Dissertations / Theses: 'Problem framing and scoping'

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Gallagher, Kathleen M. "Problem Framing in Problem-Oriented Policing:An Examination of Framing from Problem Definition to Problem Response." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406811215.

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Dzbor, Martin. "Design as interactions of problem framing and problem solving : a formal and empirical basis for problem framing in design." Thesis, Open University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250506.

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In this thesis, I present, illustrate and empirically validate a novel approach to modelling and explaining design process. The main outcome of this work is the formal definition of the problem framing, and the formulation of a recursive model of framing in design. The model (code-named RFD), represents a formalisation of a grey area in the science of design, and sees the design process as a recursive interaction of problem framing and problem solving. The proposed approach is based upon a phenomenon introduced in cognitive science and known as (reflective) solution talkback. Previously, there were no formalisations of the knowledge interactions occurring within this complex reasoning operation. The recursive model is thus an attempt to express the existing knowledge in a formal and structured manner. In spite of rather abstract, knowledge level on which the model is defined, it is a firm step in the clarification of design process. The RFD model is applied to the knowledge-level description of the conducted experimental study that is annotated and analysed in the defined terminology. Eventually, several schemas implied by the model are identified, exemplified, and elaborated to reflect the empirical results. The model features the mutual interaction of predicates ‘specifies’ and ‘satisfies’. The first asserts that a certain set of explicit statements is sufficient for expressing relevant desired states the design is aiming to achieve. The validity of predicate ‘specifies’ might not be provable directly in any problem solving theory. A particular specification can be upheld or rejected only by drawing upon the validity of a complementary predicate ‘satisfies’ and the (un-)acceptability of the considered candidate solution (e.g. technological artefact, product). It is the role of the predicate ‘satisfies’ to find and derive such a candidate solution. The predicates ‘specifies’ and ‘satisfies’ are contextually bound and can be evaluated only within a particular conceptual frame. Thus, a solution to the design problem is sound and admissible with respect to an explicit commitment to a particular specification and design frame. The role of the predicate ‘acceptable’ is to compare the admissible solutions and frames against the ‘real’ design problem. As if it answered the question: “Is this solution really what I wanted/intended?” Furthermore, I propose a set of principled schemas on the conceptual (knowledge) level with an aim to make the interactive patterns of the design process explicit. These conceptual schemas are elicited from the rigorous experiments that utilised the structured and principled approach to recording the designer’s conceptual reasoning steps and decisions. They include • the refinement of an explicit problem specification within a conceptual frame; • the refinement of an explicit problem specification using a re-framed reference; and • the conceptual re-framing (i.e. the identification and articulation of new conceptual terms) Since the conceptual schemas reflect the sequence of the ‘typical’ decisions the designer may make during the design process, there is no single, symbol-level method for the implementation of these conceptual patterns. Thus, when one decides to follow the abstract patterns and schemas, this abstract model alone can foster a principled design on the knowledge level. It must be acknowledged that for the purpose of computer-based support, these abstract schemas need to be turned into operational models and consequently suitable methods. However, such operational perspective was beyond the time and resource constraints placed on this research.

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Hjorth, Marcus. "Framing och epidemier : En studie av framing i relation till fiktiva och reella epidemier." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-27662.

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The present study aimed to replicate Tversky & Kahneman's' survey of 1981 The Asian Disease Problem. A survey was conducted on the Internet (N = 200). An identical problem was added, yet with The Swine Flu as the disease. This was done to be able to investigate if there are any order effects, and also if it matters whether the mentioned disease is fictional or real. The results show the same results as Tversky & Kahneman already noted; positively and negatively framed problems generate different responses from the participants. In addition, the results show a significant order effect: it does matter in which order the problems are presented with regard to positive and negative framing. The group of participants who were first introduced to a negatively framed problem showed a tendency to respond more evenly to the following problem. Lastly, no differences were found in responses depending on whether it was a fictional (The Asian Disease) or real (The Swine Flu) that was presented in the problem.

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Gao, Song. "A comparative study of problem framing in multiple settings." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36300470.

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Gao, Song, and 高崧. "A comparative study of problem framing in multiple settings." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36300470.

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Koy, Andrew Bruen. "Framing the force protection problem an application of knowledge management." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5894.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Using knowledge management and knowledge flow theories, personnel involved in force protection can better construct a trustworthy threat assessment of a port region. By ensuring that intelligence agents, regional experts, and force protection officers are linked in a knowledge flow system, our fleet's decision makers will be equipped with the proper tools to better prepare for port visits. A new organization, the Multi-Threat Alert Center, will be a vital organization that is charged with doing most of the knowledge construction in this system. Therefore its construction and implementation into the AT/FP organization is paramount to maintaining a successful system. Its ultimate knowledge product will be used by commands conducting port visits as the main assessment of the current threat conditions. A key component to ensuring that due diligence is maintained while using pre-fixed force protection plans is to ensure that knowledge is treated as a dynamic system instead of a static object. By analyzing the MTAC knowledge flow systems with current theories, the planners and organizers of force protection can ensure that a functioning and efficient system is in place.

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Modir, Bahar. "Problem solving in physics: undergraduates' framing, procedures, and decision making." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36258.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Physics
Eleanor C. Sayre
In this dissertation I will start with the broad research question of what does problem solving in upper division physics look like? My focus in this study is on students' problem solving in physics theory courses. Some mathematical formalisms are common across all physics core courses such as using the process of separation of variables, doing Taylor series, or using the orthogonality properties of mathematical functions to set terms equal to zero. However, there are slight differences in their use of these mathematical formalisms across different courses, possibly because of how students map different physical systems to these processes. Thus, my first main research question aims to answer how students perform these recurring processes across upper division physics courses. I break this broad question into three particular research questions: What knowledge pieces do students use to make connections between physics and procedural math? How do students use their knowledge pieces coherently to provide reasoning strategies in estimation problems? How do students look ahead into the problem to read the information out of the physical scenario to align their use of math in physics? Building on the previous body of the literature, I will use the theory family of Knowledge in Pieces and provide evidence to expand this theoretical foundation. I will compare my study with previous studies and provide suggestions on how to generalize these theory expansions for future use. My experimental data mostly come from video-based classroom data. Students in groups of 2-4 students solve in-class problems in quantum mechanics and electromagnetic fields 1 courses collaboratively. In addition, I will analyze clinical interviews to demonstrate how a single case study student plays an epistemic game to estimate the total energy in a hurricane. My second research question is more focused on a particular instructional context. How do students frame problem solving in quantum mechanics? I will lay out a new theoretical framework based in epistemic framing that separates the problem solving space into four frames divided along two axes. The first axis models students' framing in math and physics, expanded through the second axis of conceptual problem solving and algorithmic problem solving. I use this framework to show how students navigate problem solving. Lastly, I will use this developed framework to interpret existing difficulties in quantum mechanics.

