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Larreta Ramírez, Elsa Verónica, Diego Alonso Gastelum Chavira, Juan Carlos Leyva López, and Omar Ahumada Valenzuela. "Structuring and creating alternatives for the eggplant loss problem using the value-focused thinking methodology." Inquietud Empresarial 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01211048.11208.
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The eggplant is a short shelf-life vegetable whose export in Mexico generates significant incomes for horticultural companies. However, when the market’s price is down, or its quality does not fulfill the market’s requirements, eggplant is not exported, and demand is low in the domestic market. This situation generates financial problems for companies, unemployment for people, and environmental problems, among others. To reduce eggplant loss is necessary to understand the elements around the issue, structure the problem, and generate solution alternatives. In this work, the Value-Focused Thinking (VFT) methodology was applied in a horticultural farm in Sinaloa, Mexico, to obtain values from a decision-maker to structure the eggplant loss problem, objectives of the farm and generate solution alternatives. This article presents a structured problem about eggplant loss, which includes one strategic objective, five fundamental objectives, and nine means-ends objectives as well as twenty-seven solution alternatives such as applying protected agriculture technology, selling waste as food for livestock and designing a new product based on eggplant. Through the results of the application of VFT methodology, the decision-maker had a better understanding of the eggplant loss problem and its value, which is going to be reflected in benefits for the horticultural farm.
Keywords: Eggplant loss, problem structuring, creating alternatives, value-focused thinking.
JEL classification: D46, D81
Received: 10/06/2020. Accepted: 06/11/2020. Published: 01/12/2020
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Maflahah, Iffan, Budisantoso Wirjodirdjo, and Putu Dana Karningsih. "IDENTIFICATION OF SALT DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM : A PRELIMINARY ON UNDERSTANDING LOCAL SALT PROBLEM IN INDONESIA." AGROINTEK 14, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agrointek.v14i2.7159.
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Salt is a strategic commodity that needs to be maintained. The salt problem has not resolved, so it is necessary to find the right solution for salt development. The study was carried out in Sampang Regency as a salt-producing area which was proposed for salt approval and formulated a policy for salt development. The research method used is the DPSIR method (Driving Power /; Pressure; State; Impact; Response). The main problems with developing salt are the impartiality of local salt prices, the supply chain system, changes in pond function, climate uncertainty, and inadequate infrastructure. Efforts must be made to develop salt are the modernization of the production process, controlled of salt price regulations, market search, improvement of human resources and structuring of supporting facilities for salt production should be carried out.
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Duchovičová, Jana, and Nina Kozárová. "Responsibility and Task Structuring as the Basic Attributes of Learning Styles and Their Relation Towards Consistency and the Quality of Hierarchy of a Learner’s Mind Map." Acta Technologica Dubnicae 6, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/atd-2016-0010.
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Abstract The study focuses on the identification of the relationship between the learning style and mental representation of curriculum content. The research problem identifies the relationship between the learning style factors - responsibility and task structuring and the selected categories of curriculum content representation - consistency and the quality of hierarchy identified through mind mapping. For the purposes of the research, we used the LSI Questionnaire by R. Dunn, K. Dunn and G. E. Price, a mind mapping test and chi-square statistics were used for the evaluation of research findings. The research sample consisted of 115 respondents. By means of analysis, we found out that a learning style in the observed factors of responsibility and task structuring does not influence students’ mental representation of the curriculum content.
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Lebedeva, A. V. "PROBLEMS OF ASSESSING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF PRODUCTS." ECONOMIC VECTOR 1, no. 24 (March 2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36807/2411-7269-2021-1-24-42-49.
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The company's ability to offer competitive products to the market on time is a key success factor, and more and more modern Russian managers are successfully implementing integrated approaches to the formation and management of competitiveness at all stages of the life cycle. However, at the moment, both in business practice and in the economic literature, there is no single approach to the definition of the concept of "competitiveness", a single methodology for evaluation has not been developed. The conducted content analysis allowed us to identify the unconditional properties of competitive products – the ability to surpass the competitor's products in terms of price and nonprice parameters and simultaneously meet the leading and currently relevant consumer needs at each stage of the product life cycle. When implementing the competitiveness assessment procedure, it is necessary to pay attention to the regulation of all the main stages, depending on the objectives of the assessment. Taking into account the characteristics of the product, the researcher needs to solve a number of ambiguous questions: to form a base for comparison, to choose the comparison parameters, and the evaluation method. The article identifies the risks that can distort the results of the study, highlights the key shortcomings of the most common assessment methods. As promising methods, the author suggests adapting the method of analyzing hierarchies, functionalcost analysis, and structuring quality functions.
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BELONOZHKO, Lydia N., Valentina A. IGNATENKO, and Vladimir V. MAYER. "Environmental Mechanisms to Improve the Quality Control System for the Enhancement of Production Competitiveness." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 3 (July 27, 2019): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.3(35).23.
