Relevant bibliographies by topics / Procedural delays

Academic literature on the topic 'Procedural delays'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Procedural delays"

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Sonnenberg, Amnon, and Bradford R. Crain. "Scheduling Medical Procedures: How One Single Delay Begets Multiple Subsequent Delays." Journal of Theoretical Medicine 6, no. 4 (2005): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10273660600645345.

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Background: Delay is a common feature of medical disease management. Delays occur because schedules are filled, patients forget their appointment, equipment is unavailable, or because medical and non-medical complications interfere with the planned procedure. The aim of the present analysis is to model how one single delay can lead to multiple subsequent delays.Methods: The consecutive stream of delays is analyzed in terms of a stochastic process comprising of a random sum of random time periods. Any untoward event causes a procedural delay, which provides a time window of opportunity for yet another delaying event to occur.Results: The stochastic model explains why even a single initial delay can easily lead to a multitude of subsequent delays. The expected overall delay is always longer than the initial delay caused by the deferment of the initial procedure. The analysis demonstrates how in individual patients an initially short delay may subsequently expand into days or weeks.Conclusion: Because a single delay can easily burgeon into a lengthy series of multiple delays, the primary goal should be to avoid the precipitating delay at the onset.
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Chaisse, Julien. "Delays Expected but Duration of Delays Unpredictable: Causes, Types, and Symptoms of Procedural Applications in Investment Arbitration." Arbitration International 37, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 863–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiab035.

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Abstract Delays are becoming a common phenomenon in international investment arbitration and challenging the conventional belief that it is a time-effective mode of dispute resolution. These delays, majorly stemming from interim procedural applications, are known to arise due to the different interests and types of stakeholders involved in the process. This article provides an empirical analysis of such arbitration proceedings to cull out the types, nature, and effects of delay tactics in such proceedings. This article identifies three types of applications that play an increasing role in investment arbitration, namely, applications for ‘security for costs’, applications for disclosure of third-party funding, and the objections of manifest lack of legal merit of claims. Such delays can particularly become a cause of concern for investment arbitration as they have impacts beyond those which are on the parties involved.
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Acosta, Abigail Kathleen M., Julie Mungridis, Frances Bullman, Caroline Estrada, Kurstin Thomas, Deborah Ralph, Heidi Phillips, Susan Ruiz Endoscopy, Antonio Lira, and Kelly Marsh Hogue. "Implementing an Algorithm for Improving Patient Experience with Procedural Delays or Prolonged Pre-Procedural Stays." Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing 34, no. 4 (August 2019): e27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2019.05.069.

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Peters, Megan E., Juan P. Boriosi, Daniel J. Sklansky, Gregory A. Hollman, Jens C. Eickhoff, Devon K. Christenson, and Kristin A. Shadman. "Reducing Delays in a Pediatric Procedural Unit With Ultrasound-Guided Intravenous Line Insertion." Hospital Pediatrics 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 1222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2021-005870.

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OBJECTIVES Delay in vascular access is a leading cause of procedure delay in our pediatric procedure and infusion center. Use of ultrasound decreases time to peripheral intravenous catheter (PIV) insertion; however, ultrasound availability in our center was limited to an external venous access team (VAT). The objective of this project was to reduce PIV-related delays by 25%. METHODS Stakeholders convened and theorized that creating a unit-based nurse team specializing in ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter (USgPIV) insertion would facilitate faster access and a reduction in delayed procedures. An initial plan-do-study-act cycle was performed, training 2 nurses in USgPIV placement. Subsequent cycles were focused on increasing availability of USgPIV-trained nurses. The outcome measure was the rate of procedures delayed by PIV placement, analyzed on a statistical process control U-chart. The process measure was the percentage of USgPIV placements requiring consultations to the VAT, analyzed on a statistical process control P-chart. The balancing measure was the success rate per method of insertion. Comparisons of success rates were conducted by using a χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test. RESULTS The mean rate of procedures delayed because of vascular access fell by special cause variation from 10.8% to 6.4%. The mean VAT consultation rate fell from 86.4% to 32.0%. The VAT had higher rates of overall success (100% vs 87%; P = .01) and first-attempt success (93% vs 77%; P = .03) compared with unit nurse USgPIV placement. CONCLUSIONS Unit-based USgPIV placement in a pediatric procedural center was successfully implemented, with a significant decline in procedures delayed by PIV access.
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Buscaglia, Edgardo, and José‐Luis Guerrero‐Cusumano. "Benchmarking procedural times: a quality control approach to court delays." Benchmarking for Quality Management & Technology 4, no. 2 (June 1997): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779710174927.

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Glockner, Gregory D. "Effects of Air Traffic Congestion Delays under Several Flow-Management Policies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1517, no. 1 (January 1996): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196151700104.

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Air traffic delays occur when demand for airports or airspace exceeds available capacity. Consequently, these delay effects can be lessened by increasing capacity or by modifying the air traffic demand. Increasing capacity is an important solution, but it is a long-range option involving major changes such as facility construction, fundamental procedural changes, and improvements in navigational equipment. For short-term decision making a tactical-optimization model can suggest alternative flight plans to reduce delays. However, a tactical-optimization model is extremely complex because of the uncertainty in airport-capacity forecasts, which primarily depend on weather. A practical implementation of a tactical-optimization model must therefore make approximations so that a solution may be computed quickly and be of good quality. A practical model framework for the congestion-delay problem is given; this model framework is a generalization of several other flow-management models. Congested situations are simulated, to compare the practical performance of this model to other air traffic management tactics.
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Teeuwen, Aekje. "Procedural Rights Supporting Expeditious Trials for Juveniles." Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 22, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 150–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718158-22020004.

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Abstract Delays pending trials can negatively impact juveniles. Encouragingly, the right of juvenile defendants to be tried within a reasonable time has been enshrined in international and regional human rights instruments. To support and strengthen the realisation of this specific right, several additional procedural entitlements, to which existing scholarship has paid limited attention, are of importance. This article focuses on how the rights to an effective remedy and legal representation can support the fulfilment of expeditious trials for juveniles. Furthermore, it analyses to what extent these two identified rights have been incorporated into significant international human rights standards and, specifically, in the Cambodian, Philippine and Vietnamese legislative frameworks. It identifies lessons Cambodia can draw from the latter two countries.
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Peterson, Jennifer K. "Supporting Optimal Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants and Children With Congenital Heart Disease." Critical Care Nurse 38, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2018514.