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Koy, Andrew B. "Framing the force protection problem : an application of knowledge management /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FKoy.pdf.

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Burch, Michael Eddie. "Climate Change, Situational Theory of Problem Solving, and Issue Framing Effects." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5449.

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This is an exploratory study of the Situational Theory of Problem Solving applied to the context of climate change communication. Selective exposure to politically slanted media is explored as a referent criterion and framing effects are also tested. Relationships between consumption of media characterized as conservative or liberal with referent criterion, Situational Motivation in Problem Solving, problem recognition, involvement recognition, and constraint recognition are tested.

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Mohammadi, Fateme, and Christina Mårtensson. "Monetary Rewards and Framing of the Problem in Crowdsourcing : Effects on Participation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448316.

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The purpose of this study is to explore if monetary reward negatively affects people’s willingness to participate in crowdsourcing projects and to see how the relationship between monetary rewards and the framing of the crowdsourcing problem affects participation in crowdsourcing contests. A two-phase data collection method is used to answer these questions; a survey to identify the people who had participated in crowdsourcing projects and a focus group with the suitable candidates to discuss the research questions further. According to our findings, framing a crowdsourcing project as a good cause is not a strong enough motivation to convince people to participate in a challenge. People usually look for a benefit (financial or personal) in a challenge when deciding to participate. On the other hand, offering a reward for a crowdsourcing contest that is held for a good cause increases people’s willingness to participate. Potential participants react differently to a reward that is larger than usual. While more experienced participants feel extra motivated by large rewards, those who have less experience in crowdsourcing projects are more likely to see the large reward as a threat, decreasing their chances of winning, thus, reducing their willingness to participate in those challenges.

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Gray, A., Karin Keith, and Huili Hong. "Framing Problem-based Learning Cases in Literacy within Eastern Tennessee Regional Contexts." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1011.

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Philippi, Andreas. "The Reflective HCI Practitioner : a Study of Problem Framing in Human-Computer Interaction Practice." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146501.

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The HCI community is well aware of the gap between research and practice in the field. The issue is often discussed in terms of the applicability and adaption of theories and methods to the real world, but both categories seem insufficient for explaining how practitioners navigate the complexity of the problems they work on. This study takes a more fundamental perspective, inspired by theories of reflective practice and design. As a consequence, the attention is shifted to the framing of a problem that happens prior—or in parallel—to the use of theories and methods. Six case studies were collected through semi-structured interviews to investigate this position. The findings point towards a rather small set of techniques which are used for supporting the (re-)framing of a problem in an often pragmatic and informal way. A model locating the methods in their respective stages is proposed; and the methods are related to other research to suggest additional possibilities not mentioned by the participants of this study. What most clearly distinguished HCI practitioners from designers in other professions was their distrust in their own intuition, and the key role they attached to the user in response.

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Wigrup, Ida, and Linn Warfving. "Metoder som arbetsterapeuter kan använda för att minska utmanande beteende : En scoping review." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för rehabilitering, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40071.

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Utmanande beteende kan ofta innebära aktivitetsinskränkningar för individer som lider av beteendet men även för omgivningen. Detta innebär färre möjligheter till aktivitet och delaktighet och riskerar att gå ut över livskvalitén. Idag saknas ett fokus för att utveckla arbetsterapeutiska metoder inom området och forskningen som finns är begränsad. Syftet med examensarbetet var att visa vilka arbetsterapeutiska metoder som beskrivs i litteraturen för att minska utmanande beteende. Studiedesignen som användes var scoping review. Databaserna som användes var AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE och PsycINFO. Inklusionskriterier för artiklarna var att de var tillgängliga i fulltext, skrivna på engelska och publicerade mellan 2003 och 2018. Sökning resulterade i 124 träffar varav 13 var dubbletter. Resultatet inkluderade 20 artiklar som motsvarade syftet varav 13 var publicerade i USA. Resultatet visade en stor bredd av metoder som delades in i fyra nyckelområden: aktivitetsbaserade metoder, miljöbaserade metoder, sensoriska metoder samt stöd och strategier. Detta är ett relativt outforskat område där det finns stora möjligheter för arbetsterapeuter att bidra med sin kompetens.
Challenging behaviour often results in occupational limitations for the individual that suffer from the behaviour, but also for their surroundings. This entails reduced possibilities to activity and participation which will affect their quality of life. There is a lack of focus on developing occupational therapeutic methods within this area today, also the current research within the field is limited. The aim of this bachelor thesis was to explore occupational therapeutic methods described in the literature to reduce challenging behaviour. Scoping review was used as study design. In AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE and Psycinfo were 124 articles found, 13 of these were doublets. The result included 20 articles corresponding to the aim, 13 of these were published in USA. and 20 articles which corresponded to the aim was included in the results. All included articles were available in full text, written in english and published between 2003- 2018. A wide range of methods were shown in the results. These were categorized into four key issues: activity based methods, environmental methods, sensory methods and support and strategies. This field is relatively unexplored and there are large possibilities for occupational therapists to contribute with competence.

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Eriksson, Funke Lina, and Alexandra Sandberg. "Är anchoring och framing ett problem vid rådgivning?– En explorativ studie om rådgivningsprocessen inom private banking." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129835.

