Journal articles on the topic 'Process cultivation concentration starters'
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Boonmee, M. "Possible synergistic effect between high lactate and insufficient intake of peptides caused biomass reduction during high-cell starter culture production." Beneficial Microbes 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2009.0039.
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Lactic starter culture production is normally subjected to the end-product inhibition on growth, which limits the biomass produced per production batch. Removal of lactate ions during the biomass production has improved the biomass production. It allows for the use of higher sugar concentration so that high biomass concentration can be obtained. Lactate removal by ion exchange resin during Lactococcus lactis NZ133 cultivation was applied as a strategy for enhancing the production of lactic starter culture biomass. At high lactose concentrations of 180 g/l, the unexpected reduction in the biomass was evident regardless of the remaining sugar in the fermentation broth. The amount of protein and proteins/polypeptides pattern profile during cultivation were investigated as protein availability was suspected to be the potential cause of biomass reduction during high cell cultivation applying the ion exchange technique. Reduction in biomass concentration, after its maximum of 26 g/l, was observed after the protein concentration was unchanged while the remaining lactose continued to be utilised. A sharp decrease in protein concentration following the addition of resin corresponded to the disappearance of the smear band of protein sized 6,512-26,625 Da when more resin was added to remove lactate. The smear band remained throughout the conventional batch cultivation period. Based on the results, insufficient supply of peptides caused by the loss through adsorption onto ion exchange resin which occurred at high lactate level was postulated as the most probable cause of the biomass reduction. The result also indicated an inefficient use of supplemented protein sources supplied in correspond to the increase in lactose concentration due to the presence of appreciable amounts of residual protein at the end of cultivation process.
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Vanags, J., L. Kunga, K. Dubencovs, V. Galvanauskas, and O. Grīgs. "Influence of Light Intensity and Temperature on Cultivation of Microalgae Desmodesmus Communis in Flasks and Laboratory-Scale Stirred Tank Photobioreactor." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 52, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2015-0012.
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Abstract Optimization of the microalgae cultivation process and of the bioprocess in general traditionally starts with cultivation experiments in flasks. Then the scale-up follows, when the process from flasks is transferred into a laboratory-scale bioreactor, in which further experiments are performed before developing the process in a pilot-scale reactor. This research was done in order to scale-up the process from a 0.4 1 shake flask to a 4.0 1 laboratory-scale stirred-tank photobioreactor for the cultivation of Desmodesmus (D.) communis microalgae. First, the effect of variation in temperature (21-29 ºC) and in light intensity (200-600 μmol m-2s-1) was studied in the shake-flask experiments. It was shown that the best results (the maximum biomass concentration of 2.72 g 1-1 with a specific growth rate of 0.65 g g-1d-1) can be achieved at the cultivation temperature and light intensity being 25 °C and 300 μmol m2s-1, respectively. At the same time, D. communis cultivation under the same conditions in stirred-tank photobioreactor resulted in average volumetric productivities of biomass due to the light limitation even when the light intensity was increased during the experiment (the maximum biomass productivity 0.25 g 1-1d-1; the maximum biomass concentration 1.78 g 1-1).
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Campos, C. M. M., and G. K. Anderson. "The Effect of the Liquid Upflow Velocity and the Substrate Concentration on the Start-Up and Steady-State Periods of Lab-Scale UASB Reactors." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 7 (April 1, 1992): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0137.
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This research was carried out in order to study the effect of the upflow liquid velocity (ULV), the COD concentration, the volumetric loading rate (VLR) and the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) on the start-up and steady-state performance of UASB reactors treating soluble substrate with 3,000 mgCOD/l at mesophyllic temperature (35°C). Three lab-reactors (UASB) were constructed with different liquid volumes, and also with different cross-sectional areas. The three UASB reactors were started up with the same biological loading rate (BLR), but the start-up procedures were based on different criteria. After the start-up had been carried out successfully with the formation of the granules, all the three UASB reactors were operated under steady-state conditions for up to eight different HRT(s), namely: 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 hours. For each of the three reactors the kinetic parameters were determined using the Monod model. Analysis of the influence of the operational factors and reactor design on the kinetic coefficients is described. The results indicate that the liquid upflow velocity has considerable effect on the sludge in this type of system, thereby acting as a selective process in the cultivation of the biomass. Analysis of sensitivity on the kinetic parameters indicated which was the most sensitive kinetic parameter for these reactors.
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Bayraktar, V. N. "COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE LABORATORY SELECTED AND ACTIVE DRIED SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE YEAST CULTURE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY OF THE BRANDY PRODUCTION." Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 5, no. 01 (January 30, 2015): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2015003.
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<p>Samples from different industrial grape cultivars were collected during the vintage season from the vineyard of the winery (the «Shabo» winery Company, located in the Odesa region, Ukraine). The following industrial cultivars of grapes were selected for the research: Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sauvignon, Riesling Rhenish, Aligote, Rkatsiteli, Bastardo, Traminer, Telti Kuruk, Grinosh.</p> <p>The grape cultivars were cultivated on the sandy soils in the district located between the Black Sea and the Dnestrovsky estuary. Grape must derived from different grape cultivars was placed into sterile glass flasks to half of the 450ml flask volume. Each flask was carefully closed with a rubber stopper with an injection needle in it. During the fermentation process, it was necessary to remove carbon dioxide, which was present as a result of active anaerobic fermentation processes in the grape must. At the end of grape must fermentation, pure yeast cultures were isolated using traditional microbiological methods by consistent inoculation of a sample into a Petri dish with a few modifications of nutrient selective agar for yeast isolation and cultivation. Primary yeast isolation was carried out using Inhibitory Mold Agar medium (Becton Dickinson Company, USA).</p> <p>The yeast culture morphological properties were analyzed after the primary yeast culture isolation. Yeasts were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal yeast primers. After yeast culture identification, the next step in yeast cultivation was carried out on Wort Agar medium (Becton Dickinson Company, USA). Each isolated, and identified yeast culture was deposited in the Genebank of Japan, MAFF culture Collection, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan and (NCYC) - Yeast Culture Collection (National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom). Each yeast culture was tested for technological characteristics such as growth resistance to high temperature (+42°C) and low temperature (+6°C), growth at low pH 2.6–3.0 (acid resistance), growth in the presence of 5, 10, and 15% ethanol (ethanol resistance), and growth in the presence of high concentration potassium bisulfite (bisulfite resistance). Hydrosulfide synthesis (H<sub>2</sub>S gassing production) was studied in addition.</p> <p>Parameters of cellular metabolism in yeast suspension, such as concentration of nitrogen, protein, triglicerides, enzymatic activity and total sugar (which include glucose, fructose, and galactose) were determined. Macro- and micro-element concentrations in fermented grape must, which contained pure yeast culture was determined and included: potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, chlorides. In addition to identifying parameters of macro- and micro- element concentration in grape must during and following fermentation based on a principle of photometric analysis, carried out using a biochemical analyser Respons-920 (DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Germany).</p> <p>Laboratory selected <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </em>wine yeast showed high enzymatic activity with short lag phase. Since of fermentation started on third day concentration of Triglicerides, Protein (total), Potassium and Sodium increased and then level of Protein (total) on the 5th day of fermentation twice decreased. Trigliceride concentration on the 5th day of fermentation continued to increase. Concentration of Iron on the 5th day of fermentation increase in geometrical progression, concentration increase in 4-5 times. Contrary Chloride concentration on the 5th day of fermentation decreased in 3-4 times. Enzymatic activity on 3rd day of fermentation maximal for Lactate Dehydrogenase, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Phosphatase. Since of 5th day of fermentation Enzymatic activity for Lactate Dehydrogenase, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase 3-4 times. Especially level of Phosphatase activity very decreased in 6-7 times. Comparative assessment between our Laboratory selected <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> yeast culture and Dry active commercial <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> yeast culture did not showed any difference in enzymatic activity. Both groups showed high enzymatic activity on the third day from the start of fermentation and decreasing on the fifth day since of fermentation started.</p> <p><em> Key words: wine yeast, enzymatic activity, cellular metabolism</em><em>, </em><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em><em>.</em><em></em></p>
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Zhang, Lin-Lin, Jie Li, Yi-Lin Wang, Song Liu, Zhi-Peng Wang, and Xin-Jun Yu. "Integrated Approaches to Reveal Genes Crucial for Tannin Degradation in Aureobasidium melanogenum T9." Biomolecules 9, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9090439.
