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Academic literature on the topic 'Processability theory'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Processability theory"

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Hammarberg, Björn. "Examining the Processability Theory." EUROSLA 6 55 (January 1, 1996): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.55.07ham.

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The Processability Theory (PT), originating from the German ZISA Project and recently revised by Pienemann (1993, in prep.), claims that the order of grammatical development in a second language is determined by a hierarchy of psycholinguistic constraints on the processability of grammatical structures. The present paper discusses some problematic aspects of this theory and argues for a dynamic view of L2 acquisition in which factors which drive acquisition ahead are also taken into account. It is suggested that a Principle of Perceived Communicative Value (PCV) plays a part in conditioning the order of L2 development. The relative role of processability and communicative value factors is investigated here in a case where they compete. The acquisition of adjective agreement in L2 Swedish is chosen as a test case to examine predictions about the order of development derived from PT and PCV. This permits the comparison of a phrasal (NP) and inter-phrasal (subject-predicative) syntactic domain as well as the comparison of different morphological categories (gender and number). Longitudinal data are gathered from a corpus of conversations with six adult learners reflecting successive stages of development for each individual from the beginning stage to an advanced level. The results indicate that the nature of the morphological category is decisive in determining acquisition order, which means that PCV is effective and overrules PT in those cases where the two are in conflict. On the other hand, if the same morpho-logical category is compared in different syntactic domains, PTs prediction that phrasal agreement comes before inter-phrasal agreement is borne out. This suggests that the two principles of processability and communicative relevance interact, and that a theory of processability is neither sufficient nor invalid, but needs to be placed in the context of a wider model of L2 development. It lends support to the dynamic view of L2 acquisition discussed in the paper.
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Baten, Kristof. "Processability Theory and German Case Acquisition." Language Learning 61, no. 2 (November 29, 2010): 455–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00615.x.

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Spinner, Patti, and Sehoon Jung. "PRODUCTION AND COMPREHENSION IN PROCESSABILITY THEORY." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263117000110.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether processability theory (PT; Pienemann, 1998, 2005) accounts for the emergence of grammatical forms and structures in comprehension. Sixty-one learners of English participated in oral interviews that elicited a variety of structures relevant to PT. Learners were divided into two groups: those who produced these structures productively in speech (high level) and those who did not (low level). These groups then read grammatical and ungrammatical sentences with PT structures in a self-paced reading task. Based on Pienemann (1998), PT predicts that the high-level group should perform similarly to native speakers. However, only the native speaker control group demonstrated sensitivity to ungrammaticalities. There was evidence that learners might have acquired lower-stage structures in an implicational order in comprehension, but it was quite mixed. These results have implications for PT and for models of the L2 linguistic system that include both production and comprehension.
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CARROLL, SUSANNE E. "On Processability Theory and second language acquisition." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, no. 1 (April 1998): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728998000030.

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Responding to an invitation to comment on Pienemann's paper leaves me on the horns of a dilemma: I think the approach is novel and shows how future second language acquisition (SLA) research can be done. However, it is difficult to judge from the paper what the exact contribution of the theory is to be.
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Glahn, Esther, Gisela Håkansson, Björn Hammarberg, Anne Holmen, Anne Hvenekilde, and Karen Lund. "PROCESSABILITY IN SCANDINAVIAN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 23, no. 3 (September 2001): 389–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263101003047.

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This paper reports on a test of the validity of Pienemann's (1998) Processability Theory (PT). This theory predicts that certain morphological and syntactic phenomena are acquired in a fixed sequence. Three phenomena were chosen for this study: attributive adjective morphology, predicative adjective morphology, and subordinate clause syntax (placement of negation). These phenomena are located at successive developmental stages in the hierarchy predicted by PT. We test whether they actually do appear in this predicted hierarchical order in the L2 of Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish learners. The three languages mentioned are very closely related and have the same adjective morphology and subordinate clause syntax. We can, therefore, treat them as one language for the purposes of this study. Three analyses have been carried out: The first follows Pienemann's theory and is concerned only with syntactic levels; the second is a semantic analysis of the acquisition of number versus that of gender; the third analysis studies the various kinds of mismatches between the inflection of the noun, the controller, and the adjective. The results are the following: The first test supports PT as it has been described by Pienemann. The second analysis shows that there is an acquisitional hierarchy such that number is acquired before gender (in adjectives), and the mismatch analysis raises questions about the fundamental assumptions of the theory.
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Spinner, Patti. "Language Production and Reception: A Processability Theory Study." Language Learning 63, no. 4 (September 17, 2013): 704–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lang.12022.

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Devitt, Seán. "Language Processing and Second Language Development: Processability Theory." System 28, no. 3 (September 2000): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0346-251x(00)00024-5.

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Dyson, Bronwen. "Processability Theory and the role of morphology in English as a second language development: a longitudinal study." Second Language Research 25, no. 3 (June 25, 2009): 355–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658309104578.

