Relevant bibliographies by topics / Process of distribution of electrical energy

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Academic literature on the topic 'Process of distribution of electrical energy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Process of distribution of electrical energy"

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Montes, Juan M., Jesus Cintas, Francicso Gomez Cuevas, and José A. Rodríguez. "Electrical Resistance Sintering of M.A. Al-5AlN Powders." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1225.

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In this work, mechanically alloyed Al-5AlN powders have been sintered by the Electrical Resistance Sintering (E.R.S.) technique. A die of alumina-base refractory concrete has been employed. Several electric intensity currents and passage times through the compact have been tested during the consolidation process. Compacts have been mechanically characterized by their hardness distribution and by an indirect tensile test. The obtained results are compared with the corresponding values of compacts prepared with the same powders by the conventional route of cold pressing and furnace sintering. Finally, for all the electrically consolidated compacts, the final porosity, as well as the average hardness and the strength in the indirect tensile test are empirically related to the electric energy supplied during the process. This energy is a function of the electric intensity current and passage time. The aforementioned empirical relationships are useful to select the best process conditions.
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Ohol, Sandeep, Mathew VK, Savita Shinde, and G. Balachandran. "Heat balance analysis in electric arc furnace for process improvement." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017002012.

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The current study deals with optimizing the melting process used in electric arc furnace by heat balance equations. Heat balance is a very important aspect in an arc furnace in which the energy input consists of electrical energy [65%], chemical energy [25%] and exothermic reaction heat [10%]. This energy is optimized with the charge mix, charge quantity, fluxes, fuel used, and O2 used in the burners. The present model considers all these aspects and gives heat distribution in the process. The model spreadsheet gives a reasonable prediction in terms of metal yield, composition, and energy consumption. The model also predicts the amount of iron oxidized in the process. The mass and heat balance model is a useful tool for process analysis and improves the process efficiency of electric arc furnace steelmaking.
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Liu, Zhigang, Dun Qian, Cong Xu, Liuxia Li, Xiaobing Zou, and Xinxin Wang. "Unbalanced distribution of electric current in underwater electrical wire array explosion." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 18 (February 11, 2022): 185205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac50d0.

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Abstract The uniformity of electric current distribution in a wire array and its unstable behavior during the process of underwater electrical explosion have been investigated. Two exploding wires in parallel were used in the experiments and the current waveforms flowing through each wire were obtained using two self-integrating coils. Significant differences in the current waveforms of the two wires were observed near the melting point, which was attributed to the non-simultaneity of heating and phase transition. Unbalanced current distribution caused by the deviations of wire dimensions was analyzed based on a magneto-hydrodynamic model, and the simulation results show that thermodynamic state difference between two wires is present throughout the entire electrical explosion process. It is also found that the initial stored energy of pulse generator will affect the thermodynamic state evolution of exploding wires, resulting in different behaviors of current distribution after the explosion time. The slightly different heating rate caused by unbalanced current distribution in a wire array can break the symmetry of converging shock waves and lower the pressure peak in the vicinity of implosion axis, which was discussed based on the two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations.
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Hajivand, Mohammad, Masoud Zahedi Vahid, Farzad Goudarzvand Chegini, Poorya Rahmati-Kahkha, and Reza Hajivand. "Optimization of Electrical Distribution System Maintenance Process Based on Failure Modes." International Journal of Reliability, Risk and Safety: Theory and Application 2, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/ijrrs.2.1.5.

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This paper presents a novel scheme for comprehensive planning of reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) in the electrical distribution system to minimize the costs of cable repair and maintenance. To this end, a new formulation is proposed by taking into account the maintenance costs for different cases, repairs, repair-caused load projects, and energy purchase or generation costs. To solve the given complex problem, one of the most powerful and newest particle intelligence techniques called GSO algorithm is employed. Simulations are carried out on a 30-bus test network. Moreover, three scenarios and ten cases are applied in the process of extracting results to analyze the impact of various items on parameters of the objective function.
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Qi, Han Bing, Fu Yun He, Qiu Shi Wang, Dong Li, and Lin Lin. "Simulation Analysis of Heat Transfer on Low Temperature Hot-Water Radiant Floor Heating and Electrical Radiant Floor Heating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4234.

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Radiant floor heating as a new type of energy-saving heating method has more and more used in modern building heating project. According to the different heat source, radiant floor heating is divided into low temperature hot-water floor radiant heating and electrical floor radiant heating. This paper analyzes the heat transfer process of structure layer of the low temperature hot-water and electrical floor radiant heating system, establishes two dimensional steady heat transfer mathematic model, numerical calculation using Fluent software. Respectively simulated when floor materials is different, the heat transfer process of low temperature hot-water floor radiant heating and electrical floor radiant heating system, The analysis results show that: for low temperature hot-water floor radiant heating, when floor material is soft wood, the ground temperature distribution is more uniform; for electrical floor radiant heating, when floor materials is marble, the ground temperature distribution is more uniform; electrical floor radiant heating is more energy saving, and temperature distribution in the ground of floor using the constant heat flux electric heating mode is more uniform than which using the low temperature hot water heating mode.
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Arizaldi, Afif, S. Salahuddin, M. Muhammad, Vishal Jain, Govinda Prashad Pandey, and Manoj Jagannathrao Watane. "Short Circuit Analysis on Distribution Network 20 kV Using Etap Software." Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical, and Computer Engineering 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/jreece.v1i2.5232.