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Tannins biodegradation by a microorganism is one of the most efficient ways to produce bioproducts of high value. However, the mechanism of tannins biodegradation by yeast has been little explored. In this study, Aureobasidium melanogenum T9 isolated from red wine starter showed the ability for tannins degradation and had its highest biomass when the initial tannic acid concentration was 20 g/L. Furthermore, the genes involved in the tannin degradation process were analyzed. Genes tan A, tan B and tan C encoding three different tannases respectively were identified in the A. melanogenum T9. Among these genes, tan A and tan B can be induced by tannin acid simultaneously at both gene transcription and protein expression levels. Our assay result showed that the deletion of tanA and tanB resulted in tannase activity decline with 51.3 ± 4.1 and 64.1 ± 1.9 U/mL, respectively, which is much lower than that of A. melanogenum T9 with 91.3 ± 5.8 U/mL. In addition, another gene coding gallic acid decarboxylase (gad) was knocked out to better clarify its function. Mutant Δgad completely lost gallic acid decarboxylase activity and no pyrogallic acid was seen during the entire cultivation process, confirming that there was a sole gene encoding decarboxylase in the A. melanogenum T9. These results demonstrated that tanA, tanB and gad were crucial for tannin degradation and provided new insights for the mechanism of tannins biodegradation by yeast. This finding showed that A. melanogenum has potential in the production of tannase and metabolites, such as gall acid and pyrogallol.
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Hrnčiřík, Pavel, Tomáš Moucha, Jan Mareš, Jan Náhlík, and Dagmar Janáčová. "Software Sensors for Biomass Concentration Estimation in Filamentous Microorganism Cultivation Process." Chemical & biochemical engineering quarterly 33, no. 1 (2019): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/cabeq.2018.1387.
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In this study, the potential of two software sensors for on-line estimation of biomass concentration during cultivation of filamentous microorganisms is examined. The first sensor is based on common bioreactor off-gas analyses, and uses the assumption of the biomass concentration linear dependence on the square root of cumulative O2 consumption. Parameters of the semi-empirical data-driven software sensor based on off-gas analysis were calculated from experimental cultivation data using linear regression. The second sensor is based on biocalorimetry, i.e., the on-line calculation of metabolic heat flux from general enthalpy balance of the bioreactor. The software sensor based on biocalorimetry thus essentially represents a model-driven approach, making use of a fundamental process model based on the enthalpy balance around the bioreactor. This approach has been combined with the experimental identification of the specific biomass heat production, which represents the main process-specific parameter of the software sensor based on biocalorimetry. For this sensor, the accuracy requirements on the process variable on-line measurements were also analysed. The experimental data from the pilot-scale antibiotics Nystatin production by a bacterium Streptomyces noursei were used to calculate the specific bioprocess heat production value using linear regression. The achieved results enabled us to propose a new on-line indicator calculated as the ratio of the outputs of both sensors, which can serve as a timely warning of the risk of undesired nutritional conditions of a culture characterized as underfeeding.
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Papadelli, Marina, Georgia Zoumpopoulou, Marina Georgalaki, Rania Anastasiou, Eugenia Manolopoulou, Ioanna Lytra, Kostas Papadimitriou, and Effie Tsakalidou. "Evaluation of Two Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures for the Fermentation of Natural Black Table Olives (Olea europaea L cv Kalamon)." Polish Journal of Microbiology 64, no. 3 (September 18, 2015): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.2121.
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The production of Greek-style natural black table olives remains an empirical process relying on spontaneous fermentation despite its economic significance. For this reason producers often resort to increased NaCl concentration of the brine to secure quality of the product. In this study we employ two lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides Lm139 and Lactobacillus pentosus DSM 16366 as starters in separate laboratory low salinity fermentations of “Kalamon” cultivar olives, processed according to the Greek-style method. L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides Lm139 was previously isolated from Kalamon olives laboratory spontaneous fermentations, while L. pentosus DSM 16366 was isolated from fermenting green olives prepared according to the Spanish-style method. Spontaneous olives fermentation was also performed as a control. Microbiological and physicochemical analyses of the brines revealed that the use of the starters had a significant effect on the olives fermentation, leading to a faster acidification due to the more efficient consumption of soluble sugars in the brines. The final pH value reached by each starter culture used indicates a successful lactic fermentation. The production of lactic acid by the starters and the concomitant drop of the pH value proved to inhibit enterobacteria in a shorter period of time compared to the spontaneous fermentation. Concluding, the use of either of the two lactic acid bacteria as starters in Greek-style Kalamon olives fermentation could lead to a more controllable fermentation at lower salinities. The resulting product could be of higher quality with extended shelf-life while being at the same time safer for the consumer.
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Ho, Quyen Bao Thuy, and Akira Suzuki. "TECHNOLOGY OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 57, no. 3 (June 4, 2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/57/3/12954.
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Mushroom cultivation has been developed by two ways, i. e., one based on cultivation by wood-log and another based on cultivation by non-wood-log. Non-wood-log cultivation would be categorized into two aspects. Mushroom cultivation under non-aseptic condition, i. e., one characterized by the processes of fermentation (composting) and casing, and another characterized by using sterilized media followed by cultivation process associated with strict control of environmental factors such as light, temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration.
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Ly, Sokny, F. Bajoul Kakahi, Hasika Mith, Chanvorleak Phat, Barbara Fifani, Tierry Kenne, Marie-Laure Fauconnier, and Frank Delvigne. "Engineering Synthetic Microbial Communities through a Selective Biofilm Cultivation Device for the Production of Fermented Beverages." Microorganisms 7, no. 7 (July 20, 2019): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7070206.
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Production of Cambodian rice wine involves complex microbial consortia. Indeed, previous studies focused on traditional microbial starters used for this product revealed that three microbial strains with complementary metabolic activities are required for an effective fermentation, i.e., filamentous fungi (Rhizopus oryzae), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum). Modulating the ratio between these three key players led to significant differences, not only in terms of ethanol and organic acid production, but also on the profile of volatile compounds, in comparison with natural communities. However, we observed that using an equal ratio of spores/cells of the three microbial strains during inoculation led to flavor profile and ethanol yield close to that obtained through the use of natural communities. Compartmentalization of metabolic tasks through the use of a biofilm cultivation device allows further improvement of the whole fermentation process, notably by increasing the amount of key components of the aroma profile of the fermented beverage (i.e., mainly phenylethyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, and 2-methyl-butanol) and reducing the amount of off-flavor compounds. This study is a step forward in our understanding of interkingdom microbial interactions with strong application potential in food biotechnology.
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Patyna, Agnieszka, Małgorzata Płaczek, and Stanisław Witczak. "Study of Chlorella vulgaris sedimentation process." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 05023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824005023.
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The paper reports the results of Chlorella vulgaris sedimentation process including description of cultivation condition of microalgal biomass. The process of algae cultivation was carried out in photobioreactor comprising systems of carbon dioxide supply, mixing and artificial LED illumination. The growth of microalgae was determined alternatively in three ways by measuring the amount of dry mass over time, counting the cells and measurement of optical density by use of a spectrophotometer. Algae biomass with different concentration was subjected to the separation process by gravity. This led to the determination of the characteristic of sedimentation process for different concentrations and cell sizes. The experimental results indicate that sedimentation process offers a tool with a potential application for microalgae harvesting.
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Urniezius, Renaldas, and Arnas Survyla. "Identification of Functional Bioprocess Model for Recombinant E. Coli Cultivation Process." Entropy 21, no. 12 (December 14, 2019): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21121221.
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The purpose of this study is to introduce an improved Luedeking–Piret model that represents a structurally simple biomass concentration approach. The developed routine provides acceptable accuracy when fitting experimental data that incorporate the target protein concentration of Escherichia coli culture BL21 (DE3) pET28a in fed-batch processes. This paper presents system identification, biomass, and product parameter fitting routines, starting from their roots of origin to the entropy-related development, characterized by robustness and simplicity. A single tuning coefficient allows for the selection of an optimization criterion that serves equally well for higher and lower biomass concentrations. The idea of the paper is to demonstrate that the use of fundamental knowledge can make the general model more common for technological use compared to a sophisticated artificial neural network. Experimental validation of the proposed model involved data analysis of six cultivation experiments compared to 19 experiments used for model fitting and parameter estimation.
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Aehle, M., R. Simutis, and A. Lübbert. "Comparison of viable cell concentration estimation methods for a mammalian cell cultivation process." Cytotechnology 62, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10616-010-9291-z.
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Kornecki, Martin, and Jochen Strube. "Accelerating Biologics Manufacturing by Upstream Process Modelling." Processes 7, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7030166.