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This article tests a prediction made by Processability Theory (Pienemann, 1998; 2005) that morphological acquisition is the driving force in English as a second language (ESL) development. It first outlines the model of psycholinguistic processing assumed by Processability Theory and shows how stages fall out from it. It then presents the hypothesis that morphological information propels development before sentence-level processing at stage 5 and describes what this should predict for ESL learners. A study is then presented that tested these predictions on oral data collected from two Mandarin speaking, adolescent, ESL learners over one academic year. The study found the acquisition of structures both predicted and not predicted by Processability Theory. While the results afford some evidence consistent with the claims about stages of development, they also provide counter-evidence to the hypothesis that the acquisition of morphology drives development up to stage 5: one learner acquired the predicted syntax for stages 3 and 4 without the morphology, and both learners acquired syntactic structures before associated morphology. Indeed, the findings suggest that the acquisition of morphology, and syntax, varies with learner orientation. To explain these findings, the article presents a proposal that draws on both Processability Theory and generative approaches to second language acquisition (SLA), and concludes by considering the implications of the study.
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H., Alemu, and D. Ado. "Exploring the Developmental Stages of Amharic Nominal and Verbal Gender: Evidence for processability theory." Macrolinguistics 10, no. 16 (June 30, 2022): 36–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26478/ja2022.10.16.2.

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The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it explores the order of the development of nominal and verbal gender of Amharic, which is one of the Ethio-Semitic languages. Second, it provides empirical evidence for the typological plausibility of processability theory (PT). In fact, PT has been tested in typologically different languages (e.g., English, Italian, and Japan); however, it does not have any validation from Ethiopian languages in general and Ethio-Semitic languages in particular yet. Relevant data was collected from sixteen respondents via picture description tasks, short storytelling, interviews, story re-telling, and spot the difference tasks. Distributional analysis was conducted for the analysis, and the point of emergence of target structures was determined using the emergence criteria. Accordingly, the result shows that the development of gender assignment is compatible with processability theory’s predictions in that lexical procedure precedes phrasal procedure, which is followed by S-procedure. Moreover, the masculine gender emerged earlier than its feminine counterpart at all developmental stages. However, subject agreement markers in pro-drop context emerged at stage two preceding subject-verb agreement. This finding is against processability theory’s claim that suggests subject agreement markers only emerge at stage four of the processability hierarchy disregarding their stages of development in pro-drop context in particular.
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Zipser, Katharina. "Processability theory and pedagogical progression in an Italian textbook." Linguistica 52, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.52.1.55-68.

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Most L2-learners are taught a language on the basis of a textbook. But are these textbooks arranged according to the learners’ needs? For the present study the grammatical structures and their progression in an Italian-language textbook were analysed, and they were compared to the learners’ speaking ability to cross-check the degree of correspondence between what is taught following the textbook and what is actually learned. The question is asked in how far textbook design should consider the findings of current SLA research. It is suggested that even though Processability Theory is right to predict that language acquisition develops in stages, instruction need not be strictly sequenced. Above all it is important to distinguish between input, intake and expected output.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Processability theory"

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Ishigami, Judith Preston. "Examining the reliability of processability theory-based procedure for use in Japanese SLA assessment." 名古屋大学言語文化研究会, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14657.

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Nishitani, Atsuko. "A Hierarchy of Grammatical Difficulty for Japanese EFL Learners: Multiple-Choice Items and Processability Theory." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/176422.

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CITE/Language Arts
Ed.D.
This study investigated the difficulty order of 38 grammar structures obtained from an analysis of multiple-choice items using a Rasch analysis. The order was compared with the order predicted by processability theory and the order in which the structures appear in junior and senior high school textbooks in Japan. Because processability theory is based on natural speech data, a sentence repetition test was also conducted in order to compare the result with the order obtained from the multiple-choice tests and the order predicted by processability theory. The participants were 872 Japanese university students, whose TOEIC scores ranged from 200 to 875. The difficulty order of the 38 structures was displayed according to their Rasch difficulty estimates: The most difficult structure was subjunctive and the easiest one was present perfect with since in the sentence. The order was not in accord with the order predicted by processability theory, and the difficulty order derived from the sentence repetition test was not accounted for by processability theory either. In other words, the results suggest that processability theory only accounts for natural speech data, and not elicited data. Although the order derived from the repetition test differed from the order derived from the written tests, they correlated strongly when the repetition test used ungrammatical sentences. This study tentatively concluded that the students could have used their implicit knowledge when answering the written tests, but it is also possible that students used their explicit knowledge when correcting ungrammatical sentences in the repetition test. The difficulty order of grammatical structures derived from this study was not in accord with the order in which the structures appear in junior and senior high school textbooks in Japan. Their correlation was extremely low, which suggests that there is no empirical basis for textbook makers'/writers' policy regarding the ordering of grammar items. This study also demonstrated the difficulty of writing items testing the knowledge of the same grammar point that show similar Rasch difficulty estimates. Even though the vocabulary and the sentence positions were carefully controlled and the two items looked parallel to teachers, they often displayed very different difficulty estimates. A questionnaire was administered concerning such items, and the students' responses suggested that they seemed to look at the items differently than teachers and what they notice and how they interpret what they notice strongly influences item difficulty. Teachers or test-writers should be aware that it is difficult to write items that produce similar difficulty estimates and their own intuition or experience might not be the best guide for writing effective grammar test items. It is recommended to pilot test items to get statistical information about item functioning and qualitative data from students using a think-aloud protocol, interviews, or a questionnaire.
Temple University--Theses
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Gijswijt, Katrijn. "Processing Dutch : A study on the acquisition of Dutch as a second language using Processability Theory as a framework." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för tvåspråkighetsforskning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-105696.

