Journal articles on the topic 'Problem definition model'
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Mirosław, Tomasz, and Marcin Mirosław. "Problem of slip definition in driving systems." MATEC Web of Conferences 338 (2021): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133801019.
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The pneumatic tire slip phenomena in vehicle driving system have been investigated for 100 years. Many models describe the tire –road force generation base on it, but in literature we can find various definition of slip. In this paper authors present the most known model of force generation and slip definitions and discuss consequences of choice of them. The model of force generation which is the combination of tire to road friction models and force carrying by deformable running elements which are getting and losing contact with road seems to be very simple and intuitive for process explanation. The implementation of the tire deformation model is the base for many models but is not easy to implement it into dynamic computer modelling of process. So for many years the most common models base on slip function. In paper the concept model is based on deformation introduced and its carry out balance is presented. This model has been adapted to other friction gears like belt gear or friction wheels modelling. The deformation model appears to be quite universal and developable to the energy efficiency analyses or acoustic wave generation.
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Golden, Richard M. "Model-based learning problem taxonomies." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 1 (March 1997): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97300028.
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A fundamental problem with the Clark & Thornton definition of a type-1 problem (requirement 2) is identified. An alternative classical statistical formulation is proposed where a type-1 (learnable) problem corresponds to the case where the learning machine is capable of representing its statistical environment.
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Berg, Cynthia A., Sean P. Meegan, and Paul Klaczynski. "Age and Experiential Differences in Strategy Generation and Information Requests for Solving Everyday Problems." International Journal of Behavioral Development 23, no. 3 (September 1999): 615–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502599383720.
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The role of experience in understanding age differences in strategy generation and information requests for solving everyday problems was explored in young and older adults. Participants received three hypothetical problems dealing with going to doctor’s offices and going to dinner parties and were probed extensively for their strategies and information they would like to solve the problems. Experience with these two domains was assessed by participants’ reports of their experience, script knowledge, and the presence of experience in problem definitions. No age differences were found in these experience measures. Age differences were found in the number of strategies generated and the amount of information requested to solve the problem. Two patterns of everyday problem solving were uncovered: an exhaustive style (involving inferential problem definition, elaborate strategy generation, and information requests); and an experiential style (involving experiential problem definition, less strategy generation, and fewer information requests). The results are interpreted within a model that uses individuals’ problem definitions to understand multiple aspects of everyday problem-solving performance.
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Oh, Cheol H. "Explaining the Impact of Information on Problem Definition: An Integrated Model." Review of Policy Research 15, no. 4 (December 1998): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1998.tb01096.x.
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Yuan, Li Chi. "Vari-Gram Language Model Based on Category." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 995–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.995.
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Category-based statistic language model is an important method to solve the problem of sparse data. But there are two bottlenecks about this model: (1) the problem of word clustering, it is hard to find a suitable clustering method that has good performance and not large amount of computation. (2) class based method always lose some prediction ability to adapt the text of different domain. The authors try to solve above problems in this paper. This paper presents a novel definition of word similarity. Based on word similarity, this paper gives the definition of word set similarity. Experiments show that word clustering algorithm based on similarity is better than conventional greedy clustering method in speed and performance. At the same time, this paper presents a new method to create the vari-gram model.
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Mason, Derek T., Mark W. Lusk, and Michael Gintzler. "Beyond Ideology in Drug Policy: The Primary Prevention Model." Journal of Drug Issues 22, no. 4 (October 1992): 959–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200411.
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Drug policy in the United States is heavily influenced by popular and expert ideologies and a social definition of the problem. As a result, public substance abuse policies reflect an incoherent compromise between medical and criminal definitions and approaches to intervention. The effect is that in both conceptions, the problem locus is in the individual user. Thus, contemporary prevention, treatment and rehabilitation strategies fail to account for the myriad socioeconomic correlates of abuse and tend to atomize the problem by reducing it to the lowest common denominator — the drug-abusing person. Primary prevention approaches to drug abuse hold the greatest promise for remediation of this social problem because of the inclusion of macroenvironmental factors in tandem with individual risk factors to form a comprehensive approach to policy formulation.