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Intensified and accelerated development processes are being demanded by the market, as innovative biopharmaceuticals such as virus-like particles, exosomes, cell and gene therapy, as well as recombinant proteins and peptides will possess no available platform approach. Therefore, methods that are able to accelerate this development are preferred. Especially, physicochemical rigorous process models, based on all relevant effects of fluid dynamics, phase equilibrium, and mass transfer, can be predictive, if the model is verified and distinctly quantitatively validated. In this approach, a macroscopic kinetic model based on Monod kinetics for mammalian cell cultivation is developed and verified according to a general valid model validation workflow. The macroscopic model is verified and validated on the basis of four decision criteria (plausibility, sensitivity, accuracy and precision as well as equality). The process model workflow is subjected to a case study, comprising a Chinese hamster ovary fed-batch cultivation for the production of a monoclonal antibody. By performing the workflow, it was found that, based on design of experiments and Monte Carlo simulation, the maximum growth rate µmax exhibited the greatest influence on model variables such as viable cell concentration XV and product concentration. In addition, partial least squares regressions statistically evaluate the correlations between a higher µmax and a higher cell and product concentration, as well as a higher substrate consumption.
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Haindl, Regina, Alexandra Neumayr, Anika Frey, and Ulrich Kulozik. "Impact of cultivation strategy, freeze-drying process, and storage conditions on survival, membrane integrity, and inactivation kinetics of Bifidobacterium longum." Folia Microbiologica 65, no. 6 (August 27, 2020): 1039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12223-020-00815-3.
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AbstractBifidobacterium longum, one of the main microorganisms in the human gut, is used as an adjunct to lactic acid starter cultures or sold as a probiotic product. Therefore, Bifidobacterium longum cell suspensions get freeze-dried with protective additives to prevent activity losses. To date, investigations covering growth and inactivation kinetics of Bifidobacterium longum during the whole process (cultivation, drying, and storage) have been lacking. In this study, the effect of cultivation conditions and shelf temperature as well as the influence of protectants (maltodextrin, glucitol, trehalose) at various concentrations on cell survival during freeze-drying was assessed. Drying was followed by a storage at + 4 °C and + 20 °C for 70 days to evaluate inactivation kinetics. The impact of the different factors was assessed by measuring surival rate and residual moisture content at various points of time over the whole process. In parallel cell membrane integrity and glass transition were determined to reveal inactivation effects. Cultivation strategy had a strong influence on survival with a huge potential for process improvement. A pH of 6.0 at the growth optimum of the strain provides better conditions regarding cell survival after drying than free acidification (non-regulated pH conditions). During the drying step, membrane leakage due to the removal of water is the main reason for the inactivation in this process step. In this study, the highest survival of 49% was obtained with cells dried at + 35 °C shelf temperature with an addition of maltodextrin (75% bacterial dry matter, w/w). The results show that Bifidobacterium longum cells are mostly inactivated during drying, whereas storage conditions at + 4 °C with an addition of 75% BDM maltodextrin relative to bacterial dry mass prevent cell loss completely.
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Chen, Minghao, Yixuan Chen, and Qingtao Zhang. "A Review of Energy Consumption in the Acquisition of Bio-Feedstock for Microalgae Biofuel Production." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 8873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168873.
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Microalgae biofuel is expected to be an ideal alternative to fossil fuels to mitigate the effects of climate change and the energy crisis. However, the production process of microalgae biofuel is sometimes considered to be energy intensive and uneconomical, which limits its large-scale production. Several cultivation systems are used to acquire feedstock for microalgal biofuels production. The energy consumption of different cultivation systems is different, and the concentration of culture medium (microalgae cells contained in the unit volume of medium) and other properties of microalgae vary with the culture methods, which affects the energy consumption of subsequent processes. This review compared the energy consumption of different cultivation systems, including the open pond system, four types of closed photobioreactor (PBR) systems, and the hybrid cultivation system, and the energy consumption of the subsequent harvesting process. The biomass concentration and areal biomass production of every cultivation system were also analyzed. The results show that the flat-panel PBRs and the column PBRs are both preferred for large-scale biofuel production for high biomass productivity.
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Grigs, Oskars, Emīls Bolmanis, and Andris Kazaks. "HBsAg Production in Methanol Controlled <i>P. pastoris</i> GS115 Mut<sup>S</sup> Bioreactor Process." Key Engineering Materials 903 (November 10, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.903.40.
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When producing recombinant proteins with Pichia pastoris, cultivation parameters, such as induction temperature, dissolved oxygen level and residual methanol concentration play a crucial role in product biosynthesis and subsequent purification, therefore to maximize protein yields, the optimization of these parameters is imperative. Two different Pichia pastoris cultivation strategies for HBsAg VLP production in a 5 L stirred-tank bioreactor and the influence of different cultivation parameters on product yield were investigated. Residual methanol concentrations were controlled at low (>0.01 g/L), medium (1.5-2.0 g/L) and high (5.0-6.0 g/L) levels using a PI-based feed rate control algorithm based on the online methanol sensor signal. Product was purified using a novel and rapid purification method including steps of ammonium sulfate precipitation, size-exclusion chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Employing an in-situ methanol sensor probe, the PI-based methanol feed rate control algorithm provided residual methanol concentration control with an average deviation of ±0.4 g/L from set-point value. Employing a cultivation protocol with an increased methanol concentration controlled at 6.0 g/L and a reduced DO level below 10 %, resulting in a final dry cell biomass concentration of 140 g/L and purified HBsAg VLPs yield of 186 mg/L. Developed purification method proved advantageous to other described methods, as it did not include time consuming extraction and centrifugation steps.
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Rahman, Muhammad Khairie Idham Abd, Salinda Buyamin, M. S. Zainal Abidin, and Musa Mohd Mokji. "Development of Automatic Mixing Process for Fertigation System in Rock Melon Cultivation." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i3.pp1913-1919.
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This work proposed an automatic mixing system of nutrient solution for rock melon fertigation according to the required electrical conductivity (EC) level. Compared to the manual practice, this automatic system will ensure continuous supply of mixed nutrient solution without the need to daily check and mix new nutrient. Thus, this easy to use and low cost automatic system will reduce the burden of the farmers. This system uses an EC sensor to automatically check the concentration level of the mixed nutrient solution. Other than that, the system only consists of electronic pumps for mixing process and an Arduino board as the controller. The controller will monitor the EC level and run the mixing process when the EC level is below the required level. By calibrating the EC sensors, the test shows that the automatic mixing system is able to accurately keep the mixed nutrient solution concentration in a 400 L mixing reservoir at several required levels.
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Khlibyshyn, Yu Ya, and I. Ya Pochapska. "Study of cultivation of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae in different mediums." Chemistry, Technology and Application of Substances 4, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ctas2021.02.122.
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The article presents the results of a study of the effect of sucrose and maltose concentration on the reproduction process of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The studies were performed on samples of alcohol, baking, wine and brewer’s yeast. The regularities of the influence of sucrose and maltose concentration, the final concentration of yeast of different strains and the duration of the lag phase period were studied. The specific growth rates of the studied yeast strains at different concentrations of sucrose and maltose in nutrient media were determined.
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Ziganshin, Danis D., Alexander S. Sirotkin, Zlata A. Ostroumova, Anna A. Egorshina, and Mikhail A. Lukyantsev. "Determination of the parameters of the submerged cultivation of micromycete Trichoderma asperellum VKPM F-1323 for obtaining spore forms of culture." Butlerov Communications 59, no. 9 (September 30, 2019): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-59-9-93.
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The basic physical parameters of the cultivation of micromycete Trichoderma asperellum VKPM F-1323 are determined on complex nutrient media. The choice of the object of study was due to its antagonistic activity with attitude to many phytopathogenic fungi such as Ascochyta pisi, Cercospora beticola, Claviceps purpurea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum, Passalora fulva, Verticillum dahliae, as well as growth-stimulating activity with attitude to plants, suggesting a motivation for the use of Trichoderma asperellum VKPM F-1323 as the basis for biological products used in agriculture. During the experiment, the nutrient medium composition (g/l) was used: molasses – 20, yeast extract – 7, NaNO3 – 2, K2HPO4 – 1, KCl – 0.5, MgSO4 – 0.5, FeSO4 – 0.01. Before sterilization, the pH was adjusted to 7.5. Cultivation was carried out at a temperature of 27 °C with constant stirring and aeration in autoclaved laboratory fermenters with a working volume of 2 l. The cultivation of micromycete in a liquid nutrient medium was chosen in connection with the rapid progress of the process. In addition, unlike solid-phase cultivation, the deep one allows accumulating in the finished product form numerous secondary metabolites with antagonistic activity against phytopathogens, as well as growth-stimulating activity with attitude to plants. In the work, the values of mixing speed, aeration intensity, and initial pH of the medium are determined, which determine the maximum productivity of the process according to the conidia concentration (titer) of the studied culture. During the cultivation process, the pH level was monitored without maintaining it during the process, since it is known that a change in pH values characterizes the course of the cultivation process with the formation of spore forms, and the initial pH value is an important factor in the conidia formation of Trichoderma fungi. It is shown that during cultivation for 72 hours the maximum concentration of conidia is achieved for a stirring speed of 700 rpm, without reflective baffles (chippers) in the design of the fermenter, aeration intensity of 0.25 l/l of medium×min and the initial pH of the nutrient medium 7.0. Subject to the above conditions, the concentration of conidia is 1.35 ± 0.09 conidia /ml.