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Bakgrund: I takt med att antalet miljonärer ökat i Sverige har antalet private banking-kunder ökat. Private bankings främsta syfte är att genom rådgivning uppnå kundens finansiella mål, utan att falla i psykologiska fallgropar. För att kunna upprätthålla en effektiv rådgivning krävs en djupare kunskap om förekomsten av psykologiska fallgropar och deras påverkan på rådgivningsprocessen inom private banking.Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga private banking rådgivares kännedom och strategier inom rådgivningsprocessen med fokus på problematiken med anchoring och framing. Uppsatsen syftar även till att, med utgångspunkt i ämnets relevanta teorier och tidigare forskning, analysera och utvärdera hanteringen av anchoring och framing i rådgivningsprocessen inom private banking.Genomförande: Uppsatsens explorativa tillvägagångssätt och kvalitativa ansats kombinerar en litteraturstudie med intervjuer och tester med tio verksamma rådgivare inom private banking. Den insamlade empirin utgör grunden för kartläggningen av private banking rådgivarnas kännedom och strategier i rådgivningsprocessen kopplat till problematiken kring anchoring och framing. En kartläggning som tillsammans med ämnets relevanta teorier och tidigare forskning analyseras och utvärderas för att addera mervärde till rådgivningsprocessen.Slutsats: Anchoring och framing förekommer inom rådgivningsprocessens samtliga delar och hanteras omedvetet av private banking rådgivarna. Rådgivarna har en låg ingående kännedom om fenomenen anchoring och framing men banken har ett intresse i att fördjupa sin kunskap inom forskningsområdet. Anchoring och framing är inte ett problem av avgörande bemärkelse vid rådgivning inom private banking.
Background: As the number of millionaires increased in Sweden, the number of private banking clients increased. The primary purpose within private banking is to achieve the client's financial goals through advising, without falling into psychological biases. In order to maintain an effective consulting requires a deeper knowledge of the existence of the psychological biases and their impact on the consulting process in private banking.Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to identify private banking advisers knowledge and strategies in the consulting process with a focus on the problematics of anchoring and framing. The thesis also aim to, based on relevant theories and previous research, analyze and evaluate the handling of anchoring and framing in the consulting process in private banking.Completion: The thesis exploratory and qualitative approach combines a literature review with interviews and tests with ten active advisers within private banking. The collected empirical data form the chart of private banking advisers knowledge and strategies in the consulting process with focus on the problematics of anchoring and framing. A chart which together with relevant theories and previous research is analyzed and evaluated in order to add value to the consulting process.Conclusion: Anchoring and framing exists in all parts of the consulting process and the private banking advisers handled their existence unconsciously. The advisers have a low ingoing knowledge of the phenomena anchoring and framing, but the bank has an interest to deepen their knowledge of the research field. Anchoring and framing is not an issue of vital sense in consulting process within private banking.

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Rudolfsson, Annelie. "Konsten att konstruera ett socialt problem : En studie i politisk kommunikation om hur ”skolkrisen” som socialt problem skapas, utvecklas och upprätthålls i den svenska dagspressen." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-35060.

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Den tredje december 2013 gick Skolverket ut med ett pressmeddelande ”Kraftig försämring i Pisa”, med anledning av att svenska 15-åringar presterade dåligt i det internationella kunskapstestet Pisa 2012. I samma veva började medierna rapportera om att det var fråga om en ”skolkris”, och många samhällsaktörer började diskutera problemet, dess orsaker, konsekvenser och lösningar. Mot denna bakgrund så tar denna undersökning sin utgångspunkt. Den handlar om hur ”skolkrisen” artikuleras som ett socialt problem i den svenska dagspressen och den handlar om hur samhällsaktörerna i den politiska offentligheten uppfattar detta som ett socialt problem genom den betydelseförhandling som de för. Ovanstående bakgrundsbeskrivning leder fram till följande problemformulering: hur skapas, ut-vecklas och upprätthålls skolkrisen som ett socialt problem i den svenska dagspressen? Syftet med undersökningen är att lämna ett bidrag till forskningen om hur sociala problem konstrueras, samt att lämna ett bidrag till fältet för politisk kommunikation. Undersökningen bygger på en kvalitativ textanalys med narratologiska inslag som fokuserar på skolkrisen som berättelse, vad den handlar om och hur den berättas. Empirin utgörs av 46 nyhetsar-tiklar som hämtats i från tidningarna DN och SvD under tidsperioden 3 december 2013 till 31 mars 2014. Skolkrisen skapades i och med att Skolverket publicerade pressmeddelandet ”Kraftig försämring i Pisa” och genom att medierna legitimerade krisen då de började rapportera om det som Skolverket lyft i pressmeddelandet. Att det problematiska förhållandet benämndes just som en kris och att me-dierna skapade nyhetsteman bidrog också till etablerandet det sociala problemet. Skolkrisen utveck-lades genom att olika samhällsaktörer började debattera om orsaker till förhållandet, om vem som ansågs vara ansvarig och offer respektive vinnare och förlorare, och de började dessutom diskutera lösningar. Skolkrisen upprätthölls dels genom mediernas skapande av nyhetsteman, men också ge-nom åtgärdsdebattens hjälpare och motståndare. Genom att det fanns många lösningsförslag till krisen och på grund av att det fanns många röster för och emot dessa förslag, och mediernas uppgift är att höra båda sidor, resulterade det i att rapporteringen blev omfattande och att den därmed upp-rätthölls. Ytterligare några slutsatser som är särskilt viktiga är att allmänheten har svårt att förstå vad som försiggår ifråga om Pisa-debatten, då medierna rapporterar ensidigt och partiskt till förmån för medielogiken. Dessutom styr den politiska logiken över medielogiken vilket gjort att det är ett pågående maktspel mellan medierna och politiken, där politiken styr över medierna, snarare än en offentlighet som allmänheten har möjlighet att ta ställning till.

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Lindberg, Olof. "Offer, problem eller avhoppare? : Om tre tidningars gestaltning av Sven Otto Littorins avgång." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kommunikation, medier och it, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-5967.