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Rakhimbekova, Assima, Timur I. Madzhidov, Ramil I. Nugmanov, Timur R. Gimadiev, Igor I. Baskin, and Alexandre Varnek. "Comprehensive Analysis of Applicability Domains of QSPR Models for Chemical Reactions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (August 3, 2020): 5542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155542.
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Nowadays, the problem of the model’s applicability domain (AD) definition is an active research topic in chemoinformatics. Although many various AD definitions for the models predicting properties of molecules (Quantitative Structure-Activity/Property Relationship (QSAR/QSPR) models) were described in the literature, no one for chemical reactions (Quantitative Reaction-Property Relationships (QRPR)) has been reported to date. The point is that a chemical reaction is a much more complex object than an individual molecule, and its yield, thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics depend not only on the structures of reactants and products but also on experimental conditions. The QRPR models’ performance largely depends on the way that chemical transformation is encoded. In this study, various AD definition methods extensively used in QSAR/QSPR studies of individual molecules, as well as several novel approaches suggested in this work for reactions, were benchmarked on several reaction datasets. The ability to exclude wrong reaction types, increase coverage, improve the model performance and detect Y-outliers were tested. As a result, several “best” AD definitions for the QRPR models predicting reaction characteristics have been revealed and tested on a previously published external dataset with a clear AD definition problem.
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Catania, Carlos Adrian, Cecilia Zanni-Merk, François de Bertrand de Beuvron, and Pierre Collet. "Ontologies to Lead Knowledge Intensive Evolutionary Algorithms." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 7, no. 1 (January 2016): 78–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.2016010105.
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Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) have proven to be very effective in optimizing intractable problems in many areas. However, real problems including specific constraints are often overlooked by the proposed generic models. The authors' goal here is to show how knowledge engineering techniques can be used to guide the definition of Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) for problems involving a large amount of structured data, through the resolution of a real problem. They propose a methodology based on the structuring of the conceptual model underlying the problem, in the form of a labelled domain ontology suitable for optimization by EA. The case studyfocuses on the logistics involved in the transportation of patients. Although this problem belongs to the well-known family of Vehicle Routing Problems, its specificity comes from the data and constraints (cost, legal and health considerations) that must be taken into account. The precise definition of the knowledge model with thelabelled domain ontology permits the formal description of the chromosome, the fitness functions and the genetic operators.
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Mathews, Ben, and Delphine Collin-Vézina. "Child Sexual Abuse: Toward a Conceptual Model and Definition." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 20, no. 2 (November 2, 2017): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838017738726.
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The problem of defining “child sexual abuse” (CSA), and the need to define this concept, has been recognized by major policy bodies and leading researchers since the 1970s. Recent demands for a more theoretically robust, explicit definition of CSA show this challenge remains urgent. In this article, we identify problems caused by variance in definitions of CSA for five domains: research and knowledge formation, legal frameworks and principles, prevention efforts, policy responses, and the establishment of social norms. We review and analyze definitions used in leading international epidemiological studies, national and international policy documents, social science literature, and legal systems in the United States, Canada, and Australia to demonstrate the continuing use of different concepts of CSA and identify key areas of conceptual disagreement. Informed by our literature review, we use a methodology of conceptual analysis to develop a conceptual model of CSA. The purpose of this model is to propose a more robust, theoretically sound concept of CSA, which clarifies its defining characteristics and distinguishes it from other concepts. Finally, we provide operational examples of the conceptual model to indicate how it would translate to a classificatory framework of typologies of acts and experiences. A sound conceptual model and classificatory system offers the prospect of more appropriate and effective methods of research, response, regulation, and prevention. While total consensus is unattainable, this analysis may assist in developing understanding and advancing more coherent approaches to the conceptual foundation of CSA and its operationalization.
