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1
Aliff, S. M. "Post-War Conflict in Sri Lanka: Violence against Sri Lankan Muslims and Buddhist Hegemony." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 59 (September 2015): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.59.109.
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Following the end of the thirty years old civil war in Sri Lanka, there were expectations that the post‐war period would usher in peace, development and reconciliation. The last four years have witnessed several positive developments including resettlement of people and rehabilitation of infrastructure. Nonetheless there are range of problems and policy gaps that have hindered the transition from war to sustainable peace. A key post-war challenge is that of violence against religious sites and members of religious communities. More recently, from last year, there has been an unprecedented level of violent attacks, demonstrations and hate speech targeting Sri Lanka’s Muslim population. It noted a ‘sharp uptick’ in religiously-motivated violence and said the authorities are ‘passively and sometimes actively’ condoning extremist Buddhist groups, Mainly perpetrated by Buddhist-fascist fundamentalist groups, such as the ‘Bodu Bala Sena’ or ‘Buddhist power force’ and the Hela Urmaya or Sinhala Heritage Party are the main groups behind these targeting of Muslims.The events have left the country’s second largest minority community - the Muslims feeling afraid and vulnerable which forcing a concerted campaign against them. In addition to attacks on places of religious worship there are calls to boycott Muslim shops and establishments, all of which is increasing tensions, particularly in areas where Muslims and Sinhalese live close to each other. These were virtually programmed by some prominent and influential personalities in governing circles, besides others who had a vested interest in seeing Sri Lanka imploding amid heightening ‘communal tensions.’On this context, this study focuses on the recent incident of violence against Muslims in Sri Lanka. The primary objective of this study is to examine the motive for violence against Muslims as well as impact of the violence. The fundamental questions of this research are the following: why does post-war violence and hate propaganda arise against Muslim in Sri Lanka? In which ways the violence against minorities, particularly Muslims impact on reconciliation process? And why does Buddhist nationalist hegemony arise soon after civil war in Sri Lanka? This study is based on an interpretive approach. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. In addition to primary sources, qualitative interviews were conducted with selected specialist on this particular research area. I conclude that after end of war against LTTE by government of Sri Lanka, religious tension has been increased in the recent past and the government’s reluctance even to take firm action against to perpetrators which would be helpful in restoring the rule of law and security of Sri Lankan minorities has been a big hurdle in the post-conflict situation and government are perceived to serve only the Buddhist side and to marginalize those holding legitimate grievances.
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Athukorala, Prema-Chandra, and Sisira Jayasuriya. "Economic Policy Shifts in Sri Lanka: The Post-Conflict Development Challenge." Asian Economic Papers 12, no. 2 (June 2013): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00203.
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The end of the long civil war in Sri Lanka in 2009 generated widespread expectations of a peace dividend that would enable the country to embark on a period of sustained economic growth. Recent developments have dampened that optimism, however, rekindling fears that Sri Lanka's tale of missed opportunities may continue. After showing remarkable resilience during decades of war and conflict, the Sri Lankan economy has failed to capitalize on the window of opportunity presented by the end of the military conflict. In the aftermath of military victory, there has been a sharp reversal of trade liberalization and a marked shift back towards nationalist-populist state-centered economic policies, reflecting the pressures of resurgent nationalism, an unprecedented concentration of political power in a small ruling group, and the influence of some powerful vested interests. Unfortunately, a return to the failed past policies of inward-oriented development strategies offers no viable solutions for the problems confronting small, capital- and resource-poor countries in today's globalized world. Sri Lanka must change both its political practices and economic policies drastically and urgently to cope with the huge development challenges facing it in an environment of global economic turbulence.
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de Silva, Umanga, and Simon Barraclough. "Strengthening primary health care and health promotion in Sri Lanka's schools: need for a comprehensive national policy." Australian Journal of Primary Health 15, no. 2 (2009): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py08056.
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School children constitute ~20% of the population in Sri Lanka, making school health an important element in primary health care in this country. Sri Lanka faces severe economic problems, the challenge of reducing health inequalities within its society and a continuing ethnically based armed conflict. Historically, the school health program emphasised hygiene, screening for diseases and malnutrition and referrals to specialists. However, many interrelated factors influence the physical, mental and social health of school children. Schools should therefore provide not only a healthy physical setting, but also healthy social and emotional environments that promote better learning. This article uses both published and unpublished official documents, as well as a review of recent local research to present a comprehensive overview of school health programs in Sri Lanka, to identify problems with their content and implementation and to suggest ways for strengthening them. It is argued that there is a pressing need for a comprehensive national school health policy that not only addresses the essentials of planning and coordination, but also serves to reorient school health to embrace the promotion of physical and psychosocial health. Such a shift should be based on a whole-of-school approach, recognising the role of students, teachers and the wider community.
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Contestabile, Pasquale, and Diego Vicinanza. "Coastal Vulnerability and Mitigation Strategies: From Monitoring to Applied Research." Water 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092594.
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This paper intends to offer the readers an overview of the Special Issue on Coastal Vulnerability and Mitigation Strategies: From Monitoring to Applied Research. The main focus of this Special Issue is to provide the state-of-the-art and the recent research updates on the sustainable management strategies for protecting vulnerable coastal areas. Based on 28 contributions from authors from 17 different countries (Australia, China, Ecuador, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, UK, USA), an ensemble of interdisciplinary articles has been collected, emphasizing the importance of tackling technical and scientific problems at different scales and from different point of views.
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Tiwari, Kusha. "Gender Variant Children and Institutional Arrangements: Exploring the Phenomenon from South Asian Perspective." South Asian Survey 27, no. 2 (September 2020): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971523120947088.
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This paper explores and assesses the presence/absence of institutional arrangements in educational settings for addressing the concerns of gender-variant children (GVC) through a sample survey of schools in the three-country context of India, Sri Lanka and Nepal. This research highlights the need for effective regulatory, normative and cognitive structures to address issues of childhood gender variance. With a contextual analysis of recent developments and comprehensive study of data reports in the three countries, the study analyses multiple dimensions of discrimination and bullying of GVC in educational settings. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, this paper highlights causes and issues associated with the problems of GVC as well as affirmative actions and institutional practices required to be implemented in schools in the three-country context. The results and findings provide evidence that academic institutions in India, Sri Lanka and, to some extent, Nepal lack institutional mechanisms to address issues of homophobia, abuse by peer group, mental health issues, emotional challenges, social discrimination, lack of opportunities, lack of monitoring and counselling, micro-level engagements and high dropouts of GVC. This study also charts out futuristic agenda, such as comprehensive mapping of GVC in schools, implementation of effective counselling mechanism, the need to create and adopt basic reference module for educators around gender diversity and variance.
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Arzal, Mohammad. "K. Mahadevan (ed). Fertility Policies in Asian Countries. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1989.320 pp.Hardbound. Indian Rs 225.00." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i2pp.223-225.
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The book consists of twelve papers and presents the contributors' observations regarding fertility control policies in Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Kuwait, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand. In the first paper, which provides a perspective (mostly in the Indian context) to the concerns about policy formulation for fertility control, the authors discuss various issues and place an emphasis on the multi sectoral approach. The need to implement the policies for eligible couples, for female education and enhancement of female status, for strengthening the strategies for programme development and management, and for making policies relating to the elderly people, is stressed in this paper. The paper on planned birth policies of China provides a view of the actions and the successes achieved through organised programmes in the recent years. Conceding that the programme in China was not entirely voluntary, the paper also highlights the problems and failures of the fertility control efforts through the emphasis on a single-child family, especially in the rural areas.