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An ongoing debate within the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) discusses the possibility of universal developmental stages in the interlanguage of second language learners. Processability Theory (PT) is one of the theories that enhances this way of thinking about second language acquisition. The belief is that learners go through the same stages of development when learning a new language. An ongoing process in PT is the construction of these developmental stages for individual languages, but today there is still much work needed in this area. The purpose of this thesis is to construct the developmental stages for Dutch, based on an error analysis of second language learners’ interlanguage. The data was collected from Swedish students learning Dutch on a university level. The students were interviewed once per month, and three times in total, so that no developments in their interlanguage could be missed. The data is processed according to the emergence criterion, resulting in developmental tables of the learners’ progress. The result of these interviews provides for the outline on how one acquires Dutch, and together with a grammatical analysis of Dutch word order procedures and morphology, a developmental hierarchy for the acquisition of Dutch according to PT is constructed.
I den här studien undersökas den nederländska språkinlärningsprocessen inom ramen av Processbarhetsteorin (PT). PT antar att inlärningsprocessen sker genom universella stadier. Dessa har skapats och forskats för flera olika sprak, men inte för nederländska. I den här uppsatsen kommer den nederländska morfologin och ordföljden att analyseras enligt PT’s stadier, och skapas en hierarki för nederländska. Samtidigt blir hierarkin testad genom en longitudenell studie av inlärningsprocessen av svenska studenter som lär sig nederländska. Dessutom diskuteras frågan om möjlig transfer från både det första och andra språket. Sen debatteras frågan om emergence criterion och procentsatser, och därmed skillnaden mellan språkinlärning och språkbehärskning. Resultatet är en granskning av den egna skapade hierarkin, och möjliga förklarningar för deras inlärningsprocess.
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IWASAKI, Junko, and junkoi@student ecu edu au. "The acquisition of Japanese as a second language and Processability Theory: A longitudinal study of a naturalistic child learner." Edith Cowan University. Community Services, Education And Social Sciences: School Of International, Cultural And Community Studies, 2006. http://adt.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2006.0022.html.

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The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinally how a child learner acquired verbal morpho-syntax in Japanese in a naturalistic second language (L2) context. Specifically the points of emergence for three verbal morpho-syntactic structures, namely verbal inflection, the V-te V structure and the passive/causative structure, were investigated within a framework of Processability Theory (PT) (Pienemann, 1998b). The subsequent development of these structures was also examined. Unlike earlier research about morpheme orders and developmental sequences in language acquisition which was criticised because of its apparent lack of theoretical underpinnings, Pienemann's Processability Theory (PT)(1998b) connects the processability of morpho-syntactic structure to linguistic theories. Pienemann also claims that this theory can be used to explain the acquisition of a wide range of morpho-syntactic structures and that it is typologically plausible and applicable to any language. In recent times PT has been extensively tested in a range of languages acquired as an L2, including German, English and Swedish (Pienemann, 1998b; Pienemann & Hakansson, 1999) and Italian and Japanese (Di Biase & Kawaguchi, 2002). The findings from these studies support this theory.
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Iwasaki, Junko. "The Acquisition of Japanese as a Second Language and Processability Theory: A Longitudinal Study of a Naturalistic Child Learner." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/73.

