Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Procédé multi-échelle'
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Kirchner, Sara. "Approche multi-échelle de l'agrégation dans le procédé de précipitation de boehmite." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/15134/1/Kirchner.pdf.
Full textPateau, Amand. "Simulation multi-échelle de la gravure profonde du silicium par procédé Bosch." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=8e1ed5e3-4695-4ca6-b965-76b9fecea337.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the development of a multi-scale approach for the simulation of the deep silicon etching under Bosch process. The project has been done under CIFRE contract between the Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel and STMicroelectronics Tours. This multi-scale approach is composed of three modules allowing the study of the time and space evolution of the etched silicon profile. The first module is a plasma kinetic model. It calculates the densities and fluxes of the species taken into account in the reaction scheme. This model is applied to the SF6/O2/Ar and C4F8 plasma mixtures. The second module is based on the Monte-Carlo technique and allows the calculation of the energy and angular distribution functions of positive ions through the sheath. The fluxes of the chemically reactive species and the ion distributions calculated by those two modules are then injected as input parameters in the etching module. The latter is based on a cellular Monte-Carlo approach allowing the description of the time and space evolution of the etched profiles, their chemical composition along the surface and the etching rate. Such techniques are used to predict the etched profile evolution under Bosch process as a function of machine parameters. The influence of the machine parameters on the plasma kinetic, sheath dynamic and profile evolution has been studied. Good agreements between the simulations from the kinetic model and the experiment have been shown. On the other side, The simulated profiles are promising before the model calibration
Besson, Alexandre. "Etude multi-échelle de la récolte de Dunaliella salina - Développement d'un procédé d'autofloculation - flottation de microalgues." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0049/document.
Full textNatural autoflocculation was not observed in a Dunaliella salina hypersaline culture and the microalgae did not float without destabilization of the algal suspension. High-pH-induced flocculation by sodium hydroxide addition was chosen to induce flotation. Recovery efficiencies greater than 90% and concentration factors of around 20 were reached. An autoflocculation mechanism, with precipitation of magnesium hydroxide, is proposed to explain a sweeping flotation of D. salina cells. The influence of the flow rate of sodium hydroxide addition was also studied to anticipate the constraints related to the industrialization of this process. The flow rate of sodium hydroxide addition had no effect on the recovery efficiency and reduced the concentration factor only for abrupt injections. Natural increase of culture pH by photosynthetic activity could reduce the amount of base consumed. Non-harvested cells remained viable during pH increase and could be used as inoculum for a new culture
Person, Mathieu de. "Etude multi-échelle des relations matières première - procédé - produit lors de l'agglomération de poudres de lait." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARB312.
Full textThe agglomeration process makes it possible to improve the rehydration properties of milk powders by forming porous structures that favour the water penetration by capillarity. A better understanding of the contribution of raw materials characteristics and process parameters to the agglomeration mechanisms is needed to control the rehydration properties of the agglomerates. This PhD project has been led to fill this gap. A statistical analysis of the data of industrial production obtained from the partner company of the project allowed first to contextualize the issue and formulate hypothesis on the potential underlying mechanisms of agglomeration. Experimental studies of the process were then performed on an original steam-jet agglomeration equipment at a pilot scaleThe raw materials and agglomerated powders were characterized regarding their composition, the physicochemical state of their components, the physical characteristics of the particles and the agglomerates rehydration properties. The results showed a crucial influence of the glass transition and the lactose crystallization phenomena on both the agglomeration process efficiency and the resulting agglomerates rehydration properties. The optimum of rehydration properties depends on the reactivity of the materials (water content, glass transition temperature, quantity of amorphous lactose), the particles wetting during agglomeration and the drying conditions. The amorphous contents and the glass transition seem to contribute more significantly to the determinism of the rehydration properties than the physical
Sabri, Leila. "Développement et mise en œuvre d'une méthodologie d'analyse multi-échelle du procédé de rodage en production de série." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00526528.
Full textAcosta, Pablo. "Influence des étapes technologiques du procédé Smart CutTM sur l'uniformité d'épaisseur des substrats de SOI : Approche multi-échelle." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01060076.
Full textDavila, Montano Yves Angel. "Etude multi-échelle du couplage matériau-procédé pour l'identification et la modélisation des variabilités au sein d'une structure composite." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30009/document.