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Lu, Yun-guang. "Cauchy problem for an extended model of combustion." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 120, no. 3-4 (1992): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210500032170.
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SynopsisThis paper considers the Cauchy problem for an extended model of combustion (u + qz)t + f(u)x = 0, zt + kg(u)z = 0 with Lp bounded initial data, where g(u) is a piecewise Lipschitz continuous function and its discontinuous points have no finite limit point. The integral representation gives a definition of a weak solution in Lp space. Some existence results are obtained based on a simplified method of compensated compactness in which the weak continuity theorem of 2 * 2 determinants plays a more important role, but the idea of Young measures has been avoided.
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Tjaden, Patricia, Nancy Thoennes, and Christine J. Allison. "Comparing Stalking Victimization From Legal and Victim Perspectives." Violence and Victims 15, no. 1 (January 2000): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.15.1.7.
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Because stalking has only recently been recognized as a serious social problem and criminal justice concern, it is not surprising that there is little consensus among lawmakers about what constitutes stalking. To further understanding of how legal definitions and victim definitions of stalking intersect and diverge, this study compares stalking prevalence using a definition of stalking that is based on the model antistalking code for states developed by the Federal government versus a definition of stalking that is victim delineated. Data for the study come from a national telephone survey that queried 8,000 men and 8,000 women about their experiences with stalking victimization using both direct questions that contained the word “stalking” and behaviorally specific questions. Results show that prevalence estimates increase when respondents are allowed to self-define stalking victimization. However, victim definitions of stalking tend to converge with the model antistalking code’s definition of stalking in the vast majority of cases. Only 4% of survey respondents defined themselves as stalking victims but failed to meet the legal definition of a stalking victim. A negligible proportion denied being stalked despite the fact they met the legal definition of a stalking victim.
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BINDER, ROBERT V., and JEFFREY J. P. TSAI. "KB/RMS: AN INTELLIGENT ASSISTANT FOR REQUIREMENT DEFINITION." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 01, no. 04 (December 1992): 503–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021821309200003x.
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In this paper, we present a conceptual framework and a system model for an intelligent assistant for requirement definition, KB/RMS. The requirement definition process is characterized by the Requirement Context Model. Informal and formal methods for requirement definition are considered in the light of this model, which serves as the logical schema for the KB/RMS database. We summarize conventional and knowledge-based system support for requirement definition. The use of natural language processing, a semantic model of the problem and solution spaces, domain and technology models, inference driven augmentation, validation, and verification of the semantic model is discussed. Finally, we present the production of design representations from the augmented semantic model.
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Issaoui, Louisa, Nizar Aifaoui, and Abdelmajid Benamara. "Model of mobility state of parts: The automation of feasibility test in disassembly sequence generation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 20 (June 15, 2016): 3702–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216654196.
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Disassembly sequencing is a concurrent research subject in design for life-cycle. Many past and recent researches are made to give practical methods for disassembly sequencing. The problem of assembly information’s modeling is one of the important sub-problems of disassembly simulation. The problem includes connection determination, disassembly direction identification, and part mobility state definition. In the present paper, the authors propose a new representation model of disassembly directions, starting from geometric and assembly data of computer aid design models. This model is based on a mobility matrix definition for every part. This matrix is also called disassembly direction matrix. The model gives information about the mobility state of a part during disassembly sequencing by updating its mobility matrix. Mobility state data are used in a practical computing of disassembly sequence feasibility. In this paper, theoretical explication of this modeling is given and validated by computational results. In the validation section, the model is applied to a computer aid design mechanism using a selective disassembly.
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Dubey, Ramu, Vishnu Narayan Mishra, and Puneet Tomar. "Duality relations for second-order programming problem under (G,αf)-bonvexity assumptions." Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 13, no. 02 (November 9, 2018): 2050044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793557120500448.