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The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinally how a child learner acquired verbal morpho-syntax in Japanese in a naturalistic second language (L2) context. Specifically the points of emergence for three verbal morpho-syntactic structures, namely verbal inflection, the V-te V structure and the passive/causative structure, were investigated within a framework of Processability Theory (PT) (Pienemann, 1998b). The subsequent development of these structures was also examined. Unlike earlier research about morpheme orders and developmental sequences in language acquisition which was criticised because of its apparent lack of theoretical underpinnings, Pienemann’s Processability Theory (PT)(1998b) connects the processability of morpho-syntactic structure to linguistic theories. Pienemann also claims that this theory can be used to explain the acquisition of a wide range of morpho-syntactic structures and that it is typologically plausible and applicable to any language. In recent times PT has been extensively tested in a range of languages acquired as an L2, including German, English and Swedish (Pienemann, 1998b; Pienemann & Håkansson, 1999) and Italian and Japanese (Di Biase & Kawaguchi, 2002). The findings from these studies support this theory. Following the acquisition criteria proposed by Pienemann (1998b), the current study analyses the points of emergence of verbal morpho-syntactic structures by a seven year old Australian boy who was acquiring Japanese as a second language (JSL) naturalistically. Data were collected through audio taping approximately 90 minute interactions between the child and other Japanese speakers at each of the 26 sessions over a one-year and nine month period. The task-based elicitation method was used to create as spontaneous interaction as possible between the child and his interlocutors.
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Håkansson, Ramberg Maria. "Was bewerten Lehrer? : Die Bedeutung grammatischer und lexikalischer Faktoren bei der Benotung von Schülertexten im Fach Deutsch als Fremdsprache." Licentiate thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-58056.

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Schönström, Krister. "Tvåspråkighet hos döva skolelever : Processbarhet i svenska och narrativ struktur i svenska och svenskt teckenspråk." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-39917.

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This dissertation examines the language proficiency of school-aged deaf pupils from a bilingual perspective. The first aim of the study is to investigate the Swedish L2 skills of the pupils. This includes testing the validity of the Processability Theory on deaf learners of Swedish as an L2. The second aim is to investigate whether there is a correlation between proficiency in Swedish and Swedish Sign Language (SSL) as suggested in earlier research on deaf bilingualism. This study is cross-sectional and contains data from 38 pupils (grades 5 and 10) from a school for deaf and hearing-impaired pupils in Sweden. The data consists of retellings of a cartoon in written Swedish and of free stories in SSL. For the first part of the study, the Swedish data has been analyzed according to Processability Theory (PT).  For the second part of the study, narrative structure in both the Swedish and SSL data has been analyzed. As a theoretical framework, Labov’s narrative model is applied. The results show that there is an implicational order in the informants’ development of Swedish following the predicted grammatical learning order described by PT. The results therefore suggest that PT is a valid theory also for deaf learners of L2 Swedish. The conclusions regarding SSL proficiency suggest that more research about sign language as such is needed to get a deeper understanding of SSL proficiency. The results show that one narrative component of Labov’s model - Evaluation - is an important component in SSL proficiency. The results from the comparative analysis show that there is a positive statistical correlation between some Swedish and SSL variables used in this study, suggesting that skills in Swedish correlate with skills in SSL. This means that a well-developed sign language is important for the deaf to learn any written language as a second language.
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Hansson, Frida. "Processbarhetsteorin tillämpad på elevers skriftliga produktion : En studie baserad på nyanländas elevtexter i högstadiet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80213.

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Det är vanligt att elever befinner sig på olika kunskapsnivåer i en undervisningsgrupp och för att ta reda på vilka nivåer de befinner sig på går det att tillämpa Processbarhetsteorin. Det är en teori utformad av Manfred Pienemann för att studera hur inlärare processar grammatiska strukturer. Uppsatsen är främst byggd på en kvalitativ ansats på grund av de kvalitativa analyserna men även på en kvantitativ ansats då elevernas texter som är analyserade har räknats i procent och presenterats i fördelningar med hjälp av tabeller. Den deltagande gruppen bestod av 15 elever i en förberedelseklass med blandade åldrar från årskurs 7-9. Analyserna baserades på Processbarhetsteorin enligt Flyman Mattssons och Håkanssons analysmodell (2010, s. 66-75). Resultaten visade att eleverna i undervisningsgruppen, vars texter analyserades, befann sig på olika PT-nivåer och det förekom även olika typer av grammatiska strukturer bland eleverna. Majoriteten av eleverna processade grammatiska strukturer för PT-nivå 2 och/eller PT-nivå 3 i uppgift 1 och/eller uppgift 2. De olika resultaten kan bero på faktorer såsom startålder för språkinlärning då alla elever kom till den svenska skolan vid olika tillfällen men den främsta slutsatsen kan vara att de flesta elever i skolan är på olika kunskapsnivåer eftersom det visade sig genom de olika resultaten hos eleverna.
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Eklund, Heinonen Maria. "Processbarhet på prov : Bedömning av muntlig språkfärdighet hos vuxna andraspråksinlärare." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9524.