Full textOne of the major challenges related to the use of composite materials in structural applications is the difficulty to predict the effect of their inherent variabilities on the mechanical behaviour for such materials. The structural properties do not only depend on the fabrication process, but also depend on the raw materials and design considerations. The major goal of this thesis is the introduction of geometrical variabilities into a finite element (FE) model starting from the hypothesis that geometrical variations are not completely randomly distributed, but they maintain a spatial continuous evolution. To guarantee that the input parameters of the FE model are based on the reality of the material, the identification and quantification of the variability distributions together with their spatial evolutions are performed during the fabrication of CFRP composite plates. These plates have a 16 ply quasi-isotropic stratification and are cured in autoclave. Among the identified and quantified variability sources, the study of the in plane fibre misalignments and the evolution of the ply thickness variations has conducted to the proposition of mathematical representations of the spatial evolution of these variables based on the material reality. These mathematical representations are used to recreate different sets of virtual composites structures maintaining dispersion values similar to the real plates. Finally, the virtual structures are analysed in the FE model to evaluate the impact of such geometrical and material variabilities on the mechanical properties of the final structure
Chouikhi, Najib. "Production de biométhane à partir de biogaz par technologie de séparation par adsorption PSA : optimisation numérique par approche multi-échelle." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST043.
Full textAs global interest in renewable energy intensifies, biogas production continues to grow as a clean, renewable source. Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is considered as one of the most interesting technologies for the valorization of biogas into biomethane. The great flexibility of the PSA process is linked in some way to its complexity with several design and operating parameters which control the performance of the separation unit. The identification of these parameters by an experimental approach is practically impossible. A numerical study stage is essential for sizing the unit, designing the pressure cycle and identifying the optimal operating conditions before any experimental test.The general objective of the thesis was focused on the development of simulation tools for a biomethane purification process using PSA technology.In a first stage, a simulation based on one-dimensional non-isothermal dynamic model, where the intragranular mass transfer kinetics was modelled using a double driving force (bi-LDF) approximation, was implemented. A carbon molecular sieve (CMS-3K) was selected. This adsorbent ensures a high kinetic selectivity of carbon dioxide with respect to methane (CH4). The optimized cycle, composed of five columns and fifteen steps including three equalization steps and a purge gas recycling allowed a CH4 recovery of 92% with a moderate specific energy consumption of 0.35 kWh/Nm3 , at the same time respecting the grid injection specifications (97% CH4 purity ). The performance obtained is thus compatible with industrial operation.The development of a multidimensional (3D) and multi-scale (column/grain/crystal) numerical model would serve to evaluate the limits of the assumptions and correlations used in usual simulators. The first step consists in simulating the gas flow in an adsorbent bed having a reaslistic stacking.. Thus, an inert packed bed was numerically generated by DEM calculation (discrete element modeling) for a column of laboratory size. The use of OpenFOAM (CFD software) allowed to calculate the three-dimensional tracer gas flow in the column. In parallel an experimental study of the breakthrough curves was carried out using a bed having the same dimensions and characteristics. The breakthrough times and the dispersion-diffusion coefficients calculated and measured were similar. However the simulation showed some divergences in the concentration of the tracer locally in the column, due to difficulties in meshing. The next step will consist in taking into account grain-fluid interactions by considering porous adsorbent grains
Ruffel, Lucas. "Procédé de co-atomisation séchage pour l'encapsulation d'un principe actif au sein de nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuse." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0130.
Full textNanosystems for nanomedicine have been extensively studied as a therapeutic tool for drug delivery. Thanks to their surface properties, their morphology, organized porous network and biocompatibility, MCM-41 type Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSN) are among the most common nanocarriers. Synthesis and external/internal functionalization of these MSN have been increasingly studied, as well as their biological properties. Nevertheless, the conventional drug loading processes of MSN, such as impregnation, do not enable sufficient efficiency and are difficult to scale-up. To overcome these limitations, we implemented an innovative co-spray-drying process, using the Nano Spray-Dryer B-90, to load MSN. Ibuprofen has been chosen as a model molecule, due to its physico-chemical properties, including a slightly water-solubility, its molecular size, and an abundant literature on this molecule. Complementary techniques such as DLS, SEM, TEM, SAXS, solid-state NMR, N2 adsorption, TGA/TDA were used to perform a multi-scale characterization of the loaded particles. Spray-dried powders have been analysed from aggregates size and morphology to pore loading (ibuprofen conformation and ibuprofen interaction with silica). The reference spray dried powder characterization demonstrates the effective ibuprofen loading inside MSN pores, in a liquid-like state without preferential interaction with the silica matrix. Two consecutive stages of pore filling have been proposed. The first one is due to ibuprofen physisorption in the MSN in the initial suspension, resulting of an equilibrium between free ibuprofen in solution and adsorbed molecules. The second stage occurs during the drying step. Inside the droplets, the evaporation leads to the diffusion of the molecules from the solvent to the pores. The ibuprofen/silica weight ratio inside the initial suspension strongly affects the location (inside or outside the mesopores) and the conformation (crystallized, amorphous or liquidlike) of ibuprofen. The quantification of each phase led to estimate precise loading rates and demonstrated tunable pore filling. Thus, for high initial ibuprofen:silica ratios the pores are still loaded whereas a crystalline ibuprofen phase appears out of the porous network. The increase of the loading rate is then due to the densification of the intraporous ibuprofen, switching from a liquid-like state to an amorphous one. The initial solid concentration of the suspension and the solvent composition influences the MSN agglomerates density. Furthermore, the process parameters: mesh pore size, suspension flow rate, gas temperature and flow rate have a minor effect on the drug loading. However, they strongly affect the agglomerate size, morphology, density, and the recovery powder yield. Those effects result from the influence of these parameters on the droplets and on the drying kinetics. A preliminary study allowed to evaluate the drug release MSN-loaded properties, and to highlight a fast and total release of the loaded
Violas, Antoine. "Disperser l'eau dans une matière grasse solide : des mécanismes élémentaires qu procédé industriel." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP077.