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Prior, Margot, Shanya Virasinghe, and Diana Smart. "Behavioural problems in Sri Lankan schoolchildren." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 40, no. 8 (August 2005): 654–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0942-x.
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Berkwitz, Stephen C. "Recent trends in Sri Lankan Buddhism." Religion 33, no. 1 (January 2003): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-721x(02)00078-7.
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Mirkuzie, Alemnesh H., and Pia Olsson. "Reproductive health problems in Sri Lankan adolescents." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 2, no. 4 (October 2008): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2008.2.4.31481.
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Zhang, Xuelian, Meiling Zhao, and Xiangcao Xie. "A Survey of Foreign Students’ Cross-cultural Adaptation in Chongqing Normal University—A Case Study of Sri Lankan Students." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0704.07.
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Cross-cultural adaptation research is an important part of study for foreign students. With theories of Searle & Ward and John W. Berry, mainly from two aspects: psychological adaptation and social-cultural adaptation, the research investigates Sri Lankan students’ cross-cultural adaptation in Chongqing Normal University and analyzes the problems of Sri Lankan students’ cross-cultural adaptation in Chongqing Normal University in four aspects: Chinese reading and vocabulary, communication and exchange, adaptation of learning and teaching styles and knowledge of Chinese culture. Combined with the survey and problems of Sri Lankan students’ adaptation, the research will be used to give relevant suggestions to help Sri Lankan students adapt Chinese culture better.
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ARACHCHIGE, GAYASHAN M., SEVVANDI JAYAKODY, RICH MOOI, and ANDREAS KROH. "A review of previous studies on the Sri Lankan echinoid fauna, with an updated species list." Zootaxa 4231, no. 2 (February 9, 2017): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4231.2.1.
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A comprehensive review and analysis of the literature on echinoids from Sri Lankan waters were conducted to compile an annotated list that integrates the existing published data with original data from recent research. According to the published literature, 115 echinoid species and one subspecies have been reported from Sri Lanka to date. However, the current study revealed that only 66 echinoid species and one subspecies belonging to 20 families can be verified to occur in Sri Lankan waters. According to the present analysis, 49 species were excluded from the list due to uncertain records (16) or synonymy (33) with other taxa known from the region. Of the 66 species and one subspecies occurring in Sri Lankan waters, 11 were first described from type material collected from this region. Six of the type specimens are “regular” echinoids and five are Irregularia. Out of these 11, Araeosoma coriaceum indicum has been recorded only from and appears to be endemic to Sri Lankan waters. However, 34 species of Sri Lankan echinoids have not been recorded in the last 90 years. Echinoid species recorded from Sri Lankan waters represent 6.7% of the currently accepted species of extant echinoids and include representatives of 28% of the extant echinoid families. Forty-five percent (45%) of echinoids recorded from the Indian coast (113 species and subspecies) are present in Sri Lankan waters. The current study highlights the need for systematic revision of echinoid records in Sri Lanka through field surveys and reconciliation of discrepancies in the existing literature. Offshore sampling is also needed due to lack of recent information on local deep-sea echinoids.
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Seram, Niromi, and Kethmini Kumarasiri. "Are customers satisfied? Study of the problems currently prevailing in the plus size women’s wear market in Sri Lanka." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 24, no. 3 (June 12, 2020): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-11-2019-0055.
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Purpose Plus size clothing is becoming a fashion trend worldwide due to the body positivity movement sparked off by the growing obesity rates and fat shaming incidents reported around the world. Although the problems relating to plus size clothing in the global context have been addressed, thereby establishing certain norms in the market, none of this work has proved helpful in assessing the level of customer satisfaction in the Sri Lankan plus size market. In view of this lacuna, this paper aims to probe customer preferences and identify the problems currently prevailing in the plus size women’s wear fashion market in Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach Data were gathered through both qualitative and quantitative methods. For this purpose, visits were made to several fashion outlets in the Colombo area offering plus size clothing to observe the available product categories, size ranges, fabrics, finishing methods and designs at each outlet. A closed-ended questionnaire survey was conducted to identify the perception of the customers on the current plus size fashion market. Semi-structured interviews with designers working at selected Sri Lankan fashion brands that catered to the plus size market were carried out to acquire an understanding of the current plus size fashion industry from the garment manufacturer’s perspective and to learn about the current construction techniques in the industry. Findings The results indicated that 55.6% of the plus size women who participated in the survey were either dissatisfied or only moderately satisfied with the current products available in the Sri Lankan market. The major cause for the dissatisfaction was the inability to find well-fitting clothes to suit their body proportions and the unavailability of trendy, fashionable clothes. Ideally, they preferred fashionable, comfortable, well-fitting and good quality garments. Unavailability of standardized sizing methods and lack of up-to-date information on the female body were identified as the main issues in the Sri Lankan plus size women’s wear market. Therefore, the necessity for a standardized size chart for plus size women based on Sri Lankan anthropometric data was emphasized by designers. Originality/value The findings will be useful for the Sri Lankan apparel producers as well as retailers as they will have a better understanding of not only the fit and aesthetic preferences but also the overall shopping preferences of plus size women. This will help them to develop marketing strategies to cater to this Sri Lankan niche market segment, as currently there is no documented information on plus size Sri Lankan women’s clothing preferences.
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Hussain, S. Mazhar. "International Conference on Muslim Minority /Majority Relations." American Journal of Islam and Society 7, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v7i1.2673.
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The International Conference on Muslim Minority/Majority Relations held in New York, Rabi' al Awwal 23-25, 1410/0ctober 24 to 26, 1989 brought to the fore some of the little known but significantly major problems faced by the Muslim minority communities in many parts of the world. The magnitude of the problem can be seen from the fact that the Muslim minorities form one-third of the world Muslim population, over 300 million out of an estimated one billion Muslims. The three day conference was divided into different areas of concern. Over 50 papers were presented. Among the topics discussed were: North American Arab Muslims, an Intellectual and Attitudinal Profile of the Muslim Community in North America; Muslim/Non-Muslim Relations in America; Economic Development of Indian Muslims, Issues and Problems; The Turks in Bulgaria; South Africa: The Role of a Muslim Minority in a Situation of Change; The Islamic Minorities in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique; Muslim/Christian Relations in Sudan; Muslim Women in an Alien Society: A Case Study in West Germany; Muslims in Britain: Some Recent Developments; Muslim Minorities and non-Muslim Party Politics in the Netherlands; Muslim Minorities in the Soviet Union, China, Australia, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Philippines, Thailand and other areas.
The first day of the conference was devoted to North America, Asia and Africa. In the session on North America, Dr. Ni'mat Barazangi highlighted the fact that the process of adjustment and integration of Muslims in America had its own challenges. On the one hand, the immigrant Muslims realize the need to maintain their religious and cultural identity, and, on the other, it is not easy, or even practical, to stay away from the mainstream of the majority culture and its impact ...
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S.P. Singh and P. Rethinam. "Coconut hispine beetle Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." CORD 20, no. 01 (December 1, 2004): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v20i01.376.