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In this paper, we introduce the definition of [Formula: see text]-bonvex/[Formula: see text]-pseudobonvex functions and to show the existence of such functions, we construct nontrivial numerical examples. In the next section, we formulate a pair of second-order symmetric dual model in optimization problem and proved the duality results under [Formula: see text]-bonvexity/[Formula: see text]-pseudobonvexity assumptions. Further, we also construct nontrivial concrete examples which justifying definitions as well as the weak duality theorem presented in the paper.
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Massey, Anne P., and Robert M. O'Keefe. "Insights from Attempts to Validate a Multi-Attribute Model of Problem Definition Quality." Decision Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 1993): 106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00465.x.
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Ling, Zhi‐Min, Luc H. Dupas, and Kristin M. De Meyer. "Sensitivity Analysis of the Deal‐Grove Model Parameters: Problem Definition and Strategy Considerations." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 135, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 1245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2095941.
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Wu, Yirui, Yukai Ding, Yuelong Zhu, Jun Feng, and Sifeng Wang. "Complexity to Forecast Flood: Problem Definition and Spatiotemporal Attention LSTM Solution." Complexity 2020 (March 26, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7670382.
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With significant development of sensors and Internet of things, researchers nowadays can easily know what happens in physical space by acquiring time-varying values of various factors. Essentially, growing data category and size greatly contribute to solve problems happened in physical space. In this paper, we aim to solve a complex problem that affects both cities and villages, i.e., flood. To reduce impacts induced by floods, hydrological factors acquired from physical space and data-driven models in cyber space have been adopted to accurately forecast floods. Considering the significance of modeling attention capability among hydrology factors, we believe extraction of discriminative hydrology factors not only reflect natural rules in physical space, but also optimally model iterations of factors to forecast run-off values in cyber space. Therefore, we propose a novel data-driven model named as STA-LSTM by integrating Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) structure and spatiotemporal attention module, which is capable of forecasting floods for small- and medium-sized rivers. The proposed spatiotemporal attention module firstly explores spatial relationship between input hydrological factors from different locations and run-off outputs, which assigns time-varying weights to various factors. Afterwards, the proposed attention module allocates temporal-dependent weights to hidden output of each LSTM cell, which describes significance of state output for final forecasting results. Taking Lech and Changhua river basins as cases of physical space, several groups of comparative experiments show that STA-LSTM is capable to optimize complexity of mathematically modeling floods in cyber space.
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Winters, Kirsten M., Denise Lach, and Judith B. Cushing. "A conceptual model for characterizing the problem domain." Information Visualization 15, no. 4 (July 25, 2016): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473871615608902.
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Defining characteristics of a problem domain continues to challenge developers of visualization software although it is essential for designing both tools and resulting visualizations. Additionally, effectiveness of a visualization software tool often depends on the context of systems and actors within the domain problem. The nested blocks and guidelines model is a useful template for informing design and evaluation criteria for visualization software development because it aligns design to need. Characterizing the outermost block of the nested model—the domain problem—is challenging, mainly due to the nature of contemporary domain problems, which are dynamic and by definition difficult to problematize. We offer here our emerging conceptual model, based on the central question in our research study—what visualization works for whom and in which situation—to characterize the outermost block, the domain problem, of the nested model. We apply examples from a 3-year case study of visualization software design and development to demonstrate how the conceptual model might be used to create evaluation criteria affecting design and development of a visualization tool.
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Kaniel, Shlomo. "An Optimal Model for Decision-Making by Individuals." Gifted Education International 17, no. 3 (September 2003): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026142940301700303.
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This paper presents a detailed optimal model of a metacognitive decision-making process for individuals. With the aid of an organizing diagram, the various stages of decision-making are presented: gathering and organizing information prior to problem definition; definition of the problem; gathering and organizing information in the light of the definition; planning the solution's implementation, and feedback. The process involves two systems. One, which is supportive, includes mental imagery, self-talk, regulation of processing, management of time and resources, and precision. The second system oversees the process through monitoring and control. The model's advantages are expressed in four areas: high probability of correct decisions, over time; reduction of grave errors; creation of new strategies; and facilitation of positive transfer to new tasks and situations. The paper proposes several future directions: expanding the theory to include group processes and affective and motivational factors, validation of the model through empirical and qualitative studies, and application of the model in instruction, learning and various other fields.