Full textFrom both an economic and nutritional point of view, the development of products with a reduced fat content is a major challenge. This can be achieved by dispersing an aqueous phase in the initial fat. This dispersion is usually achieved industrially by liquid mixing, but surfactants are needed to maintain a stable emulsion.Another alternative is to incorporate water into the fat in its partially crystallized state. This method takes advantage of the extreme viscosity of the fat matrix when part of it is in a solid state, enabling a homogeneous, finely dispersed emulsion that is stable over long timescales without the addition of surfactants.The mixing of water in this fatty matrix raises questions about the dispersion and fragmentation of a low-viscosity fluid in an extremely viscous one. It also represents a technological challenge.This thesis focused on the incorporation of water by fragmentation into a partially crystallized fat, using butter as a model system. This study involved the development and use of a laboratory-scale mixing device, in conjunction with pilot-scale mixers. The resulting mesostructure was studied using X-ray µ-tomography, enabling three-dimensional measurement of dispersion characteristics. The study of the mechanisms of incorporation and fragmentation of water droplets in the fat was used to guide the dimensioning of a continuous process on an industrial scale. Finally, usage properties (exudation, texture, etc.) were studied on butters prepared on both scales, providing a better understanding of their dependence on mixing and storage conditions
Levy, Benjamin. "Étude numérique et expérimentale pour le développement d’un nouveau procédé de tribo-grenaillage." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021HESAE018.
Full textShot peening is a surface treatment commonly applied in the aerospace, automotive and biomedical industries to improve the mechanical performance of parts. This treatment consists in introducing residual compressive stresses in the sub-surface. However, technological advances, accompanied by the evolution of materials, have generated new demands in terms of shot peening treatment. In particular, the industrial need for a treatment capable of both ensuring a sufficient level of mechanical performance while functionalizing the surface is increasingly felt. The aim of this work is to show to what extent this need can be met by a new treatment called tribo-peening. The two functions targeted by tribo-peening require a characterization of the surface states (functionalization) and sub-surface (residual stresses) of the treated parts. These states are the result of mechanical interactions between media, of different nature and shape, and the treated surface. The tribo-peening approach consists of controlling these interactions, the texture and energy transfers involved in order to master the implanted functional signature. Therefore, a multi-scale characterization of the target surface and sub-surface is performed simultaneously with that of the media surface. This characterization step is based on the evaluation of tribo-peened surface representative of the overall texturing, the so-called Elementary Representative Areal Surface. The control and optimization of the process are envisaged through the establishment of a digital twin fed with multi-scale characterization data, finite element modeling as well as data from the instrumentation of the physical twin
Touffet, Maxime. "Transferts et réactivité de l’huile au cours du procédé de friture." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA019/document.
Full textBatch deep-frying has been investigated within the collaborative project FUI Fry’In (ref. AAP17, 2014-2018) with the aim of proposing breakthrough innovations for small and medium size appliances. The PhD thesis was part of the project and focused on two specific adverse effects of deep-frying on food products: oil thermo-oxidation responsible for break-down products and off-flavors, and oil pickup process usually favored relatively to oil dripping. The work was carried out by combing direct measurements (FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and imaging, photoionization, DSC measurements, fast imaging…) and multiscale modeling (oil flow and oil dripping during product re-moval, Lagrangian description of reactions in aniso-thermal flows, coupling with oxygen dissolution kinetics). The complex problem of thermo-oxidation was split into simpler mechanisms by noticing that hydroperoxides are a kind of long-lived form of or-ganic oxygen, which trigger propagation in deep re-gions under anoxia. Their decomposition lead to various scission products, which were shown to be in-fluenced by both local temperature and oxygen con-centration. Oil uptake was described as the net balance between the amount of dragged oil during product removal and oil dripping at the tips of the product. The dripping process studied on both metal-lic sticks and real products occurs in less than few seconds and leads to a formation of four to eight drop-lets. The detailed drainage kinetics in anisothermal conditions were captured and predicted with the pro-posed mechanistic models. The specific mechanism of oil uptake during the immersion stage was eluci-dated and was shown to occur only in parfried frozen products
Loginova, Kseniia. "Mise en oeuvre de champs électriques pulsés pour la conception d'un procédé de diffusion à froid à partir de betteraves à sucre et d'autres tubercules alimentaires (étude multi-échelle)." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1943.
