furthermore, we present a statistical test for multiple point pattern data that demonstrates the potential of d̅1 in applications.

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Lehuta, Sigrid, Stéphanie Mahévas, Pascal Le Floc’h, and Pierre Petitgas. "A simulation-based approach to assess sensitivity and robustness of fisheries management indicators for the pelagic fishery in the Bay of Biscay." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, no. 12 (December 2013): 1741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0066.

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Indicators are widely promoted as means to monitor ecosystem status or to evaluate fisheries management performance. “Which indicators are most relevant as decision-support tools in fisheries management?” still remains a topical question. Indicators should be metrics related to fish populations and fleets and should be sensitive to management strategies. However, given the complexity of the processes involved, it is often difficult to unequivocally interpret variations in metrics. A simulation approach was used to study metric properties and to identify robust and relevant fishery indicators. By applying sensitivity analysis methods, simulation designs were built that cross a variety of management scenarios and uncertainty hypotheses. Bio-economic outputs were simulated using a mechanistic model (ISIS-Fish), and their properties were statistically analyzed. This approach was applied to the pelagic fishery of the Bay of Biscay. The analysis of metric properties highlighted the major factors driving variations in each metric and identified the important sources of uncertainty that need to be reduced to allow the use of metrics as indicators. Although very few metrics gave robust indications of management performance, sensitivity indices evidenced how management performances could be improved, and spatially disaggregated metrics provided insights into the mechanisms underlying management performance.

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Levy, Emily J., Matthew N. Zipple, Emily McLean, Fernando A. Campos, Mauna Dasari, Arielle S. Fogel, Mathias Franz, et al. "A comparison of dominance rank metrics reveals multiple competitive landscapes in an animal society." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1934 (September 9, 2020): 20201013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1013.

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Across group-living animals, linear dominance hierarchies lead to disparities in access to resources, health outcomes and reproductive performance. Studies of how dominance rank predicts these traits typically employ one of several dominance rank metrics without examining the assumptions each metric makes about its underlying competitive processes. Here, we compare the ability of two dominance rank metrics—simple ordinal rank and proportional or ‘standardized’ rank—to predict 20 traits in a wild baboon population in Amboseli, Kenya. We propose that simple ordinal rank best predicts traits when competition is density-dependent, whereas proportional rank best predicts traits when competition is density-independent. We found that for 75% of traits (15/20), one rank metric performed better than the other. Strikingly, all male traits were best predicted by simple ordinal rank, whereas female traits were evenly split between proportional and simple ordinal rank. Hence, male and female traits are shaped by different competitive processes: males are largely driven by density-dependent resource access (e.g. access to oestrous females), whereas females are shaped by both density-independent (e.g. distributed food resources) and density-dependent resource access. This method of comparing how different rank metrics predict traits can be used to distinguish between different competitive processes operating in animal societies.

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Castiglioni, Valentina. "Trace and Testing Metrics on Nondeterministic Probabilistic Processes." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 276 (August 24, 2018): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.276.4.

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Bilow, Steven C., Doug Lea, Karl Freburger, and Dennis de Champeaux. "Processes and metrics for object-oriented software development." ACM SIGPLAN OOPS Messenger 5, no. 2 (April 1994): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/260304.260337.

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Omair, Badr, and Ahmad Alturki. "Taxonomy of Fraud Detection Metrics for Business Processes." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 71364–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2987337.

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Jalas, Chaim, Emre Seli, and Richard T. Scott. "Key metrics and processes for validating embryo diagnostics." Fertility and Sterility 114, no. 1 (July 2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.053.

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Feng, Shaw C., Kumaraguru Senthilkumaran, Christopher U. Brown, and Boonserm Kulvatunyou. "Energy metrics for product assembly equipment and processes." Journal of Cleaner Production 65 (February 2014): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.044.

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Meyer, Al. "Metrics and Processes for F-22 Requirements Management." INCOSE International Symposium 9, no. 1 (June 1999): 1502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.1999.tb00337.x.

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Tzortzis, Ioannis, Charalambos D. Charalambous, Themistoklis Charalambous, Christoforos N. Hadjicostis, and Mikael Johansson. "Approximation of Markov Processes by Lower Dimensional Processes via Total Variation Metrics." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 62, no. 3 (March 2017): 1030–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.2016.2578299.