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Coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) was originally described from the Aru Islands (Maluku Province). It is native to Indonesia (Aru Islands, Maluku Province and possibly to Papua Province formerly known as Irian Jaya), and also to Papua New Guinea, including the Bismarck Archipelago, where it seldom causes serious problems. It has now spread widely in Asia, Australasia and Pacific Islands attacking not only coconut palm but also several other cultivated and wild palms. In recent times it has spread to Singapore, Vietnam, Nauru, Thailand, Maldives and Hainan Island (China). In the absence of natural antagonists it has become a very serious and devastating pest in new areas of its spread. It is feared that B. longissima will find its way from Maldives to Sri Lanka and southern parts of India to derail the economy of these important coconut-growing regions of the world. Thus emergency operations are necessary to try to decimate it down in the Maldives. A number of natural enemies such as Hispidophila (Haeckeliania) brontispae Ferriere, Ooncyrtus podontiae Gahan, Trichogrammatoidea nana Zehntner, Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere, Asecodes hispinarum Boucek, Chrysonotomyia sp., Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, Chelisoches morio Fabricius, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricious), mites on adults (Anoplocelaeno sp. and Celaenopsis sp.), geckoes, skinks, tree frog and unidentified bacterial pathogen have been recorded. Biological control by introduction and enhancement of parasitoids- A. hispinarum and T. brontispae has proved very effective. Similarly spray of improved strains of entomopathogenic fungus, M. anisopliae has proved effective. Exploratory surveys for parasitoids in the original home of B. longissima are suggested.
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MANAWADUGE, CHAPA G., and DEEPTHI YAKANDAWALA. "Morphometrics and taxonomic update to the Sri Lankan Aponogetonaceae." Phytotaxa 365, no. 3 (August 23, 2018): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.3.1.
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The recent studies on Sri Lankan Aponogeton underline the necessity of a taxonomic revision for the genus; especially with the recent discovery of two new endemic taxa and their described morphological affinities, revealing some misconceptions in the key morphological features used in identification and the overlapping morphology of the species within the genus. Accordingly, a morphometric analysis was carried out with 78 field collected specimens representing all six Sri Lankan Aponogeton species. The results indicate that A. kannangarae, a recently described endemic species which has been stated as closely resembling A. rigidifolius, is more similar to A. jacobsenii, with shared morphological characters, raising doubts if it is a distinct species. Further, the endemic A. jacobsenii, previously described and illustrated as a species with rarely occurring floating leaves, has been now described as with no floating leaves. Based on the results, a taxonomic update is presented with a key, full synonymy, descriptions and photographs.
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Heidemann, Birte. "The symbolic survival of the “living dead”: Narrating the LTTE female fighter in post-war Sri Lankan women’s writing." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 54, no. 3 (September 19, 2017): 384–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989417723414.
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This article examines the lingering presence of the female militant figure in post-war Sri Lankan women’s writing in English. Through a careful demarcation of the formal–aesthetic limits of engaging with the country’s competing ethno-nationalisms, the article seeks to uncover the gendered hierarchies of Sri Lanka’s civil war in two literary works: Niromi de Soyza’s autobiography Tamil Tigress (2011) and Nayomi Munaweera’s debut novel Island of a Thousand Mirrors (2012). The reading draws attention to the writers’ attempt to “historise” the LTTE female fighter and/or suicide bomber within Sri Lanka’s complex colonial past and its implications for the recent history of conflict. The individual motives of the female fighters to join the LTTE, the article contends, remain ideologically susceptible to, if not interpellated by, the gendered hierarchies both within the military movement and Tamil society at large. A literary portrait of such entangled hierarchies in post-war Sri Lankan texts, the article reveals, helps expose the hegemonic (male) discourses of Sri Lankan nationalism that tend to undermine the war experiences of women.
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Karunarathna, Samantha C., Peter E. Mortimer, Jianchu Xu, and Kevin D. Hyde. "OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH OF MUSHROOMS IN SRI LANKA." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 40, no. 4 (December 8, 2017): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2017.4.399-403.
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According to recent estimates the mycota of Sri Lanka is highly diverse, yet it has been relatively little studied and remains poorly understood. Sri Lanka may contain up to 25,000 species of fungi, of which only a little more than 2000 are presently known, and this estimate does not take into account the large number of exotics introduced along with food, plantation, and ornamental plants. Mycological research in Sri Lanka has been limited to certain parts of the country, and the available information is widely dispersed, difficult to access, and plagued by synonymy. Commercially cultivable mushrooms were first introduced to Sri Lanka in 1985, and today both endemic and non-native species are cultivated. This paper addresses the current status of Sri Lankan mushroom research, and suggests measures which are needed to support the future development of Sri Lankan mycology.
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Priyadarshana, Tharaka Sudesh, Ishara Harshajith Wijewardhane, and Mithila Karunarathna. "A note on the distribution of two highly threatened butterflies in Sri Lanka (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Spindasis greeni and Rapala lankana), with a report on the range extension of S. greeni." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 11 (November 26, 2017): 10971. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3274.9.11.10971-10973.
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The distribution records of Sri Lankan butterflies belonging to the families Lycaenidae is far from complete. The present paper reports recent sightings of two highly threatened lycaenids, Rapala lankana (Malabar Flash) and Spindasis greeni (Green’s Silverline) from Adam’s Peak (Samanala Nature Reserve), Sri Lanka. In addition, the new locality of S. greeni at Adam’s Peak, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka denotes a range extension for the species.
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Klem, Bart. "Islam, Politics and Violence in Eastern Sri Lanka." Journal of Asian Studies 70, no. 3 (August 2011): 730–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002191181100088x.
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This article bridges Sri Lankan studies and the academic debate on the relation between contemporary Islam and politics. It constitutes a case study of the Muslim community in Akkaraipattu on Sri Lanka's war-ridden east coast. Over two decades of ethnically colored conflict have made Muslim identity of paramount importance, but the meanings attached to that identity vary substantively. Politicians, mosque leaders, Sufis and Tablighis define the ethnic, religious and political dimensions of “Muslimness” differently and this leads to intra-Muslim contradictions. The case study thus helps resolve the puzzle of Sri Lankan Muslims: they are surrounded by hostility, but they continue to be internally divided. Akkaraipattu's Muslims jockey between principled politics, pragmatic politics and anti-politics, because they have to navigate different trajectories. This article thus corroborates recent studies on Islam elsewhere that argue for contextualized and nuanced approaches to the variegated interface between Islam and politics.
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Schonthal, Benjamin. "Environments of Law: Islam, Buddhism, and the State in Contemporary Sri Lanka." Journal of Asian Studies 75, no. 1 (February 2016): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911815002053.
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This article uses an important Sri Lankan Supreme Court case concerning religious sound as a starting point for thinking about the intersections of Islam, law, politics, and Buddhism in Sri Lanka. It argues that Sri Lankan Muslims find themselves in three interlacing legal “environments” at the present moment: in an environment of general laws governing religion, in an environment of special laws and administrative bodies for Muslims, and in a broader constitutional environment that grants special recognition to Buddhism. These environments offer differing opportunities and imperatives for expressing Muslim identity, religious equality, diversity, rights, and freedoms in contemporary Sri Lanka. Through a consideration of these legal environments and the way they affected the case, this article illuminates ongoing questions about the legal and political status of Muslims on the island and provides a snapshot of the legal debates and discourses that have flowed into and fortified recent anti-Muslim sentiments on the island.
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Brandt Sørensen, Jane, Melissa Pearson, Martin Wolf Andersen, Manjula Weerasinghe, Manjula Rathnaweera, D. G. Chathumini Rathnapala, Michael Eddleston, and Flemming Konradsen. "Self-Harm and Suicide Coverage in Sri Lankan Newspapers." Crisis 40, no. 1 (January 2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000534.