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The purpose of the article is to study the specifics of creating, promoting products and ecology control of quality in the practice of domestic enterprises, as well as forming recommendations for improving the quality system of environmental management to improve product competitiveness in modern conditions. In the process of research, system analysis, economic analysis, ecology analysis and synthesis, statistical and analytical methods, generalization, systematization, structuring were used. It is revealed that the increasing competition, the diversity of the same goods in the same price segment directs enterprises to search for new ways to create additional competitive advantages aimed at winning customer loyalty. The current situation requires quality management at all stages of the promotion of food to the consumer – from the production of agricultural products, their processing, transportation and storage to the sale to the public. The article studied practical experience. Problems were identified, theoretical and methodological aspects of the subject of research were investigated, on the basis of which scientific, methodological and practical guidelines were developed for structuring the system of product quality ecology management, choosing directions for improving the management of enterprise competitiveness through improving product quality.
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Mamine, Fateh, and M’hand Farès. "Barriers and Levers to Developing Wheat–Pea Intercropping in Europe: A Review." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 6962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176962.
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Beyond the ecosystem benefits of diversification through wheat–pea intercropping, this review analyzes the barriers and levers to its adoption and diffusion. The present review shows that structuring the value chain around the products of this innovative cropping system faces a set of technical (i.e., varietal selection, phytosanitary issue control, crop management sequence, collection management, and storage), economic (i.e., cost, price, market opportunities, and contracting), and public policy (i.e., subsidies for ecosystem services provided by intercropping) obstacles that contribute to its slow adoption and dissemination in Europe. However, the value chain resulting from the wheat–pea intercropping system has levers to be exploited at all levels, particularly in terms of its competitive advantages, ecosystem benefits, and superior product quality. The results of this review help to identify priorities that actors of the value chain can address to better focus their efforts on significant problems and solutions that can accelerate the adoption and dissemination of this agroecological system.
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Edwards, Helen M. "Problem frames: analyzing and structuring software development problems. By Michael Jackson. Published by Addison-Wesley, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., ACM Press Series, 2001. ISBN: 0-201-59627-X, 390 pages. Price: U.K. ?32.95, U.S.A. $49.99, soft cover." Software Testing, Verification and Reliability 12, no. 2 (2002): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stvr.247.
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Correia dos Santos, João, and Miguel Mira da Silva. "Mapping Critical Success Factors for IT Outsourcing." International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems 11, no. 1 (January 2015): 62–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeis.2015010105.
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During the last decades, IT Outsourcing gained considerable management attention and is considered a strategic decision used to promote success on its variable dimensions, like: cost reduction, quality improvement, access to new technologies, among others. The existing literature presents many studies on IT Outsourcing. However, there are few studies from the provider's perspective. Therefore, the objective is to focus on providers' critical success factors and their relationships in IT Outsourcing contracts. To analyse this subject a qualitative approach based on cognitive mapping process was applied. Cognitive or causal maps are widely employed in problem-structuring, since they permit a rich representation of ideas, through the modelling of a complex network of actions. This approach is innovative compared to the traditional quantitative methods used. As a result, they were able to map a network of means and ends and in parallel were found new success factors like service standardization, price flexibility, cost management and service catalogue, which allowed obtaining new insights into the structure of today's IT Outsourcing contracts.
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Vári, Vince. "Crimes related to new psychoactive substances in rural segregates of Miskolc in Hungary." Belügyi Szemle 70, no. 2. ksz. (August 24, 2022): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.38146/bsz.spec.2022.2.3.
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Aim: The article examines the relationship between new psychoactive drugs and segregation in one city (Miskolc), showing the mechanism of its effects. The study indicates that deprived social milieu, poverty, and hopelessness are excellent breeding grounds for this new form of drug crime by structuring drug crime into a crime involving new psychoactive substances (NPS), affordable for the poorer classes, and classic drugs.Methodology: Given the purpose of the research, the study was based primarily on literature and historical data, a review of legal sources, and an analysis of police headquarters case statistics and CSO data. The regulatory efforts of urban decision-makers to address the problem have also been analyzed. With regard to the purpose of the research, the study was based primarily on literature and historical data, a review of legal sources, and analysis of police headquarters case statistics and CSO data. The regulatory efforts made by city policymakers to address the problem were also analyzed.Findings: New psychoactive drugs target slums, thus structuring the drug market. The poor have easy access to NPS, while the wealthier classes turn to classic drugs (cocaine, MDMA, etc.). The presence of NPS in a given area alters the crime trend and perpetuates underdevelopment. In the long term, it slows down improvement. Law enforcement and judicial instruments are not sufficient to address and reduce it. In addition, the law threatens to lower penalties for dealing in NPS so that even the risk premium is not built into the price of such substances, ensuring easy access for the impoverished. Meanwhile, such chemicals' health and social dangers are at least if not higher than those of traditional drugs.Value: The results may be helpful for city policymakers, crime prevention professionals, and police management. The study has the potential to inform the broader scientific community about the complex dangers of NPS. The study can be an essential starting point for further research into new phenomena of drug crime and the extent of health and social harm associated with new psychoactive substances. As well as to develop new methods and criminological recommendations for law enforcement.
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Aligleri, Lilian, Luiz Antonio Aligleri, and Gabriela Lino Gois. "Embalagens de vidro pós-consumo no sistema de coleta seletiva: o caso da cidade de Londrina." Revista de Administração da UFSM 13 (December 22, 2020): 1193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465944450.