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23

Schuhmacher, Dominic, and Aihua Xia. "A new metric between distributions of point processes." Advances in Applied Probability 40, no. 03 (September 2008): 651–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800002731.

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Most metrics between finite point measures currently used in the literature have the flaw that they do not treat differing total masses in an adequate manner for applications. This paper introduces a new metric d̅ 1 that combines positional differences of points under a closest match with the relative difference in total mass in a way that fixes this flaw. A comprehensive collection of theoretical results about d̅ 1 and its induced Wasserstein metric d̅ 2 for point process distributions are given, including examples of useful d̅ 1-Lipschitz continuous functions, d̅ 2 upper bounds for the Poisson process approximation, and d̅ 2 upper and lower bounds between distributions of point processes of independent and identically distributed points. Furthermore, we present a statistical test for multiple point pattern data that demonstrates the potential of d̅ 1 in applications.

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van der Schaft, Arjan, and Bernhard Maschke. "Geometry of Thermodynamic Processes." Entropy 20, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20120925.

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Since the 1970s, contact geometry has been recognized as an appropriate framework for the geometric formulation of thermodynamic systems, and in particular their state properties. More recently it has been shown how the symplectization of contact manifolds provides a new vantage point; enabling, among other things, to switch easily between the energy and entropy representations of a thermodynamic system. In the present paper, this is continued towards the global geometric definition of a degenerate Riemannian metric on the homogeneous Lagrangian submanifold describing the state properties, which is overarching the locally-defined metrics of Weinhold and Ruppeiner. Next, a geometric formulation is given of non-equilibrium thermodynamic processes, in terms of Hamiltonian dynamics defined by Hamiltonian functions that are homogeneous of degree one in the co-extensive variables and zero on the homogeneous Lagrangian submanifold. The correspondence between objects in contact geometry and their homogeneous counterparts in symplectic geometry, is extended to the definition of port-thermodynamic systems and the formulation of interconnection ports. The resulting geometric framework is illustrated on a number of simple examples, already indicating its potential for analysis and control.

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Şeker, Abdulkadir, Banu Diri, and Halil Arslan. "New Developer Metrics for Open Source Software Development Challenges: An Empirical Study of Project Recommendation Systems." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030920.

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Software collaboration platforms where millions of developers from diverse locations can contribute to the common open source projects have recently become popular. On these platforms, various information is obtained from developer activities that can then be used as developer metrics to solve a variety of challenges. In this study, we proposed new developer metrics extracted from the issue, commit, and pull request activities of developers on GitHub. We created developer metrics from the individual activities and combined certain activities according to some common traits. To evaluate these metrics, we created an item-based project recommendation system. In order to validate this system, we calculated the similarity score using two methods and assessed top-n hit scores using two different approaches. The results for all scores with these methods indicated that the most successful metrics were binary_issue_related, issue_commented, binary_pr_related, and issue_opened. To verify our results, we compared our metrics with another metric generated from a very similar study and found that most of our metrics gave better scores that metric. In conclusion, the issue feature is more crucial for GitHub compared with other features. Moreover, commenting activity in projects can be equally as valuable as code contributions. The most of binary metrics that were generated, regardless of the number of activities, also showed remarkable results. In this context, we presented improvable and noteworthy developer metrics that can be used for a wide range of open-source software development challenges, such as user characterization, project recommendation, and code review assignment.

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Mishra, Alok, Raed Shatnawi, Cagatay Catal, and Akhan Akbulut. "Techniques for Calculating Software Product Metrics Threshold Values: A Systematic Mapping Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 11377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311377.

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Several aspects of software product quality can be assessed and measured using product metrics. Without software metric threshold values, it is difficult to evaluate different aspects of quality. To this end, the interest in research studies that focus on identifying and deriving threshold values is growing, given the advantage of applying software metric threshold values to evaluate various software projects during their software development life cycle phases. The aim of this paper is to systematically investigate research on software metric threshold calculation techniques. In this study, electronic databases were systematically searched for relevant papers; 45 publications were selected based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, and research questions were answered. The results demonstrate the following important characteristics of studies: (a) both empirical and theoretical studies were conducted, a majority of which depends on empirical analysis; (b) the majority of papers apply statistical techniques to derive object-oriented metrics threshold values; (c) Chidamber and Kemerer (CK) metrics were studied in most of the papers, and are widely used to assess the quality of software systems; and (d) there is a considerable number of studies that have not validated metric threshold values in terms of quality attributes. From both the academic and practitioner points of view, the results of this review present a catalog and body of knowledge on metric threshold calculation techniques. The results set new research directions, such as conducting mixed studies on statistical and quality-related studies, studying an extensive number of metrics and studying interactions among metrics, studying more quality attributes, and considering multivariate threshold derivation.