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This dissertation concerns oral language tests from a grammatical perspective. Tests today are usually assessed based on a communicative approach to language, so it is interesting to see how great a significance the level of grammatical development of test takers has for their communicative competence in general. The data in the investigation consist of recorded test conversations from a Swedish national language proficiency test, Tisus (test in Swedish for university and university college studies). The general aim of the study is to investigate whether there is a difference between the test takers who passed and those who failed in terms of their level of grammatical development. This is investigated in one main study and two smaller follow-up studies. The theoretical basis for this work is comprised of theories on second language learning and theories on language testing. For the grammatical analysis, Pienemann’s processability theory (PT) is applied. This theory posits that learners acquire certain morpho-syntactic structures in a particular order, something that produces a hierarchy consisting of five levels. In the main study, a quantitative analysis is made of the test takers’ level of grammatical development relative to their TISUS results. The results show a clear correlation between grammatical level and test results. There also seems to be a kind of watershed at level 4, given that most of the test takers who passed have command of this level in the PT hierarchy, whereas those who failed, as a rule, only make it to level 3. The first follow-up study is more qualitative in nature and is focused on the test takers who deviate from the general pattern of results in the main study: those who failed despite their high grammatical level and those who passed despite their low grammatical level. One result of this follow-up study is that, in these cases, it appears communicative competence was critical. Being able to orient oneself to the special conversational situation represented by the test conversation is considered to be particularly important. In a second follow-up study, the problems of applying PT to morphology and syntax are examined. The results of the dissertation suggest that there is a correlation between grammatical competence and communicative competence in general. This means that the grammatical levels in the PT hierarchy may constitute a useful basis of analysis in oral assessments, as a complement to other assessment tools.
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Stål, Eva-Lena. "Skriftspråklig kompetens hos andraspråksinlärare : Analys av godkända texter från Tisustest och Nationella prov i Svenska som andraspråk B." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Estetisk-filosofiska fakulteten, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-13993.

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Denna studie bygger på andraspråksinlärares skriftliga kompetens kopplad till syntaktiska och kommunikativa nivåer. I synnerhet är syftet att studera språkliga syntaktiska nivåer i texter skrivna av andraspråksinlärare som har behörighet att studera vid universitet. Ytterligare ett syfte är att studera om innehållet i texter kan förmedlas på ett kommunikativt och idiomatisk sätt. Den teoretiska ramen för att mäta syntaktiska nivåer som informanter i denna studie har uppnått bygger på processbarhetsteorin (Pienneman, 1998/ Pienneman & Håkansson, 1999). Studien visar att godkända texter i Svenska som andraspråk B och Tisustest uppnår nivå 4 och 5 på syntaktisk nivå.   Studien visar också på variation av kommunikativ kompetens utifrån förmågan att förmedla ett central innehåll. Informanterna uppnår delvis målspråksnormen och delvis avviker från målspråksnormen i varierad grad vilket påverkar den kommunikativa kompetensen. Det mesta av resultatet pekar på individuella skillnader. Vad som kan förklara skillnader mellan informanterna kan delvis kopplas till varierad kognitiv svårighetsgrad i texterna. Studien visar att processbarhetsteorin kan vara ett fördelaktigt verktyg för att mäta syntaktiska nivåer i texter. Dock pekar studien på att det är av vikt att också genomföra en mer omfattande bedömning av kommunikativa språkkunskaper för att kunna göra en helhetsbedömning av skriftlig språkkompetens av andraspråksinlärare.
The present study concerns second language learners' syntactic and communicative competence in writing. The aim is to study syntactic performances in texts written by learners of Swedish as a second language permitted to study at university. Another aim is to discuss the communicative and idiomatic performances of the informants.   The theoretical framework used for assessment of achieved syntactic levels is the Processability Theory (Pienneman, 1998/Pienneman & Håkansson, 1999). The results reveal that the students who´s texts in Svenska som andraspråk B[1]and the Tisustest[2]have passed the exam have achieved either syntactic level 4 or 5 according to Processability Theory.    The study also reveals the variety of communicative and idiomatic competence based on the ability to convey a core content. The informants partly achieve and partly do not achieve the Swedish language norms, in various degrees, which effects the level of communicative competence which they are able to express. The results point to more or less individual differences. There are small differences between the group of informants in Svenska som andraspråk B and in the Tisustest. Possible causes for these differences may partly be connected to the varying degree of cognitive difficulty in producing the different texts.   The study shows that the use of Processability Theory may be a beneficial tool to measure levels of syntactic proficiency levels in second language learner texts. However, it appears that it also is important to establish a comprehensive assessment of communicative language skills in order to make an overall assessment of written language skills of second language learners. [1]Swedish as a second language, level B [2]Tisus - Test in Swedish for university studies.
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Books on the topic "Processability theory"

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Pienemann, Manfred, and Jörg-U. Keßler, eds. Studying Processability Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.1.

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Lenzing, Anke, Howard Nicholas, and Jana Roos, eds. Widening Contexts for Processability Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.7.

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1951-, Pienemann Manfred, ed. Cross-linguistic aspects of processability theory. Amsterdam: J.Benjamins Pub. Co., 2005.

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Pienemann, Manfred, ed. Cross-Linguistic Aspects of Processability Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sibil.30.

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Studying processability theory: An introductory textbook. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2011.