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In an electric power system, electricity is generated by the power plant and then channeled to a transmission line and then distributed to consumers, in the process of distributing electrical energy, the system does not always work in normal conditions, sometimes the system can experience disturbances such as one-phase, two-phase, and three-phase disturbances. This interference can disrupt the electrical system and can damage equipment if left unchecked, therefore it is necessary to install a protection device that can decide the interference so as not to damage other equipment when a disturbance occurs. Here the protection device used is a circuit breaker. In a fault condition, the circuit breaker must be able to separate the points of the fault so as not to damage other electrical equipment. In this case, to determine the capacity of the best protection device for the system, a short circuit fault simulation is performed. To simplify the calculation process here the author uses the help of ETAP software (Electrical Transient Analysis Program).
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Rajendran, Rohit, and S. P. Vendan. "Single Discharge Finite Element Simulation of EDM Process." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 14, no. 02 (April 27, 2015): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686715500067.

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The energy distribution in the electric discharge machining process influences the material removal rate, relative wear ratio and the surface roughness of the machined surface and the effective energy is the part of energy which is distributed toward workpiece to be machined. The theoretical modeling of the process is based upon the heat transfer equations and one of the important parameter is fraction of energy transferred to the workpiece. The model first calculates the temperature distribution in the workpiece material using ANSYS Finite element coding and then volume removed due to single spark is estimated from the temperature profiles. Theoretical material removal rate at different input parameters are compared with the experimental results, making it possible to determine the portion of energy that enters AISI H13 tool steel workpiece. The effect of input parameters (discharge current, voltage, pulse on time) on temperature distributions along the radius and depth of the workpiece has been reported.
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Yassaghi, Hamed, and Simi Hoque. "Impact Assessment in the Process of Propagating Climate Change Uncertainties into Building Energy Use." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020367.

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Buildings are subject to significant stresses due to climate change and design strategies for climate resilient buildings are rife with uncertainties which could make interpreting energy use distributions difficult and questionable. This study intends to enhance a robust and credible estimate of the uncertainties and interpretations of building energy performance under climate change. A four-step climate uncertainty propagation approach which propagates downscaled future weather file uncertainties into building energy use is examined. The four-step approach integrates dynamic building simulation, fitting a distribution to average annual weather variables, regression model (between average annual weather variables and energy use) and random sampling. The impact of fitting different distributions to the weather variable (such as Normal, Beta, Weibull, etc.) and regression models (Multiple Linear and Principal Component Regression) of the uncertainty propagation method on cooling and heating energy use distribution for a sample reference office building is evaluated. Results show selecting a full principal component regression model following a best-fit distribution for each principal component of the weather variables can reduce the variation of the output energy distribution compared to simulated data. The results offer a way of understanding compound building energy use distributions and parsing the uncertain nature of climate projections.
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Liu, Qingming, Jinxiang Huang, Huige Shao, and Yunming Zhang. "Electric ignition energy evaluation and the energy distribution structure of energy released in electrostatic discharge process." Chinese Physics B 26, no. 10 (September 2017): 105202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/26/10/105202.

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Yatsenko, D. V., V. A. Popov, V. P. Rozen, A. I. Zamulko, and O. V. Adanikov. "Accounting the factor of randomity of social processes in prediction of demand for electric energy." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-2/067.

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Purpose. Taking into account the factor of randomness of social processes when forecasting the demand for electric energy to reduce the error. Methodology. Apparatus of mathematical statistics, linear programming methods, fuzzy set theory and expert assessment methods, scale theory, Bayesian approach to forecasting models, computer modeling. Findings. The dynamics of consumption of electric energy for different periods of time is analyzed, the influence of the pandemic factor on the process of formation of demand for electric energy is established. A verbal-numerical scale has been developed for a comprehensive assessment of the impact on the demand for electric energy of such a complex social phenomenon as a pandemic. A model for forecasting the demand for electrical energy was formed using the Bayesian approach and an experts assessment, which made it possible to use retrospective data on electrical energy consumption and take into account the uncertainty of the social factor influencing the pandemic. Originality. The model for forecasting the demand for electrical energy has been further developed, which, unlike others, takes into account the factor of randomness of social processes and a verbal-numerical scale, which makes it possible to reduce the error in predicting the consumption of electrical energy. Practical value. The research results are useful for enterprises specializing in the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy to consumers. The presented results make it possible to reduce the error in forecasting the demand for electric energy, taking into account the factor of randomness of social processes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Process of distribution of electrical energy"

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Guilhoto, João Vitor de Araújo 1983. "Representação trifásica de desequilíbrios estruturais e operacionais em sistema de média tensão de distribuição." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/260676.