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Sun, Kaibiao, Shan Liu, Andrzej Kasperski, and Yuan Tian. "Dynamics Analysis and Biomass Productivity Optimisation of a Microbial Cultivation Process through Substrate Regulation." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3685941.
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A microbial cultivation process model with variable biomass yield, control of substrate concentration, and biomass recycle is formulated, where the biochemical kinetics follows an extension of the Monod and Contois models. Control of substrate concentration allows for indirect monitoring of biomass and dissolved oxygen concentrations and consequently obtaining high yield and productivity of biomass. Dynamics analysis of the proposed model is carried out and the existence of order-1 periodic solution is deduced with a formulation of the period, which provides a theoretical possibility to convert the state-dependent control to a periodic one while keeping the dynamics unchanged. Moreover, the stability of the order-1 periodic solution is verified by a geometric method. The stability ensures a certain robustness of the adopted control; that is, even with an inaccurately detected substrate concentration or a deviation, the system will be always stable at the order-1 periodic solution under the control. The simulations are carried out to complement the theoretical results and optimisation of the biomass productivity is presented.
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Zhu, Li Feng, Yan E. Tian, Jie Yan Wu, Xiao Min Wang, Chao Ye, and Dou Dou Huang. "Research on Micro-Aerobic Granular Sludge in the Process of Cultivation." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2753.
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Taking granular sludge, the anaerobic granular sludge and the aerobic granular sludge were treated by IC reactor. According to the changes of COD, SS and so on removal rate of out-flow water, the granular sludge was judged to turn into particles degree. The result indicate that when the influent organic load upgrade 385.7g COD/d eventually after 8 times, the HRT reaches 5h, the reflux is 1.4L/h, removal rate of COD is 84.7%. The SS concentration of out-flow water fluctuated largely throughout the experiment. During the experimentation, it was found that if the water content was higher and the density was lower in the micro-aerobic, the anaerobic granular sludge disintegrated seriously, particle size showed a narrowing trend and a large number of fragments fell and suspended in reactor.
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Kushkevych, Ivan, Marco Bolis, and Milan Bartos. "Model-based Characterization of the Parameters of Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction Under the Effect of Different Initial Density of Desulfovibrio piger Vib-7 Bacterial Cells." Open Microbiology Journal 9, no. 1 (July 31, 2015): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801509010055.
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The objective of this study was to design a model of dissimilatory sulfate reduction process using the Verhulst function, with a particular focus on the kinetics of bacterial growth, sulfate and lactate consumption, and accumulation of hydrogen sulfide and acetate. The effect of the initial density (0.12±0.011, 0.25±0.024, 0.5±0.048 and 1.0±0.096 mg cells/ml of medium) of the sulfate-reducing bacteriaDesulfovibrio pigerVib-7 on the growth and dissimilatory sulfate reduction was studied. The exponential growth phase of theD. pigerVib-7 was observed for 72 hours of cultivation at the (0.12 and 0.25 mg/ml) initial concentration of bacterial cells. Sulfate and lactate were consumed incompletely during this time. The increase in the initial concentration of cells to 0.5 and 1 mg/ml led to a shortening of the exponential bacterial growth phase and a shift to the stationary phase of the growth. In the case of 0.5 mg/ml seeding, the stationary growth phase was observed in the 36thhour of cultivation. The increase in the initial concentration of cells to 1 mg/ml led to the beginning of the stationary growth phase in 24th hours of cultivation. Under these conditions, sulfate and lactate were consumed completely in the 48th hour of cultivation. The kinetic analysis of the curves of bacterial growth and the process of dissimilatory sulfate reduction byD. pigerVib-7 was carried out.
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Abdul Khalil, Khalilah, Shuhaimi Mustafa, Rosfarizan Mohammad, Arbakariya Bin Ariff, Yamin Shaari, Yazid Abdul Manap, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, and Farrah Aini Dahalan. "Optimization of Milk-Based Medium for Efficient Cultivation ofBifidobacterium pseudocatenulatumG4 Using Face-Centered Central Composite-Response Surface Methodology." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/787989.
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This study was undertaken to optimize skim milk and yeast extract concentration as a cultivation medium for optimalBifidobacteria pseudocatenulatumG4 (G4) biomass andβ-galactosidase production as well as lactose and free amino nitrogen (FAN) balance after cultivation period. Optimization process in this study involved four steps: screening for significant factors using 23full factorial design, steepest ascent, optimization using FCCD-RSM, and verification. From screening steps, skim milk and yeast extract showed significant influence on the biomass production and, based on the steepest ascent step, middle points of skim milk (6% wt/vol) and yeast extract (1.89% wt/vol) were obtained. A polynomial regression model in FCCD-RSM revealed that both factors were found significant and the strongest influence was given by skim milk concentration. Optimum concentrations of skim milk and yeast extract for maximum biomass G4 andβ-galactosidase production meanwhile low in lactose and FAN balance after cultivation period were 5.89% (wt/vol) and 2.31% (wt/vol), respectively. The validation experiments showed that the predicted and experimental values are not significantly different, indicating that the FCCD-RSM model developed is sufficient to describe the cultivation process of G4 using skim-milk-based medium with the addition of yeast extract.
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Levišauskas, Donatas, Rimvydas Simutis, and Vytautas Galvanauskas. "Adaptive set-point control system for microbial cultivation processes." Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 21, no. 2 (March 25, 2016): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/na.2016.2.1.
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A control system for set-point control of microbial cultivation process parameters is developed, in which a tendency model is applied for controller adaptation to process nonlinearity and time-varying operating conditions. The tendency model is updated on-line and introduced into control algorithm for prediction of steady-state control action and returning of feedback controller. The control system was tested for controlling dissolved oxygen concentration in batch operating mode bioreactor under extreme operating conditions. In simulation experiments, the control system demonstrates fast adaptation, robust behaviour and significant improvement in control performance compared to that of fixed gain controller.
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Abdullah, Abdullah, and Roberto Kaban. "Automation System and Monitoring in the Hydroponic Cultivation Process Integrated with Internet Network." SinkrOn 4, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v4i1.10193.
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The monitoring system in nutrient solution is something that must be considered in the process of hydroponic cultivation, because it is from this nutrient solution that ensures the result and quality of the hydroponic plant itself. Important variables such as acidity, temperature and concentration of nutrient solution are the values that determine whether or not the nutrient solution will be given to the hydroponic plant. Important variables in improper nutrient solutions will make the hydroponic cultivation process for crop failure. This research uses a PH sensor that serves to detect the acidity level of the nutrient solution and the DHT11 temperature sensor which functions to read the condition of the nutrient solution temperature and the TDS sensor detects the concentration of the nutrient solution. The microcontroller used is the type of Atmega328 which is used as a processing of all inputs and outputs. This monitoring system is connected to the internet so that all sensor reading values can be viewed through an Android phone and can be accessed via the Web, so that the monitoring process can be done remotely. From the test results obtained prove that this system has been successfully integrated and is able to work well according to the desired target, which can monitor the acidity and temperature conditions in hydroponic plants that can be accessed directly through mobile phones and has been integrated with the internet network.
Keywords— automation; monitoring; cultivation; hydroponics; internet
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Malairuang, Kwanruthai, Morakot Krajang, Rapeepong Rotsattarat, and Saethawat Chamsart. "Intensive Multiple Sequential Batch Simultaneous Saccharification and Cultivation of Kluyveromyces marxianus SS106 Thermotolerant Yeast Strain for Single-Step Ethanol Fermentation from Raw Cassava Starch." Processes 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8080898.
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We developed the intensive multiple sequential batch simultaneous saccharification and cultivation of the selected thermotolerant yeast strain for single-step ethanol production. The selection and high-cell-density inoculum production of thermotolerant yeast able to produce ethanol under the optimal conditions for single-step ethanol fermentation has become a necessity. In this study, the newly isolated Kluyveromyces marxianus SS106 could tolerate high temperatures (35–45 °C) and grow under a wide range of pH values (3.0–5.5), which are the optimum conditions of raw cassava starch hydrolyzing enzyme used in single-step ethanol fermentation. The high-cell-density concentration of K. marxianus SS106 was produced by a single batch and an intensive multiple sequential batch process in a 5-L stirred tank bioreactor using the simultaneous saccharification and cultivation (SSC) method. The single SSC process yielded the yeast cell biomass at a concentration of 39.30 g/L with a productivity of 3.28 g/L/h and a specific growth rate of 0.49 h−1. However, the yeast cell density concentration was higher in the intensive multiple sequential batch SSC than in the single batch process. This process yielded yeast cell biomass at concentrations of 36.09–45.82 g/L with productivities of 3.01–3.82 g/L/h and specific growth rates of 0.29–0.44 h−1 in the first six batch cycle. The results suggested that the intensive multiple sequential batch simultaneous saccharification and cultivation of K. marxianus SS106 would be a promising process for high-cell-density yeast production for use as the inoculum in single-step ethanol fermentation. Furthermore, we also experimented with single-step ethanol production from raw cassava starch by K. marxianus SS106 in a 5-L stirred tank fermenter. This produced ethanol at a concentration of 61.72 g/L with a productivity of 0.86 g/L/h.
