Relevant bibliographies by topics / Process Interplay

Academic literature on the topic 'Process Interplay'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Process Interplay"

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Alt, Frank P., Ludwig L. Böhm, Hans-Frieder Enderle, and Joachim Berthold. "Bimodal polyethylene– Interplay of catalyst and process." Macromolecular Symposia 163, no. 1 (January 2001): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200101)163:1<135::aid-masy135>3.0.co;2-7.

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Campbell, Holly. "Therapeutic Process and Outcome: The Interplay of Research." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 18, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.18.1.47.

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AbstractFrom Freud through to modern times researchers have aimed to develop a clearer understanding of therapeutic processes and outcomes. Despite this continued interest in the field, the representation of psychotherapy processes and the applicability of research findings and recommendations to the therapeutic field continue to prove difficult. Quantitative and qualitative studies each purport to provide answers, however, they differ greatly in their research methods and underlying ontological and epistemological views. Efficacy and effectiveness studies and the measures of statistical significance and clinical significance are explored with their inherent strengths and weaknesses highlighted. This paper presents the view that research into psychotherapy should enhance the experiences of both the therapist and client. For this to be achieved it is recommended that quantitative and qualitative data, or objective and subjective experiences, should collude rather than collide.
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Lundgren, Martin, and Erik Bergström. "Dynamic interplay in the information security risk management process." International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management 22, no. 2 (2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijram.2019.10022677.

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Lundgren, Martin, and Erik Bergström. "Dynamic interplay in the information security risk management process." International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management 22, no. 2 (2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijram.2019.101287.

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Reimann, St, V. Gontis, and M. Alaburda. "Interplay between positive feedbacks in the generalized CEV process." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 390, no. 8 (April 2011): 1393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2010.11.043.

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Ammar, Sameh. "Enterprise systems, business process management and UK-management accounting practices." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 14, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 230–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-05-2016-0044.

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Purpose This paper aims to address the extant and arguable role of enterprise systems (ES) in relation to management accounting practices (MAPs) through an inclusion relative neglect account of business process management (BPM). This is also extended to draw out an analytical framework to advance our understanding of how BPM mediate ES-MAPs interplay. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional case study was adopted as a research strategy with which to collect data about the ES-BPM-MAPs interplay as a unit of analysis. The latter, in the first stage, was examined across (89) mini-case studies operating in the UK context through reports and documentations collected from cases’ websites, vendors and consultants of information systems. Drawn insights from cross-sectional analysis and contributions made by prior studies are blended together to inform the second stage that outlines an analytical framework for ES-BPM-MAPs interplay. Findings Different ES are mobilised to address different orientations of BPMs and being used for different managerial functions and purposes. Different patterns of ES-BPM-MAPs interplay are identified across (89) UK-case studies and the BPM is a fulcrum understanding. These patterns are centred around three key BPM including customer, logistics and control processes and all oriented by a continuum of an organisation intention focus on control, understanding and strategising. Both processes and orientations explain ES development and MAPs evolution processes. Standardisation, integration and intelligence are key characteristics sought through ES mobilisations. By complementary, information provision, analytics and simulation are three sophisticated ways of using MA information facilitated by ES characteristics. Research limitations/implications Dynamic processes of MAPs change over time and are beyond the reach of this study. Such approach requires full access to case studies. BPM is fulcrum understanding of MAPs change and/or stability in relation to ES implementation including other components. Practical implications Findings and analytical framework could be used as a base for establishing the best approach in adopting ES to fully exploit the potential of future ES applications as well as to avoid organisations pitfalls of implementations. Organisations are advised to understand their existing business processes, characteristics of MA information would be achieved first upon which decision of ES components selection and implementation could be outlined. Originality/value The indirect interplay between ES and MAPs through business processes is rarely examined. By the inclusion of BPM and using cross-sectional case studies, this research contributes to the existing shortcomings of ES-MAPs interplay by broadening the picture and proposing an analytical framework. The latter advances our understanding by focusing on attributes of ES-BPM-MAPs upon which informal changes in-the use of MAPs are recognised.
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Fico, Annalisa, Luciano Di Croce, and Maria R. Matarazzo. "Interplay between DNA and RNA Modifications: A Constantly Evolving Process." Epigenomes 4, no. 4 (November 23, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes4040026.

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Al Hasan, Rima, and Pietro G. Micheli. "Unpacking the Interplay Between Process Improvement Approaches and Product Innovation." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 19568. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.19568abstract.

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Kannapan, Srikanth M., and Dean L. Taylort. "The Interplay of Context, Process, and Conflict in Concurrent Engineering." Concurrent Engineering 2, no. 3 (September 1994): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1063293x9400200305.

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Galkina, Tamara, and Eva-Lena Lundgren-Henriksson. "Coopetition as an entrepreneurial process: Interplay of causation and effectuation." Industrial Marketing Management 67 (November 2017): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2017.09.004.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Process Interplay"

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Halm, Lisa, and Oscar Mörke. "Exploring the interplay of the entrepreneurial process and the incubation process." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388776.