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Минченкова, О., O. Minchenkova, Н. Аббас, N. Abbas, А. Минченкова, and A. Minchenkova. "Organization Innovation Potential Metrics." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 8, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5d7b8948ed0ff0.84614700.

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The Innovation Potential Indicator looks at behaviors that aff ect how new ideas, processes and products are generated, developed and implemented. For organizations fueled by new ideas and constant change, this assessment bridges the gap between what you know about someone in the present and their future potential for innovation and creativity. In article for increase of innovative potential of the organizations a number of indicators is off ered, their role in activization of innovative business processes is defi ned. In addition, the concept of innovative potential is clarifi ed and the analysis of existing methods for assessing innovative potential is carried out. The model of innovative potential including the following modules is off ered: researches and developments; new products; technological fl exibility, high technologies; the organization and management of human resources; information technologies; fi nancing of innovations; transfer of innovations; partnership and cooperation; innovative intelligent system; innovative methods. Barriers and prospects of development of innovative potential in Russia and its regions are defi ned.

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Jierula, Alipujiang, Shuhong Wang, Tae-Min OH, and Pengyu Wang. "Study on Accuracy Metrics for Evaluating the Predictions of Damage Locations in Deep Piles Using Artificial Neural Networks with Acoustic Emission Data." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052314.

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Accuracy metrics have been widely used for the evaluation of predictions in machine learning. However, the selection of an appropriate accuracy metric for the evaluation of a specific prediction has not yet been specified. In this study, seven of the most used accuracy metrics in machine learning were summarized, and both their advantages and disadvantages were studied. To achieve this, the acoustic emission data of damage locations were collected from a pile hit test. A backpropagation artificial neural network prediction model for damage locations was trained with acoustic emission data using six different training algorithms, and the prediction accuracies of six algorithms were evaluated using seven different accuracy metrics. Test results showed that the training algorithm of “TRAINGLM” exhibited the best performance for predicting damage locations in deep piles. Subsequently, the artificial neural networks were trained using three different datasets collected from three acoustic emission sensor groups, and the prediction accuracies of three models were evaluated with the seven different accuracy metrics. The test results showed that the dataset collected from the pile body-installed sensors group exhibited the highest accuracy for predicting damage locations in deep piles. Subsequently, the correlations between the seven accuracy metrics and the sensitivity of each accuracy metrics were discussed based on the analysis results. Eventually, a novel selection method for an appropriate accuracy metric to evaluate the accuracy of specific predictions was proposed. This novel method is useful to select an appropriate accuracy metric for wide predictions, especially in the engineering field.

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Ternström, Sten, and Peter Pabon. "Voice Maps as a Tool for Understanding and Dealing with Variability in the Voice." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 11353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211353.

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Individual acoustic and other physical metrics of vocal status have long struggled to prove their worth as clinical evidence. While combinations of metrics or “features” are now being intensely explored using data analytics methods, there is a risk that explainability and insight will suffer. The voice mapping paradigm discards the temporal dimension of vocal productions and uses fundamental frequency (fo) and sound pressure level (SPL) as independent control variables to implement a dense grid of measurement points over a relevant voice range. Such mapping visualizes how most physical voice metrics are greatly affected by fo and SPL, and more so individually than has been generally recognized. It is demonstrated that if fo and SPL are not controlled for during task elicitation, repeated measurements will generate “elicitation noise”, which can easily be large enough to obscure the effect of an intervention. It is observed that, although a given metric’s dependencies on fo and SPL often are complex and/or non-linear, they tend to be systematic and reproducible in any given individual. Once such personal trends are accounted for, ordinary voice metrics can be used to assess vocal status. The momentary value of any given metric needs to be interpreted in the context of the individual’s voice range, and voice mapping makes this possible. Examples are given of how voice mapping can be used to quantify voice variability, to eliminate elicitation noise, to improve the reproducibility and representativeness of already established metrics of the voice, and to assess reliably even subtle effects of interventions. Understanding variability at this level of detail will shed more light on the interdependent mechanisms of voice production, and facilitate progress toward more reliable objective assessments of voices across therapy or training.