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Det sägs att den moderna politiken är medierad, och blir det allt mer. De flesta medborgare nås bara av politiska budskap och bilder via olika mediekanaler. Därför är betydelsen av hur de gestaltas av stor betydelse. Uppsatsen undersöker hur getsaltningen av Sven Otto Littorin såg ut i tre svenska dagstidningar veckan efter hans avgång i juli 2010. Frågeställningarna är: Hur gestaltas Sven Otto Littorin dagen efter att han avgått? Hur förändras gestaltningen under de dagar som går? Hur skiljer sig de olika tidningarnas gestaltningar av Sven Otto Littorin åt? Undersökningen är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med teoretisk utgångspunkt i Robert M. Entmans idéer om gestaltning (framing) och Regina G. Lawrence och Jesper Strömbäcks teorier om politik och gestaltning. Undersökningen inbegriper Sveriges till upplagor tre största dagstidningar Dagens Nyheter, Göteborgs-Posten och Svenska Dagbladet, materialet är publicerat mellan den 8-15 juli 2010. Resultatet visar att gestaltningen av Sven Otto Littorins och hans avgång skiljer sig mellan tidningarna. Littorin iklädds till en början en tydlig offerroll för att senare ifrågasättas i högre grad. Tidningarnas gestaltning av Littorin och den s.k. Littorinaffären” skiljer sig åt. Dagens Nyheter uppvisar en kritisk och självständig rapportering, Göteborgs-Posten mer en i linje med officiella versioner och Svenska Dagbladet en avmätt och tydligt avvaktande.

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Nicholson, Lynda. "Picking up the pieces : (re)framing the problem of marriage breakdown in the British Armed Forces." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6343.

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This thesis examines the issue of marriage breakdown in the British Armed Forces in light of claims that rates are double that of the civilian population. The research is situated within the context of existing research on the relationship between the service family and the military organisation. This thesis is distinctive in that it employs Bacchi's (1999) method of critical analysis to problem framing in Governmental policy and existing discourses on service families. The objective is to show how the impact of military demands on marriage and family life are framed by the media, politicians, and academics as a problem for the military, in relation to a tension that exists between retention and divorce. Attention to the effects of service life on families is therefore embedded in policy directives, and framed by concerns over the retention and recruitment of military personnel as implications for operational effectiveness. By re-focusing attention to the implications of marriage breakdown for service families this thesis constructs new problem frames, a key question being: what is problematic about marriage and marital breakdown for military wives? The empirical areas explored through in-depth qualitative interviews with a sample of ex-service wives from across the tri-Services are women s experiences and perceptions of marriage and family life, and of marriage breakdown in the military. This methodological approach is unique in that previous studies of service wives have focused on a single community. The voices and experiences of ex-service wives are noticeably absent in previous research, representing neglected routes to experience and knowledge that are vital to a more holistic understanding of the impact of military demands on the family. This thesis highlights the role of emotion in the socialisation of service families which has not been made in the existing literature to date. It has been acknowledged that the conceptual boundaries between the public and private spheres are practically non-existent where the military and service families are concerned. The interface between work and home can be explained in terms of the invisible emotion work service wives perform in support of husbands careers and the institutional goals of the military. This thesis is also distinctive in that it defines wives work in relation to the military in terms of emotional labour and the two-person career. As wives receive little recompense for this labour, responding to role appropriate emotions can have implications for the well-being of military wives, and illustrates the complex picture that emerges as to the reasons why military marriages might end. Factors linked to issues of marital adversity were: infidelity, domestic violence and emotional and psychological abuse, the effects of a culture of alcohol, and the impact of post-operational stress. In addition, family separation was viewed as creating emotional distance between couples. Many women became very independent and adept at coping with the military lifestyle, which created problems for the reintegration of personnel into family life. Moreover, husbands that were perceived by women to be married to the military, in terms of an institutional and social identity, were less satisfied with their relationships. This thesis concludes that the construct of the service family is embedded in institutional rules and regulations regarding marriage and family life, therefore current problematisations of marriage breakdown fail to reveal the difficulties experienced by families in navigating post-divorce family life. Non-intact families are rendered operationally ineffective, hence there are a number of consequences experienced by service families, and women and children in particular, that represent a far-reaching problem of marriage breakdown in the UK Armed Forces.

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Larsson, Emma. "Science and Policy in the International Framing och the Climate Change Issue." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2527.

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The IPCCand the FCCC are both central institutions in the international handling of the climate change issue. How these institutions frame and define the climate change issue is decisive for the action taken in response. The aim of this thesis was to analyze and describe how the climate change problem is framed and defined within the FCCC and the IPCC. Furthermore, the aim was also to examine if there are any differences between the IPCC’s and the FCCC’s framings and definitions of the climate change problem, and if so, what those differences consist of. The analysis was based on a line of documents from the IPCC and the FCCC, which were analyzed through a qualitative textual analysis.

The results of the analysis indicate that there are both similarities and dissimilarities between the institutions. The definitions of the term climate change differ in the sense that the FCCC only regards human-induced changes in climate, as climate change. The IPCC, on the other hand, includes both natural variability and human-induced changes in its definition of climate change. In the practical usage the definitions are similar, and the results indicate that the IPCC in practice has adopted the FCCC’s definition and only focuses on anthropogenic climate change. The climate change issue is by both of the institutions perceived as a greenhouse gas question, and the consequences are described as very extensive and serious. The FCCC gives advantages to mitigative responses in relation to adaptive, and also the IPCC describes mitigative responses as advantageous. Finally, the study indicates that there is a linking between the scientific and political spheres, which is extended by the fact that the FCCC’s definition of climate change creates a demand for scientific input in the decision-making process. The science and policy relationship builds upon mutual expectations of what the respective spheres can contribute with in terms of useful knowledge and policy-relevant questions.

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Lamy, Marie Clémence Michelle. "Framing the challenge of poor-quality medicines : problem definition and policy making in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2017. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4645490/.