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Entrepreneurship and start-ups are important factors for economic growth and development. As the surrounding innovation ecosystem is becoming increasingly complex, it gets more difficult for entrepreneurs to find the right path. Incubators are important when it comes to facilitating and supporting new ventures. In this research, we conducted 19 semi-structured interviews of which five were held with public incubators, four with private incubators, nine with incubatees and one with Vinnova (a government authority that plays a huge part within the existence of public incubators) in order to gain an understanding of the interplay of the incubation process and the entrepreneurial process. As for analyzing the collected data we used a thematic analysis with an inductive approach. Throughout the coding process, we extracted the following three main topics: role of an incubator, incubation process and interplay. However, a distinction between public and private incubators was approved as applicable that determines the incubators’ purpose, objectives and operations. Our findings suggest that incubators play an important role in supporting and guiding the start-ups by transferring knowledge and asking the right questions as a fundament for the further entrepreneurial process. Continuous communication and expectation management are shown as crucial throughout the interplay of the two processes. Lastly, the disconnection from the incubatees should be done carefully, e.g. through a non-proactive aftercare.
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Soltani, Shahsanami Sara, and Emelie Vickers. "Collegiality and the interplay between modes of governance." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448334.

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As an under-researched form of coordination and control, little is known of how collegiality is practiced, especially in for-profit firms. Our thesis has sought to address this research gap by interviewing professionals from two fields which are recognized as collegial, namely lawyers and architects. Our aim was to depict how for-profit firms coordinate and control using collegiality in relation to the traditional modes of governance of bureaucracy and management. We do this by utilizing the concept of institutional logics which focuses on field-level meaning systems and how actors use these systems of values, beliefs and expectations to make sense of their institutional environment. We could observe a clear coexistence of all three modes of governance. Our respondents indicated an awareness of the different logics and demonstrated an understanding of which governance mode was called for in which situation. This interplay was highly contextual and contingent on each situation's institutional demands and expectations. Collegial values were keenly advocated, yet work tasks that were legalized were also bureaucratized. The coexistence of fundamentally contradictory governance modes did not however appear to meet much internal resistance and seemed to rather function peacefully with wide employee acceptance.
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Perley, Mary-Ellen. "Voices for engaging and enriching learning, the interplay of Process Drama and English." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60401.pdf.

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Ogletree, Aaron M. "The interplay of life stressors and coping resources: Implications for health." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/95028.

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Adults aged 50 years and older are a growing segment of the population and are more likely than their younger counterparts to experience significant stressors such as the death of a relative or friend, onset of chronic conditions, and increased health burden. The current studies use Pearlin's stress process model to evaluate the impact of these stressors on outcomes of depression. Study 1 used Wave 1 data from the ORANJ BOWL research panel of 5,688 New Jersey residents aged 50 and older to explore the relationship between relational life events, private religious practices, and depressed mood. Cross-sectional structural equation modeling was used to evaluate these relationships. Results showed that relational life events had a significant positive influence on depressive symptoms and this relationship was partially mediated by private religious practices. Findings indicate that non-personal life events are important sources of stress that may otherwise be overlooked when assessing risk factors among older adults. Study 2 used data from 640 men from the Research on Older Adults with HIV (ROAH) study to evaluate the impact of HIV-related health burden on depressed mood and to assess the mitigating effects of social support adequacy. Structural equation modeling showed that greater health burden was associated with more depressive symptoms; this relationship was significantly partially mediated by emotional support adequacy, which was a measure of unmet social need. Findings indicate that health burden has a cumulative impact on psychological health and programs and supports that target social wellness can improve this relationship. These studies point to the importance of understanding sources of risk and resilience among older people and in an attempt to improve overall health outcomes.
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Shinde, Jayendra. "Mutational signatures reveal the dynamic interplay of risk factors and cellular process during liver tumorigenesis." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC324/document.