Full textThis thesis work contributes into the investigation of cold extraction of biomolecules assisted by pulsed electric fields (PEF). Laboratory and pilot scale extraction from sugar beets, chicories and red beets was realized. The results obtained in the laboratory scale are presented in the first part of the thesis. They show advantages of PEF application for "cold" or "mild" (moderate) temperature extraction of biocompounds (inulin, betalains) from the studied plants. The PEF treatment of chicory (E = 100-600 V/cm) and red beet (E = 350-1500 V/cm) tissues enhances permeabilisation of cellular membranes. There is a synergistic effect between thermal and electrical treatments. This effect is more pronounced at small electric field strength. Generally, a shorter treatment of plant tissue permits decrease of energy consumption, even during high intensity PEF application. PEF accelerates significantly aqueous extraction even at relatively low temperatures (T = 20-40 °C) and allows simultaneous reduction of the extraction time and increase of the yield of desired compounds. In the second part of this thesis, the study on the counter-current extractor confirms the feasibility of "cold" sucrose extraction from sugar beets. The temperature of diffusion can be reduced to 30 °C without any alteration of extracted juice quality. Pulps were sufficiently exhausted at all the studied diffusion temperatures for PEF pre-treated cossettes. The purity of juice obtained at 30 °C was close to that of juice obtained at 70 °C. The pulp dryness after pressing was 2 times higher for the pulps obtained at 30 °C (about 30%) than for those obtained at 70 °C (about 15%). Besides, extraction at 50–60 °C made possible decrease of extraction time from 70 to 50–60 min. Thanks to PEF application. Cold extraction (30 °C) assisted by PEF allows production of extracts with low content of impurities (pectins, proteins, etc. ), less coloured and with better filterability. Besides, electrical pre-treatment has a positive influence on juice purification (lime-carbon dioxide treatment), as far as it permits decreasing of the quantity of lime required for purification by about 2 times
Moussier, Marine. "Structuration de la matière grasse dans une matrice protéique laitière en fonction de la composition et du procédé : Influence sur les propriétés du produit." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA003/document.
Full textThere is a wide variety of dairy matrices on the market, with very different textures. Among them, high fat stirred yogurts (≥ 5%) are particularly appreciated by the consumers for their creamy texture. The creamy texture is linked to both the level of firmness and the fat perception in mouth (oily film, melting) and is directly driven by the structure of the product. The objective of this work was to change the texture of high fat stirred yogurts by tailoring their structure without addition of any additive.High fat stirred yogurts are concentrated dispersions of microgels, where each microgel is an emulsion-filled gel (i.e. fat droplets dispersed in a protein network and interacting with it via the interface). Several levers were identified in order to modify the structure and the main ones were the state of fat, the composition and the physico-chemical state of the interface, and the size and stiffness of the microgels. These levers were modified through formulation and process, either at pilot- scale (industrial partner) or at lab-scale (mini-line of stirred yogurt production specially developed).A multi-scale approach was adopted to understand the relationship between the structure and the macroscopic properties. The physico-chemical properties of milk proteins and fat were characterized. The interfacial properties of whey proteins were measured depending on their physico-chemical state. The microstructure was accurately characterized through the sizes of fat droplets and microgels, the shape and fractal dimension of microgels (with 3D reconstruction) and the quantitative analysis of the stirred yogurt microstructure (mathematical morphology). The macroscopic properties were measured by combining rheology (firmness) and tribology (lubrication) in conditions consistent with oral processing (shearing, temperature, materials). Each identified lever was individually tested and the nature of the interface and the composition of fat droplets were proved to be interesting in modifying the macroscopic properties (firmness, lubrication) of stirred yogurts. These two levers were eventually combined in a study to take their interdependence into account. All the work led to the statement of structuring mechanisms of the stirred yoghurts depending on the conditions of formulation and process used
Mastail, Cédric. "Modélisation et simulation du dépôt des oxydes à forte permittivité par la technique du Monte-Carlo cinétique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/989/.