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Orientador: Anésio dos Santos Júnior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T21:30:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilhoto_JoaoVitordeAraujo_M.pdf: 9238872 bytes, checksum: 2872f5a86f13a31cf1c8d3c62089038f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: A complexidade crescente dos estudos em sistemas de distribuição demanda uma formulação e modelagem capazes de agregar os desequilíbrios estruturais e operacionais dos sistemas elétricos de distribuição aos resultados das condições operacionais em regime permanente. Neste trabalho, aborda-se a representação trifásica em sistemas elétricos de média tensão de distribuição, considerando as particularidades dos sistemas trifásicos, bifásicos e monofásicos (MRT); e desenvolvendo os modelos dos circuitos, cargas, bancos de capacitores, transformadores e bancos de reguladores de tensão. Visando estabelecer o futuro vínculo dos modelos desenvolvidos com as sistemáticas existentes de determinação das condições operacionais dos sistemas elétricos de média tensão de distribuição, adota-se formulação matricial generalizada de correlação das correntes e tensões nodais. Tal formulação torna possível explorar e analisar os desequilíbrios estruturais e operacionais
Abstract: The increase complexity of power distribution analysis demands formulation and modeling that are capable to integrate structural and operational unbalance to steady state operational conditions. In this work the three-phase representation on distribution systems is addressed taking in account three-phase, two-phase and single-phase systems particularities; and developing the models for lines, loads, capacitor banks, transformers and step-voltage regulators. To achieve the future link between the models and existing techniques to determine the distribution systems operational conditions, it's chosen the formulation based on generalized matrices that establish the correlation of currents and nodal voltages. This formulation makes possible to explore and analyze the structural and operational unbalances
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Мирошник, Александр Александрович. "Модели и методы поддержки принятия решений в системе управления качеством процесса распределения электрической энергии." Thesis, Харьковский национальный технический университет сельского хозяйства им. Петра Василенко, 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/19107.