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Le cancer est une maladie du génome. La transformation tumorale résulte de l’acquisition de mutations somatiques via divers processus mutagènes opérant tout au long de la vie du patient. Les mécanismes à l’origine des mutations incluent les erreurs de réplication, les défauts de réparation de l’ADN, les modifications de base spontanées ou catalysées par des enzymes cellulaires, et l’exposition à des agents mutagènes endogènes (ROS) ou exogènes (tabac, UV…). Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai analysé des données de séquençage exome et génome complet de tumeurs hépatiques pour décortiquer les mécanismes à l’origine des mutations dans ces tumeurs, leur interaction avec les facteurs de risque, les processus cellulaires, les gènes drivers, et leur évolution au cours de la maladie. J’ai utilisé des méthodes statistiques existantes et dévoloppé des outils bioinformatiques innovants pour:- extraire les signatures de mutations et de réarrangements structuraux à l’aide de données de séquençage à haut débit- identifier les facteurs de risque et/ou les altérations génétiques à l’origine de chacune- prédire les mécanismes mutagènes à l’origine de chaque mutation somatique- explorer les corrélations entre la densité des mutations et les processus cellulaires comme la réplication et la transcription- reconstruire l’histoire clonale des tumeurs et dater l’apparition des signatures mutationnelles et des aberrations chromosomiques.Ces approches innovantes m’ont permis d’identifier 10 signatures mutationnelles: 5 signatures ubiquitaires à l’œuvre dans toutes les tumeurs hépatiques mais modulées par les facteurs de risque (sexe, alcool, tabac), et 5 signatures sporadiques opérant dans moins de 5% des tumeurs et associées à des étiologies connues (aflatoxine B1, acide aristolochique) ou restant à identifier. J’ai aussi mis en évidence 6 signatures de réarrangements structuraux, notamment des phénotypes duplicateurs et déléteurs, spécifiques de petits groupes de tumeurs. Chaque processus mutagène est modulé différemment par la réplication et la transcription. Les signatures liées à des molécules formant des adducts sur l’ADN (hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques, aflatoxine B1, acide aristolochique) sont nettement moins actives dans les gènes fortement exprimés suite à l’action du transcription-coupled repair, alors que la signature 16, liée à l’alcool, présente un motif unique de transcription-coupled damage. Une corrélation étonnante entre la densité des petites insertions et délétions (indels) et l’expression des gènes a été identifiée, conduisant à une accumulation considérable d’indels dans les gènes très forterment exprimés dans les cellules hépatiques. Enfin, l’histoire clonale des tumeurs hépatiques montre l’évolution des signatures mutationnelles au cours du temps et identifie l’accumulation de gains chromosomiques multiples comme un évènement tardif entraînant probablement une croissance de la tumeur jusqu’à une taille détactable en clinique. Ces résultats nous éclairent sur les mécanismes à l’origine des altérations génomiques dans l’histoire naturelle des cancers du foie
Cancer is a disease of the genome. A normal cell goes rogue and is transformed into a cancerous cell due to acquired somatic mutations in its genome. The catalogue of these somatic mutations observed in the cancer genome is the outcome of multiple mutational processes that have been operative over the lifetime of a patient. These mutational processes that have occurred throughout the development of cancer may be infidelity of the DNA replication machinery, impaired DNA repair system, enzymatic modifications of DNA, or exposures to exogenous or endogenous mutagens. Each mutational process leaves a characteristic pattern – a “mutational signature” on the cancer genome. Various genomic features related to genome architecture, including DNA replication and transcription, modulate these mutational processes. During my PhD, I analyzed whole exome and whole genome sequencing data from liver tumors to understand the mutational processes remodeling these tumor genomes, their interaction with risk factors, cellular processes, and driver genes, and their evolution along the tumor histories. For that aim, I used existing statistical methods and I developed innovative computational tools to:- extract mutational and structural variant signatures from next-generation sequencing data- identify risk factors or genetic alterations underlying each process- predict the mutational process at the origin of each somatic mutation- explore correlations between mutation rates and cellular processes like replication and transcription- reconstruct the clonal history of a tumor and the timing of mutational processes and copy-number changes These innovative analytical strategies allowed me to identify 10 mutational signatures: 5 ubiquitous signatures operative in every liver cancer but modulated by risk factors (gender, alcohol, tobacco), and 5 sporadic signatures operative in <5% of HCC and associated with specific known (aflatoxin B1, aristolochic acid) or unknown mutational processes. I also identified 6 structural variant signatures, including striking duplicator or deletor phenotypes in rare tumors. Each mutational process showed a different relationship with replication and transcription. Signatures of bulky DNA adducts (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aflatoxin B1, aristolochic acid) strongly decreased in highly expressed genes due to transcription-coupled repair, whereas the alcohol-related signature 16 displayed a unique feature of transcription-coupled damage. A striking positive correlation between indel rate and gene expression was observed, leading to recurrent mutations in very highly expressed tissue-specific genes. Finally, reconstructing the clonal history of HCC revealed the evolution of mutational processes along tumor development and identified synchronous chromosome duplications as late events probably leading to fast tumor growth and clinical detection of the tumor. Together, these findings shed new light on the mechanisms generating DNA alterations along the natural history of liver cancers
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Diala, Jane Chinonyerem. "The interplay of structure and agency: the negotiation process of bridewealth payment in South-East Nigeria." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30019.