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Moore, R. A. "Formal quantization of a chaotic model problem." Canadian Journal of Physics 77, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p99-020.
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A model problem, initially proposed by Feynman and Hibbs, is re-examined in this work. It is shown that the equation of motion is deterministic, in spite of its double time delay character, and has chaoticlike solutions. It is further shown that this model is amenable to the methods of higher than first-order Lagrangians, yielding a series of approximations to the initial model. Thus, for each approximation, a complete st of canonical variables can be defined, the Hamiltonian can be written down in canonical form and the conventional quantization rules applied, leading to exact quantizations. Extended sets of basis vectors follow along with the definition of physical state vectors, which are seen to contain all of the classical information. Finally, these results are used to give a possible explanation of the electron-position resonances seen in heavy-ion collision experiments that is consistent with the negative results found in low-energy electron scattering as well as other heavy-ion collision experiments.PACS Nos.: 03.20.+i, 03.65.-w, 05.45.+6
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Prokhorov, Viktor, Tetiana Kalashnikova, Liliia Rybalchenko, Yuliia Riabushka, and Denys Chekhunov. "Solution of the Problem of Empty Car Distribution between Stations and Planning of Way-Freight Train Route Using Genetic Algorithms." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.3 (September 15, 2018): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19803.
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In this paper we consider the problem of distributing empty freight cars in a railway polygon. We show how the process can be improved using an optimization model. The optimization model can be characterized as a combination of minimum-cost flow problem with vehicle routing problem. In general, problem of empty railroad car distribution between stations and definition of way-freight train route is presented as integer combinatorial optimization problem. Computational tests show that the model can be solved in acceptable time for real size problems, and indicate that the model generates distribution plans that can improve the quality of the planning process.
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Zhang, Hong Lei, Wen He Liao, Yu Guo, and Wen An Yang. "An Approach to Generate Three Dimensional Machining Process Model According to Information from Design Model Based on Definition." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 1684–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.1684.
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Faced with the problem of generation for 3D machining process model, an approach to generate three dimensional machining process model according to information from design model based on definition is proposed. Compared with the existing methods, the approach utilizes multiple information of design model based on definition and takes many phases into consideration of 3D process model generation. The structure of 3D machining process model is defined and the course of 3D process model generation is researched, including multiple information acquirement, generation of procedure geometric models and annotation. Finally, the framework of system and application for 3D machining process model generation are presented for validation purposes.
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Putman, S. H., and S.-H. Chung. "Effects of Spatial System Design on Spatial Interaction Models. 1: The Spatial System Definition Problem." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 1 (January 1989): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a210027.
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Rather little has been published about systematic empirical research on the problem of spatial aggregation and its effects on spatial interaction models. Of the work which has been published, all of it has dealt almost exclusively with single-parameter spatial interaction models. In this article five different aggregation procedures are examined. The experiments were based on the use of a multivariate multiparametric spatial interaction model. A first set of hypotheses tests was performed with respect to the sensitivity of model parameters to spatial aggregation methods. A second set was performed with respect to the sensitivity of model goodness-of-fit to the five spatial aggregation methods. Although questions remain, the results clearly show that the multiparametric model responds well to different aggregation algorithms. Some parameters showed substantial response, as they should, to different zonal aggregations, whereas others are shown to be much less responsive. Further, the results clearly indicate that systematic aggregation procedures generally produce better results than do random procedures. A future paper will continue with a discussion of zone definition criteria, and recommendations will be made with regard to aggregation algorithms.
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Hussein, Bassam A., Hiroyuki Sugiyama, and Ahmed A. Shabana. "Coupled Deformation Modes in the Large Deformation Finite-Element Analysis: Problem Definition." Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2006): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2447353.