Full textMiniaturizing components requires radical changes in the development of future micro electronic devices. In this perspective, the gate dielectric of MOS devices can become so thin as to be made permeable to leakage currents. One solution is to replace SiO2 by a material with a higher permittivity which would allow the use of thicker layers with similar results. My work presents a multi-scale modelling of the growth of HfO2 on Si by atomic layer (ALD), which allows me to link the nano-structuration of an interface with the process of development. I demonstrate that knowing how basic chemical processes work, thanks to DFT calculations, allows considering a process simulation based on the development of a Kinetic Monte Carlo software named "HIKAD. " Going beyond rather obvious mechanisms, I introduce the notion of densification mechanisms of deposited oxide layers. These mechanisms are the key element to understand how the growth of the layer in terms of coverage works. But even beyond that aspect, they allow to study the system's evolution towards a massive material, starting from molecular reactions. I shall discuss all those points in the light of recent experimental characterisation results concerning the deposition of hafnium oxides
Mastail, Cedric. "Modélisation et simulation du dépôt des oxydes à forte permittivité par la technique du Monte-Carlo cinétique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00541993.
Full textBresson, Grégory. "Collage fiable pour l’espace : influence de la qualité des procédés et dimensionnement des assemblages." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14360/document.
Full textThe objective of this study is to qualify the use of structural bonding as a replacement for conventional assembly solutions in space launcher applications. Potential benefits in fabrication and of final performance are already known, but it remains to establish a design approach to guarantee the high level of reliability required. Two epoxy structural adhesives have been studied: EA9394 and SW2216. A study of the physico-chemistry of surfaces has been effected in order to find a stable and strong bonding process. Mechanical analysis of bonded connections revealed that the adhesives could be subjected in use to mixed loadings in tension and shear. A device derived from Arcan tests has been proposed in which it is possible to obtain adhesive layer responses as stress/relative deformation for different substrates. Mechanical strength measured with the Arcan device and also on the bulk adhesive material revealed a high variability coming from a significant porosity fraction but also due to a highly heterogeneous microstructure constituted of epoxy matrix and aluminium particles (EA9394adhesive). Bonding has been studied on a macroscopic scale proposing connection design for the demonstration Arcadia launcher. A rocket being an axially symmetrical structure, a semi-analytical model of axisymmetric bonded connections has been developed. This study resulted in the finalisation of an analysis approach pointing to scale analysis of the adhesive layer, connection and structure in order to emphasise the many phenomena which could cause early bond failure. This multiscale approach should be effected to increase specific assembly strength while assuming the required reliability level for this spatial application
Charlier, Florence. "Réactions autocatalytiques hétérogènes : vers le dimensionnement des réacteurs industriels de dissolution du dioxyde d’uranium." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0174/document.
Full textRecycling of nuclear fuel is based on liquid – liquid extraction. The dissolution of uranium dioxide in nitric medium is hence a key step at the head - end of the entire process. This particular dissolution is triphasic and autocatalytic, which means that numerous phenomena must be taken into account. A complete understanding of these phenomena, at macroscopic and microscopic scale, is necessary in order to model the solid disappearance rate in dissolvers. The kinetical parameters of the reaction were determined for both the catalyzed and non-catalyzed reactions. The kinetic study was realized thanks to a single particle approach. The reaction rates were measured by optical microscopy. This analytical technic enables to limit the catalyst accumulation at the solid - liquid interface. Moreover, nitrous oxides are products of the uranium dioxide dissolution. Evidence of a volumic reaction between these gases and the catalyst were found, and the kinetics of this reaction was estimated from the experimental results. Gas – liquid exchanges were shown to have an important impact on the catalyst concentration in the reactor. A model was realized thanks to the software Matlab to simulate these different phenomena. It was shown to be in good agreement with experimental results, at the microscopic and macroscopic scale. Dimensionless numbers were highlighted to describe the impact of each phenomenon on the solid disappearance, including the influence of the geometry and hydrodynamics of the reactor. Finally, ways of process optimization for autocatalytic reactions were determined thanks to the model. For instance, gas – liquid and solid – liquid exchanges were shown to be an interesting lever to fix the catalyst concentration in the reactor and at the solid surface
Soho, Komi Dodzi Badji. "Simulation multi-échelle des procédés de fabrication basée sur la plasticité cristalline." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0037.