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Abstract. Background: Irresponsible media reporting may influence suicidal behavior. Adherence to guidelines for responsible reporting of suicide has not been examined in Sri Lanka in recent times. Aims: To examine the quality of reporting on self-harm and suicide in Sri Lankan newspapers and compare the quality between Sinhala and English newspapers. Method: From December 1, 2014 to January 31, 2015, 407 editions of newspapers were screened. Reporting quality was measured using the PRINTQUAL tool. Results: We identified 68 articles covering an episode of self-harm or suicide (42 Sinhala and 26 English). The majority of articles were noncompliant with guidelines for sensitive reporting. Indicators of noncompliance included that newspaper articles frequently reported method in the headline (53%), included detailed characteristics of the individual (100%), used insensitive language (58% of English articles), and attributed a single-factor cause to the self-harm (52%). No information about help-seeking was included. Limitations: The study involved a relatively short period of data collection. Including social media, Tamil language newspapers, and online publications would have provided additional understanding of reporting practices. Conclusion: The majority of Sri Lankan newspapers did not follow the principles of good reporting, indicating a need for further training of journalists.
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ARACHCHIGE, GAYASHAN M., SEVVANDI JAYAKODY, RICH MOOI, and ANDREAS KROH. "Taxonomy and distribution of irregular echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Sri Lanka." Zootaxa 4541, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4541.1.1.
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The earliest information on Sri Lankan echinoid species belonging to the Irregularia dates back to Alexander Agassiz (1872). However, the current knowledge of diversity and distribution of irregular echinoids from Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) remains sparse. In addition, there are no recent taxonomic studies or biodiversity surveys for irregular echinoids, and no illustrated field-guides or reference collections are available specifically for Sri Lanka. To address these gaps, left open for more than 100 years since the work of Clark (1915), this study was conducted as an island-wide systematic sampling survey. Over 200 echinoid specimens were collected from 24 localities in Sri Lankan coastal waters by snorkelling and SCUBA diving down to 33 m depth. The collected specimens were identified using existing keys and authenticated with specimens available at the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Austria. The present study records 22 irregular echinoid species belonging to 15 genera and nine families in four orders. Among the identified irregular echinoids, six species, Echinocyamus megapetalus H.L. Clark, 1914, Fibularia ovulum Lamarck, 1816, Fibulariella angulipora Mortensen, 1948, Echinodiscus cf. truncatus L. Agassiz, 1841, Peronella oblonga Mortensen, 1948 and Brissus cf. agassizii Döderlein, 1885, are new records for Sri Lanka. Four unidentified, possibly new species belonging to the genera Fibularia, Jacksonaster and Metalia are reported, but kept in open nomenclature until more material becomes available. At present, the diversity of irregular echinoids from Sri Lanka now stands at 37 species representing 11 families in four orders. A dichotomous key is presented for all Sri Lankan irregular echinoids.
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Ramasamy, Ramesh. "Sri Lanka’s Plantation Communities." South Asia Research 38, no. 3_suppl (August 23, 2018): 43S—60S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728018791696.
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Ethnic minorities, even if formally recognised as full citizens in their country of residence, may still encounter various forms of discriminatory treatment and exclusion, not only of a private nature, but also in governance, especially in public service delivery. This article combines a critical study of public service provision in Sri Lanka with a fieldwork-based assessment of the current position of the plantation communities in Sri Lanka. It highlights their continuing problems in accessing public services and encountering discriminatory practices by the Sri Lankan state. There is strong evidence that the previously stateless plantation communities remain subject to various forms of discrimination in public service delivery, though they are now citizens. In addition, evidence related to austerity measures in estate management creates further difficulties for the plantation communities.
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Beg, Masroor Ahmad. "Intra-Saarc Trade: A Dwindling Feature." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 46, no. 1 (January 1990): 47–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492849004600103.
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Most of the South Asian countries, namely Bangladesh, Bhutan,1 India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka formed a loose association SARC (South Asian Regional Cooperation) in the year 1980. Through various meetings and conferences spread over five years under the banner of SARC, an agreement was signed in December 1985 for the formation of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. SAARC member-countries have chosen some areas of cooperation like, agriculture, rural development, meteorology, telecommunication, scientific and technical cooperation, health and cooperation activities, transport, postal services and sports, arts and culture. The most recent development that has taken place concerns the meeting of Group of Planners on a yearly basis to review the studies made under the aegis of SAARC in the following areas2 (i) Analysis of trade regimes vis-a-vis industrial protection policies of member countries; (ii) Quantification of the benefits of intra-regional trade expansion including transit problems of land-locked countries and mechanism for financing short duration trade imbalances; (iii) Studies to explore the possibilities of joint ventures in agriculture, industry and energy; and (iv) Studies of existing national systems of industrial promotion and regulation including assessment of design and consultancy capabilities and post-harvest technologies. Inspite of these, the subject of cooperation for intra-regional trade expansion still remains outside the SAARC programme. There is little cooperation in the SAARC region in the sphere of trade. Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka (among other Asian countries) are signatories to the Bangkok Agreement under which each member country gives certain preferential treatment to the co-signatories in the field of trade. This Preferential Trade Agreement signed in July 1975, under the auspicies of ESCAP covered multilateral trade cooperation but has made very limited impact on expanding intra-regional trade among the three countries listed above. Apart from this, the SAARC countries are the members of Asian Clearing Union (ACU), set up in 1975, with a limited coverage of membership, transactions and credit facilities in this region. In spite of SAARC countries' participation in two major schemes of multilateral trade cooperation, the region lagged behind the rest of the world in expanding their trade. Over a period of time, the share of intra-regional trade in this region declined in comparison to world trade. The fall in the share of infra-regional trade can also be seen in a relative sense. Thus, the dependence of these countries upon developed countries has increased and foreign trade has failed to act as an engine of growth in this region. The aim of this paper is to examine: (i) Declining export and import growth rates of SAARC countries; (ii) SAARC countries' aggregate exports and imports share in world exports and imports and its burgeoning trade balances', and (iii) Intra-regional exports and imports share of SAARC countries and SAARC share in its total exports and imports to the rest of the world.
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Ponnamperuma, Thyagi, Athula Sumathipala, and Sisira Siribaddana. "Posttraumatic stress and co-occurrence of mental health problems in Sri Lankan adolescents." Asian Journal of Psychiatry 54 (December 2020): 102444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102444.
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Gunatellike, Naranjana. "A Note on the Sri Lankan Experience in Poverty Reduction." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 1193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.1193-1204.
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‘Poverty’ is a complex, multifaceted and much investigated subject which has generated an colossal amount of literature. The situation in relation to Sri Lanka is no different—both in relation to the complexity of the subject and the investigation and literature it has generated. Within the international debates, Sri Lanka has been used extensively as a case study as in the early work on the basic needs and growth versus welfare debates, UNICEF’s work on Adjustment with a Human Face and more recently in the World Bank’s Voices of the Poor qualitative study. The domestic research and literature has been as prolific, the most recent group being the background material for the Framework on Poverty Reduction.1 This paper will not attempt to summarise the existing debates and literature or provide a comprehensive overview to poverty and its many facets in Sri Lanka. Instead it will briefly place Sri Lanka in the context of South Asia and look at the policy framework which brought about the present situation and the ongoing and envisaged policy changes. Finally it will highlight a few selected issues which are of growing interest and have received relatively less attention. A selected bibliography is provided at the end.
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Ahmad, Moid U., and Hetti Arachchige Gamini Premaratne. "Effect of Low and Negative Interest Rates: Evidence from Indian and Sri Lankan Economies." Business Perspectives and Research 6, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2278533718764503.