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Purpose: This article presentes the results of an in-depth and contextualized study on the problems in the commercialization of glass containers sent to the selective collection system of the city of Londrina-PR, Brazil.Design: The methodological strategy was the triangulation of sources of evidence desiring to understand the situational characteristics, as well as the operational and environmental challenges faced by the local actors involved, especially the cooperatives. Quantitative and qualitative study case using primary and secondary data collection from multistakeholders.Findings: The data collected here allow us to conclude that vitreous materials have demonstrated difficult commercialization processes and are among those materials that are economically less interesting for cooperatives, intensifying the high social fragility of cooperates.Practical implications: The search for solutions to environmental and economic problems caused by the high generation of municipal solid waste in Brazil still have strong deficiencies in methodologies and technologies. Social implications: How the reverse logistics of vitreous packaging is operationalized has increased public financing with this type of material, since the sales price obtained by waste pickers does not corroborate the economic support of cooperative enterprises.Originality/value: This study allows to advance in the explanation and description of the way of structuring the reverse chain of vitreous packaging, especially in medium-sized municipalities in the inland.Keywords: post-consumption; packaging; glass; recycling; selective collection
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Palacios, Andrés, and Pedro Angumba. "Bahareque as a Sustainable Construction System: Analysis of Unit Prices." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032118.
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Abstract The bahareque is a form of vernacular construction that, with the help of modern materials with adequate techniques and knowledge, constitute an alternative to provide housing solutions. Despite this, the lack of knowledge and technical processes in relation to costs, gives rise to a research problem. Thus, this document presents a set of technical strategies based on the Cost-Benefit analysis of using bahareque as a raw material and structuring a unit price analysis tool to guide construction professionals. The study had a qualitative and quantitative approach, surveys were applied to the population and professionals in the construction area that allowed to approach the reality of the construction system in the city of Cuenca-Ecuador. It is evident that people know about the construction system, but show some resistance to its application because they are unaware of the advantages and disadvantages of the vernacular technique. With the cost analyzes carried out, it is concluded that a typical house of 130 m2 has a cost of $ 36,387.72 dollars; which, starts from concrete foundations, which support a reinforced masonry assembly that raises the wooden frames, associated with meshes that erect the walls with mortar and finally covered with roofs with a mixed material of wood and tile fired with clay.
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Antunes, Graziela Mota, Marcelo Fernandes Pacheco Dias, and Alisson Eduardo Maehler. "Processo de inovação: estudo de caso da adoção do sistema de produção de arroz orgânico vinculada ao NEMA." Revista de Administração da UFSM 9, no. 2 (May 18, 2016): 262–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465912779.
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The rice agribusiness in Rio Grande do Sul state is facing at least two major problems: the low price of the rice bag paid to the producer and the environmental impacts caused by the logic of productivity. These two issues are related to the discussion on the implementation of new technologies, as: the adoption organic agriculture. In this sense, evolutionary theory seeks to understand the process of technological change. Within this theoretical approach, the framework micro-meso-macro is highlighted. This one attempts to explain innovation as the result of a process involving a multilevel structure of rules, which evolves over time. In this context, the following research question is made: what are the rules of multilevel structures that are contributing to the adoption of organic production system associated with the Center for Environmental Education and Monitoring (NEMA)? The results have highlighted the importance of including “NGOs” and research firms as actors “structuring”; the “government” as the creator of “specific demands”; as well as to analyze the “natural resources” like possible “barriers” to the adoption of organic rice production system. Regarding the dynamics of the rules, the results give a first indication of the evolution of these over the adoption of new systems of production process.
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Ostrowski, Roman, Jan Kusiński, Krzysztof Czyż, Antoni Rycyk, Antoni Sarzyński, Wojciech Skrzeczanowski, Marek Strzelec, and Olaf Czyż. "The influence of periodical, interference laser micromachining on nano-crystallization of amorphous magnetic ribbons." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i3.762.