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Che, Li, and Fengju Kang. "Exploring the efficiency of image metric for assessing the visual quality of 3D mesh model." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 09, no. 06 (December 2018): 1850056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962318500563.

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Recent developments in 3D graphics technology have led to extensive processes on 3D meshes (e.g., compression, simplification, transmission and watermarking), these processes unavoidably cause the visual perceptual degradation of the 3D objects. The existing mesh visual quality evaluation metrics either require topology constrain or fail to reflect the perceived visual quality. Meanwhile, for the 3D objects that are observed on 2D screens by the users, it is reasonable to apply image metric to assess the distortion caused by mesh simplification. We attempt to explore the efficiency of image metric for assessing the visual fidelity of the simplified 3D model in this paper. For this purpose, several latest and most effective image metrics, 2D snapshots, number and pooling algorithms are involved in our study, and finally tested on the IEETA simplification database. The statistical data allow the researcher to select the optimal parameter for this image-based mesh visual quality assessment and provide a new perspective for the design and performance assessment of mesh simplification algorithms.

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Hia, Selamat Walmanto, Moses Laksono Singgih, and Raja Oloan Saut Gurning. "Performance Metric Development to Measure Overall Vehicle Effectiveness in Mining Transportation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 12341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312341.

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Several performance metrics to measure the effectiveness of manufacturing equipment have been studied, and one of the most used is overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). However, its application and development in the road transportation sector remains little studied. The purpose of this paper is to establish a new metric derived from OEE to measure the overall effectiveness of coal mining transportation and apply this metric to actual operation. This study employed in-depth interviews and Delphi techniques to explore the specific metrics. Three rounds of Delphi involving mining experts, academia, and consultants identified six potential metrics to measure coal mining transportation operations that contributed to a new metric to measure mining transportation overall vehicle effectiveness. This paper also discusses a case study of how this newly developed metric was tested and applied to the actual operation of the truck fleet at a coal-hauling company in Indonesia. According to the case study, this metric accommodated the important factors in coal mining transportation operations and reflected operational performance. This study contributes to measuring the effectiveness of coal-hauling transportation by providing an effective metric that will help the managerial team make better decisions for process improvement.

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Husieva, Yu Yu, O. S. Martynenko, I. M. Kadykova, and I. V. Chumachenko. "METRICS OF MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL REQUIREMENTS PROCESSES IN PROJECTS." Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control, no. 4 (March 29, 2018): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2017-4-20.

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Lenhard, Jörg, and Guido Wirtz. "Portability of executable service-oriented processes: metrics and validation." Service Oriented Computing and Applications 10, no. 4 (July 7, 2016): 391–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11761-016-0195-4.

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Smith, Taylor, Aljoscha Rheinwalt, and Bodo Bookhagen. "Determining the optimal grid resolution for topographic analysis on an airborne lidar dataset." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-475-2019.

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Abstract. Digital elevation models (DEMs) are a gridded representation of the surface of the Earth and typically contain uncertainties due to data collection and processing. Slope and aspect estimates on a DEM contain errors and uncertainties inherited from the representation of a continuous surface as a grid (referred to as truncation error; TE) and from any DEM uncertainty. We analyze in detail the impacts of TE and propagated elevation uncertainty (PEU) on slope and aspect. Using synthetic data as a control, we define functions to quantify both TE and PEU for arbitrary grids. We then develop a quality metric which captures the combined impact of both TE and PEU on the calculation of topographic metrics. Our quality metric allows us to examine the spatial patterns of error and uncertainty in topographic metrics and to compare calculations on DEMs of different sizes and accuracies. Using lidar data with point density of ∼10 pts m−2 covering Santa Cruz Island in southern California, we are able to generate DEMs and uncertainty estimates at several grid resolutions. Slope (aspect) errors on the 1 m dataset are on average 0.3∘ (0.9∘) from TE and 5.5∘ (14.5∘) from PEU. We calculate an optimal DEM resolution for our SCI lidar dataset of 4 m that minimizes the error bounds on topographic metric calculations due to the combined influence of TE and PEU for both slope and aspect calculations over the entire SCI. Average slope (aspect) errors from the 4 m DEM are 0.25∘ (0.75∘) from TE and 5∘ (12.5∘) from PEU. While the smallest grid resolution possible from the high-density SCI lidar is not necessarily optimal for calculating topographic metrics, high point-density data are essential for measuring DEM uncertainty across a range of resolutions.