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Fristyana Sosanty Lubis, Irvan, Dedy Anwar, Basril Amirza Harahap, and Bambang Trisakti. "KAJIAN AWAL PEMBUATAN PUPUK CAIR ORGANIK DARI EFFLUENT PENGOLAHAN LANJUT LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT (LCPKS) SKALA PILOT." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v3i1.1499.
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The objective of this study is to design an organic liquid fertilizer manufacturing process from palm oil mill effluent (POME) at pilot scale. Materials used were effluent from further processing of biogas fermentation from POME and starter (mixture of molasses, yeast and effective microorganism). Variables measured were total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), total suspended solid (TSS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), in addition, analysis content of liquid fertilizers was performed. The research consisted of production of starters and fermentation process. Loading rate was started from hydraulic retention time (HRT) 2,500 days and bioreactor performance was observed at HRT 100, 90 and 80 days. The results showed that COD concentration of bioreactor effluent decreased from 8,600 to 1,580 mg/l and from analysis content, liquid fertilizers are composed of nitrogen 0.14%, P2O5 0.05%, K2O 0.07%, MgO 0.01%, CaO 0.001mg/l, C-Organic 0,12%, and C/N Ratio 0.86.
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Zhang, Hairuo, Pengyu Chen, Mohammad Russel, Jie Tang, Peng Jin, and Maurycy Daroch. "Debottlenecking Thermophilic Cyanobacteria Cultivation and Harvesting through the Application of Inner-Light Photobioreactor and Chitosan." Plants 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081540.
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Thermophilic cyanobacteria are a low-carbon environmental resource with high potential thanks to their innate temperature tolerance and thermostable pigment, phycocyanin, which enhances light utilisation efficiency and generates a high-value product. However, large-scale cultivation and harvesting have always been bottlenecks in unicellular cyanobacteria cultivation due to their micrometric size. In this study, a 40-litre inner-light photobioreactor (PBR) was designed for scaled-up cultivation of Thermosynechococcus elongatus E542. By analysing light transmission and attenuation in the PBR and describing it via mathematical models, the supply of light energy to the reactor was optimised. It was found that the hyperbolic model describes the light attenuation characteristics of the cyanobacterial culture more accurately than the Lambert–Beer model. The internal illumination mode was applied for strain cultivation and showed a two-fold better growth rate and four-fold higher biomass concentration than the same strain grown in an externally illuminated photobioreactor. Finally, the downstream harvesting process was explored. A mixture of chitosan solutions was used as a flocculant to facilitate biomass collection. The effect of the following parameters on biomass harvesting was analysed: solution concentration, flocculation time and flocculant concentration. The analysis revealed that a 4 mg L−1 chitosan solution is optimal for harvesting the strain. The proposed solutions can improve large-scale cyanobacterial biomass cultivation and processing.
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Abdul Sahli, Fakharudin, Zainol Norazwina, and Dzulkefli Noor Athirah. "Application of Artificial Neural Network to Improve Pleurotus sp. Cultivation Modelling." MATEC Web of Conferences 255 (2019): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925502010.
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Mathematical modelling for nitrogen concentration in mycelium (N) during Pleurotus sp. cultivation had successfully been produced using multiple linear regression. Two different substrates were used to cultivate the Pleurotus sp. which were empty palm fruit bunch (EFB) and sugarcane bagasse (SB). Both substrates were collected and prepared as the selected factors which were type of substrate (SB - A and EFB - B), size of substrates (0.5 cm and 2.5 cm), mass ratio of spawn to substrate (SP/SS) (1:10 and 1:14), temperature during spawn running (25°C and ambient) and pre-treatment of substrates (steam and non-steam). The response was nitrogen concentration in mycelium (N). This paper presents the application of artificial neural network to improve the modelling process. Artificial neural network is one of the machine learning method which use the cultivation process information and extract the pattern from the data. Neural network ability to learn pattern by changing the connection weight had produced a trained network which represent the Pleurotus sp. cultivation process. Next this trained network was validated using error measurement to determine the modelling accuracy. The results show that the artificial neural network modelling produced better results with higher accuracy and lower error when compared to the mathematical modelling.
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Morgunov, Igor G., Svetlana V. Kamzolova, Olga V. Karpukhina, Svetlana B. Bokieva, Julia N. Lunina, and Anatoly N. Inozemtsev. "Microbiological Production of Isocitric Acid from Biodiesel Waste and Its Effect on Spatial Memory." Microorganisms 8, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8040462.
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Within this work, the microbial synthesis of (2R,3S)-isocitric acid (ICA), a metabolite of the nonconventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, from biodiesel waste, has been studied. The selected strain Y. lipolytica VKM Y-2373 synthesized ICA with citric acid (CA) as a byproduct. This process can be regulated by changing cultivation conditions. The maximal production of ICA with the minimal formation of the byproduct was provided by the use of a concentration of (NH4)2SO4 (6 g/L); the addition of biodiesel waste to cultivation medium in 20–60 g/L portions; maintaining the pH of the cultivation medium at 6, and degree of aeration between 25% and 60% of saturation. Itaconic acid at a concentration of 15 mM favorably influenced the production of ICA by the selected strain. The optimization of cultivation conditions allowed us to increase the concentration of ICA in the culture liquid from 58.32 to 90.2 g/L, the product yield (Y) by 40%, and the ICA/CA ratio from 1.1:1 to 3:1. Research on laboratory animals indicated that ICA counteracted the negative effect of ammonium molybdate (10−5 М) and lead diacetate (10−7 М) on the learning and spatial memory of rats, including those exposed to emotional stress.
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Tropea, Alessia, Angela Giorgia Potortì, Vincenzo Lo Turco, Elisabetta Russo, Rossella Vadalà, Rossana Rando, and Giuseppa Di Bella. "Aquafeed Production from Fermented Fish Waste and Lemon Peel." Fermentation 7, no. 4 (November 21, 2021): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7040272.
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In order to obtain a high-protein-content supplement for aquaculture feeds, rich in healthy microorganisms, in this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 4126 and Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 strains were used as starters for fermenting fish waste supplemented with lemon peel as a prebiotic source and filler. Fermentation tests were carried out for 120 h until no further growth of the selected microorganisms was observed and the pH value became stable. All the samples were tested for proteins, crude lipids, and ash determination, and submitted for fatty acid analysis. Moreover, microbiological analyses for coliform bacteria identification were carried out. At the end of the fermentation period, the substrate reached a concentration in protein and in crude lipids of 48.55 ± 1.15% and 15.25 ± 0.80%, respectively, representing adequate levels for the resulting aquafeed, whereas the ash percentage was 0.66 ± 0.03. The main fatty acids detected were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids. Saturated fatty acids concentration was not affected by the fermentation process, whereas monounsaturated and polyunsaturated ones showed an opposite trend, increasing and decreasing, respectively, during the process. Coliform bacteria were not detected in the media at the end of the fermentation, whereas the amount of S. cerevisiae and L. reuteri were around 1011 and 1012 cells per g, respectively.
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Sendzikiene, Egle, and Violeta Makareviciene. "Application of Liquid Waste from Biogas Production for Microalgae Chlorella sp. Cultivation." Cells 11, no. 7 (April 3, 2022): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11071206.
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Microalgae biomass is a viable feedstock for a wide range of industries. Recently, there has also been interest in the ability of microalgae biomass applications for biofuel production. In the meantime, the cultivation of microalgae biomass requires high energy costs, and the application of microalgae for technical purposes is still problematic. A significant part of the cost of biomass arises from the nutrients used for cultivation. Chemical compounds included in the microalgae cultivation media can be replaced by suitable wastes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements. This could reduce the microalgae biomass cultivation price and allow cheaper biomass to be used for biofuel production. The aim of this work was to comprehensively investigate and optimize the growth process of microalgae using liquid waste (liquid waste after biogas production from sewage sludge and distillers’ grain) as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus, and technical glycerol as a carbon source. It was found that higher levels of waste in the cultivation media were found to inhibit the accumulation of microalgal biomass, with the optimum level corresponding to a nitrogen concentration of 0.08 g/L. The influence of technical glycerol from biodiesel production on the yield of microalgal biomass was investigated, and it was found that the addition of 6% glycerol allows an increase in the concentration of microalgal biomass in the cultivation media, from 18.1 to 20.6%.