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Interest rates are critical to any economy. Usually the central bank of a country supervises and tries to control the interest rates but there is always an element of uncontrollable effects: local or international. A central bank adopts a monetary strategy to affect various macroeconomic parameters such as inflation, exchange rate (ER), economic growth and many others. A country may decide to adopt Ultra-low Interest Rate Policy (ULIRP) or Negative Interest Rate Policy (NIRP) or a policy with moderate/high rate of interest. In today’s global business scenario, economies are connected and influence one another. The US and UK economies have seen a very low and negative interest rates historically, at least in recent past. Indian and Sri Lankan economies are integrated with the US and UK economies and thus are affected by their prevailing interest rates. The effect of low and zero interest rate policy of a country (USA and UK) on interest rates and economy of co-integrated economies (India and Sri Lanka) have been studied in this research. The objective of this study is to understand the implications of ULIRPs and NIRPs in the context of Indian and Sri Lankan economies. Two significant conclusions of the research are that Indian and Sri Lankan economies are affected by the US and UK policies and that they are affected at a lag of eight years.
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Dayananda, P. D., Harendra de Silva, LakKumar Fernando, and B. G. D. N. K. de Silva. "Genetic Variation in the Domain II, 3′ Untranslated Region of Human and Mosquito Derived Dengue Virus Strains in Sri Lanka." Viruses 13, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030421.
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Genetic variations in dengue virus (DENV) play a distinct role in epidemic emergence. The DENV 3′ UTR has become a recent interest in research. The objective of the study was to examine the genetic variation in the domain II, 3′ UTR region of human and mosquito-derived DENV. DENV-infected human sera were orally infected to laboratory reared Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The domain II, 3′ UTR of each human- and mosquito-derived sample was amplified. The nucleotide sequence variation, phylogenetic and secondary structure analysis was carried out incorporating respective regions of so far recorded Sri Lankan and the reference genotype strains of the DENV3 and DENV1 serotypes. The human- and mosquito-derived domain II, 3′ UTR were identical in nucleotide sequences within the serotypes isolated, indicating the conserved nature of the region during host switch. The sequence analysis revealed distinct variations in study isolates compared to so far recorded Sri Lankan isolates. However, despite single nucleotide variations, the maintenance of structural integrity was evident in related strains within the serotypes in the secondary structure analysis. The phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct clade segregation of the study sequences from so far reported Sri Lankan isolates and illustrated the phylogenetic relations of the study sequences to the available global isolates of respective serotypes.
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Sumanasiri, Ayoma. "Exploring Barriers to International Trade Faced by Sri Lankan Exporters to the Indian Market." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9661.
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In recent decades, India has emerged as a major economy in the world. Although Sri Lanka is situated in close proximity to India and has entered into trade agreements with India to boost its international trade, it has still not been able to achieve the expected level of growth in exports to India. Based on the 2019 United Nations COMTRAD data, India is the third largest export destination of Sri Lanka, and the export revenue from trade with India amounted to US $ 759 million in 2019. However, the statistics in the past years indicate a drop in Sri Lankan export revenue to India from $ 767 million in 2018 to $ 759 million in 2019. In spite of different bilateral and multilateral trade agreements entered into between the two countries, Sri Lankan export performance still remains unsatisfactory. This indicates that apart from tariff reductions, certain other non-tariff barriers influence international trade performance between the two countries. Therefore, this study aims to explore barriers to Sri Lankan exporters which undermine their international trade performance in the Indian market. The study follows a qualitative research methodology and has collected data using face-to-face unstructured interviews with twenty (20) respondents representing different stakeholders engaged in the process of exporting from Sri Lanka to India. The collected data was coded and analyzed through template analysis. Findings revealed thirty-five (35) important factors which influence successful penetration into and performance in the Indian market. The results reveal that host market and home market characteristics have a greater impact on successful performance in the Indian market than product or firm characteristics.
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Munasinghe, M. Nalaka, Craig Stephen, Preeni Abeynayake, and Indra S. Abeygunawardena. "Shrimp Farming Practices in the Puttallam District of Sri Lanka: Implications for Disease Control, Industry Sustainability, and Rural Development." Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/679130.
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Shrimp farming has great potential to diversify and secure income in rural Sri Lanka, but production has significantly declined in recent years due to civil conflicts, some unsustainable practices and devastating outbreaks of disease. We examined management practices affecting disease prevention and control in the Puttalam district to identify extension services outputs that could support sustainable development of Sri Lankan shrimp farming. A survey on 621 shrimp farms (603 operational and 18 nonoperational) was conducted within the Puttalam district over 42 weeks comprising a series of three-day field visits from August 2008 to October 2009, covering two consecutive shrimp crops. Fundamental deficits in disease control, management, and biosecurity practices were found. Farmers had knowledge of biosecurity but the lack of financial resources was a major impediment to improved disease control. Smallholder farmers were disproportionately constrained in their ability to enact basic biosecurity practices due to their economic status. Basic breaches in biosecurity will keep disease as the rate limiting step in this industry. Plans to support this industry must recognize the socioeconomic reality of rural Sri Lankan aquaculture.
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SILVA, ANJANA, KALANA MADUWAGE, and ROHAN PETHIYAGODA. "Puntius kamalika, a new species of barb from Sri Lanka (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)." Zootaxa 1824, no. 1 (July 16, 2008): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1824.1.6.
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Since its first record from the island in 1912, the barb Puntius amphibius Valenciennes has regularly featured in Sri Lanka’s ichthyofaunal inventories. Recent work has shown, however, that the name P. amphibius should be reserved for a species originally collected from Bombay, India, and described by Achille Valenciennes in 1842, now known only from its lectotype. The Sri Lankan fish hitherto known by this name is an undescribed species. Puntius kamalika, new species, is distinguished from all Sri Lankan and peninsular-Indian congeners by having (in addition to a suite of mensural characters) ½4/1/2½ scales in transverse line between mid-dorsal scale row and pelvic-fin origin and lacking any prominent markings on fins and body in both living and preserved examples. The new species is widely distributed in the island’s wet-zone lowlands (rainfall > 2,500 mm yr -1 ), where it occurs in streams, rivers and marshes between the Kelani-River basin draining to the island’s west, and the Gin River basin to the south. It is locally common.
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Rodley, Nigel. "The Singarasa Case: Quis custodiet … ? A Test for the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct." Israel Law Review 41, no. 3 (2008): 500–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700000340.
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This Essay considers the 2006 Sri Lankan Supreme Court case, Singarasa v. Attorney General, which declared unconstitutional the state's eight-year-old accession to the Protocol permitting the Human Rights Committee to examine complaints of violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It places the decision in the context of the Committee's earlier findings of Covenant violations by Sri Lanka resulting from actions by the Court. This forms the basis of a discussion of problems of identifying questionable judicial conduct and the relevance of the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct.
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Samad, Madar. "Water institutional reforms in Sri Lanka." Water Policy 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0008.
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This paper reviews water institutional reforms in Sri Lanka by contrasting those observed during the 1980s with those proposed during the 1990s. While the earlier reforms focused on the irrigation sector that yielded quicker benefits and low political risks, recent reforms have covered macro institutions and the whole water sector where the benefits are gradual and less visible but with high political risks. As the earlier reforms were packaged as part of larger investment programs, they had in-built incentives and strong proponents. But recent reforms not only lacked such conditions but also faced an ideologically charged hostile environment. Despite the current failure of the reforms, their future prospect is not that bleak in view of the emerging consensus on most issues and the continuing government commitment to reform. The Sri Lankan case also provides evidence for the effects of transaction cost and political economy factors, the tactical benefits of reform packaging, sequencing and timing, and the role of stakeholders' perception, learning and information in articulating the demand for change.