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Muddu, Shashank Venkat, and Rohit Ramachandran. "A Population Balance Methodology Incorporating Semi-Mechanistic Residence Time Metrics for Twin Screw Granulation." Processes 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10020292.

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This work is concerned with the incorporation of semi-mechanistic residence time metrics into population balance equations for twin screw granulation processes to predict key properties. From the historical residence time and particle size data sourced, process parameters and equipment configuration information were fed into the system of equations where the input flow rates and model compartmentalization varied upon the parameters. Semi-mechanistic relations for the residence time metrics were employed to predict the particle velocities and dispersion coefficients in the axial flow direction of the twin screw granulation. The developed model was then calibrated for several experimental run points in each data-set. The predictions were evaluated quantitatively through the parity plots. The root mean square error (RMSE) was used as a metric to compare the degree of goodness of fit for different data-sets using the developed semi-mechanistic relations. In summary, this paper presents a more mechanistic but simplified approach of feeding residence time metrics into the population balance equations for twin screw granulation processes.

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de la Barra, Felipe, Audrey Alignier, Sonia Reyes-Paecke, Andrea Duane, and Marcelo D. Miranda. "Selecting Graph Metrics with Ecological Significance for Deepening Landscape Characterization: Review and Applications." Land 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030338.

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The usual approaches to describing and understanding ecological processes in a landscape use patch-mosaic models based on traditional landscape metrics. However, they do not consider that many of these processes cannot be observed without considering the multiple interactions between different land-use patches in the landscape. The objective of this research was to provide a synthetic overview of graph metrics that characterize landscapes based on patch-mosaic models and to analyze the ecological meaning of the metrics to propose a relevant selection explaining biodiversity patterns and ecological processes. First, we conducted a literature review of graph metrics applied in ecology. Second, a case study was used to explore the behavior of a group of selected graph metrics in actual differentiated landscapes located in a long-term socioecological research site in Brittany, France. Thirteen landscape-scale metrics and 10 local-scale metrics with ecological significance were analyzed. Metrics were grouped for landscape-scale and local-scale analysis. Many of the metrics were able to identify differences between the landscapes studied. Lastly, we discuss how graph metrics offer a new perspective for landscape analysis, describe the main characteristics related to their calculation and the type of information provided, and discuss their potential applications in different ecological contexts.

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Van Sundert, Kevin, Joanna A. Horemans, Johan Stendahl, and Sara Vicca. "The influence of soil properties and nutrients on conifer forest growth in Sweden, and the first steps in developing a nutrient availability metric." Biogeosciences 15, no. 11 (June 13, 2018): 3475–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3475-2018.

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Abstract. The availability of nutrients is one of the factors that regulate terrestrial carbon cycling and modify ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Nonetheless, nutrient availability is often overlooked in climate–carbon cycle studies because it depends on the interplay of various soil factors that would ideally be comprised into metrics applicable at large spatial scales. Such metrics do not currently exist. Here, we use a Swedish forest inventory database that contains soil data and tree growth data for > 2500 forests across Sweden to (i) test which combination of soil factors best explains variation in tree growth, (ii) evaluate an existing metric of constraints on nutrient availability, and (iii) adjust this metric for boreal forest data. With (iii), we thus aimed to provide an adjustable nutrient metric, applicable for Sweden and with potential for elaboration to other regions. While taking into account confounding factors such as climate, N deposition, and soil oxygen availability, our analyses revealed that the soil organic carbon concentration (SOC) and the ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen (C : N) were the most important factors explaining variation in “normalized” (climate-independent) productivity (mean annual volume increment – m3 ha−1 yr−1) across Sweden. Normalized forest productivity was significantly negatively related to the soil C : N ratio (R2 = 0.02–0.13), while SOC exhibited an empirical optimum (R2 = 0.05–0.15). For the metric, we started from a (yet unvalidated) metric for constraints on nutrient availability that was previously developed by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA – Laxenburg, Austria) for evaluating potential productivity of arable land. This IIASA metric requires information on soil properties that are indicative of nutrient availability (SOC, soil texture, total exchangeable bases – TEB, and pH) and is based on theoretical considerations that are also generally valid for nonagricultural ecosystems. However, the IIASA metric was unrelated to normalized forest productivity across Sweden (R2 = 0.00–0.01) because the soil factors under consideration were not optimally implemented according to the Swedish data, and because the soil C : N ratio was not included. Using two methods (each one based on a different way of normalizing productivity for climate), we adjusted this metric by incorporating soil C : N and modifying the relationship between SOC and nutrient availability in view of the observed relationships across our database. In contrast to the IIASA metric, the adjusted metrics explained some variation in normalized productivity in the database (R2 = 0.03–0.21; depending on the applied method). A test for five manually selected local fertility gradients in our database revealed a significant and stronger relationship between the adjusted metrics and productivity for each of the gradients (R2 = 0.09–0.38). This study thus shows for the first time how nutrient availability metrics can be evaluated and adjusted for a particular ecosystem type, using a large-scale database.