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Araujo, J. C., A. C. Campos, M. M. Correa, E. C. Silva, M. H. Matté, G. R. Matté, M. Von Sperling, and C. A. L. Chernicharo. "Anammox bacteria enrichment and characterization from municipal activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 1428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.632.
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A sustainable option for nitrogen removal is the anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) process in which ammonium is oxidized to nitrogen gas with nitrite as electron acceptor. Application of this process, however, is limited by the availability of anammox biomass. In this study, two Brocadia-like anammox phylotypes were successfully enriched, detected and identified from an activated sludge taken from a domestic wastewater treatment plant (Minas Gerais, Brazil) employing a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The dominant phylotype was closely related to ‘Candidatus Brocadia sinica’, but one clone seemed to represent a novel species for which we propose the name ‘Candidatus Brocadia brasiliensis’. Based on Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, this enrichment led to a relative population size of 52.7% (±15.6) anammox bacteria after 6 months of cultivation. The cultivation process can be divided into three phases: phase 1 (approximately 25 days) was characterized by heterotrophic denitrification metabolism, phase 2 was the propagation phase and phase 3 (from the 87th day onwards), in which significant anammox activity was detected. A long-term performance of the SBR showed a near perfect removal of nitrite based on the influent NO2−-N concentration of 61–95 mg L−1. The average ammonia removal efficiency was 90% with the influent NH4+-N concentration of 55–82 mg L−1. Therefore, anammox cultivation and enrichment from activated sludge was possible under a controlled environment within 3 months.
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D’Agostin, D. A. L., G. M. Domene, A. S. Oliveira, M. J. C. Bonfim, and A. B. Mariano. "AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR CONTINUOUS MICROALGAE CULTIVATION IN PHOTOBIOREACTORS." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 03. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v16i2.62204.
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The objective of this work was to design a automate system for microalgae cultivation on a continuous modes in laboratory scale and allow its remote monitoring and control. For this, a sensor were developed is able to measure biomass concentration. The concentration sensor used the principle of light scattering, that is, by measuring the turbidity of the culture medium by the use of a set of phototransistor and green led. It presented an mean absolute percentage error of 8.46% during the experiment. A pH, temperature and light sensor were also installed. The control of all the sensors was accomplished by means of an microcontroller. For remote control and monitoring of the controller, a database was designed and implemented on a Raspberry Pi connected to the network. The graphics and data collected are available on an HTML page that allows changes in the control mode of the photobioreactor, for example by changing the dilution rates. The controller was able to operate the photobioreactor in batch mode, as well as to maintain the culture operating in continuous regime. The continuous production of microalgae biomass in a continuous regime showed productivity 74.5% higher than the traditional batch process and 28.2% higher than semicontinuous cultivation.
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Wang, Yuan, Xibiao Jin, Lijun He, and Wei Zhang. "Inhibitory effect of thiourea on biological nitrification process and its eliminating method." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 12 (March 24, 2017): 2900–2907. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.177.
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Thiourea is a typical nitrification inhibitor that shows a strong inhibitory effect against the biological nitrification process. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of thiourea on nitrification was determined to be 0.088 mg g VSS−1, and nitrifiers recovered from the thiourea inhibition after it was completely degraded. The thiourea-degrading ability of the sludge system was improved to 3.06 mg gVSS−1 h−1 through cultivation of thiourea-degrading bacteria by stepwise increasing the influent thiourea concentration. The dominant thiourea-degrading bacteria strain that used thiourea as the sole carbon and nitrogen source in the sludge system was identified as Pseudomonas sp. NCIMB. The results of this study will facilitate further research of the biodegradation characteristics of thiourea and similar pollutants.
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Camelini, Carla MaÃsa. "Production of Exopolysaccharides by Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 and Concentration by Nanofiltration." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 6, no. 2 (December 14, 2016): 901–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v6i2.57.
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Functional food may promote specific physiological benefits besides the properties of nourishing and feeding, thanks to the presence of physiologically healthy ingredients such as probiotics and prebiotics. Amongst the probiotics is Lactobacillus plantarum, which belongs to the group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Energy obtainment by these microorganisms occurs through carbohydrate fermentation, producing mainly lactic acid but also exopolysaccharides (EPS), which presents technological application on the food industry mainly by their prebiotic properties. In order to enable the obtainment of EPS, a production process of L. plantarum ATCC 8014 was established in aerobic conditions in an airlift bioreactor, using supplemented tofu whey as substrate. The process was compared to the generally employed MRS medium. EPS concentration was performed by nanofiltration (NF), carried at 35 °C and 6 bars, and samples analyzed via HPLC-IR. The cultivation allowed biomass yields of up to 3.2 g/L and 2.7 g/L, and EPS yields of 350 mg/L and 210 mg/L for the TWS and MRS media, respectively. On the NF process, the final concentrated extract was obtained with VRF (volume reduction factor) of 4.0, with increases of up to 80% on EPS contents. During membrane processing, it was verified that the greatest part of the flux resistance (60%) was caused by a polarized gel layer. This study showed that the use of tofu whey is applicable for EPS production and that nanofiltration is an efficient procedure to concentrate the prebiotic compounds obtained during the cultivation of L. plantarum ATCC 8014.
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Baptista-Neto, Álvaro, Juliana Conceição Teodoro, Luiz Claudio Macedo Cassiano Filho, Alberto Colli Badino, and Carlos Osamu Hokka. "Comparisons between continuous and batch processing to produce clavulanic acid by Streptomyces clavuligerus." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, spe (June 2005): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000400012.
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The aim of the present work was to compare CA production in continuous culture with and without cell recycling and in batch process by Streptomyces clavuligerus. Continuous cultivations with high cell concentration using cell recycling were performed utilizing a hollow fiber ultrafiltration module to separate cells from the filtrate broth. The continuous cultures without cell recycling and the batch cultivations were performed conventionally. The highest productivity was attained in the continuous cultivation with cell recycling (22.2 mg.L-1.h-1). The highest CA concentration was obtained in the batch process (470 mg.L-1.h-1).
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Ionina, S. V. "Cultivation of mycobacterium paratuberculosis." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 2 (May 22, 2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-2-8.
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The paper presents a new solid growth medium for the cultivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis consisting of organic and inorganic ingredients. The study of diagnostic informative value and effectiveness of solid growth media used for cultivation of Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis was carried out in the laboratory conditions. Extract from birch-wood ash of 3% concentration and a growth stimulant of biological origin, peat oxide, were introduced as a mineral salt bases into the developed medium. When constructing the test medium, Lоwenstein–Jensen egg growth medium with the addition of mycobactin, which is an extract from Mycobacterium. phlei and contains substances necessary for the nutrition and reproduction of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis on artificial nutrient media, was used as an analogue. A test on compatibility and solubility of the components was done in distilled water in accordance with the generally accepted guidelines. The duration of observation ranged from 60 to 90 days. A comparison was made between the time of appearance of the primary and intensive growth of mycobacteria of paratuberculosis on the experimental medium and the Lоwenstein–Jensen control medium with mycobactin. Colonies of primary and intensive growth of standardized M. paratuberculosis strain and M. paratuberculosis isolate obtained from the cattle biomaterial on experimental egg growth medium appeared 3-7 days faster than on Lоwenstein–Jensen control medium with mycobactin. When inoculating biomaterial from cattle (lymph nodes and intestine), the primary growth of M. paratuberculosis on the experimental medium was noted 7 days earlier than on the control one, and the intensive growth was 3 days earlier. The experimental growth medium is cheaper and simpler to prepare than Lоwenstein–Jensen control medium with mycobactin, whose preparation is a rather laborious technological process.
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Alsaheb, Ramzy Abd, Koh Zwin Zjeh, Roslinda Abd Malek, Jaafar Kamil Abdullah, Ashraf El Baz, Nehal El Deeb, Daniel Dailin, Siti Zulaiha Hanapi, Dalia Sukmawati, and Hesham El Enshasy. "Bioprocess Optimization for Exopolysaccharides Production by Ganoderma lucidum in Semi-industrial Scale." Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture 11, no. 3 (December 10, 2020): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212798411666200316153148.