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Baten, Kristof, Aafke Buyl, Katja Lochtman, and Mieke Van Herreweghe, eds. Theoretical and Methodological Developments in Processability Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.4.

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Theoretical and methodological developments in processability theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015.

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Language processing and second language development: Processability theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998.

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Pienemann, Manfred. Language processing and second language development: Processability theory. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 1998.

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Pienemann, Manfred. Cross-Linguistic Aspects of Processability Theory. Benjamins Publishing Company, John, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Processability theory"

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Pienemann, Manfred, and Anke Lenzing. "Processability Theory 1." In Theories in Second Language Acquisition, 162–91. Third edition. | New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Second language acquisition research: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429503986-8.

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Pienemann, Manfred. "Developmental schedules." In Studying Processability Theory, 1–11. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.1.01dev.

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Pienemann, Manfred. "Learner variation." In Studying Processability Theory, 12–24. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.1.02lea.

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Pienemann, Manfred. "The psycholinguistic basis of PT." In Studying Processability Theory, 25–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.1.03the.

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Pienemann, Manfred. "Explaining developmental schedules." In Studying Processability Theory, 49–62. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.1.04exp.

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Liebner, Mathias, and Manfred Pienemann. "Explaining learner variation." In Studying Processability Theory, 63–73. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.1.05exp.

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Pienemann, Manfred. "L1 transfer." In Studying Processability Theory, 74–82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.1.06lit.

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Keßler, Jörg-U., and Manfred Pienemann. "Research methodology." In Studying Processability Theory, 83–96. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.1.07res.

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Kawaguchi, Satomi. "Japanese as a second language." In Studying Processability Theory, 97–105. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.1.08jap.

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Plag, Ingo. "Pidgins and creoles." In Studying Processability Theory, 106–20. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/palart.1.09pid.

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Conference papers on the topic "Processability theory"

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Müller, D., and C. Bonten. "Investigation on the processability of sheets for thermoforming." In FRACTURE AND DAMAGE MECHANICS: Theory, Simulation and Experiment. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0028733.

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Sönmez, Maria, Mihaela Nituica (Vilsan), Mihai Georgescu, Maria Daniela Stelescu, Laurentia Alexandrescu, Denis-Andrei Drusan, Ana-Maria Ciobanu, Dana Gurau, and Ciprian Chelaru. "The Influence of NBR Waste Modified with SiO2/Not Modified on Processability, Physical-Mechanical and Structural Properties of PVC." In The 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2022.i.10.

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The finished products made of PVC and NBR after the end of the life (waste) are considered harmful, because they do not degrade and thus remain for a long time in the environment. Therefore, there is intense research in order to recycle such materials and reintroduce them into the productive cycle in a new form, without compromising very much their mechanical properties. In the case of rubber recycling, there are currently several methods, from reducing the dimensions to expensive devulcanization processes in order to use them in different thermoplastic matrices. However, the simple reduction of the size of the vulcanized rubber and the mixing with PVC, leads to weak mechanical properties, due to the incompatibility and immiscibility between the phases. Such a composite material was obtained using recycled vulcanized NBR rubber particles (0.35 mm) unmodified/ modified with 10% PDMS, in virgin PVC matrix and waste PVC (50:50) and in the presence of the genioplast additive by the homogeneous mixing technique in the Brabender mixer. The materials experimented were analyzed structurally – FTIR, rheological (torque versus time), from the point of view of processability (flow index) but also mechanically. The analysis of the physico-mechanical values shows that the addition of 10% NBR in the PVC matrix reduces the tensile strength, the 100 and 300% modulus, the elongation at the break, the tear due to their agglomeration, reduce processability (based on the MFR obtained values) but improve the abrasion resistance, an important property of the materials used especially in the footwear industry. However, these types of materials can be used in other applications (automotive, agriculture, etc.) where very high resistances are not required.
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Akhilesan, S., Susy Varughese, and C. Lakshmana Rao. "Electromechanical Behavior of Conductive Polyaniline/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Blend Films Under Uniaxial Loading." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-7937.

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Polyaniline (PANI) an electronically conducting polymer, and its charge transfer complexes are interesting engineering materials due to their unique electronic conductivity, electrochemical behavior, low raw material cost, ease of synthesis and environmental stability in comparison with other conjugated polymers. The main disadvantage of PANI is its limited processability. Blending of conducting polymers with insulating polymers is a good choice to overcome the processability problem. In this study a solution-blend method is adopted to prepare conductive polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol (PANI/PVA) blend films at various blend ratios. Interest in applications for polyaniline (PANI) has motivated investigators to study its electro mechanical properties, and its use in polymer composites or blends with common polymers. The work described here looks at the uniaxial deformation behavior of the conducting polymer films and the anisotropic dependency of electrical conductivity of the blend films exposed to static and dynamic loading conditions. The relation between mechanical strain, electrical conductivity and film microstructure is investigated on PANI/PVA blend films.
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Schramm, Detlef. "PE-RT: A New Class of Polyethylene for Industrial Pipes." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92266.