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Seneviratne, Krisanthi, Dilanthi Amaratunga, and Richard Haigh. "Managing housing needs of post conflict housing reconstruction: Sri Lankan perspective." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 24, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-10-2015-0157.
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Purpose Post conflict housing reconstruction is crucial to development and peacekeeping. However, the success of it, is hindered by a number of problems related to a lack of addressing housing needs. The purpose of this paper is to explore how such housing needs can be effectively managed in post conflict housing reconstruction in Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach Using the grounded theory method as the research strategy, unstructured interviews were conducted with policy makers, practitioners, beneficiaries and academics in Sri Lanka. Data were analysed using open, axial and selective coding to develop the theoretical framework. Findings The study reveals the challenges, contributing factors and strategies in addressing housing needs of accessibility, habitability, affordability, location, facilities, cultural considerations and security of land tenure. It also identifies the gaps and recommendations. The paper establishes the links between these and presents a theoretical framework for managing housing needs effectively in post conflict housing reconstruction in Sri Lanka. Practical implications This research enhances the success of post conflict housing reconstruction through addressing housing needs effectively, which contributes to sustainable housing development after conflicts. Originality/value The study combines the literature from five main areas: conflicts, post conflict, post conflict reconstruction, post conflict housing reconstruction and housing needs and provides a better understanding on how the housing needs can be managed during post conflict housing reconstruction in developing countries based on empirical evidence.
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SRIKANTHAN, ACHYUTHAN N., OMKAR DILIP ADHIKARI, SUMAITHANGI RAJAGOPALAN GANESH, KAUSHIK DEUTI, KALPANA DAS, VIDISHA M. KULKARNI, GAURANG G. GOWANDE, and KARTIK SHANKER. "A molecular and morphological study of Otocryptis Wagler, 1830 (Squamata: Agamidae) reveals a new genus from the far south of the Western Ghats, Peninsular India." Zootaxa 5016, no. 2 (August 5, 2021): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5016.2.3.
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In recent years, several studies have revealed significant unknown and cryptic diversity of agamids in peninsular India, particularly in the Western Ghats. Here, we examine the morphology, anatomy and genetics of the sole Indian representative of the otherwise Sri Lankan agamid genus Otocryptis from the Western Ghats. Our analyses reveal significant distinctions in O. beddomii Boulenger, 1885 with respect to the Sri Lankan members, the type species, O. wiegmanni Wagler, 1830, and O. nigristigma Bahir & de Silva, 2005, warranting a new generic placement. To accommodate the divergent and allopatric O. beddomii from the Western Ghats, we erect a new genus Agasthyagama gen. nov. We re-characterise Agasthyagama beddomii (Boulenger, 1885) comb. nov. based on a syntype (ZSI 15733) and recently collected material. In effect, we restrict the genus Otocryptis, represented by two species, O. wiegmanni and O. nigristigma, to Sri Lanka. We also provide a re-appraisal of the genus Otocryptis sensu stricto, based on data from its type species O. wiegmanni. Our finding adds another endemic agamid genus to the Western Ghats, following Salea Gray, 1845, and the recently described Monilesaurus Pal, Vijayakumar, Shanker, Jayarajan & Deepak, 2018, and Microauris Pal, Vijayakumar, Shanker, Jayarajan & Deepak, 2018. In turn, this complements Sri Lankan agamid endemism with Otocryptis, in addition to the accepted endemic radiations of Lyriocephalus Merrem, 1820, Ceratophora Gray, 1835 and Cophotis Peters, 1861. From a systematic perspective, our erection of Agasthyagama gen. nov. likely completes the description of known genus-level diversity in the clade containing Otocryptis Wagler 1830, Sitana Cuvier, 1829 and the recently described Sarada Deepak, Karanth & Giri, 2016.
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Deyshappriya, N. P. Ravindra. "Sri Lanka–China Economic Relations in Comparative Perspective: Ample Room to Grow." China Report 55, no. 4 (November 2019): 364–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445519875235.
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The article examines recent trends in the economic relations between Sri Lanka and China focussing on trade, investment and tourism dimensions. Although bilateral economic ties between Sri Lanka and China have strengthened over time, the article demonstrates Sri Lanka’s low rank among China’s economic partners. For example, while China is the second-largest tourism partner of Sri Lanka in terms of tourist arrivals, Sri Lanka does not rank among even China’s top 25 tourist destinations. Consequently, the article recommends certain policy priorities to ensure mutually beneficial economic relations. With regards to tourism, it recommends promoting Sri Lanka’s brand on Chinese e-tourism websites and social media, introducing user-friendly tourist apps in Chinese, strengthening air connectivity and celebrating Chinese festivals. Similarly, trade and investment could be facilitated by stronger links with Chinese cities and connecting Sri Lankan students in China to the Chinese industry via internships and building commercial networks from the ground up.
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Mun, Mirna Hodzic, Janithra De Silva, Justine Strand De Oliveira, Vijitha De Silva, Rahul Malhotra, Monika Wijeratne, Hemajith Tharindra, and Truls Østbye. "Health Concerns among Sri Lankan Female Foreign Domestic Worker Returnees from the Middle East." Gestão e Sociedade 13, no. 36 (August 30, 2019): 3171–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21171/ges.v13i36.2969.
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Female foreign domestic workers (FDWs) are an important and growing occupational group, especially in the Middle East. Although Sri Lankan female FDWs comprise a significant percentage of those employed in this region, little is known about the health issues this population experiences during their employment. Prompted by this dearth in the extant literature, this study aimed to explore self-reported health problems and perceived causes, as well as health behaviors, beliefs, coping, and concerns of Sri Lankan female FDWs through the narratives of returnees formerly employed in the Middle East. Implementing a multi-faceted qualitative approach, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were utilized to investigate FDWs’ health problems, behaviors, and coping mechanisms. Participants’ health beliefs and concerns were explored through free listing and pile sorting. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. Headaches, backache, irregular meals and symptoms of depression were the most frequently self-reported health issues, most commonly attributed to overwork. Cleanliness was the most commonly adopted health maintaining behavior. The presence of cultural health beliefs in terms of illness causation was revealed, and FDWs’ spoke of the perceived health benefits of social interaction and religious practice as coping strategies. Findings of this study have several implications for policy and future research. FDWs’ concerns and recommendations prompt the need for greater accountability, legal enforcement of policies, and strengthened training and health monitoring. Policy, prevention and intervention measures may be more effective if they consider FDWs’ self-reported health problems, health belief models, health maintaining behaviors, concerns and coping strategies
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Fonseka, M., A. Karunaratne, S. Senanayake, N. Niyaz, D. Thangavel, P. Croos, S. Roche, and D. N. Silva. "Risk activities related to traditional fishing activities leading to musculoskeletal problems among Sri Lankan fishermen." Physiotherapy 101 (May 2015): e396-e397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.623.
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Chandak, Rakhi, Manoj Chandak, Pranali Thakare, Ramhari Sathawane, Swapnil Mohod, Runal Bansod, Pranada Deshmukh, and Zareesh Akhtar. "Trending Breakthroughs in the Advances of Detection of Oral Premalignant and Malignant Lesions - A Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 28 (July 12, 2021): 2122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/433.