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Background: For many years, Ganoderma was highly considered as biofactory for the production of different types of bioactive metabolites. Of these bioactive compounds, polysaccharides gained much attention based on their high biotherapeutic properties. Therefore, special attention has been paid during the last years for the production of mushrooms bioactive compounds in a closed cultivation system to shorten the cultivation time and increase the product yield. Objective: This work focuses on the development of a simple cultivation strategy for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production using Ganoderma lucidum and submerged cultivation system. Results and Discussion: Therefore, this work is focused on the development of simple cultivation system for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production using Ganoderman lucidum. At first, the best medium supporting EPS production was chosen experimentally from the current published data. Second, like many EPS production process, carbon and nitrogen concentrations were optimized to support the highest production of polysaccharides in shake flask level. Furthermore, the process was scaled up in 16-L stirred tank bioreactor. The results clearly demonstrated that the best cultivation strategy was cultivation under controlled pH condition (pH 5.5). Under this condition the maximal volumetric and specific yield of EPS production were, 5.0 g/L and 0.42 g/g, respectively. Methods: For many years, Ganoderma was highly considered as biofactory for the production of different types of bioactive metabolites. Of these bioactive compounds, polysaccharides gained much attention based on their high biotherapeutic properties. Therefore, special attention has been paid during the last years for the production of mushrooms bioactive compounds in a closed cultivation system to shorten the cultivation time and increase the product yield. Conclusion: The current results clearly demonstrates the high potential use of submerged cultivation system as alternative to conventional solid state fermentation for EPS production by G. lucidum. Furthermore, optimization of both carbon and nitrogen sources concentration and scaling up of the process showed significant increase in both volumetric and specific EPS production.
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Cepoi, Liliana, Inga Zinicovscaia, Tatiana Chiriac, Liudmila Rudi, Nikita Yushin, and Vera Miscu. "Silver and Gold Ions Recovery from Batch Systems Using Spirulina platensis Biomass." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2019-0029.
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Abstract In order to assess ability of Spirulina platensis to recover silver and gold ions from the environment the bioaccumulation of silver and gold ions and their effect on growth, proteins and carbohydrates content of Spirulina platensis biomass was studied. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) in concentration range 0.01-1 mg/dm3 and tetrachloroaurate Na[AuCl4] in concentration range 18.5-370 mg/dm3 were added as component of the Spirulina platensis cultivation medium. In case of silver two cultivation media were studied: standard and Cl-free. The process of silver and gold uptake was traced using neutron activation analysis. Presence of silver ions in standard cultivation medium reduced biomass productivity by 66 %, while in Cl-free biomass productivity was reduced by 11.8 % only. The reduction of proteins content by 30 % in Cl-free medium and by 19 % in standard medium was also observed. The experiments showed that in case of gold ions loading, the biomass productivity and protein content were reduced only at high Na[AuCl4] concentration in the medium. The behaviour of carbohydrates content change was similar under silver and gold loadings: decrease at low metal concentration followed by increase at high metal concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy allowed observation of spherical metal nanoparticles, which were formed extracellularly during silver and gold bioaccumulation. Spirulina platensis can be used for recovery of precious metals as well as metal nanoparticles production.
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Volova, Larisa T., Evgeni I. Pugachev, Tatyana K. Riazanova, Irina F. Nefedova, Violetta V. Boltovskaya, and Natalya A. Maksimenko. "New approaches to the study of cell vital activity cultivated in different growing conditions with analysis of oxygen in the medium." Science and Innovations in Medicine 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2019-4-4-68-72.
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Objectives - to develop new approaches to the study of morphofimctional state of chondroblasts, cultured at 37°C on a 3D carrier in different environments: in a CO2 incubator with 5% of CO2 and in a thermostat in an air-proof tube. Material and methods. The study cell culture - chondroblasts, isolated from the cartilage of the articular surfaces of the extra-fingers' phalanges. 3D carrier for cells - the demineralized lyophilized human spongiosa Lioplast®. The resulting tissue-engineered structures were grown in a complete cell culture medium at 37°С under different conditions: in a closed system in thermostat and in an open system in CO2 incubator (5% CO2). To assess the morphofunctional state of the cells on the surface of the 3D carrier, the picrosirius red staining, a LIVE/ DEAD® fluorescent dye kit, and scanning electron microscopy were used. The oxygen concentration in the culture medium was evaluated by the modified Winkler titration method. Results. The complex of morphological methods revealed the presence of living cells on the surface of human spongiosa within the 7-day period of cultivation. The cells either are fusiform or have a polygonal form and have a capacity to grow in 2 or more layers. The titrimetric analysis has demonstrated a decline in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the medium with cellular tissue material in 7 days of cultivation. The concentration declined by 72.4% in a thermostat and by 63.5% in a CO2 incubator. In the tests tubes which contained only the medium and no cells, there was a similar decline in oxygen concentration by 47.3% in a thermostat and by 66.1% in a CO2 incubator. Conclusion. 1. A method of measuring the amount of dissolved oxygen in a culture medium, during the adhesive cell cultivation on a 3D carrier, was developed, based on the Winkler titration method. 2. A comparative analysis of the amount of dissolved oxygen in the medium in the process of chondroblast cultivation on a 3D human spongiosa carrier, both in a CO2 incubator and in a closed test tube, revealed an overall tendency to a decrease in the concentration of oxygen within 7 days of cultivation. 3. A decrease in oxygen concentration in the test tubes with human spongiosa samples (without cells), within the 7 days of cultivation, was registered. 4. An efficient and cost-saving method of graft manufacturing for the purposes of chondroplasty is the transfer of juvenile joint cartilage chondroblasts to 3D human spongiosa carriers and their further cultivation in air-proof test tubes copletely filled with medium within a period of 7 days.
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Guarcello, Rosa, Maria De Angelis, Luca Settanni, Sabino Formiglio, Raimondo Gaglio, Fabio Minervini, Giancarlo Moschetti, and Marco Gobbetti. "Selection of Amine-Oxidizing Dairy Lactic Acid Bacteria and Identification of the Enzyme and Gene Involved in the Decrease of Biogenic Amines." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 23 (September 16, 2016): 6870–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01051-16.
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ABSTRACTAccumulation of biogenic amines (BAs) in cheese and other foods is a matter of public health concern. The aim of this study was to identify the enzyme activities responsible for BA degradation in lactic acid bacteria which were previously isolated from traditional Sicilian and Apulian cheeses. The selected strains would control the concentration of BAs during cheese manufacture. First, 431 isolates not showing genes encoding the decarboxylases responsible for BA formation were selected using PCR-based methods. Ninety-four out of the 431 isolates degraded BAs (2-phenylethylamine, cadaverine, histamine, putrescine, spermine, spermidine, tyramine, or tryptamine) during cultivation on chemically defined medium. As shown by random amplification of polymorphic DNA-PCR and partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, 78 of the 94 strains wereLactobacillusspecies (Lactobacillus casei,Lb. fermentum,Lb. parabuchneri,Lb. paracasei,Lb. paraplantarum, andLb. rhamnosus),Leuconostocspecies (Leuconostoc lactisandLn. mesenteroides),Pediococcus pentosaceus,Lactococcus lactis,Streptococcusspecies (StreptococcusgallolyticusandS. thermophilus),Enterococcus lactis, andWeissella paramesenteroides. A multicopper oxidase-hydrolyzing BA was purified from the most active strain,Lb. paracaseisubsp.paracaseiCB9CT. The gene encoding the multicopper oxidase was sequenced and was also detected in other amine-degrading strains ofLb. fermentum,Lb. paraplantarum, andP. pentosaceus.Lb. paracaseisubsp.paracaseiCB9CT and another strain (CACIO6CT) of the same species that was able to degrade all the BAs were singly used as adjunct starters for decreasing the concentration of histamine and tyramine in industrial Caciocavallo cheese. The results of this study disclose a feasible strategy for increasing the safety of traditional cheeses while maintaining their typical sensorial traits.IMPORTANCEBecause high concentrations of the potentially toxic biogenic amines may be found in traditional/typical cheeses, the safety of these food items should be improved. Lactic acid bacteria selected for the ability to degrade biogenic amines may be used during cheese making to control the concentrations of biogenic amines.
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Idris, Norfatiha, Nabilah Aminah Lutpi, Che Mohd Ruhaizul Che Ridzuan, Wong Yee Shian, and Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar. "Study on Molasses Concentration from Sugarcanne Bagasse for Biohydrogen Production using Enriched Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Immobilised Cells by Repeated Batch Cultivation." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 02044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402044.
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Repeated batch cultivation is known as most attractive method in improving hydrogen productivity, due to the facts that this approach could minimize the reuse of the cell and the inoculum preparation. In addition, with the combination of attach growth system during the fermentation processes to produce biohydrogen, the density of cells will be increased and the cell washout could be avoided. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of repeated batch cultivation for enrichment of anaerobic mixed culture onto granular activated carbon (GAC) and investigate the effect of molasses concentration during immobilization of mixed culture onto the GAC. The molasses concentration using 50 %, 40 %, 30 %, 20 % and 10 % of diluted molasses were used as feedstock in the fermentation process. The maximum hydrogen production of 60 ml was obtained at 30 % of molasses concentration with 831 ppm of hydrogen concentration. Thus, the kinetic parameter obtained from the batch profiling based on modified Gompertz equation are, Hm= 58 ml for the maximum hydrogen production and Rm= 2.02 ml/h representing the hydrogen production rate.