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Improved survival has led to increased recognition of developmental delays in infants and children with congenital heart disease. Risk factors for developmental delays in congenital heart disease survivors may not be modifiable; therefore, it is important that lifesaving, high-technology critical care interventions be combined with nursing interventions that are also developmentally supportive. Implementing developmental care in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit requires change implementation strategies and widespread support from all levels of health care professionals. This manuscript reviews developmentally supportive interventions such as massage, developmentally supportive positioning, kangaroo care, cue-based feeding, effective pain/anxiety management, and procedural preparation and identifies strategies to implement developmentally supportive interventions in the care of infants and children with congenital heart disease. Improving developmental support for these infants and children at high risk for developmental delay may improve their outcomes and help promote family-centered care.
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Tymoshenko, O. A. "INADMISSIBILITY OF ABUSE OF PROCEDURAL RIGHTS IN THE SYSTEM OF PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL PROCEEDINGS OF UKRAINE." Actual problems of native jurisprudence 3, no. 3 (June 2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/392151.

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The scientific work is devoted to the fundemental of civil procedure in Ukraine such as inadmissibility of abuse of procedural rights. The goal of our scientific research is definition of theoretic aspects of the princilple of inadmissibility of abuse of civil procedural rights, analisis of the main kinds and forms of such abuse, problems of legal reglamentation and realization of this fundemental and effective ways to overcome and prevent the abuse of procedural rights in civil procedure. The high level of this scientific research's actuality depends on different factors, bit we will admit the main ones: 1) the urgent need in Ukraine to supply the access to effective, as fast as possible (without unreasonble delays) justice against the backdropof european integration processes; 2) the large number of complaints against Ukraine to European Court of Human Rights because of violation right to a fair trial; 3)the direct connection between the effective realization of the right to a fair trial and the good faith conduct of parties in the civil case; 4) frequent cases of abuse of procedural rights by parties in the civil cases in order to delay the consideration of a case. The author researched the term of abuse of civil procedural rights through the Ukrainian laws and law doctrine. Also it was differed from other similar legal categories. There were defined the main kinds and forms of abuse of procedural rights in national legal practice. Also there were given the characteristics to the most popular kinds of abuse of procedural rights in Ukraine. The author paid attention to legal gears of overcomming of abuse of procedural rights in civil procedure in Ukraine.
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Blanco, Federico, Jorge Szarfer, Alejandro García Escudero, Federico Albornoz, Analía Alonso, Vielka Yurko, Susana Affatato, Matías Feldman, and Gerardo Gigena. "Detección de barreras e implementación de procedimientos para reducir la demora en el tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST mediante angioplastia primaria. Experiencia de 20 años de un centro de referencia en una ciudad de alta densidad demográfica." Revista Argentina de Cardiologia 89, no. 2 (April 2021): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7775/rac.es.v89.i2.19989.

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Background: The delay to reperfusion of ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (STEACS) is a key factor in its prognosis, and its reduction could reduce morbidity and mortality. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and modify the barriers detected in 20 years of STEACS treatment in a tertiary care center of a densely populated city to evaluate their effect on the outcome of the procedure. Methods: A total of 3007 patients with STEACS within 12 hours of symptoms onset were prospectively and consecutively included to undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019. Time from symptoms onset to balloon inflation was divided into intervals. After barriers were identified (2000-2009), the procedure was changed. The population was divided into two groups (G) G1: pre-implementation (2000-2009) and G2: post-implementation (2010-2019) of changes. Results: G1 included 1409 and G2 1598 patients with no demographic differences except for the type of PCI. Delays were identified in diagnosis, communication between physicians, transfer and admission of the patient to the hemodynamics lab. Procedural changes decreased first medical contact-hemodynamic team contact interval [G1: 90 min (36-168) vs. G2: 77 min (36-144) p –0.01] and hemodynamic team contact-hemodynamics lab admission interval [G1: 75 min (55-100) vs. G2: 51 min (34-70) p –0.01] and reduced in-hospital (G1: 9,2% vs. G2: 6,7% p –0,01) and 6-month (G1: 13.1% vs. G2: 7.5% p –0. 01) mortality. Conclusions: Delay in diagnosis, difficulty in communication and type of transfer were the most important causes of delay. Implementing a procedural protocol reduced delays. Continuous evaluation of results and permanent education constitute the fundamental cornerstones for optimizing network care programs
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Procedural delays"

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Moreira, Ricco Isabel Maria. "Alternative oxidants and processing procedures for pyrotechnic time delays." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09132005-115831.

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Smith, Kimberly N. "The Effects of the Delay in a Delayed Match-To-Sample Procedure on Acquisition and Transfer." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4905/.

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Twenty-six participants, divided into three groups, learned to relate English words to Czech and Portuguese words in a matching-to-sample procedure. Half the word pairs were learned using English words as samples and foreign words as corresponding comparisons and the other half were learned with the foreign words serving as samples and English words as corresponding comparisons. The only difference in training across the three groups involved a programmed delay between the removal of the sample stimulus and the presentation of comparison stimuli. For Group 0, Group 2, and Group 8, the programmed delay values between sample offset and comparison onset were 0 s, 2 s, and 8 s, respectively. Test trials assessed the extent to which the conditional discriminations established during training had become reversible or the extent to which the effects of learning had transferred to a new situation. The results suggest that the likelihood of transfer was greatest for the group that learned the task with the largest delay (i.e., an 8 s delay between sample offset and comparison onset).
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Robinson-Curtis, Heather C. "THE EFFECTIVEMESS OF TEACHING BY SIBLINGS OF MANUAL SIGN LANGAUAGE." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/edsrc_etds/2.

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There has been little published research literature that has focused on using siblings to teach their non-verbal siblings a manual sign to communicate using the mandmodel procedure. The mand- model procedure is a naturalistic teaching strategy which has been demonstrated to improve communication and social outcomes for children with disabilities. This study investigated sibling tutors teaching their sibling tutees to use the manual sign “more” to request a want or need. The four sibling tutees were between the ages of 25 and 26 months and their sibling tutors were between the ages of 9 and 14 years. A multiple probe design across subjects was used for this study. The mand-model procedure, the independent variable, was used by the sibling tutors to teach the sibling tutees the manual sign “more.” The effectiveness of the use of the manual sign “more” was the independent variable. All four of the sibling tutees were able to successfully learn the manual sign and used the sign across maintenance and generalization phases.
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Larsson, Josefine. "Reversal of Hartmann's procedure– why is it delayed?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-91524.