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Falsified and substandard medicines (poor-quality medicines) represent a pressing global health threat that necessitates a stronger policy response. They pose a considerable threat to human lives and an obstacle to infectious disease control, also due to the associated risk of antimicrobial resistance. Policy efforts against poor-quality medicines include strengthening national drug regulation systems and countering the illicit trade in falsified medicines. Current global policy endeavours to improve access quality medicines however form an array of initiatives rather than a coordinated global response. Since the 1990s, academics and policy actors recognise that the circulation of poor-quality medicines represents a pressing global public health concern. This has generated widespread debate in the literature on the drivers and determinants of this policy issue. While past studies highlight widespread disagreement on definitions of the problem of poor-quality medicines, the existing body of literature pays little attention to the way that the problem is understood among policy actors across national and institutional settings. This thesis seeks to explore varying interpretations of this problem among policy actors in three low and middle-income countries. It explores the role of ideas in policy processes by evaluating the variations in perceptions of the problem and the policy developments against poor-quality medicines. The problem of poor-quality antimalarial medicines in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) offers an interesting case study. Despite notable national policy efforts against poor-quality antimalarial medicines in the GMS, evidence suggests that the problem of poor-quality antimalarials persists. As trade liberalization in the region intensifies, there are concerns that reduced custom controls and higher mobility of people and goods may cause further increase in this illicit trade. Through framing analysis, I analyse variations in perceptions of this threat across institutional and national settings. A social constructivist approach to policy analysis guides the analysis of interpretations of this problem and how these interpretations influence policy developments. This study then compares similarities and differences in framings of the problem and in policy processes across countries. I reflect on the dominant frames across the three case countries (the security, health systems and regulatory frames) and on the potential for policy coordination against poor-quality essential medicines in Southeast-Asia. To operationalize this approach, this study relies on three methods of data collection, namely; a stakeholder map, a document analysis and semi-structured interviews with key policy actors.

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Bohman, Anna. "Framing the Water Challenge : Multilateral donor policies for water supply and sanitation 1960-2005." Licentiate thesis, Umeå University, Department of Economic History, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-946.

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Opinions on what is best way to provide more people in low income countries with adequate water and sanitation services have changed over time. A recent policy paradigm suggests that private companies should be involved in WSS service provision to improve the situation for those in need.

This study looks at how issues of water supply and sanitation (WSS) have been confronted by the international donor community and how strategies to improve performance in this sector have changed from the early 1970’s up until today. The evolution of ideas and strategies are linked to overall development policies in order to better understand the forces that have shaped policy redirections in the sector. In addition, the case study of Ghana gives a preliminary picture of how donor policies have been played out in a national context. The concept of problem frames is used as an analytical tool in order to highlight how ideas change and replace each other but also to illustrate how problem frames are becoming more inclusive as new knowledge and experiences are gained.

The study finds that while hardware knowledge such as engineering skills were put at the forefront to begin with, software matters such as capacity building and appropriate management of the sector gained increased attention with time. As the water challenge becomes increasingly framed as a matter of managing scarcity, the economic value of water is emphasized and private sector participation is promoted on a larger scale. With time the cross sectoral nature of the WSS issue gains increased attention as its overall impact on poverty reduction and environmental sustainability is emphasized. This holistic approach also contributes to an increased emphasis on sanitation as important to sustainable WSS systems and services.

The case study of Ghana shows that all in all, institutional change within the Ghanaian WSS sector during the post independence era, mirror international policy trends. Power is moving out from the state in different directions and responsibilities are gradually hived off from the central organization to local authorities or other agencies working on specific issues. Subsidies on water tariffs are abolished and at the end of the period the private sector is also invited to act in the sector. However, recent trends indicate that as democracy deepens and civil society is growing stronger this also effects policy development in the Ghanaian WSS sector.

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Akrivos, Dimitrios. "Framing youth suicide in a multi-mediated world : the construction of the Bridgend problem in the British national press." Thesis, City University London, 2015. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/13648/.

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This thesis is a case study of suicide reporting which investigates the contribution of the British national press to the construction of the Bridgend problem. It aims to provide an insight into journalists’ role in the ‘social problems game’ by assessing the level to which their post-2008 extensive Bridgend coverage rose concern over the issue and compelled an official response to it. To this end, the content of 451 relevant news reports was qualitatively analysed and in-depth interviews with 13 key claims-makers were conducted. The thesis documents the evolution of the Bridgend problem over time. The elements that added to the newsworthiness of the story and resulted in its transition from the local to the national press are identified and closely examined. The analysis of the national news coverage reveals the central role of ‘causality’ and ‘morality’ in the Bridgend narrative as well as four main frames through which the local suicide problem has been made sense of: ‘Internet Suicide’ raises questions about online memorials glamorising suicide, pro-suicide websites and the ‘dark side’ of the Internet in general. ‘Suicide Contagion’ considers the risk of imitative suicides posed by new or traditional media. ‘Breakdown Britain’ attributes the Bridgend phenomenon to local deprivation and a deeper social malaise. Finally, ‘Mental Health’ underlines the emotional vulnerability of young people, the stigmatisation of mental illness and the deficiencies in mental health care. Underlining the status of the Bridgend case as a point of reference, the final part of this project assesses its aftermath in terms of the immediate policy responses to it and its long-term implications. It is argued that, despite its commercial and ideological exploitation, the Bridgend situation has, even if belatedly, brought attention to the alarmingly high occurrence of youth suicides in the area, while highlighting the importance of responsible suicide coverage. The thesis concludes by suggesting that the links between suicide reporting, awareness and prevention need to be strengthened and considers the means through which this goal could be attained in the post-Leveson era.

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Pritchett, Anne McDonald. "An Exploration of Efforts to Re-Define the Drug Problem Through State Ballot Measures." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27794.

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Historically, the federal government has been the institution responsible for setting the nationâ s drug policy. Since 1996, however, the federal governmentâ s authority and legitimacy in this issue area has increasingly been challenged through state ballot measures introduced via the initiative process. While only eight percent of ballot measures historically are approved by voters (Initiative and Referendum Institute 2004), half of the 28 state ballot measures on illegal drugs have been approved by voters over the past decade. The stated goal of those supporting legalization through ballot measures is to â build a political movement to end the war on drugsâ (Nadelmann 2004). Nadelmann (2004) suggests that victories in the states show that the â nascent drug policy reform movementâ can win in the â big leagues of American politicsâ and that the successful models presented through the ballot measures will increase â public confidence in the possibilities and virtueâ of regulating the non-medical use of illicit drugs. To date there has been no detailed examination of the issue framing strategies in this venue; nor has there been an effort to link the problem definition and direct democracy literatures. This dissertation links the problem definition and direct democracy literatures, using drug policy as the vehicle and applying Stoneâ s (2002) analytic framework of problem definition to make descriptive inferences about the issue framing devices employed in state ballot measures on illegal drugs. The research examines a range of materials related to the state ballot measures on illegal drugs including the language appearing on voter ballots; the full text of the ballot measures, including ballot titles and political preambles; and the voter information statements and their authors. In addition, the dissertation describes the elements of legalization proposed by the ballot measures that were approved by voters and examines three key legal challenges to Proposition 215, one of the first ballot measures on illegal drugs approved by voters in California in 1996, including two U.S. Supreme Court cases.
Ph. D.