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Tan, Ning, Shi Ru Jia, Pei Pei Han, Wei Guo, and Yu Jie Dai. "The Open Culture of Nostoc flagelliforme with a 25 L Open Pond." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 1009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.1009.
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The open culture is a simple, low-cost way for microalage cultivation, and the great advantage of which is that it can be easily used for mass production. This culture system is primarily used for the alga that can survive under bad or extreme conditions. N. flagelliforme is a kind autotrophic alga having the property of alkali-resistance, which makes open culture of N. flagelliforme become possible. In this study, the cultivation of N.flagelliforme with an open, 60×40×30cm rectangular glass reactor was conducted. Firstly, the open culture of N.flagelliforme was carried on without new nutrient elements supplemented into pond intermittently. During the whole process of cultivation, the pH maintained at 8-9 in order to avoid the contamination of other green alga. At the end of the cultivation, the cell density reached 0.802 g•L-1 and the exopolysaccharide concentration was 97mg•L-1. Secondly, the fed-batch cultivation was employed to increase biomass and exopolysaccharide production. At the end of the fed-batch cultivation, the biomass and exopolysaccharide of N.flagelliforme increased distinctly to 1.16 g•L-1 and 124 mg•L-1, respectively.
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Degenhardt, Roberto, Doris Sobral Marques Souza, Leidiane A. Acordi Menezes, Gilberto Vinícius de Melo Pereira, David Rodríguez-Lázaro, Gislaine Fongaro, and Juliano De Dea Lindner. "Detection of Enteric Viruses and Core Microbiome Analysis in Artisanal Colonial Salami-Type Dry-Fermented Sausages from Santa Catarina, Brazil." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 22, 2021): 1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081957.
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Microbial fermentation plays an important role in the manufacturing of artisanal sausages and can have major effects on product quality and safety. We used metagenomics and culture-dependent methods to study the presence of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and Rotavirus-A (RV-A), and fungal and bacterial communities, in artisanal Colonial salami-type dry-fermented sausages in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast dominated the microbiome. Latilactobacillus sakei and Debaryomyces hansenii were ubiquitous and the most abundant species. The DNA of some foodborne pathogens was found in very low concentrations although viable cells of most of these species were undetectable by cultivation methods. The characteristics of the raw material and hygiene of the artisanal sausage manufacturing process resulted in high loads of beneficial microorganisms and the absence of HEV and RV-A viruses as determined by RT-qPCR assays. In conclusion, high LAB load in sausages was more relevant to preventing pathogen growth than the ripening time and/or physicochemical characteristics. However, the presence of Clostridium spp. and other pathogens in some samples must be taken into account for the development of future preservation methods; appropriate LAB starter cultures and health surveillance are required in the production process to prevent foodborne outbreaks.
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Araújo, Fabíola Ornellas de, Reinaldo Giudici, and João José Martins Simões de Sousa. "CULTIVATION OF THE MICROALGAE CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA USING THE PROCESSES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY." Revista Eletrônica Acervo Científico 2 (March 26, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.25248/reac.e121.2019.
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The results obtained here, show that the use of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae and biotechnology, using the discontinuous process, presented satisfactory results. With this, the study of the microalga Chlorella sp. has proved to be important because it has a wealth of proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals in its constitution, which may represent commercial importance. This research revealed the best results for obtaining a lipoprotein-rich biomass, taking into account three different culture media, calculations of cell concentration, cell productivity, to the content (%) of protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash present in the microalgal biomass.
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Abobaker, Mahmod Sidati Ali, Husnul Azan Tajarudin, Abdul Latif Ahmad, Wan Maznah Wan Omar, and Charles Ng Wai Chun. "Municipal Landfill Leachate Treatment and Sustainable Ethanol Production: A Biogreen Technology Approach." Microorganisms 10, no. 5 (April 22, 2022): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050880.
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Sustainable material sources are an important agenda to protect the environment and to meet human needs. In this study, Scenedesmus sp. was used to treat municipal landfill leachate via batch and continuous cultivation modes to protect the environment and explore sufficient biomass production for bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Physicochemical characteristics of leachate were determined for the phases before, during, and after the process. Batch and continuous cultivation were used to treat raw leachate to determine optimum conditions for treatment. Then, the biomass of Scenedesmus sp. with and without sonication was used as a substrate for ethanol production. Sonication was carried out for biomass cell disruption for 20 min at a frequency of 40 kHz. Through batch cultivation mode, it was found that pH 7 was the optimum condition for leachate treatment. Continuous cultivation mode had the highest removal values for COD, phosphorus, and carbohydrate, namely 82.81%, 79.70%, and 84.35%, respectively, among other modes. As for ethanol production, biomass without sonication with 9.026 mg·L−1 ethanol, a biomass concentration of 3.300 µg·L−1, and pH 5 were higher than biomass with sonication with 5.562 mg·L−1 ethanol, a biomass concentration of 0.110 µg·L−1, and pH 5. Therefore, it is evident that the leachate has the potential to be treated by Scenedesmus sp. and converted to bioethanol in line with the concept of sustainable materials.
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Topić Božič, Jelena, Dorota Korte, Branka Mozetič Vodopivec, and Lorena Butinar. "Yeasts and wine colour." Croatian journal of food science and technology 11, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17508/cjfst.2019.11.2.17.
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Historically, yeasts from the genus Saccharomyces have been conventionally used in the production of wine and other fermented beverages. Traditionally, their main role has been the transformation of sugars into ethanol, however, research has shown that yeasts also influence wine aroma, texture, flavour and colour. In lieu of this, non-Saccharomyces yeasts, which have been considered as spoilage yeasts in the past, have been exploited as potential wine starters because they can improve the sensorial characteristics of wines. Because they are considered to be poor fermenters, mixed fermentations with Saccharomyces yeasts are applied either in a form of co-inoculation or sequential fermentation. Among wine characteristics, colour of red wines has special importance because it is the first wine characteristic perceived by the consumers. Red wine colour stems from anthocyanins, located in the grape skins that are extracted to grape must during maceration/fermentation. Various technological strategies in the winemaking process have already been employed to improve wine colour. One of them is yeast-mediated colour improvement employing a careful selection of yeast starters that can promote the synthesis of stable colour pigments pyranoanthocyanins from anthocyanins. The two most known groups of pyranoanthocyanins are vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanins and vitisins. In comparison to anthocyanins they are less susceptible to pH, SO2 bleaching and oxygen presence. Their concentration in the wines differs according to the yeast strain used and the type of fermentation applied. Furthermore, wine colour can also be influenced by the cell wall adsorption capability of yeasts. Numerous studies have shown the positive influence of a careful selection of non-Saccharomyces yeast in promoting stable pigments synthesis in the production of wine. In this review, we discuss how application of different yeast species – Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces can enhance wine colour through different fermentation strategies applied
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Murad, Fatin Nabilah. "OPTIMIZATION OF FLOCCULATION PROCESS BY MICROBIAL COAGULANT IN RIVER WATER." IIUM Engineering Journal 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v18i2.740.
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The existing process of coagulation and flocculation are using chemicals that known as cationic coagulant such as alum, ferric sulfate, calcium oxide, and organic polymers. Thus, this study concentrates on optimizing of flocculation process by microbial coagulant in river water. Turbidity and suspended solids are the main constraints of river water quality in Malaysia. Hence, a study is proposed to produce microbial coagulants isolated locally for river water treatment. The chosen microbe used as the bioflocculant producer is Aspergillus niger. The parameters to optimization in the flocculation process were pH, bioflocculant dosage and effluent concentration. The research was done in the jar test process and the process parameters for maximum turbidity removal was validated. The highest flocculating activity was obtained on day seven of cultivation in the supernatant. The optimum pH and bioflocculant dosage for an optimize sedimentation process were between 4-5 and 2-3 mL for 0.3 g/L of effluent concentration respectively. The model was validated by using a river water sample from Sg. Pusu and the result showed that the model was acceptable to evaluate the bioflocculation process.
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Wanner, Jiri. "The Implementation of Bulking Control in the Design of Activated Sludge Systems." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 7 (April 1, 1994): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0342.
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The factors affecting the growth of most common filamentous microorganisms are discussed. In a design procedure the following factors should be considered: wastewater composition (readily and slowly biodegradable substrates, inoculation), biomass retention time, actual substrate concentration in reactor, operational parameters in reactor (DO and nutrients concentration, pH, temperature) and cultivation conditions. The configurations of activated sludge process supporting the growth of floc-formers are described. As general design methods and criteria for the design of bulking control systems are not available due to the complexity of selection mechanisms, the technological parameters from successful bulking control case histories are summarized. The possibilities of mathematical activated sludge process models for design purposes are evaluated.