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Background: Reversal of Hartmann’s procedure with restoration of intestinal continuity increasepatients’ quality of life but entails considerable risks of postoperative morbidity.Aim: Our aim was to investigate the timing of Hartmann’s reversal and factors delaying stomaclosure. Secondarily, postoperative complications in relation to reversal surgery were reviewed.Methods: This retrospective record review evaluated all patients undergoing reversal of Hartmann’sprocedure during a 9yearperiod. Reversal beyond 6 months was deemed delayed. Results: A total of 42 patients were included in the study. Common surgical indications weremalignancy (n=14) and diverticular disease (n=12). Median time to reversal was 12 months. Only12% of stomas were reversed within 6 months, with no significant difference between the malignantand nonmalignantgroups. The remaining 88% were considered delayed reversals. Adjuvantchemotherapy caused a delay in 64% of patients with a malignant surgery indication. In the nonmalignantgroup, low priority within the healthcare system caused 57% of delays, while 17% weredue to the patient’s choice. Postoperative morbidity affected 64% (n=27) of patients. Wound infection(n=8), abscess formation (n=6), ileus (n=7) and incisional hernia (n=8) were the most frequentcomplications. No deaths occurred postoperatively.Conclusion: Almost 9 in 10 patients had a delayed stoma reversal, beyond 6 months. The maincauses were adjuvant chemotherapy and low priority within the healthcare system.
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Heacock, Jessica Lynn. "The Effects of a Modified Time Delay Procedure on Intraverbal Responding." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374194687.

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Hood, Stephanie Anne. "AN EVALUATION OF THE RELATIVE EFFICACY OF AND PREFERENCE FOR PROMPT DELAY PROCEDURES." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/666.

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Both response to intervention (RTI) and recognition and response systems recommend the use of evidence-based teaching strategies and individualized data collection to monitor the students' response to such strategies. In addition to the efficacy of interventions, individual stakeholders should have a voice in which intervention is implemented. Constant prompt delay and progressive prompt delay procedures have been routinely implemented and have been proven to be effective at teaching important skills to a variety populations; however, no objective data has been reported on the stakeholders' preference for such procedures. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relative efficacy of as well as the relative preference for prompt delay procedures. Four preschool children experienced three teaching conditions: constant prompt delay, progressive prompt delay, and a control condition. A multi-element design was used to evaluate the relative efficacy of the prompt delay procedures at teaching pre-academic tasks while a modified concurrent chains arrangement was used to evaluate each child's relative preference for each teaching strategy. The results for efficacy of and preference for prompt delay procedures were idiosyncratic for all participants. These results as well implication of the results are discussed.
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Friedel, Jonathan E. "An Exploration of the Titrating-Delay Match-to-Sample Procedure with Pigeons." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103316/.

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The delayed matching‐to‐sample (DMTS) procedure involves the insertion of a delay between the offset of a sample stimulus and the onset of an array of comparison stimuli; one of which is designated as the “correct” match for the sample on each trial. The procedure has served as the base preparation in which the effects of environmental variables on short‐term remembering and is, in many ways, responsible for a refined understanding of the phenomenon. Despite its utility, however, there are a few problems with the DMTS procedure – first, the procedure doesn’t adjust for individual differences and second, the conventional dependent measure, percent of correct trials, is not as sensitive as one might like. The titrating-delay matching to sample (TDMTS) procedure is a variant of the DMTS procedure in which the delays between sample and comparison are adjusted as a function of the subject’s performance. Stable measures of adjusted delay are not only sensitive measures of the performance of interest but they are also automatically tuned to differences across individuals. The study reported here continues our efforts to understand the dynamics of the TDMTS procedure so that it can be used to ask important questions related to short‐term remembering.
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Walsh, Ashley Marie. "DELAY DISCOUNTING OF TREATMENT SUCCESS AND STAFF WILLINGNESS TO IMPLIMENT BEHAVIOR ANALYTIC TRAINING PROCEDURES." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2358.

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A delay discounting questionnaire was administered where the commodity manipulated was treatment success that occurred immediately or was delayed. The delay to treatment success was exponentially manipulated and in terms of reasonable time estimates expected for a behavioral intervention to typically achieve successful outcomes with the individual. The cost titrated was the amount of time per week that staff would be willing to implement a typical behavior change strategy. Results from 32 direct care staff currently employed at a day treatment facility for adult clients suggest the subjective value of treatment outcomes is discounted as a function of the delay to treatment success. All participants had some experience implementing behavior analytic treatment strategies. The decay is appropriately modelled using a hyperbolic curve function fit to the data that was obtained and is consistent with the results of prior research in the field. The values obtained for each delay included the median indifference point at each delay, an r2 value of 0.92 was observed. The median indifference points that were determined for each delay indicate steep discounting of the subjective value of willingness to implement treatment as a function of the delay. The results can provide additional research to support the level of predicting and influencing staff buy in of behavior analytic programs by determining estimates of response cost and delay to outcome. Keywords: Delay discounting, direct care staff, treatment programs, treatment outcomes
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Kangas, Brian D. "On the effects of extended sample-observing response requirements on adjusted delay in a titrating delay matching-to-sample procedure with pigeons." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4864/.

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A common procedural variation that facilitates the acquisition of conditional discriminations is to increase the time an organism spends in the presence of the sample stimulus by programming extended sample-observing response requirements. Despite their common use, there has been little empirical investigation of the effects of extended sample-observing response requirements. In the current study, four pigeons worked on a titrating delay matching-to-sample procedure in which the delay between sample offset and comparison onset was adjusted as a function of the pigeons' accuracy. The number of responses required to produce the comparison array was manipulated across conditions. Results show that all subjects were able to withstand longer delays between sample offset and comparison onset as sample-observing response requirements increased. These data show that the extent of the response requirement in the presence of the sample has systematic effects on conditional discrimination performances and should be considered in the design of experiments.
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Vsindilok, Natacha. "A comparison of the case flow management and case tracking systems of the Central Adminstrative Court of Thailand with those of the Federal Court of Australia, with reference to practice in the USA." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060509.100729/index.html.

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Books on the topic "Procedural delays"

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Jason, Payne, and Australian Institute of Criminology, eds. Criminal trial delays in Australia: Trial listing outcomes. Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2007.

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The reform of legal procedure. Littleton, Colo: F. B. Rothman, 1986.

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McCaffery, Graeme. Design procedures for specified phase superconducting transmission delay line filters. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1996.

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Plotnikoff, Joyce. From committal to trial: Delay at the Crown Court. London: Law Society, 1993.

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Morgan, Patricia. Pre-trial delay: The implications of time limits. London: H.M.S.O., 1989.

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Het recht in betere tijden: Over de werking van interventies ter versnelling van civiele procedures. [Den Haag]: Boom Juridische Uitgevers, 2007.

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Lambers, C. Versnelling juridische procedures grote projecten. 's-Gravenhage: Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid, 1994.

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G, Young William. Federal civil practice: The new civil justice delay and expense reduction plan. Boston, MA: MCLE, 1992.

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White, John E. An evaluation of pre-trial conferences in the Christchurch District Court. Wellington, N.Z: Dept. of Justice, Policy and Research Division, 1987.