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Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора технических наук по специальности 05.13.03 – системы и процессы управления. – Харьковский национальный технический университет сельського хозяйства имени Петра Василенка. – Харьков, 2015. Диссертация посвящена решению проблемы поддержки принятия решений и оценки их эффективности в системе управления качеством процесса распределения электрической энергии при неоднородных режимах работы в условиях неопределенности. Проведенный анализ литературных источников показал, что в системах управления распределением электрической энергии (СУРЭ) имеют место неоднородные режимы вследствие несимметрии и несинусоидальности токов и напряжений, обусловленные неравномерным распределением электроприемников между фазами и наличием электроприемников с нелинейными вольт-амперными характеристиками, что в свою очередь негативно сказывается на работе электрооборудования объектов электроснабжения и сроке его службы, а также приводит к увеличению дополнительных потерь электрической энергии. Исследована работа СУРЭ в условиях неоднородности режимов вследствие несимметрии и несинусоидальности напряжения. Разработан метод оценки качества электрической энергии в СУРЭ с однофазными нагрузками, который позволяет определять уровни напряжений у потребителей и потери при любой ее конфигурации, несиметрии токов и напряжений. Разработан метод определения потерь электрической энергии в СУРЭ при неоднородных режимах вследствие несимметрии напряжений, который позволяет производить вычисления по величинам напряжений в начале и в конце линии и ее средним электрическим параметрам. Разработан комплекс технических средств, которые позволяют выполнять как мониторинг, так и осуществлять корректирующее воздействие на параметры неоднородных режимов СУРЭ и показатели качества электрической энергии, а также снижать дополнительные потери от неоднородных режимов.
Dissertation for scientific degree of doctor of technical sciences on specialty 05.13.03 – management of systems and processes. – Kharkiv Petro Vasylenko National Technical University of Agriculture. – Kharkiv, 2015. The thesis is devoted to the problem solving of decision-making supporting and valuing their effectiveness in the system of quality management process of distribution of electric power in heterogeneous modes under uncertainty. It was developed valuation methods heterogeneous operating mode of SOED, taking into account unsymmetric with stochastic or deterministic nature, in order to raise the effectiveness of process control of electrical energy distribution. With the purpose of identification of heterogeneous regimes as result of non-sinusoidal voltage distortion in SOED a method based on the wavelet analysis and neural network developed and it allows you to recognize a distorted image signal voltage. It was investigated that wavelet Paul can provide various voltage distortion and gain frequency components and their positions at the time axis simultaneously.It was worked out a method for decision support with a equal distribution of SOED using genetic algorithms, which allows you select the Pareto-optimal solutions in terms of reduction of losses and the quantitative re-strapping. Also, it was developed the method of decision-making in SOED by equal distribution of electro-based neural network that uses voltage average of distribution at the maximum loading per the season, thus reducing the additional losses of electricity.In order to assess the quality of the control system functioning of electricity distribution quality in terms of uncertainty it was developed the method, which evaluates a fuzzy extent accordance to standards and quality indicators to track change of electricity quality even if the major parameters do not exceed permissible values.
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Мірошник, Олександр Олександрович. "Моделі та методи підтримки прийняття рішень в системі керування якістю процесу розподілу електричної енергії." Thesis, ФОП Червяк В. Є, 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/19104.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.13.03 – системи та процеси керування. – Харківський національний технічний університет сільського господарства імені Петра Василенка. – Харків, 2015. Дисертацію присвячено вирішенню проблеми підтримки прийняття рішень і оцінки їх ефективності в системі керування якістю процесу розподілу електричної енергії при неоднорідних режимах роботи в умовах невизначеності. Для підвищення ефективності керування процесом розподілу електричної енергії розроблено методи оцінки неоднорідних режимів роботи СКРЕ з урахуванням несиметрії, що носить стохастичний або детермінований характер. З метою ідентифікації неоднорідних режимів внаслідок несинусоїдальних спотворень напруги в СКРЕ розроблено метод, що базується на використанні вейвлет-аналізу та нейронної мережі, і дозволяє розпізнати образ спотвореного сигналу напруги. Досліджено, що вейвлет Paul дозволяє виділити різні спотворення напруги та отримати частотні компоненти і їх положення на часовій осі одночасно. Розроблено метод підтримки прийняття рішення з рівномірного розподілу електроприймачів в СКРЕ з використанням генетичних алгоритмів, який дозволяє вибрати Парето-оптимальні рішення за рівнем зниження втрат і кількості перекомутацій. Також розроблено метод прийняття рішень в СКРЕ по рівномірному розподілу електроприймачів на базі нейронної мережі, який використовує математичні сподівання струмів в максимум навантаження за сезон, що дозволяє знизити додаткові втрати електричної енергії. З метою оцінки функціонування системи керування якості процесу розподілу електричної енергії в умовах невизначеності розроблено метод, який в нечіткому вигляді оцінює ступінь відповідності показників якості нормам та дозволяє відслідковувати зміну якості електричної енергії навіть, якщо основні показники не виходять за межі допустимих значень.
Dissertation for scientific degree of doctor of technical sciences on specialty 05.13.03 – management of systems and processes. – Kharkiv Petro Vasylenko National Technical University of Agriculture. – Kharkiv, 2015. The thesis is devoted to the problem solving of decision-making supporting and valuing their effectiveness in the system of quality management process of distribution of electric power in heterogeneous modes under uncertainty. It was developed valuation methods heterogeneous operating mode of SOED, taking into account unsymmetric with stochastic or deterministic nature, in order to raise the effectiveness of process control of electrical energy distribution. With the purpose of identification of heterogeneous regimes as result of non-sinusoidal voltage distortion in SOED a method based on the wavelet analysis and neural network developed and it allows you to recognize a distorted image signal voltage. It was investigated that wavelet Paul can provide various voltage distortion and gain frequency components and their positions at the time axis simultaneously.It was worked out a method for decision support with a equal distribution of SOED using genetic algorithms, which allows you select the Pareto-optimal solutions in terms of reduction of losses and the quantitative re-strapping. Also, it was developed the method of decision-making in SOED by equal distribution of electro-based neural network that uses voltage average of distribution at the maximum loading per the season, thus reducing the additional losses of electricity.In order to assess the quality of the control system functioning of electricity distribution quality in terms of uncertainty it was developed the method, which evaluates a fuzzy extent accordance to standards and quality indicators to track change of electricity quality even if the major parameters do not exceed permissible values.
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Zhang, Chenghua. "Peer-to-peer energy trading in electrical distribution networks." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/109074/.

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In response to the challenges posed by the increasing penetration of distributed generation from renewable energy sources and the increasing electricity retail prices with decreasing Feed-In Tariff rates, a new energy trading arrangement, “peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading” has been proposed. It refers to the direct energy trading among consumers and prosumers in distribution networks, which is developed based on the “P2P economy” concept (also known as sharing economy). A hierarchical system architecture model has been proposed in order to identify and categorise the key elements and technologies involved in P2P energy trading. A P2P energy trading platform called “Elecbay” is designed. The P2P bidding is simulated using game theory. Test results in a grid-connected LV Microgrid with distributed generators and flexible demands show that P2P energy trading is able to improve the local balance of energy generation and consumption, and the enhanced variety of peers is able to further facilitate the balance. Two necessary control systems are proposed for the Microgrid with “Elecbay”. A voltage control system which combines droop control and on-load-tap-changer (OLTC) control is designed and simulated. Simulation results show that the proposed voltage control system is sufficient for supporting the P2P energy trading in the Microgrid. The total number of operation times of the OLTC is reduced with P2P energy trading compared to the reference scenario. The information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructures for the P2P bidding platform and the voltage control system are investigated. The information exchange among peers and other parties (Elecbay, distribution system operators, etc.) is designed based on TCP/IP protocol. Existing and private communication networks with different communication medium, bandwidths, etc., are modelled. Simulation results show that the existing ICT infrastructures are sufficient for supporting both the P2P energy trading platform and the voltage control system. Therefore, no large amount of additional investments are required.
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Farahat, Sameer Ismail. "Electron energy distribution functions in radio-frequency discharges." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361940.