Full textIn this thesis, two coupling methods are proposed for the multiscale simulation of forming processes. In the first part, a simplified procedure (indirect coupling) is adopted to couple the finite element codes (Abaqus and LAM3) with a polycrystalline selfconsistent model based on the large strain elastoplastic behavior of single crystals. This simplified procedure consists in linking the polycrystalline model with the FE analysis by extracting the history of the increment of macroscopic strain and stress, obtained from a preliminary FE simulation with a phenomenological law, and then using it as loading path prescribed to the polycrystalline model. This method is applied to multiscale simulation of skin-pass processes. By following on the loading path extracted at the halfthickness of the sheet, we can predict the evolution of some physical parameters associated with the plasticity model, in particular the crystallographic texture, the morphological texture and hardening. In the second part on this thesis, a small strain version of the elastoplastic polycristalline self-consistent model is coupled to the Abaqus FE code via the user material subroutine UMAT. This coupling (called direct coupling) consists in using crystal plasticity theory as constitutive law at each integration point of the FE mesh. The polycristal is represented by a set of N single crystals. Each time the FE code needs information on the mechanical behavior at the integration points considered, the full polycrystalline constitutive model is called. In order to validate this coupling, simulations of simple mechanical tests have been conducted. The results of this coupling have been validated through comparison with reference models. Unlike phenomenological models, this coupling provides not only information on the overall macroscopic response of the structure, but also important information related to its microstructure
Drapier, Sylvain. "Modélisation multi-échelle des structures composites, comportement en compression et lien avec les procédés." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00562396.
Full textKocic, Stefan. "La perte d’activité et de sélectivité des catalyseurs Fischer-Tropsch à base de Cobalt." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1219.
Full textLoss of catalyst activity and selectivity with time-on-stream are one of the greatest limitations for the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) industrial process. There is a lack of consensus about the reasons leading to catalyst deactivation and many different paths towards those inevitable events have been evoked in the literature. Among them, some of the most common hypotheses are oxidation and carburation of active sites. Besides, the diminution of Co catalyst activity during time-on-stream exhibits non-uniform behavior, indicating that this phenomenon might be a result of multiple distinctive events. In this thesis, we concentrate on those paths that concern the active phase only, particularly hydrocarbon-species deposition, active phase oxidation and hydrocarbon-induced surface reconstruction as a function of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon coverage effects. With the aid of periodic Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, we determine the Gibbs free energy for a large set of key reactions leading to the formation of CαHβOγ surface species on the Co(111) surface uner FT reaction conditions and we identify intermediates and transition states that may lead to activity and selectivity loss of Co-based catalysts. Hence, we propose here to study how the structure of the cobalt surface evolves as a function of the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen chemical potentials under FT reaction conditions. These calculations allowed us to propose an atomistic structure of some experimentally identified coke precursors and to identify favorable reaction conditions towards their formation. Depending on the (C, H, O) coverages, we identify three structural domains containing surface species related with activity and selectivity trends discussed in the literature so far: firstly, a low C coverage domain, where CHβ monomers are formed, the impact of O atoms is the strongest and leads to adsorbed CO, OH or water as well as to oxidized Co sites; an intermediate C coverage domain, where CαHβ linear oligomers and branched hydrocarbon chains are formed and where reconstruction of Co may take place upon subsurface C migration; and thirdly, a high C coverage domain, where we find the formation of longer branched hydrocarbon chains together with the genesis of a carbon overlayer (graphitic coke-like) that is expected to be the main source of deactivation. For intermediate and high carbon coverages, the impact of O atoms on the surface is weaker and its deposition occurs on top of the carbon overlayer without direct contact with Co sites. With the aid of periodic DFT transition state calculations and microkinetic modeling, we offer some new understandings and ideas related to the mechanism of a carbon induced deactivation phenomenon. Our study shows that surface ethynyl species CCH may be regarded as thermodynamically and kinetically the most plausible deactivation initiators. Moreover, we propose 2+2+2 cycloaddition and some CHβ / CHβ reactions as a mechanism for detrimental coke formation leading to a progressive deactivation by a site-blocking effect. This deactivation mechanism has been integrated to an existing deactivation-free micro-kinetic scheme from the literature. The resulting, two-site deactivation model has been optimized and compared to some experimental observations. Our multiscale (DFT and microkinetic model) reproduces well known experimental trends. Hence, we expect that our work will provide the FT community some valuable insights into this intricate and elusive problem, the kinetics of deactivation, as well as some rational guidelines about how to optimize the catalyst process
Ercicek, Fatma. "Approche multi-échelle pour l’étude de la cristallisation et de la séparation chirale par procédés CO2 supercritique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0121.