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Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignant tumour, and it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to its capacity to spread and invade. Oral cancer occurs at a different rate in different areas of the world, ranging from 2 to 10 per 100,000 people each year. Oral cancer is prevalent in South Asian nations such as Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. In India, the frequency is 7-17 per 100,000 people each year, with 75,000 - 80,000 new cases per year. Identifying oral cancer in its early stages has a significant impact on survival rates when compared to detecting it later. Despite this, almost half of all diagnosed patients die within five years. A variety of well-established cancer screening programmes have been demonstrated to lower the patient morbidity and mortality dramatically. Regular check-ups, which include a thorough inspection of the whole mouth, are critical for detecting malignant and pre-cancerous problems early on. Unfortunately, early detection of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions has proved difficult due to the lesions' asymptomatic nature, doctors' casual approach to benign lesions, and the fact that 50 % of patients had regional or distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers that leads to defacement and death. Despite recent advancements in therapeutic modalities, the prognosis has not improved. Patient’s mortality rates are positively associated with the point of presentation, with 60 % of people diagnosed with late-stage illness. Early diagnosis is important for oral cancer patient’s survival rate, as it decreases morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health Organization, the bulk of oral cancer patients are diagnosed late in the disease's progression, with a mediocre 5 - year survival rate of 50 %. As a result, careful treatment of oral cancer necessitates early diagnosis and intervention. Surgical biopsy is the gold standard for medical purposes, but it requires clinical assistance. Other screening methods that are simple to use, non-invasive, and expensive are the norms for any test to be accepted as a histopathology choice. The older cancer diagnosis modalities took longer, had more inter-observer bias, and were less descriptive. A standard oral examination with digital palpation is used in traditional techniques of screening for oral possibly malignant illnesses and oral cancers. Conventional inspection has been shown to be a poor discriminator of oral mucosal lesions. A variety of visual aids have been developed to help clinicians spot anomalies in the oral mucosa and in recent years, scientific and clinical developments have aided in the early detection and treatment of this disease. This review reflects on some of the older diagnostic modalities and screening methods for oral cancer diagnosis, as well as some of the recent more sophisticated techniques. KEY WORDS Diagnostic Aids, Oral Cancer, Premalignant Lesions
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Naranpanawa, Athula, and Jayatilleke Bandara. "Can trade liberalisation bring benefits to the war-affected regions and create economic stability in post-war Sri Lanka?" International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 1710–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-06-2016-0169.
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Purpose There is a large body of literature on the link between trade liberalisation, growth and poverty. However, less attention has been paid to the relationship between trade and regional disparities. The purpose of this paper is to identify and quantify the regional impacts of trade liberalisation, particularly in the war-affected regions and to understand to what extent trade reforms can contribute to the post-war recovery process and long-term economic and political stability in Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach The authors developed a single country multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for the Sri Lankan economy to meet the need for a detailed country study as emphasised in the recent literature. Findings Both short-run and long-run results suggest that all regions including war-affected regions in the country gain from trade liberalisation, although gains are uneven across regions. Furthermore, the results suggest that war-affected regions gain more relative to some other regions in the long run. Originality/value According to the best of the authors’ knowledge within country regional impact of trade liberalisation using a multi-regional CGE model has never been attempted for Sri Lanka. The results of this study, even though based on Sri Lankan data, will be relevant to other developing countries engulfed in internal conflicts with regional economic disparities.
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Chandradasa, Miyuru, and Layani Champika Rathnayake. "Gender disparity as a threat to the mental well-being of young Sri Lankan women." BJPsych International 16, no. 04 (November 26, 2018): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2018.29.
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Sri Lanka ranks highest in the region for human development. Despite producing the first female head of state in the world, the country has failed to achieve substantial gains in the gender inequality indices in the past decade. In recent years, the proportion of females in secondary education has equalled that of males, and young women have become the majority among the university entrants. These educated young women are likely to face psychosocial distress in a patriarchal society where they would be expected to fulfil traditional gender roles. This article describes gender disparities that could affect the mental well-being of young Sri Lankan women and the need for awareness among mental health professionals in the country.
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Arulnayagam, Ahalya, Jong-Seong Khim, and Jinsoon Park. "Floral and Faunal Diversity in Sri Lankan Mangrove Forests: A Systematic Review." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 9487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179487.
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The paper gives a historical overview, and a summary of key findings from 70 previously published research papers giving scientific data over the years from 1980 to 2019. They concern the flora and/or fauna in the mangrove forests along the Sri Lankan coast, addressing diversity, taxonomy, distribution, and ecological interactions. A total of 28 mangrove floral species from 13 plant families have been reported so far. Similarly, faunal diversity studies have reported 99 invertebrates, dominated by Arthropoda (n = 55) and Mollusca (n = 26), and 214 vertebrates comprising Pisces (n = 112), Aves (n = 72), Reptilia (n = 13) and Amphibia (n = 2). Most studies have been concentrated on the Southwestern coast (nflora = 20, nfauna = 6). Negombo has been a hotspot for mangrove research, with a higher number of studies (nflora = 11, nfauna = 5). The majority of the mangrove studies were focused on mangrove floral diversity and taxonomy and were conducted over recent years (2010–2019). Scientific data on mangrove fauna is restricted to a certain geographical extent. This paper intends to identify the research gaps in the field of Sri Lankan mangroves regarding various aspects and suggests advancement in future studies. Overall, outputs from the present study would be helpful for upcoming researchers to focus more on filling the gaps in knowledge.
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De Silva Lokuwaduge, Chitra Sriyani, and Keshara De Silva. "Determinants of public sector accounting reforms." International Journal of Public Sector Management 33, no. 2/3 (January 13, 2020): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-03-2019-0085.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend the New Public Financial Management concept and the contingency model approach to an analysis of the determinants of the accrual-based International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) adoption process as a financial management reform in Sri Lanka, a developing country in Asia. Design/methodology/approach Based on the prior literature, this paper develops a framework to highlight the importance of accrual-based reforms in public sector accounting policies to enable better transparency and accountability. It shows the extent to which Sri Lankan public sector institutions have adopted IPSAS-based accounting standards and the limitations of adopting these standards in a developing country, using documentary analysis. Findings In developing countries, the public sector faces practical problems when adopting reforms due to limited institutional capacity, high political involvement and bureaucracy in decision making. This paper concludes that significant policy changes towards the adoption of international accounting standards have gained momentum over the last decade in Sri Lanka while the much larger economies in Asia are still studying this process. However, the prevailing political uncertainty in Sri Lanka has negatively impacted the implementation process. Originality/value Relatively little is known about the diffusion of, and the difficulties in, implementing accrual-based IPSAS in the Asian region. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap by exploring the Sri Lankan experience. This could be applied by other developing countries in Asia, including the high-growth nations, for policy adoption and accounting harmonisation.
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Wasana, Keddagoda Gamage Piyumi, Anoja Priyadarshani Attanayake, Kamani Ayoma Perera Wijewardana Jayatilaka, and Thilak Priyantha Weerarathna. "Antidiabetic Activity of Widely Used Medicinal Plants in the Sri Lankan Traditional Healthcare System: New Insight to Medicinal Flora in Sri Lanka." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (February 9, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6644004.