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Bífárìn, Oládayò O., Catherine Quinn, Liz Breen, C. Wu, M. Ke, L. Yu, and Jan R. Oyebode. "Stressors and coping mechanisms of family care-givers of older relatives living with long-term conditions in mainland China: A scoping review of the evidence." Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18567.

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Yes
As the ageing population in China continues to grow, more people will be living with long-term health conditions and require support from family care-givers. This scoping review therefore aims to explore sources of stress and coping mechanisms adopted by care-givers of older relatives living with long-term conditions in mainland China. Literature searches were conducted in English (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and SCOPUS) and Chinese (CNKI, WANFANG DATA, CQVIP and CBM) databases between October and November 2019. The searches focused on the stressors and coping mechanisms utilised by family care-givers residing in the community. Narrative synthesis was used to identify themes within the data. Forty-six papers were included: 20 papers from English and 26 from Chinese databases. Six themes captured stressors: care-giving time (N = 22), financial resources (N = 17), role and personal strains (N = 42), preparedness (N = 4), social roles (N = 10) and lack of adequate formal support (N = 22); and one theme captured coping (N = 14). Unmet needs of care-givers of older relatives in mainland China were found to be extensive. Only a few studies had attempted to explore the causal link between stressors, coping and the influence of culture. Findings underscore the significance of adequately capturing intricacies around care-givers’ unmet needs, rather than generalising on the basis of culture. Qualitative studies are critical to providing a better understanding of the relationship between stressors, coping and resources afforded to care-givers by their cultural environment. Having such understanding is crucial to inform the development of competent care, which promotes self-efficacy and self-actualisation in care-givers in mainland China.
This work was supported by Research England: Quality Related Global Challenge Research Fund (QR-GCRF).

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Dharsani, Moez, and Alexandra Ericsson. "Women In Diplomacy : How is the Problem of Absence of Women in Diplomacy Framed by the UN?" Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för juridik, ekonomi, statistik och politik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-5409.

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The following Bachelor’s thesis is analyzing contemporary advocacy for more women in diplomacy by the United Nations (UN), with the help of framing theory. More specifically, it examines, (1) how is the absence of female diplomats represented as a problem? (2) What is represented as the causes of that problem? And finally, (3) what is represented as the solutions to that problem? The thesis examines one UN body: UNITAR, which is the only body that focus on the promotion of women explicitly in diplomacy. This is a single case study with a qualitative approach, and makes use of framing theory, based on social constructivism. Through gathering of outward-focused documents from UNITARs webpage, it has been observed that UNITAR frames the absence of women in diplomacy as an inefficiency problem. The argument is that by promoting more women in foreign policy, there will be greater productivity, enhanced economical growth and less poverty. The main causes of the problem are represented as a mix of societal, individual and organizational barriers. The solution to the problem is represented to be mainly training of individual women to improve skills needed to successfully carry out diplomacy, but also, to a lesser extent, training of organizations to inforce a gender mainstreaming approach. Key Words: Women in diplomacy, framing, United Nations, women in foreign policy, international campaigns.

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Gray, Jan. "The framing of truancy : a study of non-attendance policy as a form of social exclusion within Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2000. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1347.

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Truancy is a product of socially constructed knowledge. The final product of this knowledge provides insight into the defining features of current societal beliefs, values and fears, becoming a powerful framing influence for definitions of acceptable patterns of school attendance and behaviour. In this sense, the perceived incidence of truancy within a community has far more impact on the creation and enactment of public policy associated with young people who do not regularly attend school than the incidence itself. This does not deny the incidence of truancy, nor the empirical data indicating correlates of truancy, illiteracy, crime, poverty and unemployment. Truants do exist. How these students and actions are perceived, however, and the consequences for all stakeholders (both personal and public) are constructed through the particular perceptions of youth, school nonattendance, and crime. The focus of this study was to identify the ways in which cultural factors have influenced popular and academic constructions of truancy, and subsequent creation and enactment of public policy associated with truancy. A model was developed for identifying the framing influences for public policy associated with any socially defined construct, directing the identification of three defining cultures for the framing of truancy. Ethnographic methods were used to 'read' the culture of compulsory education through the interactions and decision making processes within stakeholding institutions in Western Australia. Four education districts were included in the study, with a particular focus on inter-agency processes within one of these districts. Participation in and observation of the whole gamut of policy in practice within an education district allowed a demystification of the policy and practice associated with students who both reject or are rejected by the school system. Access to district databases provided non-attendance data for 30,000 students over the eighteen month period of the study. Less than two per cent of students were defined as chronic truants, of whom a disproportionate number were Aboriginal students. The proportion of students defined as at educational risk through chronic truancy was remarkably similar to the proportion of students excluded from their education through behaviour management processes, including the disproportionate number of Aboriginal students defined as violent and abusive. Although there was little indication of a gender difference in truancy patterns (except for the over representation of adolescent Aboriginal girls), the suspension and exclusion data show an overwhelming proportion of boys defined as Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder reported by female teachers as evidencing major behaviour problems. Three cultures were identified as the major influences on the current framing of public policy associated with non-attendance. These cultures reflect community beliefs in punitive measures, a systemic reluctance to take responsibility for pedagogical and resource issues and perceptions of difference based on ethnicity and student behaviour. Such a framing of public policy associated with re-integration of recidivist offenders inevitably perpetuates a culture of social exclusion. There seems little chance for change in the production of public policy associated with these students within current community (and institutional) constructions of difference, responsibility and social justice. Re-framing cultures built on foundational beliefs, powerful public perceptions and images to reflect mediation, natural justice and cultural awareness is an enormous task for any community. However, such a shift in the framing influences for the creation of public policy would encourage the enactment of current legislative and regulatory frameworks associated with non-attendance to reflect inclusion and equity.