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In the classical formulations of beam problems, the beam cross section is assumed to remain rigid when the beam deforms. In Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, the rigid cross section remains perpendicular to the beam centerline; while in the more general Timoshenko beam theory the rigid cross section is permitted to rotate due to the shear deformation, and as a result, the cross section can have an arbitrary rotation with respect to the beam centerline. In more general beam models as the ones based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF), the cross section is allowed to deform and it is no longer treated as a rigid surface. These more general models lead to new geometric terms that do not appear in the classical formulations of beams. Some of these geometric terms are the result of the coupling between the deformation of the cross section and other modes of deformations such as bending and they lead to a new set of modes referred to in this paper as the ANCF-coupled deformation modes. The effect of the ANCF-coupled deformation modes can be significant in the case of very flexible structures. In this investigation, three different large deformation dynamic beam models are discussed and compared in order to investigate the effect of the ANCF-coupled deformation modes. The three methods differ in the way the beam elastic forces are calculated. The first method is based on a general continuum mechanics approach that leads to a model that includes the ANCF-coupled deformation modes; while the second method is based on the elastic line approach that systematically eliminates these modes. The ANCF-coupled deformation modes eliminated in the elastic line approach are identified and the effect of such deformation modes on the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical solution is discussed. The third large deformation beam model discussed in this investigation is based on the Hellinger–Reissner principle that can be used to eliminate the shear locking encountered in some beam models. Numerical examples are presented in order to demonstrate the use and compare the results of the three different beam formulations. It is shown that while the effect of the ANCF-coupled deformation modes is not significant in very stiff and moderately stiff structures, the effect of these modes can not be neglected in the case of very flexible structures.
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Barrett, Gloria, Dot Doyle, and Dan Teague. "Applications: Using Data Analysis in Precalculus to Model Cooling." Mathematics Teacher 81, no. 8 (November 1988): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.81.8.0680.
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The first two recommendations of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics in An Agenda for Action (1980) encourage teachers to make problem solving the focus of school mathematics and to broaden the definition of basic skills in mathematics to encompass more than computational facility. Although many teachers agree with these recommendations and are attempting to implement them, they frequently lack good resources with problem-solving activities. Now, as in 1980 when the Agenda was written, most textbooks emphasize computational skills with only a smattering of word problems. Even the application problems generally require students to do no more than translate a carefully stated word problem into an algebraic statement and then perform the algebraic manipulations necessary to obtain a solution. Rarely does a student need to select and use skills in “unexpected, unplanned settings,” “formulate key questions,” or “seek out appropriate data” as are suggested in the Agenda. Consequently, a large percentage of our students are given the impression that there is always a rule to be followed when solving a mathematics problem. In this article we shall modify a fairly traditional precalculus problem to address some of the concerns in the Agenda.
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Grekhov, M. V. "NERON MODEL OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANISOTROPIC ALGEBRAIC TORI OVER LOCAL FIELDS." Vestnik of Samara University. Natural Science Series 18, no. 9 (June 9, 2017): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7525-2012-18-9-31-40.
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The construction of integral models is necessary for the research on arithmetical properties of algebraic tori. Neron model, having some unique properties, is of special interest among different possible integral models of algebraic tori over local fields. Its definition is not constructive, though. That's why its construction is an important problem. In this paper the problem of explicit construction of Neron model is solved for all two-dimensional anisotropic algebraic tori over local fields.
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Oliveira, Erneson A., Vasco Furtado, José S. Andrade, and Hernán A. Makse. "A worldwide model for boundaries of urban settlements." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 5 (May 2018): 180468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180468.