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The payment of bridewealth is a near-universal cultural practice among the Igbos of SouthEast Nigeria. Bridewealth used to be a symbolic legitimator of marriage. However, its symbolism has been distorted by expensive items on marriage lists. In this context, bridewealth payment provides an excellent analytical tool for the structure-agency debate, which has, in varying degrees, engaged academic interest for centuries. Underlying this debate is the extent to which institutions determine human behaviour and its attendant power relations. While structure refers to the self-replicating, complex elements that sustain institutions, agency refers to the volitional, purpose-driven nature of human activities. In this debate, the structuralfunctionalist-Marxist view, symbolic interactionism, and complementarity view are prominent. From these views, this dissertation develops a needs-based approach to structure-agency interaction, arguing that a focus on the primacy of structure or agency obscures their underlying motivations. It posits that the structure-agency interaction is both the process and product of logical assessments and dialogue, which are driven by socio-economic needs. In the context of this framework, it explored one central question: In what ways do power relations play out in the negotiation process of bridewealth payment in South-East Nigeria? Using literature review, non-participant observation of bridewealth negotiations, and in-depth interviews of 47 key informants, it reveals an interdependent, complex web linking the custodians of culture with agentic tools such as wealth, religion, and education. Despite cultural inhibitions in spousal selection and bridewealth negotiation, prospective spouses have a range of creative tools for reducing exorbitant items on marriage lists, thereby deconstructing high bridewealth. These agentic tools are driven by socio-economic elements such as desire to marry, economic coercion, cohabitation, threat of extramarital pregnancy, and religious values. The study concludes that bridewealth negotiation reflects socio-economic dynamics within hybrid cultural spaces in which potential couples and their parents may navigate the powerful constraints of tradition or sustain tradition through their inaction. These socio-economic dynamics are so powerful that they produce widespread disregard for legislation limiting bridewealth amounts. The study’s findings demonstrate the ineffectiveness of a top-down approach to law, the value of policy sensitivity to people’s lived realities, and the importance of in-depth consultation in the formulation of legislation.
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Baptista, Joao M. N. de M. ""An organisation gets the intranet it deserves" : institutionalisation as a process of interplay between technology and its organisational context of use." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2748/.

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This study contributes to the IS literature with a distinctive explanation of the process of institutionalisation of technology in organizations. The research analyses the role of micro level processes of interplay in embedding an intranet in the formal functioning of an organisation and in the habits and routines of its employees. Findings identify two types of processes of interplay underpinning this process of institutionalisation. The first operates at the level of constitutive expectations and refers to mutual changes to the governance, policy and control mechanisms which foster the perception that the intranet is part of the expected formal functioning of the organisation. The second operates at the level of background expectations and refers to mutual changes that make the intranet look more familiar, functional and easier to use, fostering its embedding in the routines and habits of the employees. The study unravels processes of mutual transformation to an intranet and its hosting organisation, a bank in the UK, by following their evolution over a period of five years. It uses the single longitudinal case study research strategy and is informed by Markus (1983) to support the longitudinal reconstruction of the intranet in the bank. Institutional-based trust theory (Zucker 1986) is used to inform the interpretation of data. This theory is enhanced by the work of Schutz (1962) in developing the concept of background expectations and Garfinkel (1967) in developing the concept of constitutive expectations. The study aims to motivate more research on institutionalisation as a micro level process of ongoing interplay and gradual development of institutionalised behaviour.
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Trujillo, Valencia Carlos Andrés. "Aspects of the interplay of cognition and emotion and the use of verbal vs. numerical information decision making." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7352.

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En ésta tesis se estudian 2 aspectos de la toma decisiones. Primero, se investiga la forma en que las personas categorizan atributos numéricos. Se presenta y se prueba experimentalmente un modelo del proceso mental que usan las personas para trasformar una cantidad en una categoría verbal. Bajo ciertas condiciones situacionales, el modelo es capaz de predecir conceptualizaciones verbales. Segundo, se exploran las interconexiones entre la información cognitiva y emocional durante la decisión. Se elaboran y se prueban experimentalmente cuatro modelos de la forma en que se combina la información cognitiva y emocional durante el proceso de elección, para determinar el valor de una alternativa. Los modelos muestran una alta capacidad de predicción. Esta varía en función de (1) la interacción de la información verbal y numérica con la capacidad cognitiva situacional del individuo y (2) la correlación entre los juicios cognitivos y las reacciones emocionales.
The present dissertation investigates two aspects of decision making: First, I study the way in which people understand and categorize numerical attributes of products. I develop and experimentally test a model of the mental process people use to transform a quantitative attribute into a verbal category. Under certain environmental conditions, the model is able to predict the verbal conceptualization of people. Second, I explore the interconnections of cognitive and emotional information during the process of decision making. I propose and experimentally test four different models of the way cognitive and affective information is combined during the decision making process in order to determine the value of an alternative. The models display a high predictive power. Their performance is influenced by (1) the interaction of verbal and numerical information with the situational cognitive capacities of the individual and (2) by the correlation of cognitive judgments and affective reactions.
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Akdas, Tugce [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Gutachter] Peukert. "Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals: The Interplay of Process Steps and Product Properties for the Case of non-toxic Compound Chalcogenide Quantum Dots / Tugce Akdas ; Gutachter: Wolfgang Peukert." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1129455106/34.

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Lee, Sung Yong. "Dynamics of interplay between third-party interveners and national factions in civil war peace negotiations : case studies on Cambodia and El Salvador." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1864.