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The development of a new family of PE materials with significantly improved processability and long term strength at high temperatures is discussed. These polymers form the basis for a new ISO class of polyethylene materials: PE-RT (Polyethylene of Raised Temperature resistance) for hot and cold water as well as industrial pipe applications. These materials have a unique molecular structure and crystalline microstructure, which provides excellent Long Term Hydrostatic Strength at high temperature without crosslinking the material. PE-RT type materials are successfully used in domestic hot and cold water piping systems for most applications. The easy processing and outstanding material properties made these resins also attractive for use in many industrial applications, where larger dimensions are required and regular Polyethylene cannot be used or has temperature limitations. They also compete against high end engineering plastics, offering significant cost savings. These materials provide significant process advantages to the converters, allowing high line speed pipe production and providing excellent flexibility and ease of installation for the application. A recently developed PE-RT type material offers still higher long-term strength at high temperature and further improved processability. This combination makes this resin particularly suitable for high temperature applications. An example of the latter is in larger diameter cooling water pipes in power plants. Pipes based on these materials can be connected via heat welding or by the use of mechanical fittings. Furthermore this material can be used in industrial applications, were traditional Polyethylene is limited by the temperature resistance and metallic materials suffer from corrosion. The excellent weldability of these materials provides various opportunities to connect also larger dimensions in industrial applications. Another example of this is the use in multi-layer structured oil pipelines on-shore and off-shore. This paper presents the material science and product design concepts that govern the high long-term hydrostatic strength at high temperatures. By controlling the molecular structure, the melt rheology and solid state properties can be influenced. This results in a unique balance of processability and hydrostatic strength. Further discussed are the product features and benefits of PE-RT materials. The paper shows examples of the application range for this type of products, using applications in the domestic pipes market as a reference study.
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Vandevelde, Bart, Chinmay Nawghane, Riet Labie, Ralph Lauwaert, and Daniel Werkhoven. "Enhanced Processability and Thermal Fatigue Reliability With Low Melting Point SnBi Solder Alloy LMPA-Q." In ASME 2021 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2021-73456.

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Abstract SnBi based solder alloys become an interesting alternative for standard SnAgCu as they can be used to solder components at much lower temperature. The typically 50°C lower solder reflow temperature is less damaging for PCB and components, and also prevents hot tear and head-in-pillow failures for large fine pitch BGA components. A reasonable concern for these low-melting temperature solders is the thermal cycling reliability performance, in particular for harsh conditions such as automotive products. In this work, thermal cycling testing and failure analysis have been performed on 9 × 9 mm size QFN components and large chip components (2010 and 2512) which are typically sensitive to thermal fatigue. The results are benchmarked to standard SAC alloy. Also the process advantages from the low temperature solder alloys are depicted in this paper. Finally, the effect of Pb contamination on this SnBi based solder is investigated.
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Kim, Mi-Ra, Seung-Yeop Lee, Yun-Seon Yeo, Yong-Rae Cho, Sung-Hae Park, Won Suk Shin, Sung-Ho Jin, Ki-Suck Jung, Sang Min Han, and Jin-Kook Lee. "Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Conducting Polymers as Hole Transporting Materials." In ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99067.

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Thiophene-based polymers have good prospects in the field of electronic and photoelectronic devices because of their solubility, processability, environmental stability, and excellent electrical conductivity. We synthesized new type of thiophene-based polymers to use as hole transporting materials on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The thiophene-based polymers were synthesized as random copolymers containing 3-{2-[2-(2-(4-methoxybiphenyl)ethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}methylthiophene (MEET) units and 3-hexylthiophene (3HT) units. The photovoltaic performance of the solid-state DSSC device was improved to 3.88% overall efficiency under AM 1.5 illumination when the thiophene-based copolymer was introduced to the electrolyte as a hole transporting material.
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Berger, L. M., S. Saaro, C. Jordan, T. Naumann, M. Kašparova, and F. Zahálka. "HVOF-Sprayed WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni Coatings and their Properties." In ITSC2008, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2008p0217.