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Peterson, Martin. "Transformative Decision Rules : Foundations and Applications." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Infrastruktur, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3512.

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A transformative decision rule alters the representation of a decisionproblem, either by changing the sets of acts and states taken intoconsideration, or by modifying the probability or value assignments.Examples of decision rules belonging to this class are the principleof insufficient reason, Isaac Levi’s condition of E-admissibility, Luceand Raiffa’s merger of states-rule, and the de minimis principle. Inthis doctoral thesis transformative decision rules are analyzed froma foundational point of view, and applied to two decision theoreticalproblems: (i) How should a rational decision maker model a decisionproblem in a formal representation (‘problem specification’, ‘formaldescription’)? (ii) What role can transformative decision rules play inthe justification of the principle of maximizing expected utility?The thesis consists of a summary and seven papers. In Papers Iand II certain foundational issues concerning transformative decisionrules are investigated, and a number of formal properties of this classof rules are proved: convergence, iterativity, and permutability. InPaper III it is argued that there is in general no unique representationof a decision problem that is strictly better than all alternative representations.In Paper IV it is shown that the principle of maximizingexpected utility can be decomposed into a sequence of transformativedecision rules. A set of axioms is proposed that together justify theprinciple of maximizing expected utility. It is shown that the suggestedaxiomatization provides a resolution of Allais’ paradox that cannot beobtained by Savage-style, nor by von Neumann and Morgenstern-styleaxiomatizations. In Paper V the axiomatization from Paper IV is furtherelaborated, and compared to the axiomatizations proposed byvon Neumann and Morgenstern, and Savage. The main results in PaperVI are two impossibility theorems for catastrophe averse decisionrules, demonstrating that given a few reasonable desiderata for suchrules, there is no rule that can fulfill the proposed desiderata. In PaperVII transformative decision rules are applied to extreme risks, i.e.to a potential outcome of an act for which the probability is low, butwhose (negative) value is high.

QC 20100622

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Berglund, Moa. "Refugees, Migrants or Displaced People? : A framing analysis of EU and UN problem definitions and advocated solutions in the debate on climate change induced displacement." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-373948.

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Andersson, My. "Who’s responsible? : A study of strategies for handling climate migration." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387500.

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The issue of climate migration has long been struggling to make its way onto the international agenda. This study therefore set out to shed a light on eleven strategies for handling climate migration. The study builds on the work by Ransan-Cooper et al. (2015) where they allocate actors to four different frames depending on how the actor in question view the environmental migrant, either as; a victim; a security threat; an adaptive agent or; a political subject. This makes out an important comparative basis for the analysis done in this study. It also provides a background on problem definition and framing and the role it plays in policy making. This study then takes the step to also present solutions to the problem defined by presenting concrete strategies which can all be allocated to one of the four frames. The core ideas of the strategies and the solutions they provide are presented using a content analysis. In addition, the question of responsibility for climate migrants is discussed using three normative theories: contribution to the problem, ability to pay and beneficiary pays. The study concludes that there is a consensus among most actors that there is a need for global cooperation and shared responsibility for climate migration and climate migrants. It also concludes that the way a problem is defined or framed plays a highly important role.

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Nordberg, Nadja, and Clara Isaksson. "Skogsbränderna 2018: Lokala hjältar och ett nationellt problem : En kvantitativ innehållsanalys av gestaltningar i rapporteringen av skogsbränderna 2018 i nationell- och lokal press." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-33118.

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The summer of 2018 has gone down in history as one of the hottest summers in Sweden of all time. The forest was on fire in several places around the country and in retrospect, the fires have been described as the most extensive forest fires in Sweden in modern times. The purpose of this essay is to investigate the framing of the forest fires in both local and national press. The method we chose to conduct the survey was a quantitative content analysis of a total of 116 articles about the forest fires, 74 from the local newspapers Ljusdals-Posten and Mora Tidning, and 41 from the national newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet.The results of the study showed that there were major differences in the reporting and framing of the forest fires between the local newspapers and the national newspapers. The local newspapers had a much greater focus on proximity in their reporting compared to the nationwide newspapers which focused much more on threats and conflicts. The result also showed that the local newspapers had a much more positive tonality in their reporting, unlike the nationwide newspapers which were predominantly negative.
Sommaren 2018 har gått till historien som en av de varmaste somrarna i Sverige genom tiderna. Det brann i skogarna på flera platser runt om i landet och i efterhand så har bränderna beskrivits som de mest omfattande skogsbränderna i Sverige i modern tid.Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur gestaltningen av skogsbränderna såg ut i både lokalpress och rikstäckande press. Metoden vi valde för att genomföra undersökningen var en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Totalt analyserades 115 artiklar som handlade om skogsbränderna. 74 från lokaltidningarna Ljusdals-Posten och Mora Tidning samt 41 från de rikstäckande tidningarna Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet.Resultatet av studien visade att det fanns stora skillnader i rapporteringen om och gestaltningen av skogsbränderna mellan de lokala tidningarna och de rikstäckande tidningarna. De lokala tidningarna hade ett mycket större fokus på närhet i sin rapportering jämfört med de rikstäckande tidningarna som i mycket högre grad fokuserade på hot och konflikter. Resultatet visade även att de lokala tidningarna hade en mycket mer positiv tonalitet i sin rapportering till skillnad från de rikstäckande tidningarna som var övervägande negativa.

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Fichtner, Jason J. "Distribution Tables and Federal Tax Policy: A Scoring Index as a Method for Evaluation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29422.