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CALILI, RODRIGO FLORA. "SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TO DETECT COMMERCIAL LOSSES IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7629@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Os modelos matemáticos comumente usados na identificação de irregularidades na medição se baseiam na análise da redução percentual do consumo do mês (normalmente de 20% a 30%) em relação aos meses anteriores. Este método tem gerado resultados imprecisos uma vez que considera o valor do consumo como um valor rígido e, portanto, não incorpora o efeito da sazonalidade na tipologia das cargas das unidades consumidoras. Este trabalho tem o intuito de melhorar a identificação de clientes fraudulentos utilizando métodos de inteligência artificial, tais como Redes Neurais e Lógica Fuzzy, implementados a um banco de dados de cadastro da Distribuidora de Energia ELEKTRO e a uma Pesquisa de Posses e Hábitos de Consumo (PPH) feita nesta mesma empresa. Nesta dissertação, o objetivo foi classificar um grupo de consumidores como normal (adimplente), inadimplente e fraudulento. Para tanto, foi feita inicialmente uma clusterização utilizando uma Rede Neural, mais especificamente uma Rede de Kohonen, para o banco de dados de cadastro disponibilizado pela distribuidora. Tomando os grupos desta classificação prévia feita pela Rede identificaram-se quais e quantos destes tiveram PPH´s realizadas. Para se ter a classificação de um grupo quanto a incidência de consumidores normais, inadimplentes e fraudulentos utilizou-se um processo de Análise Fuzzy, o qual identifica os clusters com os consumidores de cada um dos segmentos. É feita uma análise de desempenho do modelo proposto com dados reais fornecidos pela empresa, na qual os resultados apontaram para uma robustez do método.
Mathematical models commonly used to identify irregularities in measurement are based on percentile reduction analysis of the monthly consumption (normally from 20% to 30%) in relation to the previous months. This method tends to generate imprecise results, since it considers the value of the consumption as a rigid value and, therefore, it does not incorporate the seasonal effect in the loads topology of the consumer units. This work has intention to improve the identification of fraudulent customers using artificial intelligence methods, such as Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic, implemented to a database of consumers of ELEKTRO a distributing utility of São Paulo State, Brazil. It also uses information on appliances ownership obtained via market research in ELEKTRO area, named PPH (Portuguese for this particular type of market research). In this dissertation, the main objective was to classify a group of consumers as solvent, insolvent and fraudulent. In order to achieve this task, a clustering was initially made using a Neural Network framework, more specifically a Kohonen Network, for the database available. It was then checked which of the groups had a minimum number of clients interviewed in the PPH. In order to have the classification of the clients in the three categories it was used Fuzzy Analysis. Selected data is also presented, considering the available database of the Company as well as the research environment, which had been taken from the PPH. Finally, it was checked the performance of the method against real data obtained from the utility and the results were very satisfactory.
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Venkatramanan, Adithya. "Design of control electronics for the Ram Energy Distribution Detector." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56594.

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The bulk motion of the neutral gas at altitudes between about 200 and 600 km is an important factor in predicting the onset of plasma instabilities that are known to distort and/or disrupt high frequency radio communications. A ram wind sensor is a space science instrument that, when mounted on a satellite in low-Earth orbit, makes in-situ measurements of the component of the neutral gas velocity that lies along the orbit track of the satellite. The instrument works by changing the voltage on one of a set of grids and measuring a corresponding electron current generated by ions flowing through the grid stack and detected by the microchannel plate, generating a function of current vs. voltage called an I-V curve. Traditionally, the size and power requirements of ram wind sensors has limited their use to larger satellites. In this thesis, the electrical design and basic testing of a cubesat compatible RWS known as the ram energy distribution detector (REDD) are described. The mechanical design of the REDD sensor is first described, and the requirements of the electrical design are presented. The electrical requirements are based on both the characteristics of the ionosphereic flight environment, and on the size and power requirements typical of the small cubesat platforms for which the instrument is intended. The electrical hardware is then described in detail. The microcontroller design is reviewed as well, including the instrument's operating mode, and timing scheme. Test data showing the basic functionality of the instrument are then presented. Bench tests validate the design by confirming its ability to control voltages and measure small electron currents. End-to-end tests were also performed in a vacuum chamber to mimic the ionospheric environment. These data are presented to show the ability of the REDD sensor to meet or exceed its design specifications.
Master of Science
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Nouri, Hassan. "Erosion and electrode energy distribution in switches with silver-cadmium-oxide contacts." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2391.