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The main problem connected with crystallization of amorphous magnetic materials from the FeSiB(X) group is the increase of their fragility with the increasing content of crystalline phase. To overcome this defect the possibilities offered by the interference, pulse laser heating of FeSiB ribbons were utilized. A simple, interference prismatic system at the output of Nd:YAG laser (8-10 ns, 2 J, 1064 nm) was used. The investigations included the influence of laser radiation energy density, number of laser pulses and their periodical, spatial surface arrangement on the crystallization process. Full Text: PDF ReferencesY.R. Zhang and R.V. Ramanujan, "A study of the crystallization behavior of an amorphous Fe77.5Si13.5B9 alloy", Mater. Sci. Eng. A 416, 161 (2006). CrossRef T. Alam, T. Borkar, S. Joshi, S. Katakamb, X. Chenc and N.B. Dahotre, "Influence of niobium on laser de-vitrification of Fe-Si-B based amorphous magnetic alloys", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 428, 75 (2015). CrossRef K.G. Pradeep, G. Herzer, P. Choi and D. Raabe, "Atom probe tomography study of ultrahigh nanocrystallization rates in FeSiNbBCu soft magnetic amorphous alloys on rapid annealing", Acta Mater. 68, 295 (2014). CrossRef S. Katakam, J.Y. Hwang, H. Vora, S.P. Harimkar, R. Banerjee and N.B. Dahotre, "Laser-induced thermal and spatial nanocrystallization of amorphous Fe-Si-B alloy", Scr. Mater. 66, 538 (2012). CrossRef J. Kusiński, A. Sypień, G. Kusiński and C. Nilson, "Microstructure and nanochemistry of Ca-doped cobalt oxide single crystals", Mat. Chem. Phys. 81, 390 (2003). CrossRef C. Smith, S. Katakam, S. Nag, X. Chen, R.V. Ramanujan, N.B. Dahotre and R. Banerjee, "Improved soft magnetic properties by laser de-vitrification of Fe-Si-B amorphous magnetic alloys", Mater. Lett. 122, 155 (2014). CrossRef Ch. Lu and R. H. Lipson, "Interference lithography: a powerful tool for fabricating periodic structures", Laser Photonics Rev. 4, 568 (2010). CrossRef K. Czyż, J. Marczak, R. Major, A. Mzyk, A. Rycyk, A. Sarzyński and M. Strzelec, "Selected laser methods for surface structuring of biocompatible diamond-like carbon layers", Diam. Relat. Mater. 67, 26 (2016). CrossRef A. Sarzyński, J. Marczak, M. Strzelec, A. Rycyk, K. Czyż and D. Chmielewska, "Laser micro-structuring of surfaces for applications in materials and biomedical science", Proc. SPIE, 10159, 101590A (2016). CrossRef
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Spille, Claas, Vaishakh Prasannan Tholan, Benjamin Straiton, Monika Johannsen, Marko Hoffmann, Qussai Marashdeh, and Michael Schlüter. "Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT) for Characterization of Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures (AMLS) in Gas-Liquid Systems." Fluids 6, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6090321.
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Against the background of current and future global challenges, such as climate change, process engineering requires increasingly specific solutions adapted to the respective problem or application, especially in gas–liquid contact apparatuses. One possibility to adjust the conditions in this kind of apparatuses is an intelligent and customized structuring, which leads to consistent fluid properties and flow characteristics within the reactor. In the course of this, the interfacial area for mass transfer, as well as residence times, have to be adjusted and optimized specifically for the respective application. In order to better understand and advance the research on intelligent customized additively manufactured lattice structures (AMLS), the phase distributions and local gas holdups that are essential for mass transfer are investigated for different structures and flow conditions. For the first time a tomographic measurement technique is used, the Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT), and validated with the volume expansion method and a fiber optical needle probe (A2PS-B-POP) for an air-water system for different modes of operation (with or without co-current liquid flow in empty or packed state). The ECVT proved to be particularly useful for both in the empty tube and the packed state and provided new insights into the phase distributions occurring within structured packings, which would have led to significantly underestimated results based on the visual reference measurements, especially for a densely packed additively manufactured lattice structure (5 mm cubic on the tip). Particularly for the modified structures, which were supposed to show local targeted differences, the ECVT was able to resolve the changes locally. The additional use of a pump for co-current flow operation resulted in slightly higher fluctuations within the ECVT data, although local events could still be resolved sufficiently. The final comparison of the empty tube at rest data with a fiber optical needle probe showed that the results were in good agreement and that the local deviations were due to general differences in the respective measurement techniques.
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Foster-Pedley, J., and H. Hertzog. "Financing strategies for growth in the renewable energy industry in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i4a3209.
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This study analyses empirical qualitative data collected from key stakeholders in the renewable energy industry in South Africa. As a step on the path towards developing better success in financing for renewable energy entrepreneurs, a financing framework is proposed and used to create a holistic view of the financing process in the renewable energy sector. It allows stakeholders to get an understanding of all the motives, barriers, sources of capital and possible destinations of capital in one system. Many good reasons exist for South Africa to invest in renewable energy with motives dominated by environmental concerns, diversity of supply, job creation and economic development. Internationally, investment in renewable energy projects has been growing despite a significant slump in overall global investment trends. In a decentralised business model, smaller renewable energy based businesses will continue to have difficulty in raising finance in South Africa. Key barriers include the high price of energy and equipment resulting in poor profitability, the reliability and quality of government policy, a lack of awareness and experience and a lack of innovative financing solutions. The study finds there are many expectations for government to address the needs of the industry within the context of its current regulated status. There appears to be a preference for demand side interventions, which rely on levies, subsidies and tax incentives. This paper strives to offer new ways of looking at the financing problems currently being experienced in the industry and proposes an innovative framework to assist the stakeholders in the industry in structuring financing for renewable energy ventures.
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Febryan, Bagus, B. Irwan Wipranata, and I. G. Oka Sindhu Pribadi. "PENATAAN KAWASAN WISATA AIR TERJUN LEUWI HEJO BERBASIS EKOWISATA." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 3, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 3373. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v3i2.12930.