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Abstract The composition WC-(W, Cr)2C-Ni is one of the standard hardmetal compositions used for the preparation of thermally sprayed coatings by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. Surprisingly, this composition has been poorly investigated in the past. Frequent use of the commercial designations WC-“CrC”-Ni, WC-Cr3C2-Ni, and WC-NiCr indicate the insufficient knowledge about the phase compositions of the powders and coatings. In this paper, the processability of five commercial feedstock powders was studied. These feedstock powders were of different origin and were sprayed with two different liquid-fueled HVOF systems (K2 and JP-5000). The microstructures and phase compositions of the powders and the coatings were studied. Focus was on the appearance, composition, and distribution of the (W, Cr)2C phase, which is either formed or changes its Cr/W ratio during the spray process. The composition of the (W, Cr)2C phase was estimated from the lattice parameters. Hardness, density, and Young’s modulus were determined for the coatings. Additionally, the abrasion wear resistance of the coatings was studied. Unlike WC-Co and Cr3C2-NiCr, WC-(W, Cr)2C-Ni is not a simple binary hard phase-binder metal composite. The excellent properties of this composition, for instance, its oxidation and corrosion resistance, will surely attract more attention to this composition than it has in the past.
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Lubura, Jelena, Oskar Bera, Mirjana Jovičić, Bojana Ikonić, Predrag Kojić, Dragan Govedarica, and Jelena Pavličević. "THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT NANOFILLERS ON THERMAL PROPERTIES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY POLYURETHANE HYBRID MATERIALS." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.113l.

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In the past decade, the extensive research is focused to the structuring of novel thermoplastic segmented polycarbonate-based polyurethanes (PC-PUs) with a high range of potential application, due to their good biostability, biocompatibility, mechanical and thermal resistance, melt-processability and rubber like characteristics at the service temperature. In this work, a series of advanced polyurethane hybrid systems were prepared following one-step procedure and by varying the content (0, 1, 2, 5 or 10 wt%) of alumina, titania and zinc-oxide nanoparticles. The influence of filler type (Al2O3, TiO2 or ZnO) and its content on thermal properties of obtained nanocomposites (glass transition temperature and melting of hard domains) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The obtained DSC results revealed that that the obtained elastomeric materials are very promising for their potential use in the condition of high service temperatures.
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Stan, Felicia, Catalin Fetecau, Nicoleta V. Stanciu, Razvan T. Rosculet, and Laurentiu I. Sandu. "Investigation of Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2760.

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In this study, the structure-property relationships in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated. Firstly, the contribution of MWCNTs to the melt shear viscosity and the pressure-volume-temperature (pVT) behavior was investigated. Secondly, injection-molded samples and 2 mm diameter filaments of TPU/MWCNT composites were fabricated and their mechanical and electrical properties analyzed. It was found that the melt processability of TPU/MWCNT composites is not affected by the addition of a small amount (1–5 wt.%) of MWCNTs, all composites displaying shear-thinning at high shear rates. The mechanical and electrical properties of the TPU/MWCNT composites were substantially enhanced with the addition of MWCNTs. However, the conductivity values of composites processed by injection molding were two and three orders of magnitude lower than those of composites processed by extrusion, highlighting the role of melt shear viscosity on the dispersion and agglomeration of nanotubes.
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Constantinescu, Doina, Bogdan Boata, Mihaela Iordache, Maria Daniela Stelescu, Mihai Georgescu, and Maria Sönmez. "Technological Considerations Regarding the Mechanical Recycling of Waste from Polyethylene and Polypropylene Packaging." In The 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2022.iv.3.

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Plastic materials have found applications in almost all fields as a result of their properties and low price. More than 30% of the production of plastics is intended for obtaining packaging. Since they are non-biodegradable and represent a hazard to the environment, strategies and directives have been adopted at national, European, and global level, regarding the recycling of packaging waste. The main ecological method of recycling them is mechanical recycling. The paper presents the main stages of an industrial mechanical recycling process, namely: collection, sorting, grinding, washing, drying, (purification), granulation, packaging, storage and marketing. This underlines the fact that in order to obtain high-performance PE or PP raw materials from recyclable polymer waste from packaging, the recycling process requires advanced sorting to separate them into polymer classes, because the mixtures of the polymers involved are incompatible in their melted state. This incompatibility leads to the lower processability and physical-mechanical performance of the products manufactured from these types of recycled polymer waste. In addition to the sorting methods currently used in the industry, new advanced methods of selective sorting of waste according to the type of polymer were also presented, such as: spectroscopic method, selective dissolution of polymers, thermal adhesion method, froth flotation method, electrostatic separation methods. It was emphasized that by using state-of-the-art technologies such as electron beam treatment followed by the electrostatic separation of waste mixtures from packaging, it is possible to obtain recycled polymers with high purity (90-97%) at advantageous production costs.
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Reports on the topic "Processability theory"

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Panfil, Yossef E., Meirav Oded, Nir Waiskopf, and Uri Banin. Material Challenges for Colloidal Quantum Nanostructures in Next Generation Displays. AsiaChem Magazine, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51167/acm00008.

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The recent technological advancements have greatly improved the quality and resolution of displays. Yet, issues like full-color gamut representation and the long-lasting durability of the color emitters require further progression. Colloidal quantum dots manifest an inherent narrow spectral emission with optical stability, combined with various chemical processability options which will allow for their integration in display applications. Apart from their numerous advantages, they also present unique opportunities for the next technological leaps in the field.
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