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This thesis examines the processes of the peace negotiations in Cambodia (1987-1993) and El Salvador (1989-1993) in order to address the following question: What does the interplay between the national factions and the external interveners in peace negotiations tell us about their chances of achieving their goals? By using the concept of ‘interplay,’ this study reinterprets the negotiation processes as the negotiating actors’ exchanges of strategic moves. In particular, it explores how the negotiating actors’ attitudes towards the core negotiation issues changed in the two cases and how the changes affected their counterparts’ negotiating strategies. There are two aspects to the findings of this thesis, one descriptive and the other explanatory. First, this study has investigated the characteristics of the negotiating actors’ strategies and the pattern of the interplay between them. As for the interveners’ strategies, this thesis finds that impartial third parties generally employ diplomatic intervention methods, while advocate states enjoy a wider range of options. In addition, national factions’ behaviour is generally affected by three factors: their fundamental goals, the domestic resources under their control, and the incentives or pressure from external interveners. It is also observed that the stronger the intervention becomes, the more that national factions’ provisional strategies are inclined to be receptive towards the intervention. Nevertheless, the national factions rarely fully accepted proposals that they deemed harmful to the achievement of their fundamental goals. Second, based on the descriptive findings, this thesis highlights the importance of mutual understanding between national factions and external interveners. The case studies of Cambodia and El Salvador show that the effectiveness of a particular intervention depends not so much on the type of method employed but on the context in which it is applied. An intervention is more likely to be effective when it is used in a way that national factions can understand and is supported by the consistently strong attention of external interveners. In addition, it is observed that actors’ ethnocentric perceptions on core concepts of conflict and negotiation as well as their lack of an effective communication capability are some of the common causes of the misunderstandings that arise during negotiation processes.
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Books on the topic "Process Interplay"

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B, Rosenfeld Lawrence, and Proctor Russell F, eds. Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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Adler, Ronald B. Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication. Edited by Rosenfeld Lawrence B and Towne Neil 1928-. 6th ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1995.

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B, Rosenfeld Lawrence, and Proctor Russell F, eds. Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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B, Rosenfeld Lawrence, and Towne Neil, eds. Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication. 5th ed. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1992.

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Adler, Ronald B. Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication. 4th ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1989.

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B, Rosenfeld Lawrence, and Proctor Russell F, eds. Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication. New Yor: Oxford University Press, 2012.

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Adler, Ronald B. Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication. 3rd ed. New York: CBS Publishing Ltd, 1986.

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B, Rosenfeld Lawrence, and Towne Neil 1928-, eds. Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication. 3rd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1986.

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B, Adler Ronald, ed. Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication. Don Mills, Ont: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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Adler, Ronald B. Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication. 5th ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Process Interplay"

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Zettersten, Arne. "Interplay between Research and Fiction." In J.R.R. Tolkien’s Double Worlds and Creative Process, 143–48. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118409_14.

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Boersen, Nathan, Chad Brown, James DiNunzio, David Johnson, Patrick Marsac, Robert Meyer, and Craig McKelvey. "Hot-Melt Extrusion: The Process-Product-Performance Interplay." In Discovering and Developing Molecules with Optimal Drug-Like Properties, 345–81. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1399-2_11.

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Marengo, Elisa, Werner Nutt, and Matthias Perktold. "Construction Process Modeling: Representing Activities, Items and Their Interplay." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 48–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98648-7_4.

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Salehi, Mariam. "Tunisia’s Re-Configurations and Transitional Justice in Process: How Planned Processes of Social and Political Change Interplay with Unplanned Political Dynamics." In Re-Configurations, 37–49. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31160-5_3.

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Abstract This chapter seeks to explain the developments of the Tunisian transitional justice process. Drawing on Norbert Elias’s ideas about social processes, it argues that dynamics of transitional justice processes can neither be understood solely in light of international norms and the “justice industry” that both shape institutionalized transitional justice projects, nor simply by examining context and the political preferences of domestic actors. Rather, these shifts are shaped by the interplay of planned processes with unplanned political and social dynamics; with a political context in flux, power shifts, and sometimes competing planned efforts in other realms. Empirically grounded in “process-concurrent” field research in post- “Arab Spring” Tunisia, the contribution shows that a technocratic/institutionalized transitional justice project can develop dynamics that are somewhat, but not entirely, independent of power shifts. However, the above interplays may lead to frictional encounters that trigger feedback loops, new processes, and new structures.
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Fetzer, Marei, and Kerstin Tiedemann. "The Interplay of Language and Objects in the Process of Abstracting." In Language and Communication in Mathematics Education, 91–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75055-2_8.

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Aravind, Deepa, Fariborz Damanpour, and Carlos Devece. "Environmental Performance: Interplay Between the Roles of Process Innovation Capability and Managerial Innovation Implementation." In Management Innovation, 29–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03134-7_3.

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Jung, Jin G., and Anne Le. "Metabolism of Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment." In The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism, 173–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_13.