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KHOSRAVI, SHAHRAM, REZA MANSOURI, and EHSAN KOURKCHI. "MODIFIED AVERAGING PROCESSES IN COSMOLOGY AND THE STRUCTURED FRW MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics D 18, no. 07 (July 2009): 1177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271809015011.

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We study the volume averaging of inhomogeneous metrics within GR and discuss its shortcomings, such as gauge dependence, singular behavior as a result of caustics, and causality violations. To remedy these shortcomings, we suggest some modifications to this method. As a case study we focus on the inhomogeneous structured FRW model based on a flat LTB metric. The effect of averaging is then studied in terms of an effective backreaction fluid. It is shown that, contrary to the claims in the literature, the backreaction fluid behaves like a dark matter component, instead of dark energy, having a density of the order of 10-5 times the matter density, and, most importantly, it is gauge-dependent.

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Lu, Qing, Mark Goh, and Robert De Souza. "A SCOR framework to measure logistics performance of humanitarian organizations." Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 6, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-09-2015-0038.

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Purpose – In humanitarian logistics operations, performance measurement is crucial for effective operation. The purpose of this paper is to develop a set of indicators for humanitarian relief organizations (HROs) for their organizational-level logistics operations. Design/methodology/approach – The authors applied the supply chain operations reference (SCOR) framework to the context of humanitarian supply chains. By taking a bottom-up approach with the support of a large HRO, the authors identified the most important metrics through examining its supply chain processes. The initial metrics are then validated by seven HROs to ensure their applicability in humanitarian logistics operations. Findings – A hierarchical benchmarking framework is proposed, and a set of 26 metrics is identified. The validation of these metrics supports the initial work with all metrics deemed important. It also highlights the implementation difficulty as only five indicators are readily available. The authors further suggested the automation of key logistics processes, which would significantly increase the number of implementable metrics to 14. Research limitations/implications – The sample size of the validation is small, and the last mile delivery is not covered by the metrics. Practical implications – With these performance metrics, HROs are able to monitor their logistics performance better with processed-based measures, which may lead to their policy and process adjustments for performance improvement. Originality/value – The work contributes to performance measurement in humanitarian logistics with a framework of a generic metrics set. The validation result is also original to reveal the state of performance measurement on the ground.

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Lambert, Douglas M., and Terrance L. Pohlen. "Supply Chain Metrics." International Journal of Logistics Management 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574090110806190.

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Most discussions and articles about supply chain metrics are, in actuality, about internal logistics performance measures. The lack of a widely accepted definition for supply chain management and the complexity associated with overlapping supply chains make the development of supply chain metrics difficult. Despite these problems, managers continue to pursue supply chain metrics as a means to increase their “line of sight” over areas they do not directly control, but have a direct impact on their company's performance. We provide a framework for developing supply chain metrics that translates performance into shareholder value. The framework focuses on managing the interfacing customer relationship management and supplier relationship management processes at each link in the supply chain. The translation of process improvements into supplier and customer profitability provides a method for developing metrics that identify opportunities for improved profitability and align objectives across all of the firms in the supply chain.

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Russell, Micah, Jan U. H. Eitel, Timothy E. Link, and Carlos A. Silva. "Important Airborne Lidar Metrics of Canopy Structure for Estimating Snow Interception." Remote Sensing 13, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 4188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204188.