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The cathode and the anode fall of the DC arcs are measured by fast oscilloscope for Ag-CdO contacts over a range of gap-lengths from 0.05 mm to 1 mm, and currents of 4-10 Amps at atmospheric pressure, with a known electrode closing speed, using the Moving Electrode Method. It was observed that the anode fall can occur in a few places within the arc voltage waveform, and is dependent of the electrodes' surface condition. Both cathode and anode falls increase with gap-length and decrease with current. It was found that when arc length is shorter than electrode separation, discontinuity within the arc voltage waveform during closure is caused, in many cases, by vapourisation of the first point of contact or by a high electric field set up between the two electrodes. These discontinuities are named as Voltage Step Phenomena. These voltage steps are related to the cathode and anode fall voltages, and their regular occurrences are a function of surface roughness. The fluctuations in the arc voltage waveform are thought to originate mainly from the cathode. A technique has been developed to measure the temperature of the electrodes accurately by using a T-type thermocouple, 0.075 mm diameter, in conjunction with a DC amplifier with a gain of 247. The thermocouple is placed as close as possible under the electrode surface (200 µm). This enables the temperature of the contact to be measured, after breaking contact, for an arc-duration even as short as 1ms. The time-constant of the probe (contact containing the thermocouple) is measured to be approximately 18ms. With this technique the temperature of the electrodes are measured for currents and gap-lengths ranging 4-10 Amps and 0.05-1 mm respectively. The effect of contacts being new and change of polarity have been investigated. From these results it is concluded that the co-existence of layers of foreign material on one, or both, surfaces causes the temperature of the electrodes to be high for the first 50-100 operations, before reaching to steady-state conditions. Change of polarity suggests that the moving electrode, either anode or cathode, due to the effect of air movement over its surface, is cooled relative to when fixed. The power transfer to the electrodes is calculated for various currents and gap-length using thermal analogue formulae derived from the transient response of an RC circuit to a d.c. pulse. The results show that below 0.2 mm the sum of the anode and cathode power is approximately equal to the arc power, and hence losses are negligible. At around 0.125 mm, for currents of about 6A and 12A, they both receive an equal amount of power from the arc. This has been related to the thermal energy of the electrons being negligible, at such separation, at the anode end of the plasma column. The power balance equations are solved to calculate the positive ion current to the cathode, and the thermal energy of the electrons in the plasma column, under various test conditions. In the investigation of erosion, the S.E.M. studies show that most of the power dissipated on the surface of the electrodes is used in melting and evaporation. The x-ray analysis shows that the melted metal is composed mostly of Silver. To operate the test rig and collect the generated data automatically, a computerised test system, with a mini data acquisition system, has been designed and constructed here.
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Ten, Chui Fen. "Loss of mains detection and amelioration on electrical distribution networks." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/loss-of-mains-detection-and-amelioration-on-electrical-distribution-networks(b7680a62-7caa-4fd3-89d4-d45e649f8ef9).html.

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Power system islanding is gaining increasing interest as a way to maintain power supply continuity. However, before this operation become viable, the technical challenges associated with its operation must first be addressed. A possible solution to one of these challenges, out-of synchronism reclosure, is by running the islanded system in synchronism with the mains whilst not being electrically connected. This concept, known as 'synchronous islanded operation' avoids the danger of out-of-synchronism reclosure of the islanded system onto the mains. The research in this thesis was based on the concepts presented in [1-3] and specifically applied to multiple-DG island scenarios. The additional control challenges associated with this scenario are identified and an appropriate control scheme, more suited for the operation of multiple-DG synchronous islands, is proposed. The results suggest that multiple-DG synchronous islanded operation is feasible, but a supervisory controller is necessary to facilitate the information exchange within the islanded system and enable stable operation.For maximum flexibility, the synchronous island must be capable of operating with a diversity of generation. The difficulties become further complicated when some or all of the generation consists of intermittent sources. The performance of the proposed control scheme in the presence of a significant contribution of renewable sources within the island is investigated. Two types of wind technologies were developed in PSCAD/EMTDC for this purpose, they are a fixed speed induction generator (FSIG) based wind farm and a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farm. The results show that although synchronous islanded operation is still achievable, the intermittent output has an adverse effect on the control performance, and in particular limits the magnitude of disturbances that can happen in the island without going beyond the relaxed synchronisation limits of ±60o.Energy storage is proposed as a way to reduce the wind farm power variation and improve phase controller response. A supplementary control is also proposed such that DFIG contributes to the inertial response. The potential of the proposed scheme (energy storage + supplementary control) is evaluated using case studies. The results show massive improvement to the load acceptance limits, even beyond the case where no wind farm is connected. The benefit of the proposed scheme is even more apparent as the share of wind generated energy in the island grows.
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Ding, Fei. "Smart Distribution System Automation: Network Reconfiguration and Energy Management." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1417291114.

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Books on the topic "Process of distribution of electrical energy"

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Szkutnik, Jerzy. Logistic management of electrical energy distribution. Kos̆ice: Mercury-Smékal Publishing House, 2005.

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Electrical distribution engineering. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2006.

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Pansini, Anthony J. Electrical distribution engineering. 2nd ed. Lilburn, GA: Fairmont Press, 1992.

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Generation, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy. New York: Wiley, 1989.

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Vaittinen, Risto. The advanced system for the distribution of electrical energy used in Finland. Helsinki: Association of Finnish Electric Utilities, 1987.