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Rights, European Court of Human. Affaires Motta c. Italie, arrêt du 19 février 1991: Manzoni c. Italie, arrêt du 19 février 1991 : Pugliese (I) c. Italie, arrêt du 19 février 1991 : Alimena c. Italie, arrêt du 19 février 1991 : Frau c. Italie, arrêt du 19 février 1991 = Cases Motta v. Italy, judgment of 19 February 1991 : Manzoni v. Italy, judgment of 19 February 1991 : Pugliese (I) v. Italy, judgment of 19 February 1991 : Alimena v. Italy, judgment of 19 February 1991 : Frau v. Italy, judgment of 19 February 1991. Strasbourg: Greffe de la Cour, Conseil de l'Europe, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Procedural delays"

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Nicolson, Roderick I., and Angela J. Fawcett. "Procedural Learning, Dyslexia and Delayed Neural Commitment." In Literacy Studies, 235–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90805-2_12.

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Ledford, Jennifer, Justin D. Lane, and Erin E. Barton. "Introduction to Prompting Procedures and Time Delay." In Methods for Teaching in Early Education, 119–38. First edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315109800-8.

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Cicalese, Ferdinando, and Ugo Vaccaro. "Coping with Delays and Time-Outs in Binary Search Procedures." In Algorithms and Computation, 96–107. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-40996-3_9.

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Pinto, Pedro, António Pinto, and Manuel Ricardo. "Delay Accounting Optimization Procedure to Enhance End-to-End Delay Estimation in WSNs." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 14–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18802-7_3.

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Au, Leon, and Ingeborg Stalmans. "XEN Gel Implant." In Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery, 73–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5632-6_6.

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Abstract Among all the novel glaucoma surgical devices, the XEN Gel Implant (Allergan plc, Dublin, Ireland) is the only one which uses an ab-interno approach to drain aqueous to the subconjunctival space, similar to conventional filtration surgery. Most MIGS procedures target the Schlemm’s canal and the collector channels which can be difficult to locate. The patency of the downstream drainage system cannot be accurately assessed and the episcleral venous pressure cannot be routinely measured, leading to unpredictable surgical outcomes for trabecular bypass surgery. In contrast, subconjunctival aqueous drainage is more effective at lowering the intraocular pressure, as is evidenced by the efficacy of trabeculectomy which has a long track record. The main advantages of the XEN Gel Implant over other filtering procedures include its less invasive surgical procedure and the favorable safety profile, fast visual recovery, and short surgery duration, rendering this implant particularly suited for patients who are unable to tolerate a long surgical duration or a delayed visual recovery. Although designed as a stand-alone procedure, XEN implantation can be combined with phacoemulsification in patients with concurrent cataract. Although its pressure-lowering ability appears to be superior to trabecular bypass and suprachoroidal MIGS devices, there are surgical nuances which can be difficult to master and the pre- and postoperative management is critical in the success of the XEN Glaucoma Treatment System.
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Shao, Yen-Chen, Ming-Yin Shen, and William Tzu-Liang Chen. "Laparoscopic Hartmann’s Procedure." In Mastering Endo-Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery, 129–35. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3755-2_23.

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AbstractHartmann’s procedure, Hartmann’s resection, or Hartmann’s operation is the surgical resection consisting of sigmoidectomy without intestinal restoration. It contains an end-colostomy and closure of a rectal stump. It was first described by Henri Albert Hartmann (1860–1952) for resection of rectal or sigmoid cancer [1]. Nowadays, Hartmann procedure is usually used in treating malignant obstruction of left-sided colon or in emergent conditions, such as sigmoid colon perforation [2], mostly because of diverticulum disease. The advantage of Hartmann’s procedure is reduction in morbidity and mortality in emergent settings because it avoids the possibility of complications from a colorectal anastomosis. For patients with unstable hemodynamic status, or multiple comorbidity or inflammatory condition of the intestinal tissue, which would make performing a colorectal anastomosis difficult or have a higher risk of anastomotic leakage, this procedure is simple and fast, and meanwhile preserve the chance of restoration of intestine continuity after patients’ general condition got improvement. However, the Hartmann reversal rate is variable in different studies, ranging from 0 to 50% [3, 4]. The morbidity rate of Hartmann reversal is up to 55%, and the mortality rate is ranging from 0 to 14% [5–7]. A study showed reversal of Hartmann between 3 and 9 months associated with increased risk of postoperative complications [8]. The mean interval from Hartmann procedure to its reversal is ranging from 7.5 to 9.1 months [3, 5]. We usually delay the reversal of Hartmann’s operation at least 6 months later in our daily practice. Hartmann’s procedure and/or reversal of Hartmann’s procedure could be conventional or laparoscopic. Laparoscopic reversal of Hartmann’s procedure is associated with less complications compared to the conventional method, especially in wound infection, anastomotic leakage, and cardiopulmonary complications [3].
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Akama, Kiyoshi, and Ekawit Nantajeewarawat. "A Delayed Splitting Bottom-Up Procedure for Model Generation." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 481–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35101-3_41.

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Brown, Stephen C., Benedicte Eyskens, Bjorn Cools, Filip Rega, Ruth Heing, Derize Boshoff, Bart Meyns, and Marc Gewillig. "Prolonged Right-Ventricle-to-Left-Ventricle Support (Hybrid or Surgical) to Delay Decision-Making in Borderline Left Ventricles." In Fetal and Hybrid Procedures in Congenital Heart Diseases, 251–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40088-4_32.

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Magiera, Ryszard. "Optimal Sequential Estimation Procedures Under Delayed Observations From Multiparameter Exponential Families." In Operations Research Proceedings, 200–205. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58891-4_31.

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Lharchi, Ayoub, Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen, and Martin Tamke. "Joint Descriptive Modeling (JDM) for Assembly-Aware Timber Structure Design." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 359–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_33.

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AbstractJoints design is an essential step in the process of designing timber structures. Complex architectural topologies require thorough planning and scheduling, as it is necessary to consider numerous factors such as structural stability, fabrication capabilities, and ease of assembly. This paper introduces a novel approach to timber joints design that embed both fabrication and assembly considerations within the same model to avoid mistakes that might cause delays and further expenses. We developed a workflow that allows us to identify the fundamental data to describe a given joint geometry, machine-independent fabrication procedures, and the assembly sequence. Based on this, we introduce a comprehensive descriptive language called Joint Descriptive Model (JDM) that leverages industry standards to convert a joint into a usable output for both fabrication and assembly simulations. Finally, we suggest a seed of a joint’s library with some common joints.
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Conference papers on the topic "Procedural delays"

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ElBeheiry, ElSayed M., Ahmed S. Zaki, and Waguih H. ElMaraghy. "A Unified Approach for Independent Manipulator Joint Acceleration Control and Observation." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42608.