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Forest canopies exert significant controls over the spatial distribution of snow cover. Canopy snow interception efficiency is controlled by intrinsic processes (e.g., canopy structure), extrinsic processes (e.g., meteorological conditions), and the interaction of intrinsic-extrinsic factors (i.e., air temperature and branch stiffness). In hydrological models, intrinsic processes governing snow interception are typically represented by two-dimensional metrics like the leaf area index (LAI). To improve snow interception estimates and their scalability, new approaches are needed for better characterizing the three-dimensional distribution of canopy elements. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) provides a potential means of achieving this, with recent research focused on using ALS-derived metrics that describe forest spacing to predict interception storage. A wide range of canopy structural metrics that describe individual trees can also be extracted from ALS, although relatively little is known about which of them, and in what combination, best describes intrinsic canopy properties known to affect snow interception. The overarching goal of this study was to identify important ALS-derived canopy structural metrics that could help to further improve our ability to characterize intrinsic factors affecting snow interception. Specifically, we sought to determine how much variance in canopy intercepted snow volume can be explained by ALS-derived crown metrics, and what suite of existing and novel crown metrics most strongly affects canopy intercepted snow volume. To achieve this, we first used terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to quantify snow interception on 14 trees. We then used these snow interception measurements to fit a random forest model with ALS-derived crown metrics as predictors. Next, we bootstrapped 1000 calculations of variable importance (percent increase in mean squared error when a given explanatory variable is removed), keeping nine canopy metrics for the final model that exceeded a variable importance threshold of 0.2. ALS-derived canopy metrics describing intrinsic tree structure explained approximately two-thirds of the snow interception variability (R2 ≥ 0.65, RMSE ≤ 0.52 m3, relative RMSE ≤ 48%) in our study when extrinsic factors were kept as constant as possible. For comparison, a generalized linear mixed-effects model predicting snow interception volume from LAI alone had a marginal R2 = 0.01. The three most important predictor variables were canopy length, whole-tree volume, and unobstructed returns (a novel metric). These results suggest that a suite of intrinsic variables may be used to map interception potential across larger areas and provide an improvement to interception estimates based on LAI.

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Nousiainen, Katri. "Legal design in commercial contracting and business sustainability New legal quality metrics standards." Journal of Strategic Contracting and Negotiation 6, no. 2 (June 2022): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20555636221138972.

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There is surely room for improvement in commercial contracting practice. The current contracting evolution often leads to a situation where contracts become increasingly and may be needlessly, complex. The paper discusses how complex contracts evolve and how the proposed legal design approach can bring comprehensibility for tackling complexity in contracting. This approach is providing for various benefits and incentives, such as business sustainability, reduced transaction costs, and competitive business advantage. A novel legal quality metric is introduced. This metric will foster the measuring of quality in the legal profession. The metric, comprehensibility, would better serve both lawyers and clients in measuring the true quality of legal services, processes, and products – than the often used, easily misleading metrics such as time spent, cases won, and hours billed. Through this innovative approach to legal quality metrics, the paper will bring further understanding of the impact of comprehensibility in commercial contracting.

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Sassolas-Serrayet, Timothée, Rodolphe Cattin, Matthieu Ferry, Vincent Godard, and Martine Simoes. "Estimating the disequilibrium in denudation rates due to divide migration at the scale of river basins." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 1041–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1041-2019.

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Abstract. Basin-averaged denudation rates may locally exhibit a wide dispersion, even in areas where the topographic steady state is supposedly achieved regionally. This dispersion is often attributed to the accuracy of the data or to some degree of natural variability of local erosion rates which can be related to stochastic processes such as landsliding. Another physical explanation of this dispersion is local and transient disequilibrium between tectonic forcing and erosion at the scale of catchments. Recent studies have shown that basin divide migration can potentially induce such perturbations, and they propose metrics to assess divide mobility based on cross-divide contrasts in headwater topographic features. Here, we use a set of landscape evolution models assuming spatially uniform uplift, rock strength and rainfall to assess the effect of divide mobility on basin-wide denudation rates. We propose using basin-averaged aggressivity metrics based on cross-divide contrasts (1) in channel χ, an integral function of position in the channel network; (2) in channel local gradient; and (3) in channel height, measured at a reference drainage area. From our simulations, we show that the metric based on differences in χ is the most reliable to diagnose local disequilibrium. The other metrics are more suitable for relatively active tectonic regions such as mountain belts, where contrasts in local gradient and elevation are more important. We find that the ratio of basin denudation associated with drainage migration to uplift can reach a factor of 2, regardless of the imposed uplift rate, erodibility, diffusivity coefficient or critical hillslope gradient. A comparison with field observations in the Great Smoky Mountains (southern Appalachians, USA) underlines the difficulty of using the metric based on χ, which depends on the – poorly constrained – elevation of the outlet of the investigated catchment. Regardless of the considered metrics, we show that observed dispersion is controlled by catchment size: a smaller basin may be more sensitive to divide migration and hence to disequilibrium. Our results thus highlight the relevance of divide stability analysis from digital elevation models as a fundamental preliminary step for basin-wide denudation rate studies based on cosmogenic radionuclide concentrations.