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AbstractThe tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex biological structure surrounding tumor cells and includes blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and extracellular matrix (ECM) [1, 2]. These heterogeneous surrounding structures provide nutrients, metabolites, and signaling molecules to provide a cancer-friendly environment. The metabolic interplay between immune cells and cancer cells in the TME is a key feature not only for understanding tumor biology but also for discovering cancer cells’ vulnerability. As cancer immunotherapy to treat cancer patients and the use of metabolomics technologies become more and more common [3], the importance of the interplay between cancer cells and immune cells in the TME is emerging with respect to not only cell-to-cell interactions but also metabolic pathways. This interaction between immune cells and cancer cells is a complex and dynamic process in which immune cells act as a determinant factor of cancer cells’ fate and vice versa. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the metabolic interplay between immune cells and cancer cells and discuss the therapeutic opportunities as a result of this interplay in order to define targets for cancer treatment. It is important to understand and identify therapeutic targets that interrupt this cancerpromoting relationship between cancer cells and the surrounding immune cells, allowing for maximum efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as other genetic and cellular therapies.
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Curbano, Ryan Jeffrey P. "Interplay Model of Technostress Creators and Cognitive Workload in a Call Center Business Process Outsourcing Industries." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 242–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63335-6_25.

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Lawrence, Alistair, and Belinda Vigors. "Farm animal welfare: origins, and interplay with economics and policy." In The economics of farm animal welfare: theory, evidence and policy, 1–29. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786392312.0001.

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Abstract In this chapter we look at the origins of animal welfare as a societal concern and the interplay between the concept of animal welfare, economics and policy. We firstly propose adjustments to the 'standard view' of the development of animal welfare concerns (which we refer to as the Harrison-Brambell- FAWC (HBF) sequence). For example, we suggest that the role of science in setting animal welfare policy is a more complex process than is sometimes acknowledged. We discuss the application of economics to animal welfare including the analysis of the costs of animal welfare improvements to more recent work on trade-offs relating to animal welfare across the supply chain. Considering this range of uses of economics relating to animal welfare, we identify that the question of how to value animal welfare in economic terms remains unresolved. Lastly, we suggest that the period 1965-2008 may come to be regarded as a 'golden era' for the translation of animal welfare concerns into positive socio-political actions. We discuss a raft of issues which appear to have diminished the position of animal welfare in the policy 'pecking order'. However, societal concern over animal welfare will mean that government and others will need to be cautious of breaching 'red lines'. On a more positive note, the public profile that animal welfare enjoys will continue to provide the opportunity for policy and business innovations to improve animals' lives.
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Valleriani, Matteo, and Andrea Ottone. "Printers, Publishers, and Sellers: Actors in the Process of Consolidation of Epistemic Communities in the Early Modern Academic World." In Publishing Sacrobosco’s De sphaera in Early Modern Europe, 1–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86600-6_1.

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AbstractThis chapter proposes a global view of the set of dynamics of interplay that were generated in the early modern publishing sector around a single astronomical work, the Tractatus de sphaera by Johannes de Sacrobosco. The Sphaera, a thirteenth-century tract of geocentric cosmology, rather than remaining a static text, became over the centuries a multiauthored dynamic textual tradition. This essay argues that publishers, printers, and booksellers had a fair share of agency not only in perpetuating but also in shaping the evolution of this long-lasting textual tradition. The present essay traces the ways this agency was configured.
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Conference papers on the topic "Process Interplay"

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Cerminara, G. "VV-Fusion Process to Investigate EWSB; Interplay LC-LHC." In IFAE 2005: XVII Incontri de Fisica delle Alte Energie; 17th Italian Meeting on High Energy Physics. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2125627.

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Olufemi, Adebayo, and Anil Ambastha. "Initial Production Rate Estimation: Impact on Recovery and Interplay of Recovery Process." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/189078-ms.

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Deb, Jayanta, Nazmul Ahsan, and Sharmin Majumder. "Modeling the Interplay Between Process Parameters and Part Attributes in Additive Manufacturing Process With Artificial Neural Network." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95120.

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Abstract In this study, we model the interplay between the process parameters and the part attributes with artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the effect of a set of process parameters on the part attributes in extrusion-based AM process. Five process parameters including build orientation, print speed, extrusion temperature, deposition direction, and layer thickness with three levels are used in this study to fabricate parts following an orthogonal array experimental design. Three attributes including dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, and tensile strength of the fabricated parts are measured and used to train, validate, and test the proposed multilayer artificial neural network models. Four different ANN models are proposed where three of them are for the three individual part attributes and the fourth model is for the combination of all three attributes. The results indicate that the individual part attribute ANN models outperform the model for the combination of three attributes in terms of the RMSE and correlation coefficient. Comparison among the individual part attributes with respect to the process parameters is performed to analyze which parameters have a greater effect on the individual part attributes. The trained ANN models can be utilized to predict and optimize the part attributes in extrusion-based AM processes.
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Hsiung, Hsunwei, Da Cheng, Bin Liu, Ramesh Govindan, and Sandeep K. Gupta. "Interplay of Failure Rate, Performance, and Test Cost in TCAM under Process Variations." In 2013 22nd Asian Test Symposium (ATS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ats.2013.54.

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Mathijssen, Simon G., Tim Davis, Arie den Boef, Kaustuve Bhattacharyya, and William T. Blanton. "Fundamental understanding of the interplay between target and sensor brings diffraction based overlay to the next level of accuracy." In Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Semiconductor Manufacturing XXXV, edited by Ofer Adan and John C. Robinson. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2584973.