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The shape of urban settlements plays a fundamental role in their sustainable planning. Properly defining the boundaries of cities is challenging and remains an open problem in the science of cities. Here, we propose a worldwide model to define urban settlements beyond their administrative boundaries through a bottom-up approach that takes into account geographical biases intrinsically associated with most societies around the world, and reflected in their different regional growing dynamics. The generality of the model allows one to study the scaling laws of cities at all geographical levels: countries, continents and the entire world. Our definition of cities is robust and holds to one of the most famous results in social sciences: Zipf’s law. According to our results, the largest cities in the world are not in line with what was recently reported by the United Nations. For example, we find that the largest city in the world is an agglomeration of several small settlements close to each other, connecting three large settlements: Alexandria, Cairo and Luxor. Our definition of cities opens the doors to the study of the economy of cities in a systematic way independently of arbitrary definitions that employ administrative boundaries.
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Werner, M. "A model for medical decision making and problem solving." Clinical Chemistry 41, no. 8 (August 1, 1995): 1215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.8.1215.
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Abstract Clinicians confront the classical problem of decision making under uncertainty, but a universal procedure by which they deal with this situation, both in diagnosis and therapy, can be defined. This consists in the choice of a specific course of action from available alternatives so as to reduce uncertainty. Formal analysis evidences that the expected value of this process depends on the a priori probabilities confronted, the discriminatory power of the action chosen, and the values and costs associated with possible outcomes. Clinical problem-solving represents the construction of a systematic strategy from multiple decisional building blocks. Depending on the level of uncertainty the physicians attach to their working hypothesis, they can choose among at least four prototype strategies: pattern recognition, the hypothetico-deductive process, arborization, and exhaustion. However, the resolution of real-life problems can involve a combination of these game plans. Formal analysis of each strategy permits definition of its appropriate a priori probabilities, action characteristics, and cost implications.
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Kucukkoc, Ibrahim. "Balancing of two-sided disassembly lines: Problem definition, MILP model and genetic algorithm approach." Computers & Operations Research 124 (December 2020): 105064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2020.105064.
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Abdulla, Ahmed M., and Bonnie Cramond. "The Creative Problem Finding Hierarchy: A Suggested Model for Understanding Problem Finding." Creativity. Theories – Research - Applications 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 197–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ctra-2018-0019.
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AbstractThis paper proposes a model, which hopefully will allow researchers in the psychology of creativity to confirm that the different levels and different labels for problem finding can be unified under one construct - problem finding (PF). Although no clear distinctions are made among the levels and terms used in the PF literature, the current efforts suggest that there are important differences that can be explained by (a) how well- or ill-defined a problem is, and (b) the degree to which ideation and evaluation are required. Based on these two criteria, a rubric is presented that allows distinctions to be made among five the PF processes: (a) problem discovery, (b) problem formulation, (c) problem construction, (d) problem identification, and (e) problem definition. The authors examined the literature on PF in English from 1960 to 2015 using the following databases: (a) Academic Search Premier, (b) PsycARTICLES, (c) PsycINFO, (d) Dissertation Abstract, (e) Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), (f) Psychology & Behavioral Science Collection, and (g) the Google Scholar. This search resulted in 199 articles in which at least 13 different terms were used to describe the process of finding a problem. Only a few articles endeavored to distinguish among the terms used in the literature. This paper concludes by suggesting that one term (i.e., problem finding) is to be used to avoid confusion. If this is not possible, for whatever reason, the term used instead should be defined and the reasons for the choice of terms clearly stated.
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Kostina, A. V. "POPULAR CULTURE AND MASS CULTURE: TO THE PROBLEM OF DEFINITION." Arts education and science 1, no. 2 (2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/hon.202102005.
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One of the most difficult theoretical issues of modern humanities is the question of typological relationship of various cultural phenomena, their mutual correlation and, consequently, their embeddedness in structural and typological schemes. Despite a significant number of studies devoted to this problem, it has not been solved to date. As a rule, the definition of popular culture and mass culture is based on descriptive method, where the description of external features allows to identify these types of culture. The article shows that it is impossible to determine their essential features by external signs, the leading of which is the wide extent of these phenomena. The most optimal here is the structural-typological approach, where the basis for distinguishing the phenomena is their functional nature. Hence, the structure of culture is shown, which includes traditional, highly specialized and mass culture. Each of these types was formed at a certain stage of historical development, providing a set of functions unique to it. In this sense, this structural-typological scheme can be considered as a model of cultural dynamics. Popular culture is a concept that denotes any of the phenomena belonging to one of these types of culture, which has become widespread.