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The ultimate goal of a manipulator control design is to combine the design of both the controller and the observer into one procedural approach. Hence, the stability of the global system, namely, the manipulator dynamics, controller, and observer is guaranteed. This paper presents a new, unified approach in combining the control and observation problem for robotic manipulators. It links the design of an independent joint acceleration controller to the design of a variable structure state observer that is used to estimate the joint acceleration. Since both the joint acceleration controller and the observer introduced in this paper are likely to implement high gains to improve tracking, the effects of the time delay between the measurement of the output and the control loop response has been investigated. The observer design also considers the observation robustness against unknown but bounded disturbances using the theory of variable structure systems. A simulation study to investigate the performance of the joint acceleration controller and observer is conducted on a PUMA 560 robot. Simulation results showed that the proposed combination of observer and controller are robust to the change in the payload and small time delays.
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Stocco, Leo J. "Path Verification for Unstructured Environments and Medical Applications." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/dac-21128.

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Abstract In some robot applications, workspace limitations can interfere with the desired path. In unstructured environments such as robot assisted surgery, checking for this must be done quickly to minimize procedural delays. Here, an algorithm is proposed that computes the distance between a few points on the desired path and the nearest workspace boundary to determine if the path is admissible (i.e. inside the dextrous workspace). Execution time is dependent on the proximity of the path to the reachable workspace limit and is upper bounded by a configurable workspace deadband value. The algorithm is applied to the ROBODOC® Surgical Assistant with good results.
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Cavdaroglu, Mursel Emre, and Nejat Olgac. "Full State Feedback Control Design for “Delay Scheduling”." In ASME 2008 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2008-2127.

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A fixed full state feedback controller design approach is proposed for linear time invariant (LTI) systems with time delays. This approach enables the designer to use recently introduced “delay scheduling” procedure, which opens a new direction in control synthesis. “Delay scheduling” strategy suggests prolonging the existing (and unavoidable) delays in order to recover stability or to improve the control performance features. To be able to do this, however, system should have multiple stable operating zones in the domain of the delays. The main contribution of this paper is to develop a procedure for designing such a control law. It starts with a simple usage of LQR for non-delayed systems. This approach, nevertheless, imparts some complexities when delays are introduced. We handle them using a recent paradigm, called the Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR). For an example to the ensuing design strategy, we use a fully actuated cart-pendulum system. Relevant simulations are carried out to show the viability of the proposed idea.
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Sipahi, Rifat, and Nejat Olgac. "Stability Analysis of Multiple Time Delayed Systems Using the Direct Method." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41495.

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A novel treatment for the stability of a class of linear time invariant (LTI) systems with rationally independent multiple time delays using the Direct Method (DM) is studied. Since they appear in many practical applications in the systems and control community, this class of dynamics has attracted considerable interest. The stability analysis is very complex because of the infinite dimensional nature (even for single delay) of the dynamics and furthermore the multiplicity of these delays. The stability problem is much more challenging compared to the TDS with commensurate time delays (where time delays have rational relations). It is shown in an earlier publication of the authors that the DM brings a unique, exact and structured methodology for the stability analysis of commensurate time delayed cases. The transition from the commensurate time delays to multiple delay case motivates our study. It is shown that the DM reveals all possible stability regions in the space of multiple time delays. The systems that are considered do not have to possess stable behavior for zero delays. We present a numerical example on a system, which is considered “prohibitively difficult” in the literature, just to exhibit the strengths of the new procedure.
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Pietarila, Kristel M., and Roger Fales. "Developing and Automating Time Delay System Stability Analysis of Machinery Systems Using the Matrix Lambert W Function Method." In ASME 2008 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2008-2246.

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Stability analysis of time delayed (TD) systems is not easy to conduct since the addition of delays within a dynamic model results in irrational system equations. Traditional analysis methods involve adding model approximates representing delays. These approximates make the system equations rational, but can drive stable TD systems to instability as approximate accuracy is improved. A more advanced method would be an invaluable tool for simplifying the stability analysis procedure for TD systems. A new method for analyzing TD system stability without adding TD approximates to the system has been presented by Asl et al. [1, 2]. This method involves using the Lambert W function to obtain analytic solutions for a set of delay differential equations. The research presented in this paper discusses the development and automation of TD system stability analysis for a complex machinery system utilizing this new method, the matrix Lambert W (MLW) function TD stability analysis method.
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Wahi, Pankaj, and Anindya Chatterjee. "Galerkin Projections for Delay Differential Equations." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/vib-48570.

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We present a Galerkin projection technique by which finite-dimensional ODE approximations for DDE’s can be obtained in a straightforward fashion. The technique requires neither the system to be near a bifurcation point, nor the delayed terms to have any specific restrictive form, nor even the delay, nonlinearities and/or forcing to be small. We show through several numerical examples that the systems of ODE’s obtained using this procedure can accurately capture the dynamics of the DDE’s under study, and that the accuracy of solutions increases with increasing numbers of shape functions used in the Galerkin projection. Examples studied here include a linear constant coefficient DDE as well as forced nonlinear DDE’s with one or more delays and possibly nonlinear delayed terms. Parameter studies, with associated bifurcation diagrams, show that the qualitative dynamics of the DDE’s can be captured satisfactorily with a modest number of shape functions in the Galerkin projection.
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Poretti, Paula, and Vedrana Švedl Blažeka. "REMOTE JUSTICE IN CORONAVIRUS CRISIS – DO THE MEANS JUSTIFY THE ENDS, OR DO THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS?" In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22410.

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The coronavirus related crisis affected severely all aspects of life and judiciary is no exception. The world has been confronted with new challenges. New circumstances have created significant impact on the functioning of access to justice. New ways of administrating the legal system were introduced in the last decade, allowing for the use of the means of electronic communication, reducing certain stages of court procedures, opting for solutions for peaceful dispute settlement and promoting out-of-court dispute resolution. However, the coronavirus caused, beyond any doubt, severe delays in court proceedings and even shut down courts in some European Union Member States, Croatia included. Thus, additional efforts were required in order to ensure remote justice to citizens and businesses. More importantly, it called for a swift response, issuing and applying emergency measures, to safeguard the right to access courts and provide for effective administration of justice. The paper thus seeks to explore the ways in which European Union Member States responded to emerging challenges and the consequences these challenges had on administration of justice. Croatian example will be introduced specifically due to obvious struggles in handling the coronavirus caused difficulties in national judiciary system. Along with the analysis of measures taken, there are several questions, which need to be answered. What was the level of readiness of the Member States’ judiciaries for providing justice by means of electronic communications, with Croatia in focus? What are the effects of measures taken in Croatian judiciary system? Should it be left to the courts or other competent bodies to take actions on a case-to-case basis in order to provide the necessary protection of procedural rights to parties? In terms of the effect of the emergency measures, do they allow for the same or similar quality of remote justice? In conclusion, the paper will try to answer the aforementioned questions, deliberate on the efficiency of measures taken in response to the coronavirus crisis, with Croatia in focus and possibilities of future improvements.
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Jalili, Nader, and Nejat Olgac. "Stability Analysis of Multiple Delayed Resonator Vibration Absorbers." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0569.