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The tourist area of Leuwi Hejo Waterfall is one of the tourist areas in Cibadak Village, Sukamakmur District, Bogor Regency. Leuwi Hejo Waterfall Tourism is owned by Perhutani KPH Bogor and LMDH Wana Sejahtera and LMDH Badak Lestari. Leuwi Hejo Waterfall Tourism has an area of 14 hectares. This tourist area has the potential to attract beautiful natural scenery supported by clear waterfalls with rocks, enjoying water by swimming, photo spots, cliff jumping, beautiful atmosphere and natural coolness felt by tourists for vacation. However, a significant problem is the lack of facilities, infrastructure, and tourist facilities so that the potential in this area becomes less visible. The research looks at several tourism potentials that are quite good if they are developed with a touch of structuring the Leuwi Hejo Waterfall tourist area with the concept of ecotourism. Data collection methods made by researchers include interviews, observations, documentation, and secondary data in the form of data from relevant agencies that refer to the tourist area plan. the author performs several analyzes such as location and site analysis, tourist attraction analysis, tourism concept analysis, best price analysis, and space requirements analysis so as to produce a proposed arrangement of the Leuwi Hejo Waterfall Tourism Area which is planned with the concept of Ecotourism. Keywords: Ecotourism; Area planning; Air Terjun Leuwi HejoAbstrakKawasan obyek Wisata Air Terjun Leuwi Hejo merupakan salah satu kawasan wisata yang berada di Desa Cibadak, Kecamatan Sukamakmur, Kabupaten Bogor. Wisata Air Terjun Leuwi Hejo dimiliki oleh Perhutani KPH Bogor dan LMDH Wana Sejahtera dan LMDH Badak Lestari. Wisata Air Terjun Leuwi Hejo memiliki luas 14 Ha. Kawasan wisata ini memiliki potensi dengan daya tarik indahnya pemandangan alam yang di dukung dengan jernihnya air terjun dengan adanya bebatuan, Menikmati air dengan Berenang, spot foto, Lompat Tebing, suasana yang asri dan kesejukan alam yang di rasakan oleh wisatawan untuk berlibur. Namun adapun masalah yang cukup signifikan iyalah kurang sarana, prasarana, dan fasilitas wisata sehingga potensi yang ada di area kawasan ini menjadi kurang terlihat. penelitian melihat beberapa potensi wisata yang cukup baik apabila dikembangkan dengan sentuhan penataan kawasan wisata Air Terjun Leuwi Hejo dengan konsep ekowisata. metode pengumpulan data yang dibuat peneliti diantaranya yaitu wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi, serta data sekunder berupada data dari instansi terkait yang merujuk rencana kawasan wisata. penulis melakukan beberapa analisis seperti analisis lokasi dan tapak, analisis daya tarik wisata, analisis konsep wisata, analisis best price, dan analisis kebutuhan ruang sehingga dapat menghasilkan usulan penataan Kawasan Wisata Air Terjun Leuwi Hejo yang direncanakan dengan konsep Ekowisata. Pada Konsep ekowisata kondisi eksisting Kawasan Wisata Air Terjun Leuwi Hejo khususnya air terjunnya itu meruapak kawasan konservasi dan sudah memiliki daya tarik yaitu jernihnya air terjun.
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Robertson, D., and Q. J. Wang. "Bayesian networks for decision analyses — an application to irrigation system selection." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 2 (2004): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02178.
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Farmers are under continual pressure from Government and industry to change farm practices to meet productivity and environmental targets. In response to these pressures, farmers will make decisions to adopt practices that reflect their motivations and priorities. However, where the changes of practice are major, there may be considerable uncertainty associated with the decision-making process. Decision support tools are one method that may assist in reducing the uncertainty associated with decisions about changes in farm practices.Bayesian networks provide a useful tool to assist in the structuring and analysis of decision problems. A Bayesian network is a decision analysis framework, based on Bayesian probability theory, which allows the integration of scientific and experiential knowledge, and the uncertainty associated with this knowledge. The approach involves describing a system in terms of variables and linkages, or relationships between variables, at a level appropriate to the decision making. This is achieved through representing linkages as conditional probability tables and propagating probabilities through the network to give the likelihood of variable outcomes. Therefore, the approach ensures that treatment of risks and uncertainties is an intrinsic part of the decision-making processes. The Bayesian network is dynamic and interactive, and hence if a network previously developed does not fit a user's conceptual understanding of the system, it can be adapted quickly and simply to the cognitive understanding of the user.A case study Bayesian network has been developed for decisions associated with the selection of irrigation systems for irrigated dairy farms in Northern Victoria. This case study demonstrates that the most appropriate irrigation system for a dairy farm is dependent on factors including the amount of irrigation water available and soil types. Analysis of the Bayesian network indicates that the appropriate irrigation system is more sensitive to the income generated from pasture than to the price of water. The Bayesian network can demonstrate the impacts of decisions on the farmer's system and can allow the farmer to evaluate these impacts according to their own priorities and criteria. This information can then be used by the natural resource manager to assess the appropriate level of incentive or penalty required if the farmer is to adopt the preferred option that will also achieve preferable outcomes from a natural resource management perspective.
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Lutskyi, Andrii, Myroslav Lutskyi, and Boris Kindyuk. "The Contribution of Prof. M.N. Gernet to the Development of Legal Science." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 3 (July 4, 2019): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(3).519-529.