Full textCocrystals are solid phases resulting from the association of two molecules that crystallize together as a new crystal lattice. When applied to pharmaceutical molecules, cocrystals have different properties than the precursor compounds. Beside the conventional route of preparation by solution crystallization, the use of supercritical CO2 is a more recent route offering a new eco-responsible alternative to the manufacture of cocrystals. Beyond the improvement of the properties of active ingredients, cocrystallization can also be used to achieve chiral separation of enantiomers, via the implementation of preferential crystallization applied to their chiral cocrystals.The overall objective of this thesis was to understand the steps involved in the formation of cocrystals and their kinetics in CO2-solvent mixture. To understand these phenomena, the influence of different key process parameters on the crystalline phase(s) produced has been studied under pressure at different scales.First, a screening was performed by the supercritical GAS (Gaseous Anti-Solvent) process in order to identify new co-crystalline phases of chiral systems, previously unreported in the literature. A more extensive study was carried out on the {PXL+4-HBA} system (proxyphylline + 4-hydroxybenzoic acid), revealing a unique behavior when cocrystallized by supercritical CO2. Indeed, under the effect of CO2, the formation of a kinetic metastable phase is favored, containing solvent inclusions, unseen during the recrystallization by conventional way. The structures of the new phases thus obtained have been elucidated. Concerning the {NPX+BiPY} system (naproxen +bipyridine), the cocrystals obtained so far by classical crystallization from racemic (RS-NPX) and/or enantiopure (S-NPX) naproxen were produced both by CO2 antisolvent and by CO2 solvent, representing a novelty through these processes.In parallel, a high-pressure microfluidic device has been developed using the silicon-Pyrex technology allowing, for the first time, in situ observation and characterization of the crystallization. On the one hand, optical microscopy coupled with image analysis has provided induction times and growth kinetics of the NPX model compound. On the other hand, Raman microscopy enabled the in situ identification of a specific spectroscopic signature of the S-NPX:BiPY cocrystal, demonstrating the interest of these tools for the screening of cocrystals.Finally, the application of these processes in supercritical conditions for enantiomeric resolution by preferential crystallization has also been explored, broadening CO2-assisted crystallization and cocrystallization to the context of chirality
Di, Pietro Thomas. "Approche multi-échelle pour la modélisation de fluides de travail des procédés de revalorisation de la chaleur fatale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0184.
Full textIndustries produce a significant amount of waste heat usually rejected in the atmosphere. As of today, it is possible to produce high temperature heat (120-150°C) from medium temperature heat (60-80°C) by using a particular kind of absorption heat pumps: the absorption heat transformers (PACA type II or AHT). Unfortunately, traditional working fluids (water/lithium bromide or ammonia/water) display numerous drawbacks (corrosion, toxicity, risk of crystallization…) which hinder the development of these technologies.This study focuses on the working fluids water/deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a green and cheap solution of replacement. Using an innovative method based on a multiscale approach, this work aims at modelling the properties of many DESs without the need of a comprehensive and costly experimental investigation. At first, quantum chemical calculations were performed in order to get a better understanding of the molecular structure of different components of working fluids and the interactions between them. The importance of the hydrogen bond between the chloride ion and the hydroxyl groups has been highlighted in the most stable conformations of the DESs {choline chloride : phenol} and {choline chloride : glycolic acid}. From these observations, a modified version of the COSMO-SAC (COnductor-like Screening MOdel segment activity coefficient) model taking into account the possible hydrogen bonds between atoms of chlorine or bromine and hydroxyl groups was developed. This model improves the prediction of the vapour-liquid equilibria of mixtures with chlorine and bromine atoms, including DESs. Group contribution models have also been developed to predict three key properties of DESs: the density, the viscosity and the heat capacity.These models have been implemented in a simulation tool to evaluate the performances of 32 water/DES working fluids in AHT. Their performances are close to those of the traditional working fluids
Añez, Javier. "Modélisation de l'injection de pétrole pour les procédés FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking)." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR132/document.