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Antchev, Mihail Hristov. Technologies for electrical power conversion, efficiency, and distribution: Methods and processes. Hershey, PA: Engineering Science Reference, 2010.

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Antchev, Mihail Hristov. Technologies for electrical power conversion, efficiency, and distribution: Methods and processes. Hershey, PA: Engineering Science Reference, 2010.

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Anderson, Leland I. Nikola Tesla's concepts for transmission of electrical energy without wires: A review. Denver, Colo: L. Anderson, 1999.

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Taylor, William R. Evaluation of potential energy loss reduction and savings for U.S. Army electrical distribution systems. [Champaign, Ill.]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1993.

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South Africa) IEEE Power & Energy Society Conference and Exposition in Africa: Intelligent Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Resources (2012 Johannesburg. IEEE Power & Energy Society Conference and Exposition in Africa: Intelligent Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Resources (PowerAfrica 2012): Johannesburg, South Africa, 9-13 July 2012. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Process of distribution of electrical energy"

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Capehart, Barney L., William J. Kennedy, and Wayne C. Turner. "Electrical Distribution Systems." In Guide to Energy Management, 177–97. Eighth edition, International version. | Lilburn, GA : The Fairmont Press, Inc., [2016]: River Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003152002-5.

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Ushakov, Vasily Y. "Energy Transmission and Distribution." In Electrical Power Engineering, 141–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62301-6_6.

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López, Juan Camilo, Pedro P. Vergara, Marcos J. Rider, and Luiz C. P. da Silva. "Optimal Restoration of Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Switching Sequence." In Energy Systems, 273–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36115-0_9.

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Endrjukaite, Tatiana, Alexander Dudko, Leon R. Roose, and Kevin Davies. "Routed Energy Distribution Network Concept with Electrical Energy Router." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 511–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44610-9_50.

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Lusk, Braden, and Jhon J. Silva. "Energy Distribution in the Blast Fragmentation Process." In Energy Efficiency in the Minerals Industry, 11–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54199-0_2.

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Grigoras, Gheorghe. "Electrical Energy Consumption Forecasting to Improve Energy Efficiency of Water Distribution Systems." In Energy Harvesting and Energy Efficiency, 599–628. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49875-1_20.

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Ankush Kumar, M., and A. Jaya Laxmi. "DC–DC Converter for RES-Based Smart Resilient LVDC Distribution System." In Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering, 223–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4388-0_11.

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Long, Yongsheng, Jianpeng Shi, Li Xin, Xueen Zhang, Jun Wang, and Shaoju Qu. "Application of Energy Distribution Analysis During the Vehicle Development." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1275–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33738-3_29.

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Gupta, Devki Nandan, Abhishek Sharma, and Deepak Verma. "Distribution Automation and Energy Management System in Smart Grid." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 183–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2354-7_17.

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Sossan, Fabrizio, and Fernando Alvarado. "Battery Energy Storage Systems for Applications in Distribution Grids." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 153–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90812-6_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Process of distribution of electrical energy"

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Avellanal, M., C. Dacchille, M. Muratti, and C. Monagas. "Electrical Losses Calculation Using Substation Energy Balance Process on La Electricidad de Caracas." In 2006 IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdcla.2006.311410.

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Kandil, S., and H. E. Farag. "Impacts of binding constraints on the planning process of renewable DG in distribution systems." In 2015 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epec.2015.7379993.

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Klimenko, Y. A., and A. P. Preobrazhensky. "Modeling of the Control and Monitoring Process in the 0.4 kV Electrical Distribution Network." In 2020 2nd International Conference on Control Systems, Mathematical Modeling, Automation and Energy Efficiency (SUMMA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/summa50634.2020.9280679.

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Liu, Yangyang, Yufeng Gu, Renjie Dai, Shihua Zhao, Jie Li, and Jiarui Li. "Statistical and Estimation Platform for Low-voltage Distribution Network Outages Based on Process Management." In 2021 4th International Conference on Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering (CEEPE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceepe51765.2021.9475638.

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Guseva, Svetlana, Olegs Borscevskis, Lubov Petrichenko, and Nikolajs Breners. "Basic principles of process implementation on voltage level changing in the distribution networks." In 2015 IEEE 5th International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives (POWERENG). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powereng.2015.7266309.

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Su, Shu, Yan Hui, Ding Ning, and Peijun Li. "Spatial-Temporal Distribution Model of Electric Vehicle Charging Demand Based on a Dynamic Evolution Process." In 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei2.2018.8582169.

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Hao, Wenhuan, Aina Tian, Yiying Gao, and Lize Ran. "Modeling and Simulation Research on the Influence of Dynamic Process of EV Charging Station on Transient Voltage Stability of Distribution Network." In 2016 International Conference on Energy, Power and Electrical Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/epee-16.2016.22.

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Zhang, Qiong, Tom H. Jackson, and Aydin Ungan. "Numerical Simulation of Continuous Microwave Hybrid Heating Process." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0829.