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The paper presents the biography and systematizes the research of a well-known Russian scholar Prof. M.N. Gernet. The authors single out different spheres of his work: 1) the theory and history of criminal law, including the theory of crime as a social phenomenon, the qualification of criminals and crimes, the concept of criminal law, types of punishment used in different countries as well as social security measures in the form of the penitentiary system, organization of inmates’ labor, their re-socialization; 2) criminal law sociology, including the research of the dependence of the number of crimes on the economic conditions, such as the average salary, housing utility payments, size of dwelling, price of bread and other basic necessities; 3) criminal law statistics whose methods M.N. Gernet actively used, such as survey, questionnaires, observation, experiment, ranging (structuring); thanks to the crime and criminal personality research offices that he organized in different cities of the Soviet Union it was possible to collect data and to systematize it by the causes of crime, types of crimes, personal characteristics of some criminals (gender, age, education, marital status); 4) problems of juvenile delinquency analyzed by scholars using data on age groups of delinquents, which allowed to show the positive effect of the reduction of punishment depending on age, the hearing of cases by the Commission on Minors’ Affairs and a wide use of medical and pedagogical measures; 5) the history of using capital punishment, including a historical overview of using this type of punishment, which gave the scholar an opportunity to show that this measure does not affect the total number of crimes and has a negative impact on the psychological atmosphere in the society manifested through an increased number of civil disobediences and violent crimes; 6) crimes of Hitler’s army against humanity, which M.N. Gernet studied by collecting data on the number of war crimes against civilians, prisoners of war, hostages, analysis of mass shootings and the destruction of cities, villages, cultural monuments and other valuable objects; 7) biographies of legal scholars, including the information that M.N. Gernet collected on the work and contributions to the legal science of such famous lawyers as A.F. Konin, N.S. Tagantsev, V.K. Sluchevsky, I.Ya. Foinitsky, P.I. Lyublinsky, paying special attention to the monographs and textbooks that they wrote.
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Araúzo, José Alberto, Ricardo Del Olmo, and Juan José Laviós. "Subasta combinatoria para la programación dinámica en sistemas de fabricación distribuidos." Dirección y Organización, no. 51 (December 1, 2013): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37610/dyo.v0i51.438.
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Los métodos de programación de operaciones tradicionales, estáticos y basados en arquitecturas centralizadas o jerárquicas, no son suficientemente flexibles para adaptarse al dinamismo y complejidad de los sistemas de fabricación actuales. Por ello, la investigación en técnicas dinámicas de programación y control on-line está creciendo rápidamente. En este ar tículo se presenta una técnica de programación dinámica on-line basada en modelos de mercado e implementada sobre un sistema multiagente. Esta propuesta, además de dinámica, es distribuida no jerárquica, lo que aporta al sistema las características deseadas.Palabras claves: programación y control de la producción, programación on-line, sistemas de fabricación basados en agentes, subastas combinatorias.Combinatorial auction for dynamic scheduling in distributed manufacturing systemsAbstract: The traditional static scheduling methods, based on hierarchical and centralized architectures, are not flexible enough to self-adapt to the dynamism and complexity of today’s manufacturing systems. For this reason, new proposals to improve the scheduling and control of agile manufacturing systems constantly appear. The auction based allocation methods as well as the software paradigm of multiagent systems, which offers new techniques to face complex unsolved problems, can help to find promising solutions in manufacturing systems. Traditionally, scheduling problems have been solved offline by a centralized decision-maker that use a global optimisation model. We propose to include in the system several decision-makers modelled as agents instead. We consider two kinds of agents: order agents and machines agents. Each order agent represents a product that is characterized by its operations, precedence relationships and due date. The goal of each order agent is to find machines that can perform the required operations and hence completing successfully the order. Each production order creates its own schedule (local schedule). An auction mechanism ensures that local schedules are nearly compatible (several orders don’t use the same machine at the same moment) and globally efficient. Every agent in the system can communicate with other agents through the exchange of messages. The interaction mechanism is ruled by means of a combinatorial auction where a theoretical basis is provided for structuring message sequencing, bid evaluation, and price updating. Our research contributes to the auction technique in manufacturing scheduling and control in two basic aspects: (1) we apply the auction mechanism for a routing flexible environment (an operation can be performed in several machines with a differing efficiency), (2) we propose an implementation that can schedule online, updating real-time information: planning horizon, changes in orders, changes in machine availability and capabilities. We include explicitly the option of reallocate resources in real time when a new order arrives to the system. In order to test the features of this approach we display some computational results. Preliminary results show efficient performance in dynamic scenarios, but there are still many matters to investigate. Future works will be devoted to test the proposed approach on more case studies or even on real cases. We can add complexity to the structure of the system, and we must improve some aspects of the auction mechanism such as convergence and stability.Keywords: manufacturing programming and control, on-line scheduling, agent based manufacturing systems, combinatorial auctions.
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Gál, Anna, and Peter Bro Miltersen. "The Cell Probe Complexity of Succinct Data Structures." BRICS Report Series 10, no. 44 (December 11, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/brics.v10i44.21816.