Full textThis PhD is a joint venture between VINCI Technologies and the CNRS Laboratory CORIA. For its application, VINCI Technologies, developed mainly oil-related equipments and in particular injection/atomization systems. Some of these injectors are characterized by a very big geometrical dimensions (several meters long), that leads to very high Reynolds and Weber number. In addition, many injectors incorporate an internal mixing zone, in which liquid and gas phases are both present in a significant proportion. Consequently, this zone belongs to the dense two-phase flow category. To simulate the liquid dispersion and to characterize the spray formation special from these injectors, appropriate models are required. On its side, the CORIA team, has developed a suitable approach, so-called ELSA, based on the pioneering work of Borghi and Vallet [1, 2]. Key points of this approach are the liquid dispersion that can be associated to the turbulent liquid flux and the amount of liquid-gas surface that can be used to determine eventually the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray. During this PhD, the applications proposed by V INCI Technologies, have promoted a review of a large part of the multiphase flow approaches to find the more appropriate for each case. This has been the opportunity to clarify the range of application of each approach, and therefore stress the necessity to develop coupled approaches, in order to cover the proposed application in the most suitable way. In particular, this manuscript reports, in one hand, the theoretical development of the ELSA family models, and on the other hand, the corresponding industrial approximations. Since ELSA approaches are originally developed for RANS simulation of the dense zone, it has been extended to LES description. The link of this approach to the DNS¡ ICM approach, has been studied with a special care. The resulting proposed solver, switches dynamically from ICM to subgrid spray, through the ELSA concept, and thanks to resolution based indicator (IRQ). On the opposite side, once the dispersed spray is formed, the ELSA approach is coupled to multiphase flow method, that aims to determine the spray distribution through the WBE equation. This later equation, is solved with an original hybrid Euler-Lagrange method. The purpose is to solve the WBE equation with a Lagrange stochastic approach, and at the same time, preserving the compatibility to the Euler description of two-phase flow, based on ELSA, to benefit from both approaches. This coupled approach has been tested against academic experimental data coming from ECN research initiative, a combined DNS and experimental measurement of dispersed spray on a Diesel jet, and under an air-blast atomizer numerical test case, for which the mean liquid volume fraction has been measured. Eventually, these developed approaches have been applied to industrial application showing there robustness and their capacity to help in the process of design development of new injectors
Lagarde, Matthieu. "Relations procédés d’élaboration, état métallurgique, propriétés des alliages nanostructurés de Ni-W." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS021/document.
Full textThe aim of this study is to understand the influence of the deposition process on the metallurgical state and the mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of the nanostructured Ni-W alloys. Two processes are performed to obtain our alloys : the electrodeposition and the magnetron sputtering. A combination of several microstructural techniques at different scales has permitted the characterization of the morphology, the grain size, the crystallographic texture, the nature of grain boundaries and the concentrations of alloying elements. According to the elaboration process, the relationship between the W content and the metallurgical parameters is very different. A stronger influence of W is observed for the electrodeposited coatings by comparison with the alloys obtained by sputtering. The properties of the coatings are studied with microhardness measurements and electrochemical tests (polarization curve and electrochemical spectroscopy impedance). An increase of the microhardness is mainly observed with the decrease of grain size and the increase of tungsten content. But, the highest values of microhardness are always obtained for the highest tungsten content and not necessarily for the lowest grain size. So, a limit for the increase of microhardness with the decrease of grain size is put forward. The study of the electrochemical reactivity for the alloys in acidic media have shown a dominating role of the tungsten that depend on the pH, the studied domain and the reaction path associated with the corrosion process. The surface morphology and the structural defects have also an important influence on the reactivity of the Ni-W alloys that can exceed the impact of solute. As compared, the others metallurgical parameters (grain size, texture, grain boundaries and contamination) seem to have a minor influence on the electrochemical behavior
Marteau, Julie. "Caractérisation multi-échelle et analyse par essai d'indentation instrumentée de matériaux à gradient générés par procédés mécaniques et thermochimiques de traitement de surface." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937956.
Full textFaure, Vincent. "Contrôle de la formation de motifs conducteurs par jet d'encre : Maîtrise multi-échelle des transferts de matière dans des suspensions nanométriques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI117/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the inkjet printing of silver nanoparticles-based inks in order to optimize the manufacturing of thin (width <100 µm) conductive tracks with high and homogeneous performances. Inkjet printing can be divided into several phases: the ejection of picovolumetric droplets, the impact on the substrate, the spreading and the drying. The drying phase is a complex phase prone to particle migration phenomena such as coffee ring effect. This phenomenon, due to the capillary flow which implies a movement from the center to the edges of the drop, drives most of the suspended particles towards the edges of the printed patterns. The aim of this work is to describe precisely and understand the mechanisms which operate and lead to the transfer effects in order to limit or even eliminate them and guarantee the production of performing and homogenous fine conductive lines. To achieve this objective, three paths of investigation were developed: (i) a first axis deals with the study of the different phases of the droplet generation process. Parameters impacting the dried droplet morphology are identified and optimized with a focus on substrate temperature. Four geometrical indexes are designed to characterize quantitatively the dried droplet profile homogeneity. (ii) A second axis specifically studies the drying phase of picovolumetric droplet in order to understand the phenomena occurring during this phase. A modelling of droplet drying is set up in order to understand the forces influencing the matter transport. (iii) Finally, a last axis studies the print of thin conductive lines composed of several printed droplets partially superimposed. Correlations between line morphology, droplet morphology and electrical conductivity are established in order to produce optimized systems
Ben, Hassan Ines. "Analyse multi-échelle de la filtration sur microsive de particules modèles inertes et biologiques : caractérisation in situ du dépôt par microscopie confocale." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01073549.
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