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Abstract This paper is on the use of multiple identical Delayed Resonator (DR), a recently introduced active vibration absorber, in suppressing tonal vibration of multi-degree-of-freedom mechanical structures. The DR methodology forces the conventional mass-spring-damper passive absorbers into marginally stable resonators which absorb all the vibratory energy at their points of attachment. Control forces in the form of proportional acceleration feedback with variable gains and time delays are considered here. Elimination of tonal vibration, real-time tunability, and stand-alone nature of these actively controlled absorbers are already proven features. The stability of the primary structure combined with multiple DR’s is addressed in this paper, following a stability chart strategy. A “peeling-off” procedure is adopted to eliminate successively the highest order delay terms in the characteristic equation of the system at each step. Consequently, the stability charts are constructed to reveal the operable zones. An example case of two identical DR’s on a 3-DOF system is presented.
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Buckland, Daniel, Megan Parisi, Kaitlin Mctigue, Shu-Chieh Wu, Tina Panontin, Gordon Vos, Devan Petersen, and Alonso Vera. "NASA’s Identified Risks of Adverse Outcomes Due to Inadequate Human Systems Integration Architecture in Human Spaceflight." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001427.

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The NASA Human System Risk Board (HSRB) has the overall responsibility for tracking the evolution of the top ~30 human system risks that it has identified to be associated with human spaceflight. As part of this process, the Board is charged with maintaining a consistent, integrated process to mitigate those risks, and developing evidence-based risk posture recommendations. One of the identified risks is due to inadequate human systems integration architecture (HSIA) and a driving factor of this risk is that given decreasing real-time ground support for execution of complex operations during future exploration missions, there is a possibility of adverse performance outcomes including that crew are unable to adequately respond to unanticipated critical malfunctions or detect safety critical procedural errors. The HSRB uses Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) as a communication tool for describing how astronaut exposure to spaceflight hazards leads to meaningful mission-level health and performance outcomes and as the basis for understanding intermediate causal relationships between risk contributing factors and countermeasures that link hazards to outcomes. The HSIA risk DAG will be presented and described. Historically, critical malfunctions requiring Crew/MCC management occurred at a rate of 1.7 times per year for ISS averaged over the lifetime and 3-4 times per year in the burn in phase for the vehicle. These averages do not include EVA data, which greatly increases the incident rate. Prior experience from the Apollo program showed 10/11 crewed missions experienced significant anomalies where crew relied heavily on MCC expertise in real-time. These failure patterns are in line with those observed in other complex engineered systems (e.g., oil rigs, launch systems, commercial aviation, etc.) It is likely that general malfunction and error rates are > 10% for short duration missions (<30 days), based on past and current spaceflight operations data. Likelihood of adverse outcomes has the potential to increase as crew conduct work with new, complex systems and with less ground support. For Low Earth Orbit missions and Lunar missions less than 30 days, assuming minimal comm delays, disruptions and bandwidth limitations, malfunctions and errors can affect mission objectives and crew health but may be mitigated by ground support. For Lunar missions greater than 30 days and any potential Mars mission malfunctions and errors can have Loss of Crew and Loss of Mission consequences due to reduced ground support (communication delays, constraints and blackouts) for more complex operations, as well as reduced resupply and evacuation options.
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Seshadri, Aravind, and Prabhakar R. Pagilla. "Design of Delay Independent State Feedback Control for Roll-to-Roll Printing Applications." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-6333.

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Control of print quality (registration) in roll-to-roll (R2R) printing is challenging because of the presence of transport delays involved in the printing process. In this work we present a delay-independent state feedback control design to stabilize a R2R printing press by considering all the significant dynamics involved in the printing process. State feedback control design using past state measurements (controllers with memory) are discussed first. Since controllers with memory are less desirable in industrial applications, we investigate and discuss the feasibility of designing a simple, memoryless, delay-independent state feedback controller for printing applications. The feasibility is shown by the use of a control design procedure that exploits the structure information in the system matrix to find a stabilizing controller. The design procedure is also extended to other common industrial R2R control strategies, such as decentralized control and state feedback with integral action for R2R printing applications.
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Reports on the topic "Procedural delays"

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Constatine, Aloyce, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Quality of Sample Testing in the Laboratory Unit: Current Situation and Strategies for Improvement. Purdue University, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317446.

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The purpose of this study was to understand the status quo of quality sample testing in the laboratory unit. A quantitative research method was used. An extensive laboratory documents (protocol, worksheets, laboratory analytical plan, standard operating procedures and manuals) review was performed and a networking approach to both management and lab staff at all levels was reviewed in order to identify all non-conformities occurred in the past three years. Results identified 36 number of results deviated from reference standards among different test performed, 400 number of samples lost, the number of laboratory personnel who were not sufficiently trained to take the task properly decreased from 16 in 2016 to 6 in 2018 after conducting training on laboratory quality management system, 36 controlled documents including sample management standard operating procedure, bench job aids were missing and 8 customer complains about the delay of results and quality laboratory of services have been identified.
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Mashingia, Jane, S. Maboko, P. I. Mbwiri, A. Okello, S. I. Ahmada, R. Barayandema, R. Tulba, et al. Joint Medicines Regulatory Procedure in the East African Community: Registration Timelines and Way Forward. Purdue University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317429.

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A review of the East African Community (EAC) joint regulatory review process was conducted, registration timelines analyzed and key milestones, challenges and opportunities documented for the period of July 2015 to January 2020. A total of 113 applications were submitted for joint scientific review. Among these, 109 applications were assessed, 57 were recommended for marketing authorisation, 52 applications had queries to applicants and four applications were under review. A total median approval time for all products ranged from 53 to 102 days. The maximum time taken by a regulator to review the dossier was 391 days and the minimum time was 44 days. For applicants, the maximum time to respond to queries was 927 days and the minimum time was nine days. The total median time for granting marketing authorisation by the National Medicines Regulatory Authorities (NMRA) decreased from 174 to 39 working days in 2015 and 2019 respectively. However, not all EAC NMRA has granted marketing authorisation to all 57 products due to non-payment of applicable fees by applicants. Long regulatory approval timelines were contributed by limited capacity for timely scientific review of dossier by some NMRA, lack of online portal to share dossiersand assessment reports, delay in responding to queries by applicants and deficiencies in dossier. The metric tool and register of medical products submitted for joint scientific review had incomplete data. Challenges were identified and actions recommended to ensure regional regulatory system optimization, efficiency, transparency, sustainability and accountability.
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KHAIRALLAH, Sara, and EL HARROUDI Tijani. Delayed coloanal anastomosis technique in the management of low-lying rectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0002.