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Shanov, V. N., YeoHeung Yun, Yi Tu, and M. J. Schulz. "Substrate and Process Interplay During Synthesis of Millimeter Long Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube Arrays." In 2006 Sixth IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nano.2006.247612.

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Neto, Valdemar Vicente Graciano, Everton Cavalcante, Jamal El Hachem, and Daniel Soares Santos. "On the Interplay of Business Process Modeling and Missions in Systems-of-Information Systems." In 2017 IEEE/ACM Joint 5th International Workshop on Software Engineering for Systems-of-Systems and 11th Workshop on Distributed Software Development, Software Ecosystems and Systems-of-Systems (JSOS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsos.2017.7.

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Rao, Z. H., J. Hu, S. M. Liao, and H. L. Tsai. "Determination of Equilibrium Wire Feed Speeds for a Stable GMAW Process." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67799.

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In gas metal arc welding (GMAW), for given welding conditions (e.g., current, electrode diameter, electrode material, etc.), the consumable electrode wire must be fed in such a speed that it dynamically balances the electrode melting speed in order to achieve a stable welding. In this article, a comprehensive model for GMAW was developed to study the interplay between the transport phenomena including the electrode melting and plasma arc, and the dynamically equilibrium wire feed speeds (WFSs) under different welding conditions. The predicted WFSs are in excellent agreement with published data that were obtained through the trial-and-error procedure.
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Kalia, Anup K., Nirav Ajmeri, Kevin S. Chan, Jin-Hee Cho, Sibel Adalı, and Munindar P. Singh. "The Interplay of Emotions and Norms in Multiagent Systems." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/53.

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We study how emotions influence norm outcomes in decision-making contexts. Following the literature, we provide baseline Dynamic Bayesian models to capture an agent's two perspectives on a directed norm. Unlike the literature, these models are holistic in that they incorporate not only norm outcomes and emotions but also trust and goals. We obtain data from an empirical study involving game play with respect to the above variables. We provide a step-wise process to discover two new Dynamic Bayesian models based on maximizing log-likelihood scores with respect to the data. We compare the new models with the baseline models to discover new insights into the relevant relationships. Our empirically supported models are thus holistic and characterize how emotions influence norm outcomes better than previous approaches.
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Wang, Xingsheng, Binjie Cheng, Andrew R. Brown, Campbell Millar, and Asen Asenov. "Accurate simulations of the interplay between process and statistical variability for nanoscale FinFET-based SRAM cell stability." In ESSDERC 2014 - 44th European Solid State Device Research Conference. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2014.6948832.

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Reports on the topic "Process Interplay"

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Devereux, Stephen, and Anna Wolkenhauer. Agents, Coercive Learning, and Social Protection Policy Diffusion in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.068.

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This paper makes theoretical, empirical, and methodological contributions to the study of social policy diffusion, drawing on the case of social protection in Africa, and Zambia in particular. We examine a range of tactics deployed by transnational agencies (TAs) to encourage the adoption of cash transfers by African governments, at the intersection between learning and coercion, which we term ‘coercive learning’, to draw attention to the important role played by TA-commissioned policy drafting, evidence generation, advocacy, and capacity-building activities. Next, we argue for making individual agents central in the analysis of policy diffusion, because of their ability to reflect, learn, and interpret policy ideas. We substantiate this claim theoretically by drawing on practice theories, and empirically by telling the story of social protection policy diffusion in Zambia through three individual agents. This is complemented by two instances of self-reflexivity in which the authors draw on their personal engagements in the policy process in Zambia, to refine our conclusions about the interplay of structure and agency.
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Terzyan, Aram. Failed Europeanization? Belarus and Armenia Between Russia and the EU. Eurasia Institutes, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/eea-1-2020.

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This paper explores the core challenges and opportunities of the Europeanization processes taking place in Belarus and Armenia. It argues that despite the constraining effects of “competing governance provider” Russia, the interests, perceptions, and preferences of the domestic elites are critical to the implementation of the EU policies in Belarus and Armenia. Thus, it offers a more dynamic structure- agency interplay approach to account for the dynamics of Europeanization in the EU-Russia contested neighbourhood. The article enquires into integration without membership dynamics between the EU and Eastern neighbours in the light of the Russian-dominated Eurasian integration.
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Pedersen, Gjertrud. Symphonies Reframed. Norges Musikkhøgskole, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.481294.