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BROPHEY, GLENN, ANAHITA BAREGHEH, and DAVID HEMSWORTH. "INNOVATION PROCESS, DECISION-MAKING, PERCEIVED RISKS AND METRICS: A DYNAMICS TEST." International Journal of Innovation Management 17, no. 03 (May 31, 2013): 1340014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919613400148.

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Innovation processes result from a series of decisions and these are influenced by the perceived risks and success metrics faced by the decision-maker. Aiming to understand whether innovation risks and success metrics change during and between innovations, four hypotheses were developed and a questionnaire-based survey was adopted targeting managers of mechanically based manufacturers. Respondents were asked to indicate the importance of perceived risks throughout specific innovations for four domains of risk: marketing, technical, organizational and financial. Respondents were also asked to identify changes in type and magnitude of innovation risk and success metric. Descriptive and statistical tests were conducted to analyse the data. The results suggest that innovation risk changes in type and magnitude during and between innovations and success metrics change in type and magnitude during innovation. This study calls for situation specific research to provide helpful advice to practitioners.

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Gómez, Joaquin, and Pere-Pau Vázquez. "An Empirical Evaluation of Document Embeddings and Similarity Metrics for Scientific Articles." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 5664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115664.

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The comparison of documents—such as articles or patents search, bibliography recommendations systems, visualization of document collections, etc.—has a wide range of applications in several fields. One of the key tasks that such problems have in common is the evaluation of a similarity metric. Many such metrics have been proposed in the literature. Lately, deep learning techniques have gained a lot of popularity. However, it is difficult to analyze how those metrics perform against each other. In this paper, we present a systematic empirical evaluation of several of the most popular similarity metrics when applied to research articles. We analyze the results of those metrics in two ways, with a synthetic test that uses scientific papers and Ph.D. theses, and in a real-world scenario where we evaluate their ability to cluster papers from different areas of research.

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Liu, Sophia S., Adam J. Hockenberry, Michael C. Jewett, and Luís A. N. Amaral. "A novel framework for evaluating the performance of codon usage bias metrics." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 138 (January 2018): 20170667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0667.

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The unequal utilization of synonymous codons affects numerous cellular processes including translation rates, protein folding and mRNA degradation. In order to understand the biological impact of variable codon usage bias (CUB) between genes and genomes, it is crucial to be able to accurately measure CUB for a given sequence. A large number of metrics have been developed for this purpose, but there is currently no way of systematically testing the accuracy of individual metrics or knowing whether metrics provide consistent results. This lack of standardization can result in false-positive and false-negative findings if underpowered or inaccurate metrics are applied as tools for discovery. Here, we show that the choice of CUB metric impacts both the significance and measured effect sizes in numerous empirical datasets, raising questions about the generality of findings in published research. To bring about standardization, we developed a novel method to create synthetic protein-coding DNA sequences according to different models of codon usage. We use these benchmark sequences to identify the most accurate and robust metrics with regard to sequence length, GC content and amino acid heterogeneity. Finally, we show how our benchmark can aid the development of new metrics by providing feedback on its performance compared to the state of the art.

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Berman, Robert J. "An invitation to Kähler–Einstein metrics and random point processes." Surveys in Differential Geometry 23, no. 1 (2018): 35–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/sdg.2018.v23.n1.a2.

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Torrado, Nuria, Michael P. Wiper, and Rosa E. Lillo. "Software Reliability Modeling with Software Metrics Data via Gaussian Processes." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 39, no. 8 (August 2013): 1179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tse.2012.87.

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Britt, Keith A., Brenda Ramírez, and Tom Mistretta. "Process monitoring using statistical stability metrics: Applications to biopharmaceutical processes." Quality Engineering 28, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982112.2015.1094705.

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da Silva, Alexandre Marco, Chi Hua Huang, Wendy Francesconi, Thalika Saintil, and Jazmin Villegas. "Using landscape metrics to analyze micro-scale soil erosion processes." Ecological Indicators 56 (September 2015): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.04.004.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Processes and metrics'

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