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Review question / Objective: Is there a difference in terms of post-operative events between delayed and immediate coloanal anastomoses in the management of rectum carcinoma? Condition being studied: Rectal carcinoma. Eligibility criteria: We defined the lower rectum as any rectal tumor located within 6cm of the anal margin or within 2cm of the upper edge of the sphincter ring.- All scientific articles published or not published between 01/1985 and 09/2021 that aim to demonstrate the postoperative, oncological and functional results of ACAD in the curative treatment of adenocarcinoma of the lower rectum or rectal cancer including the lower rectum.- Scientific articles that discuss case series treated with ACAD in different benign or malignant pathologies, but where patient data and results of this procedure are well individualized in patients operated on rectal adenocarcinoma. - Abstracts of conference sessions, theses or unpublished articles (grey literature) with complete data, allowing their extraction and processing in our review.Translated with http://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version).
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Brink, Malia, Jiacheng Yu, and Pamela Metzger. Grading Injustice: Initial Appearance Report Cards. SMU Dedman School of Law, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/dc.9.

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Arrested people across the United States often wait in jail for days, weeks, or even months before seeing a judge or meeting an attorney. In November 2021, the Deason Criminal Justice Reform Center published Ending Injustice: Solving the Initial Appearance Crisis, a comprehensive report about this ongoing crisis in pre-trial due process. That report described the devastating consequences of delayed and uncounseled initial appearances. Now, these Initial Appearance Report Cards offer a closer look at the laws governing post-arrest procedures in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. While the Deason Center’s previous report provided an overview of the initial appearance crisis nationwide, the Initial Appearance Report Cards are a rigorous assessment of the laws in almost every jurisdiction in the country. These report cards reveal enormous gaps in the legal protections accorded to people accused of crimes, illuminating both the scope of the initial appearance crisis and our urgent need to solve it.
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Mukungu, Andrew, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Evaluating and Understanding the Reason for an Increase in Nonconformances in the Laboratory. Purdue University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317430.

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This is a study of nonconformances experienced by a laboratory of a pharmaceutical manufacturing facility in East Africa. There has been an increase in nonconformances from 216 nonconformances in 2017 to 229 in 2018 and by September 2019, 306 nonconformances were already logged. Increasing nonconformances result in delayed release of tested materials and many resources are wasted (e.g. chemicals, man hours and equipment). Analysts become frustrated, which may result in inexhaustive investigations. Understanding the reason for the increase in nonconformances will enable the facility to derive effective solutions to the identified causes, hence reducing the number of nonconformances and improving the productivity and morale of employees. This quantitative, nonexperimental, longitudinal survey study was intended to evaluate and understand the reason for increasing nonconformances. Trends of the nonconformances, previous investigations, procedure for investigation and the training given to analysts have been reviewed. Laboratory incidences were the most recurring nonconformances; and these were mainly caused by analyst errors. Corrective and Preventive Actions (CAPAs) were derived by cross functional teams whenever root causes were identified. Procedure for investigation of nonconformances refers to investigative tools. Identification of root causes to nonconformances recently became mandatory. Analysts have limited advanced industrial training on investigation of nonconformances. Another study should be carried out to understand the cause of analyst errors. The study can be rolled out to other departments at the manufacturing facility to create similar improvements. Analysts should enroll into advanced courses of industrial pharmacy to gain advanced industrial skills which they can apply in investigations to find root causes to nonconformances.
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Poverenov, Elena, Tara McHugh, and Victor Rodov. Waste to Worth: Active antimicrobial and health-beneficial food coating from byproducts of mushroom industry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600015.bard.

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Background. In this proposal we suggest developing a common solution for three seemingly unrelated acute problems: (1) improving sustainability of fast-growing mushroom industry producing worldwide millions of tons of underutilized leftovers; (2) alleviating the epidemic of vitamin D deficiency adversely affecting the public health in both countries and in other regions; (3) reducing spoilage of perishable fruit and vegetable products leading to food wastage. Based on our previous experience we propose utilizing appropriately processed mushroom byproducts as a source of two valuable bioactive materials: antimicrobial and wholesome polysaccharide chitosan and health-strengthening nutrient ergocalciferol⁽ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2⁾. ᴬᵈᵈⁱᵗⁱᵒⁿᵃˡ ᵇᵉⁿᵉᶠⁱᵗ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉˢᵉ ᵐᵃᵗᵉʳⁱᵃˡˢ ⁱˢ ᵗʰᵉⁱʳ ᵒʳⁱᵍⁱⁿ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ⁿᵒⁿ⁻ᵃⁿⁱᵐᵃˡ ᶠᵒᵒᵈ⁻ᵍʳᵃᵈᵉ source. We proposed using chitosan and vitamin D as ingredients in active edible coatings on two model foods: highly perishable fresh-cut melon and less perishable health bars. Objectives and work program. The general aim of the project is improving storability, safety and health value of foods by developing and applying a novel active edible coating based on utilization of mushroom industry leftovers. The work plan includes the following tasks: (a) optimizing the UV-B treatment of mushroom leftover stalks to enrich them with vitamin D without compromising chitosan quality - Done; (b) developing effective extraction procedures to yield chitosan and vitamin D from the stalks - Done; (c) utilizing LbL approach to prepare fungal chitosan-based edible coatings with optimal properties - Done; (d) enrichment of the coating matrix with fungal vitamin D utilizing molecular encapsulation and nano-encapsulation approaches - Done, it was found that no encapsulation methods are needed to enrich chitosan matrix with vitamin D; (e) testing the performance of the coating for controlling spoilage of fresh cut melons - Done; (f) testing the performance of the coating for nutritional enhancement and quality preservation of heath bars - Done. Achievements. In this study numerous results were achieved. Mushroom waste, leftover stalks, was treated ʷⁱᵗʰ ᵁⱽ⁻ᴮ ˡⁱᵍʰᵗ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵗʳᵉᵃᵗᵐᵉⁿᵗ ⁱⁿᵈᵘᶜᵉˢ ᵃ ᵛᵉʳʸ ʰⁱᵍʰ ᵃᶜᶜᵘᵐᵘˡᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2, ᶠᵃʳ ᵉˣᶜᵉᵉᵈⁱⁿᵍ any other dietary vitamin D source. The straightforward vitamin D extraction procedure and ᵃ ˢⁱᵐᵖˡⁱᶠⁱᵉᵈ ᵃⁿᵃˡʸᵗⁱᶜᵃˡ ᵖʳᵒᵗᵒᶜᵒˡ ᶠᵒʳ ᵗⁱᵐᵉ⁻ᵉᶠᶠⁱᶜⁱᵉⁿᵗ ᵈᵉᵗᵉʳᵐⁱⁿᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2 ᶜᵒⁿᵗᵉⁿᵗ suitable for routine product quality control were developed. Concerning the fungal chitosan extraction, new freeze-thawing protocol was developed, tested on three different mushroom sources and compared to the classic protocol. The new protocol resulted in up to 2-fold increase in the obtained chitosan yield, up to 3-fold increase in its deacetylation degree, high whitening index and good antimicrobial activity. The fungal chitosan films enriched with Vitamin D were prepared and compared to the films based on animal origin chitosan demonstrating similar density, porosity and water vapor permeability. Layer-by-layer chitosan-alginate electrostatic deposition was used to coat fruit bars. The coatings helped to preserve the quality and increase the shelf-life of fruit bars, delaying degradation of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity loss as well as reducing bar softening. Microbiological analyses also showed a delay in yeast and fungal growth when compared with single layer coatings of fungal or animal chitosan or alginate. Edible coatings were also applied on fresh-cut melons and provided significant improvement of physiological quality (firmness, weight ˡᵒˢˢ⁾, ᵐⁱᶜʳᵒᵇⁱᵃˡ ˢᵃᶠᵉᵗʸ ⁽ᵇᵃᶜᵗᵉʳⁱᵃ, ᵐᵒˡᵈ, ʸᵉᵃˢᵗ⁾, ⁿᵒʳᵐᵃˡ ʳᵉˢᵖⁱʳᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵖʳᵒᶜᵉˢˢ ⁽Cᴼ2, ᴼ²⁾ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵈⁱᵈ not cause off-flavor (EtOH). It was also found that the performance of edible coating from fungal stalk leftovers does not concede to the chitosan coatings sourced from animal or good quality mushrooms. Implications. The proposal helped attaining triple benefit: valorization of mushroom industry byproducts; improving public health by fortification of food products with vitamin D from natural non-animal source; and reducing food wastage by using shelf- life-extending antimicrobial edible coatings. New observations with scientific impact were found. The program resulted in 5 research papers. Several effective and straightforward procedures that can be adopted by mushroom growers and food industries were developed. BARD Report - Project 4784
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Kahima, Samuel, Solomon Rukundo, and Victor Phillip Makmot. Tax Certainty? The Private Rulings Regime in Uganda in Comparative Perspective. Institute of Development Studies, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.001.