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Symphonies Reframed recreates symphonies as chamber music. The project aims to capture the features that are unique for chamber music, at the juncture between the “soloistic small” and the “orchestral large”. A new ensemble model, the “triharmonic ensemble” with 7-9 musicians, has been created to serve this purpose. By choosing this size range, we are looking to facilitate group interplay without the need of a conductor. We also want to facilitate a richness of sound colours by involving piano, strings and winds. The exact combination of instruments is chosen in accordance with the features of the original score. The ensemble setup may take two forms: nonet with piano, wind quartet and string quartet (with double bass) or septet with piano, wind trio and string trio. As a group, these instruments have a rich tonal range with continuous and partly overlapping registers. This paper will illuminate three core questions: What artistic features emerge when changing from large orchestral structures to mid-sized chamber groups? How do the performers reflect on their musical roles in the chamber ensemble? What educational value might the reframing unfold? Since its inception in 2014, the project has evolved to include works with vocal, choral and soloistic parts, as well as sonata literature. Ensembles of students and professors have rehearsed, interpreted and performed our transcriptions of works by Brahms, Schumann and Mozart. We have also carried out interviews and critical discussions with the students, on their experiences of the concrete projects and on their reflections on own learning processes in general. Chamber ensembles and orchestras are exponents of different original repertoire. The difference in artistic output thus hinges upon both ensemble structure and the composition at hand. Symphonies Reframed seeks to enable an assessment of the qualities that are specific to the performing corpus and not beholden to any particular piece of music. Our transcriptions have enabled comparisons and reflections, using original compositions as a reference point. Some of our ensemble musicians have had first-hand experience with performing the original works as well. Others have encountered the works for the first time through our productions. This has enabled a multi-angled approach to the three central themes of our research. This text is produced in 2018.
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Slattery, Kevin T. Unsettled Aspects of the Digital Thread in Additive Manufacturing. SAE International, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021026.

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In the past years, additive manufacturing (AM), also known as “3D printing,” has transitioned from rapid prototyping to making parts with potentially long service lives. Now AM provides the ability to have an almost fully digital chain from part design through manufacture and service. Web searches will reveal many statements that AM can help an organization in its pursuit of a “digital thread.” Equally, it is often stated that a digital thread may bring great benefits in improving designs, processes, materials, operations, and the ability to predict failure in a way that maximizes safety and minimizes cost and downtime. Now that the capability is emerging, a whole series of new questions begin to surface as well: •• What data should be stored, how will it be stored, and how much space will it require? •• What is the cost-to-benefit ratio of having a digital thread? •• Who owns the data and who can access and analyze it? •• How long will the data be stored and who will store it? •• How will the data remain readable and usable over the lifetime of a product? •• How much manipulation of disparate data is necessary for analysis without losing information? •• How will the data be secured, and its provenance validated? •• How does an enterprise accomplish configuration management of, and linkages between, data that may be distributed across multiple organizations? •• How do we determine what is “authoritative” in such an environment? These, along with many other questions, mark the combination of AM with a digital thread as an unsettled issue. As the seventh title in a series of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports on AM, this report discusses what the interplay between AM and a digital thread in the mobility industry would look like. This outlook includes the potential benefits and costs, the hurdles that need to be overcome for the combination to be useful, and how an organization can answer these questions to scope and benefit from the combination. This report, like the others in the series, is directed at a product team that is implementing AM. Unlike most of the other reports, putting the infrastructure in place, addressing the issues, and taking full advantage of the benefits will often fall outside of the purview of the product team and at the higher organizational, customer, and industry levels.
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Werny, Rafaela, Marie Reich, Miranda Leontowitsch, and Frank Oswald. EQualCare Policy Report Germany : Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone. Frankfurter Forum für interdisziplinäre Alternsforschung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.69905.

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The policy review is part of the project EQualCare: Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone, a three-year international project involving four countries: Finland, Germany, Latvia and Sweden. EQualCare interrogates inequalities by gender, cultural and socio-economic background between countries, with their different demographics and policy backgrounds. As a first step into empirical analysis, the policy review aims to set the stage for a better understanding of, and policy development on, the intersections of digitalisation with intergenerational care work and care relationships of older people living alone in Germany. The policy review follows a critical approach, in which the problems policy documents address are not considered objective entities, but rather discursively produced knowledge that renders visible some parts of the problem which is to be solved as other possible perspectives are simultaneously excluded. Twenty publicly available documents were studied to analyse the processes in which definitions of care work and digital (in)equalities are circulated, translated and negotiated between the different levels of national government, regional governments and municipalities as well as other agencies in Germany. The policy review consists of two parts: a background chapter providing information on the social structure of Germany, including the historical development of Germany after the Second World War, its political structure, information on the demographic situation with a focus on the 60+ age group, and the income of this age group. In addition, the background presents the structure of work and welfare, the organisation of care for old people, and the state of digitalisation in Germany. The analysis chapter includes a description of the method used as well as an overview of the documents chosen and analysed. The focus of this chapter is on the analysis of official documents that deal with the interplay of living alone in old age, care, and digitalisation. The analysis identified four themes: firstly, ageing is framed largely as a challenge to society, whereas digitalisation is framed as a potential way to tackle social challenges, such as an ageing society. Secondly, challenges of ageing, such as need of care, are set at the individual level, requiring people to organise their care within their own families and immediate social networks, with state support following a principle of subsidiarity. Thirdly, voluntary peer support provides the basis for addressing digital support needs and strategies. Publications by lobby organisations highlight the important work done by voluntary peer support for digital training and the benefits this approach has; they also draw attention to the over-reliance on this form of unpaid support and call for an increase in professional support in ensuring all older people are supported in digital life. Fourthly, ageing as a hinderance to participation in digital life is seen as an interim challenge among younger old people already online.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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