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Abstract This study developed a numerical model to simulate a continuous hybrid microwave heating process using a single-mode microwave resonant cavity. A hybrid heating process combines the volumetric energy deposition from microwaves with a convective heat flux at the surface. This combination of heating mechanisms may be used to produce more uniform temperature distributions than either method alone. A Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) technique was used to model the electric field distribution. The field strength data allowed power deposition to be approximated and the control volume method was used to solve the energy equation. Temperature dependence of dielectric properties was simulated through an iterative process. This simulation showed that hybrid heating schemes can be used to increase uniformity of the temperature distribution and reduce incidences of thermal runaway.
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Merritt, John A. "Distribution of the Massachusetts Renewable Energy Trust Fund in the Realm of Municipal Politics." In 9th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec9-122.

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Abstract As part of the state’s restructuring and deregulation of the electric power industry, Massachusetts established the Renewable Energy Trust Fund (RETF) which earmarked approximately $50 million, collected as a surcharge on consumer electric utility bills, for distribution to municipalities that faced significant increased costs of MSW disposal because of required clean air retrofits to their Waste-to-Energy (WTE) facilities. The focus of this discussion will be upon the process, logistics and issues that evolved as that statutory benefit was implemented, including conflicts that led to the need for using a dispute resolution mechanism. Also included will be summary of issues that other states may want to address if considering similar provisions, in order to avoid some of the conflicts that arose during the Massachusetts process. For details on the Massachusetts program, see my paper presented last year at NAWTEC VIII, titled: Case Study – Electric Utility Restructuring – Massachusetts Renewable Energy Trust Fund.
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M. Laurindo, Bruno, Felipe Marins, Bruno Wanderley França, Marcio Zamboti Fortes, and Mauricio Aredes. "Energy Efficiency Study for the Distribution System Using Low Voltage Transformer Under Harmonic Conditions." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos - SBSE2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/sbse.v1i1.2329.

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In Brazil, technical energy losses in power distribution systems are determined by power flow studies considering medium and low voltage systems, according to ANEEL recommendations, presented in PRODIST Module 7. These technical losses occur due to physical phenomena and are intrinsically associated with the energy distribution process. However, standards currently do not consider energy losses from harmonic components generated by nonlinear loads, which represent almost all the loads present in electrical systems worldwide. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the operation of a low voltage transformer under harmonic current conditions and to evaluate not only the operation temperature of the equipment, but also to verify the energy losses in it. This test is performed on a laboratory platform and the results are experimental using an adjustable three-phase source and a 3kVA three-phase transformer.
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Reports on the topic "Process of distribution of electrical energy"

1

Kingston, Tim, and John Kelly. Distributed Energy Alternative to Electrical Distribution Grid Expansion in Consolidated Edison Service Territory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1004947.

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Muelaner, Jody Emlyn. Unsettled Issues in Electrical Demand for Automotive Electrification Pathways. SAE International, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021004.

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With the current state of automotive electrification, predicting which electrification pathway is likely to be the most economical over a 10- to 30-year outlook is wrought with uncertainty. The development of a range of technologies should continue, including statically charged battery electric vehicles (BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and EVs designed for a combination of plug-in and electric road system (ERS) supply. The most significant uncertainties are for the costs related to hydrogen supply, electrical supply, and battery life. This greatly is dependent on electrolyzers, fuel-cell costs, life spans and efficiencies, distribution and storage, and the price of renewable electricity. Green hydrogen will also be required as an industrial feedstock for difficult-to-decarbonize areas such as aviation and steel production, and for seasonal energy buffering in the grid. For ERSs, it is critical to understand how battery life will be affected by frequent cycling and the extent to which battery technology from hybrid vehicles can be applied. Unsettled Issues in Electrical Demand for Automotive Electrification Pathways dives into the most critical issues the mobility industry is facing.
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Mracek Dietrich, Anna, and Ravi Rajamani. Unsettled Issues Regarding the Certification of Electric Aircraft. SAE International, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021007.

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The aerospace industry is beginning to grapple with the reality of certifying electric aircraft (EA), signaling the maturing of the field. Many players are ramping up their activities to respond to imminent technical, safety, and regulatory requirements. While there are gaps in EA knowledge as well as the processes for certifying them, some leading standards development organizations (SDOs) such as SAE International, ASTM International, and RTCA—ably supported by representatives from regulatory agencies—are stepping in to address many of these issues. Of special importance are the new rule changes in the normal category (14 CFR Part 23, Amendment 64) that shift from a prescriptive philosophy to “performance-based rules.” Regarding system knowledge, there has been a trend in the use electrical energy to power systems that have long employed mechanical hydraulics. In the new EA paradigm, these components will be employed at criticality levels not previously witnessed in conventional aircraft, calling for a specific set of certification demands. Unsettled Issues Regarding the Certification of Electric Aircraft tackles the certification challenges faced by EA manufacturers in both the small (normal) and large (transport) categories, addressing technical, business, and process issues.
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Exploring Distributed Energy Alternatives to Electrical Distribution Grid Expansion in Souhern California Edison Service Territory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/931597.

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