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Taxpayers sometimes engage in complex transactions with uncertain tax treatment, such as mergers, acquisitions, demergers and spin-offs. With the rise of global value chains and proliferation of multinational corporations, these transactions increasingly involve transnational financial arrangements and cross-border dealings, making tax treatment even more uncertain. If improperly structured, such transactions could have costly tax consequences. One approach to dealing with this uncertainty is to create a private rulings regime, whereby a taxpayer applies for a private ruling by submitting a statement detailing the transaction (proposed or completed) to the tax authority. The tax authority interprets and applies the tax laws to the requesting taxpayer’s specific set of facts in a written private ruling. The private ruling offers taxpayers certainty as to how the tax authority views the transaction, and the tax treatment the taxpayer can expect based on the specific facts presented. Private rulings are a common feature of many tax systems around the world, and their main goal is to promote tax certainty and increase investor confidence in the tax system. This is especially important in a developing country like Uganda, whose tax laws are often amended and may not anticipate emerging transnational tax issues. Private rulings in Uganda may be applied for in writing prior to or after engaging in the transaction. The Tax Procedures Code Act (TPCA), which provides for private rulings, requires applicants to make a full and true disclosure of the transaction before a private ruling may be issued. This paper evaluates the Ugandan private rulings regime, offering a comparative perspective by highlighting similarities and contrasts between the Ugandan regime and that of other jurisdictions, including the United States, Australia, South Africa and Kenya. The Ugandan private rulings regime has a number of strengths. It is not just an administrative measure as in some jurisdictions, but is based on statute. Rulings are issued from a central office – instead of different district offices, which may result in conflicting rulings. Rather than an elaborate appeals process, the private ruling is only binding on the URA and not on the taxpayer, so a dissatisfied taxpayer can simply ignore the ruling. The URA team that handles private rulings has diverse professional backgrounds, which allows for a better understanding of applications. There are, however, a number of limitations of the Ugandan private rulings system. The procedure of revocation of a private ruling is uncertain. Private rulings are not published, which makes them a form of ‘secret law’. There is no fee for private rulings, which contributes to a delay in the process of issuing one. There is understaffing in the unit that handles private rulings. Finally, there remains a very high risk of bias against the taxpayer because the unit is answerable to a Commissioner whose chief mandate is collection of revenue. A reform of the private rulings regime is therefore necessary, and this would include clarifying the circumstances under which revocation may occur, introducing an application fee, increasing the staffing of the unit responsible, and placing the unit under a Commissioner who does not have a collection mandate. While the private rulings regime in Uganda has shortcomings, it remains an essential tool in supporting investor confidence in the tax regime.
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8

Floyd, Jason, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Analysis of a Near Miss in a Garden Apartment Fire – Georgia 2022. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/rsfd6862.

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On February 9, 2022, Cobb County Fire and Emergency Services responded to a fire in a ground floor unit in a garden apartment building. At arrival, the fire was a post-flashover fire in a bedroom. Initial fire control was attempted by an interior fire attack team which was unable to quickly locate the fire. Exterior suppression through the bedroom window was started prior to discovery of the fire by the interior team. Shortly after fire discovery by the internal team, a mayday was called. Four firefighters from the interior fire attack team received first and second degree burns. This report analyzes photographic, video, and written documentation from the incident to evaluate the timeline of the incident and to assess the fire conditions present. Computer modeling using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was performed to provide further insight into the fire conditions and the impact of decisions and actions on the fire ground. Additionally, data from a full scale fire test of a similar fire in a similar structure was used to provide additional insight. Four FDS simulations were performed in support of the analysis. These included a simulation of the event as it unfolded and three simulations looking at the impact of alternate tactics which included: initial exterior attack prior to entry, the use of a smoke curtain to protect the building exit path, and interior only attack. FDS simulations provided insight on the heat present in the apartment during the fire and the impact of the interior and exterior suppression on conditions inside the apartment. Full scale test data of a similar fire showed similar behavior to the FDS predictions and gives credence to the FDS results. Results of the analysis suggest that injuries resulted from the length of time the interior attack team was present inside the apartment before actions were taken to reduce the severity of the fire. Six contributing factors were identified including size-up, communication and accountability, delayed exterior attack, lack of entry hall protection, the apartment layout and construction, thermal imager use, and mayday procedures and training. The last contributing factor was a positive contribution that helped avoid more serious injuries. Based on the contributing factors, five recommendations were made that include improved size-up, exterior fire control to prevent exterior spread, protection of exit pathways, basing fire ground tactics on known information, and recognizing when a change in tactics is needed.
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