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In the cell probe model with word size 1 (the bit probe model), a static data structure problem is given by a map f : {0,1}^n * {0,1}^m -> {0,1}, where {0,1}^n is a set of possible data to be stored, {0,1}^m is a set of possible queries (for natural problems, we have m << n) and f(x,y) is the answer to question y about data x.<br /> <br />A solution is given by a representation phi : {0,1}^n -> {0,1}^s and a query algorithm q so that q(phi(x), y) = f(x,y). The time t of the query algorithm is the number of bits it reads in phi(x).<br /> <br />In this paper, we consider the case of <em>succinct</em> representations where s = n + r for some <em>redundancy</em> r << n. For a boolean version of the problem of polynomial evaluation with preprocessing of coefficients, we show a lower bound on the redundancy-query time trade-off of the form <br />(r + 1) t >= Omega(n/log n).<br /> In particular, for very small redundancies r, we get an almost optimal lower bound stating that the query algorithm has to inspect almost the entire data structure (up to a logarithmic factor). We show similar lower bounds for problems satisfying a certain combinatorial property of a coding theoretic flavor. Previously, no omega(m) lower bounds were known on t in the general model for explicit functions, even for very small redundancies.<br /> <br />By restricting our attention to <em>systematic</em> or <em>index</em> structures phi satisfying phi(x) = x · phi*(x) for some map phi* (where · denotes concatenation) we show similar lower bounds on the redundancy-query time trade-off for the natural data structuring problems of Prefix Sum and Substring Search.
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White, Joseph, and Nicholas Corwin. "Insulin Shocks." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, July 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-10041149.
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Abstract Some of the news about insulin is shocking. In the United States, people have died because they were rationing a lifesaving medication discovered in the 1920s. How could this happen? Perhaps a better question is why anyone should be surprised. The insulin story both illustrates and challenges many understandings of the problems with insurance, treatment, payment, and politics in the U.S. health care system. It particularly highlights consequences of structuring price discounts as rebates to health plans or government instead of as lower individual prices to patients. Perversely, this encourages higher list prices which, for patients without insurance or with high cost-sharing, make insulin less affordable than it would be without the rebates.
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Bahurmoz, Asma Mohammed, and Nahla Samrgandi. "AN ANP MODEL TO DEVELOP A NATIONAL TRANSFORMATION PLAN." International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process 9, no. 1 (May 10, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v9i1.481.
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In October 2015, The Saudi Council for Economic and Development Affairs unveiled an austerity plan in response to a drop in the price of oil to around US $26, which threw the country into an unexpected deficit of about $100 billion. Later on, an austerity plan evolved into the National Transformation Plan (NTP) 2020. The NTP focused on the key drivers for economic growth. Although only an outline of the NTP was released at the time, we speculate on what will be the best implementation policy. Knowing that the government is taking a developmental approach that is inclusive, transparent and accountable to all stakeholders in society, we opted to address this question as a multi criteria decision problem formulated in an Analytic Network Process (ANP) model. The ANP is a sound methodology for structuring the problem to find which policy to focus on to make the transformation as effective as possible, taking into account social and political factors in addition to economic ones. The ANP model showed that to make the transformation effective through blending socio-economic and political factors, policy-makers must give priority to management reform over privatization and fiscal reform policies.https://doi.org/10.13022/ijahp2017.v9.is1.483
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Koch, Klaus Peter, Anup Ramachandran, Wigand Poppendieck, Dara Feili, and Klaus-Peter Hoffmann. "Polymer-Based Implantable Electrodes: State of the Art and Future Prospects." MRS Proceedings 926 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-0926-cc06-01.
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ABSTRACTElectrical interfaces between technical system and the biological system differs with respect to material and shape depending on their intended application. Although there are different approaches using silicon as basic material for sieve or needle like electrodes interfacing the nerve tissue. This abstract will focus on polymer-based flexible implantable electrodes.Mechanical interaction between the electrode and tender nerve tissues can induce adverse body reaction such as fibrous tissue encapsulation. Using flexible materials to design the electro-biological interface might reduce this effect. Different designs of such flexible electrodes were proposed for contacting the nerve or as platform for sensors. For example, Cuff like electrodes can be elastically wrapped around the nerve for recording or stimulation of neural signals. Using microtechnology for the structuring of polymer substrates new fiber like electrodes with multiple electrode sites were developed that can be sewed into the nerve. Thereby the possibility of selective nerve recording and stimulation was improved. One major problem of these tiny and flexible electrodes is the connection to recording and stimulation system. Incorporating electronics such as multiplexer or amplifier directly on the flexible substrate could reduce the number of connection lines or improve the sensor capabilities. Further, the integration of flexible organic electronics on the implant allows the design of more flexible and intelligent electrodes. Additionally the electrodes and sensors can be designed using conductive polymers to create a new generation of “All Polymer” active implants. Not only the chemical and mechanical properties of the materials employed can influence the biocompatibility of an implant but also the surface topography in the nanometer range plays a key role such as the growth of cells on the implants. Selective adhesion of different type of cells to different parts of the implant is a challenge for the interdisciplinary research. Finally the combination of surface nanostructuring, for example the interference laser beam structuring, and organic electronics with microstructured polymer implants offers interesting potentials for new active implants of the next decades
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"Study of polyvinyl alcohols (9 and 31 kDa) aggregation in aqueous solutions by fluorescent probing." Biophysical Bulletin, no. 44 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2075-3810-2020-44-01.