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The use of medicinal plant extracts and their isolated bioactive compounds for the management of diabetes mellitus has been tremendously increased in recent decades. The present study aimed at providing in-depth information on medicinal flora that has been widely used in the Sri Lankan traditional healthcare system for the management of diabetes mellitus. The data of this review article were obtained from published articles from January 2000 to September 2020 in scientific databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. In this review, a total number of 18 medicinal plants with the antidiabetic activity were expressed, and their isolated antidiabetic active compounds were highlighted as new drug leads. Results of the reported studies revealed that medicinal plants exert a potent antidiabetic activity via both in vitro and in vivo study settings. However, bioactive compounds and antidiabetic mechanism (s) of action of many of the reported medicinal plants have not been isolated/elucidated the structure in detail, to date. Reported antidiabetic medicinal plants with other properties such as antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities deliver new entities for the development of antidiabetic agents with multiple therapeutic targets. This is a comprehensive review on potential antidiabetic activities of the Sri Lankan medicinal plants that have been widely used in the traditional healthcare system. The information presented here would fill the gap between the use of them by traditional healers in the traditional medicine healthcare system in Sri Lanka and their potency for development of new drug entities in future.
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Sudasinghe, Hiranya, Jayampathi Herath, Rohan Pethiyagoda, and Madhava Meegaskumbura. "Undocumented translocations spawn taxonomic inflation in Sri Lankan fire rasboras (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae)." PeerJ 6 (December 20, 2018): e6084. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6084.
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A recent (2013) taxonomic review of the freshwater-fish genus Rasboroides, which is endemic to Sri Lanka, showed it to comprise four species: R. vaterifloris, R. nigromarginatus, R. pallidus and R. rohani. Here, using an integrative-taxonomic analysis of morphometry, meristics and mitochondrial DNA sequences of cytochrome b (cytb) and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi), we show that R. nigromarginatus is a synonym of R. vaterifloris, and that R. rohani is a synonym of R. pallidus. The creation and recognition of unnecessary taxa (‘taxonomic inflation’) was in this case a result of selective sampling confounded by a disregard of allometry. The population referred to R. rohani in the Walawe river basin represents an undocumented trans-basin translocation of R. pallidus, and a translocation into the Mahaweli river of R. vaterifloris, documented to have occurred ca 1980, in fact involves R. pallidus. A shared haplotype suggests the latter introduction was likely made from the Bentara river basin and not from the Kelani, as claimed. To stabilize the taxonomy of these fishes, the two valid species, R. vaterifloris and R. pallidus, are diagnosed and redescribed, and their distributions delineated. We draw attention to the wasteful diversion of conservation resources to populations resulting from undocumented translocations and to taxa resulting from taxonomic inflation. We argue against translocations except where mandated by a conservation emergency, and even then, only when supported by accurate documentation.
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You, Kevin. "Dealing with brain drain: the contributions of Sri Lanka’s peak business interest associations." Journal of Global Responsibility 10, no. 3 (August 15, 2019): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-10-2018-0052.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the way in which Sri Lankan business associations contribute to addressing such issues and the motivation behind their contributions. Design/methodology/approach Data, in this study, came from publicly available sources (online news articles, newspaper articles, reports, etc.) and a series of unstructured elite interviews with leaders of Sri Lanka’s most prominent peak business associations. Findings Sri Lankan associations contribute to addressing problems associated with human capital flight because doing so, ultimately, benefits their members and secretariat organisations. Peak bodies make their contributions by easing the push factors that catalyse the outflow of skilled migrants from the island nation and helping to replenish skills in the country by engaging in initiatives aimed at training and developing workers, young people and entrepreneurs. Research limitations/implications The behaviours of Sri Lanka’s business interest associations and the logics that drive their actions are similar to those of their counterparts in other countries (as per academic literature in the area), where association membership is not state-mandated. Rational actions of business associations have the potential to produce socially beneficial positive externalities (as in the present case issues around the brain drain). Social implications Findings from this research can assist government bodies, non-government organisations and other civil society organisations develop a better collaborative relationship with the private sector in developing nations to tackle problems associated with human capital flight. Originality/value While there has been a lively debate, among philosophers and scholars of public policy, on how governments should help address issues associated with this phenomenon, very little attention has been given to the real and potential contributions of non-governmental, non-charity-based civil society groups such as unions and business chambers. This paper seeks to address this gap.
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Samarakkody, Diana, Dulitha Fernando, Roderick McClure, Hemamali Perera, and Hiranthi De Silva. "Prevalence of externalizing behavior problems in Sri Lankan preschool children: birth, childhood, and sociodemographic risk factors." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47, no. 5 (April 8, 2011): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0377-5.
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Fernando, Suman, and Chamindra Weerackody. "Challenges in Developing Community Mental Health Services in Sri Lanka." Journal of Health Management 11, no. 1 (January 2009): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340901100113.
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There are several issues to be faced in developing mental health services in South Asia if they are to be culturally and socially appropriate to the needs of the communities in the region. The meanings of mental health relevant to culturally appropriate service development can be obtained by exploring local notions of well-being, systems of care available to people and current practices among those seeking help for mental health problems. Participatory research carried out in communities in Sri Lanka affected by prolonged armed conflict and by the 2004 tsunami clarified the nature of well-being as perceived by communities themselves. Subsequent development of mental health services for Sri Lanka can be based on community consultation, using methodologies and interventions that involve the participation of the communities and their local institutions, and adapting relevant western approaches to the Sri Lankan context.
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de Silva Jayasuriya, Shihan. "Remembering Indian Ocean Slavery through Film." Journal of Global Slavery 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00501006.
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Abstract Due to assimilation, the diversity of the region, and the problems of identification, the presence of Asians with African ancestry in some parts of the Indian Ocean goes largely unnoticed. Whilst Ethiopians came to Sri Lanka voluntarily during the sixth century, the largest known Afro-Sri Lankan community’s history dates back to the island’s colonial era, which began in the sixteenth century. Oral traditions and archival records demonstrate that the Indian Ocean slave trade carried on even after abolition of the transatlantic slave trade. Although their numbers have dwindled due to out-marriage and assimilation, this community’s presence is marked out through its strong cultural memories. This article highlights the significance of film as a medium for making Sri Lankans of African ancestry visible and giving them a space to reflect about their ancestors, cultural traditions and sociolinguistic transformations.
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Wickramaarachchi, W. P. T. M., S. S. N. Perera, and S. Jayasinghe. "COVID-19 Epidemic in Sri Lanka: A Mathematical and Computational Modelling Approach to Control." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2020 (October 16, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4045064.
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The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak that originated in the city of Wuhan, China, has caused a significant damage to the world population and the global economy. It has claimed more than 0.8 million lives worldwide, and more than 27 million people have been infected as of 07th September 2020. In Sri Lanka, the first case of COVID-19 was reported late January 2020 which was a Chinese national and the first local case was identified in the second week of March. Since then, the government of Sri Lanka introduced various sequential measures to improve social distancing such as closure of schools and education institutes, introducing work from home model to reduce the public gathering, introducing travel bans to international arrivals, and more drastically, imposed island wide curfew expecting to minimize the burden of the disease to the Sri Lankan health system and the entire community. Currently, there are 3123 cases with 12 fatalities and also, it was reported that 2925 patients have recovered and are discharged from hospitals, according to the Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka. In this study, we use the SEIR conceptual model and its modified version by decomposing infected patients into two classes: patients who show mild symptoms and patients who tend to face severe respiratory problems and are required to be treated in intensive care units. We numerically simulate the models for about a five-month period reflecting the early stage of the epidemic in the country, considering three critical parameters of COVID-19 transmission mainly in the Sri Lankan context: efficacy of control measures, rate of overseas imported cases, and time to introduce social distancing measures by the respective authorities.