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Distribution tables have become ubiquitous to the tax policy debates surrounding major legislative initiatives to change tax law at the federal level. The fairness of any proposed change to federal tax policy has become one of the most highlighted components of tax policy discussions. The presentation of tax data within distribution tables can hide or omit important information that is required in order to effectively evaluate the merits of any tax legislation. Many producers of distribution tables show only the information necessary to present their policy preferences in the best possible light. The different economic assumptions and presentations of data used by the various groups that release distribution tables have the inherent consequence of providing the public with numerous tables that are often used as political ammunition to influence and shape debate. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the tax policy research literature by exploring the limitations and biases inherent in specific designs of tax distribution tables and in specific methodological approaches to tax distribution analysis. This is done by means of a systematic examination of how different designs and methodologies provide an incomplete picture of a proposed change to federal tax policy. By comparing distribution tables as used by different groups to provide alternative perspectives of various tax proposals, the research shows how the use of tax distribution tables often provides misleading results about the impact of proposed tax legislation in order to influence and shape the issues surrounding a proposed change to federal tax policy. A method for evaluating tax distribution tables is proposed which highlights the deficiencies of design and methodology which characterize the present use of tax distribution tables. An index of questions is provided as part of this research project to serve as a new tool of policy analysis, an index termed the "Tax Distribution Table Scoring Index" (TDTSI). The TDTSI will assist in balancing the different perspectives presented via tax distribution tables by identifying the biases and limitations associated with different methodologies and presentations of data.
Ph. D.

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Beltran, Nicole. "Artificial Intelligence in Lethal Automated Weapon Systems - What's the Problem? : Analysing the framing of LAWS in the EU ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI, the European Parliament Resolution on autonomous weapon systems and the CCW GGE guiding principles." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412188.

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Lethal automated weapon systems (LAWS) are developed and deployed by a growing number of state and non-state actors, although no international legally binding framework exists as of yet. As a first attempt to regulate LAWS the UN appointed a group of governmental experts (GGE) to create the guiding principles on the issue of LAWS AI. A few years later the EU appointed an expert group to create the Ethics guideline for trustworthy and the European Parliament passed a resolution on the issue of LAWS. This thesis attempts to make the underlying norms and discourses that have shaped these guiding principles and guidelines visible. By scrutinizing the documents through the ‘What’s the problem presented to be’-approach, the discursive practices that enables the framing is illuminated. The obscured problems not spoken of in the EU and UN documents are emphasised, suggesting that both documents oversimplifies and downplays the danger of LAWS, leaving issues such as gender repercussions, human dignity and the dangers of the sophisticated weapons system itself largely unproblematised and hidden behind their suggested dichotomised and anthropocentric solutions, which largely results in a simple “add human and stir”-kind of solution. The underlying cause of this tendency seems to stem from a general unwillingness of states to regulate as LAWS are quickly becoming a matter of have- and have nots and may potentially change warfare as we know it. A case can also be made as to AI’s ‘Hollywood-problem’ as influencing the framing of LAWS, where the dystopian terminator-like depiction in popular culture can be seen reflected in international policy papers and statements.

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Markham, Jason Yves. "Framing user confidence in a system dynamics model : the case of a workforce planning problem in the New Zealand army : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management Studies /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/262.

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Milrud, Eduardo E. "The Practice of Design in Multidisciplinary Teams: Turning Points, Mediation, and Getting Stuck." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1608207778820736.

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邱雁茹. "Problem Structuring as Framing." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86977008980694598796.

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Seburn, Mary. "Problem framing :: a remedy for indecisiveness in decision-making?" 1999. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2344.

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Kuo-HsingChang and 張國興. "A System for Problem Framing: Building Service Program of Design Thinking Methods." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/nr2bua.

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碩士
國立成功大學
創意產業設計研究所
104
With the advancement of modern life, meanwhile, emerging new social needs and problems coming from different fields are increasing every day. Like most social problems, environmental problems, civil problems, political problems, educational problems, business problems, and design problems had been considered as a wicked problem which means ill-structured, complex, and real world problems. Previous study indicated that an effective problem-solving process starts with asking the right questions in the beginning (Perry and Vanderklein, 2009). Therefore, how to define and get insights of a problem and frame a problem in the problem-solving process has become a crucial issue. Based on review on relevant models in problem solving, decision making, innovation management, and so on, we considered Design Thinking process as building blocks to constitute our design patterns. We investigated the required tools and process to develop a platform for problem solvers to define their problem based on the context of Design Thinking. Through engaging ourselves into a class with 53 students named “Creativity, Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Design Thinking “, this research combined an action research with a longitudinal study and used Design Thinking methods to observe the problems that happening in the class. There were three findings: (1) students need a set of standardized criteria of tools for evaluating the effectiveness of design thinking tools; (2) students need to have more instructional examples for references to check the correctness of the usage of Design Thinking tools; (3) students need to have a well-structured instruction for guiding them to a better solution. Drawing on the user experience derived from the field study, we developed a problem-framing system for problem solvers based on the insight of user needs. The service system includes: (1) Finding Construction, (2) Data Collection, (3) Insight Construction, (4) Profile Construction, (5) Journey Construction, and (6) Idea Construction. We also developed the program and the conducted prototyping test, and the results showed that this service system can help them reframe their project comprehensively and provide a guidance of the right direction with the supported tools. There are five contributions of this research, including theoretical and practical contribution. The theoretical contributions include: (1) identifying the key components of problem framing, and (2) helping users better understand about how to use Design Thinking tools correctly to solve a problem. The practical contributions include: (3) assisting users to improve the ability of framing problem and make sure the project develop well in a both systematic and rational way, (4) helping users to find out the ultimate goal of design and determine whether it is feasible or not based on the user experiences, and (5) providing a problem-framing platform based on user needs and experiences.

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Markow, Tanya Thais. "A knowledge maturity model an integration of problem framing, software design, and cognitive engineering /." 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03172004-210430/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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Bork, Alexandre. "Scenarios for the future of the European legal sector, in the context of disruptive technologies, and its implications for the national association of young Portuguese lawyers (Anjap): framing, scoping & External environmental scanning." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/130984.

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In the following Work Project, scenarios were developed based on scientific analysis and dealt with how the working environment of European lawyers could potentially develop in the future. The initial phases consisted of framing the focal issue, establishing a suitable time horizon, and performing an expert-examined external environment research. Then, a survey was conducted to build the foundational framework of scenarios and future strategies for the National Association of Young Portuguese Lawyers (ANJAP)

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Brown, S. E. "Bikes, trains and problem frames : framing the Little River Rail Trail : a dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters [i.e. Master] in [i.e. of] Applied Science (IRD) at Lincoln University /." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/835.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Problem framing and scoping'

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