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Background: When developing low-temperature cell storage methods, a serious problem is recrystallization, which leads to cell damage during thawing. Previous studies have shown the promising use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as an inhibitor of recrystallization. But the mechanisms of protective action of PVA are not finally clarified. So, it is not known what structural features contribute to implementation of PVA antirecrystallization properties in the cryoprotective concentration range. Objectives: Establishing the peculiarities of structuring PVA molecules in aqueous solutions using the fluorescent probe. Materials and Methods: Aqueous solutions of 0.1–5% (wt.%) PVA with molecular mass (m.m.) of 9 and 31 kDa) were studied. Fluorescence probe method, photometry, stalagmometry, and molecular modeling were used. Results: Using the 3-hydroxy-4¢-(N,N-dimethylamino)flavones (FME) fluorescent probe it was found that in 0.1–5% of PVA (m.m. 9 and 31 kDa) aqueous solutions the structural organization of polymers changes with formation of different in size and structure of local hydrophobic regions. In PVA solutions, m.m. 9 kDa micelles with smaller cavities are formed in which FME is densely surrounded by polymer segments. In the case of PVA m.m. 31 kDa, it forms micelles with smaller cavities surrounded by polymer segments. PVA m.m. 31 kDa forms micelles with larger in size and more hydrophilic cavities. If the content is more than 3%, PVA m.m. 31 kDa aggregates are partially destroyed, which may be the result of increased water content. Under these conditions, PVA m.m. 9 kDa micelles are enlarged. as a result of aggregation. According to molecular modeling data, PVA is able to form strong hydrogen-linked complexes with the surface of ice nanocrystals. Such complex, having a hydrophobic surface, can depolarize water molecules, thus slowing down further growth of ice crystals. Conclusions: Changes in the structural organization, which may affect the recrystallization properties, have been found in water solutions of PVA. The mechanism of implementation of polymer anticrystallization activity has been suggested. The possible role of structure and supramolecular organization of PVA in aqueous solutions in understanding the mechanisms of depressing recrystallization during freeze-thawing of cells is discussed.
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Yegupov, Yuriy, and Irina Yegupova. "IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPETITIVENESS OF PRODUCTS AT FOOD INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES." Scientific Notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University. Series: Economy and Management 71, no. 2 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2523-4803/71-2-5.
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The academic paper substantiates a number of recommendations for improving the conceptual foundations of building a system for managing the competitiveness of products at food industry enterprises. Setting of objectives for the implementation of this process should be determined exclusively for each individual product name, taking into account the stage of its life cycle, external and internal conditions for the enterprise operation, and the chosen corporate strategy. As a part of the product competitiveness management system, it is proposed to form three subsystems: quality management, cost management, and product marketing support management. Structuring the quality management system, according to the main groups of single indicators, is of practical interest. Taking into account the specifics of the products of the food industry, it is proposed to structure the specified system, according to three groups of indicators characterizing the microbiological, physicochemical, and organoleptic properties of the products. In each of these blocks, the following actions should be carried out: establishment of a range of permissible values for each indicator; control of compliance with the latter; staff motivation. Within the cost management subsystem, it is advisable to single out a separate block dedicated to the optimization of direct material costs in order to ensure the optimal price-quality ratio by the criterion of maximizing profits from product sales. One of the main reasons hindering the application of the process approach in managing the competitiveness of products is the lack of formalization and systematization of methods for its implementation. In this regard, the author's solution to this problem is proposed in the context of the implementation of the function of planning the competitiveness of products. In particular, the expediency of using the author's algorithm for the formation of an optimal program for increasing the competitiveness of products has been substantiated. An effective mechanism for motivating the participation of personnel of food industry enterprises in activities aimed at increasing the competitiveness of products has been proposed.
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Melber, Henning. "IN THIS ISSUE." Strategic Review for Southern Africa 37, no. 2 (December 22, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.35293/srsa.v37i2.182.
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It is no news to anybody that the power structures in our world have considerably shifted during the last quarter of a century. Glasnost and the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union towards the end of the 1980s brought an end to the bipolar world dominated by the East-West conflict and the Cold War since the aftermath of World War II. The end of the Soviet bloc also paved the way towards an appeasement strategy inthe Southern African sub-region. What was praised as "the end of history", meaning the ultimate victory of capitalism as the uncontested mode of production structuring societies (and classes), however, led to an only short-lived sole hegemony of the main Western powers and in particular the United States (US) during the 1990s. These were the days when 'good governance' became the terminology of a crusade against which regimes were measured and judged. The criteria were based on Western capitalist notions of development as conceptualised and imposed by the International Financial Institutions (IFIs). But as we know, little changed for many towards the better. The problem of affordable access to higher education, a demand erupting these days forcefully on South African campuses, was not least enhanced through policy recommendations in the 1990s, which neglected such investment in the social and intellectual capacity of countries and their people.1)
While old conflicts were solved, new conflicts and ideologicalbattlefields emerged. The rise of China as the world's next superpower marked the beginning of the 21st century, and the shock waves sent through the world with 9/11 opened a new era of "war against terror", in which human rights were the first victim. Development and security became integral elements of a global governance system, which since the turn of the century set paradigmatic frameworks, first with the Millennium Development Goals and now with the Sustainable Development Goals, while continuous efforts to achieve agreed measures to curb carbon emissions and bring environmental degradation and climate change to a halt have remained futile efforts. The tokenism so far only shows that governments continue to remain loyal to their own agendas. Guided by such shortsightedness, they do not act in solidarity with humanity as an integral part of nature and habitat to increase the chances for survival. Profit maximisation at all costs remains the ultimate goal even if in the long term at too high a price.