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Mashli Aina, Ahmed Abdulatef, Wang Hu, and Al-Nakib Noofal Ahmed Mohsen Mohammed. "Use of Management Information Systems Impact on Decision Support Capabilities: A Conceptual Model." Journal of International Business Research and Marketing 1, no. 4 (2016): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.14.3004.
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In this article, the identification and the analysis of the problem in facilitating the role management information systems have been studied. Moreover, the decision maker’s satisfaction and content of information and information access quality have been critically analyzed and studied following the methodology of the previous studies. We identified necessary variables aiming to analyze the influence of management information systems in decision support capabilities. Precisely, this investigation proposes different hypotheses most of which aims to identify the relationship between management information systems and decision support capabilities. The variables included in the research model are the impact on problem definition, speed of problem identification, decision-making analysis, user satisfaction, information access, the content of information quality, decision speed, and decision quality.
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Zhao, Huijiang. "Existence and uniqueness of the global admissible solution for a viscoelastic model with relaxation." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 126, no. 5 (1996): 1113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210500023295.
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This paper examines the Cauchy problem for a viscoelastic model with relaxationwith discontinuous, large initial data, where ½ ≦ μ <1, δ > 0 are constants. We first give a definition of admissible (or entropic) solutions to the system. Under this definition, we prove the existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence of the global admissible solution for the system. Our methods are essentially due to Kruzkov, and the requirement that f(u) is not badly degenerate (more precisely, meas {x: f″(x) = 0} = 0), needed previously when considering the global existence problem for the same system, is removed.
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Balabanov, Aleksey, Todor Stoilov, and Yordanka Boneva. "Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian Optimization of Urban Transportation Network with Application to Sofia Traffic Optimization." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2016-0041.
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Abstract The paper defines and solves a Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) optimization problem addressing real time control policy of Urban Transportation Network (UTN). The paper presents UTN model definition, analysis and LQG optimization problem definition, resulting in special problem structure. A real application for UTN situated in Sofia, Bulgaria along Yosif Gurko street was provided for testing this control policy.
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Anggis, Eka Vasia. "PENGGUNAAN MODEL GROUP INVESTIGATION UNTUK MENINGKATKAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA SMP." Edubiotik : Jurnal Pendidikan, Biologi dan Terapan 3, no. 02 (December 8, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/ebio.v3i02.94.
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Group Investigation model is one of cooperatif metode that can grows critical student from directly experience. Based on observation in fSMP 1 Indramayu 2016 were 40% the group was less colaboration, 60% evidences was less, 65% students weren’t connected problems each other, 55% decision hadn’t most alternative problem solving to be collected. This aim research to descript critical thingking used group investigation model. Research metode qualititave descriptive, Research parameter is critical skill student and these indicator were problem indentifiy, argument analize, definition, finding source, observasion and result, mind based consideration ability integration to defend decision. Instrument research was quisioner. Result study from quisioner were 78% was good, 71% was enough. Conclusion was critical thinking skill can be used in group investigation model.
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Kurbanov, Z. O. "Micro Text And Its Cognitive Model." Madrosatuna: Journal of Islamic Elementary School 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/madrosatuna.v2i1.1960.
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The article examines the problem of cognitive model of the micro text. Here the complex sentence is learned as a micro text in the basis of hierarchical relations of its components. In the process of the analysis of language material local and global structure of the components of the microtext is taken into account, which is important for the definition of its cognitive model. In general, the micro text is defined as a global structure, while its separate components are studied as local structures. It is known, that each syntactic structure has a definite situation beyond the microtext, and its components also have a situation. This is also a basic definition of general and private cognitive model of the microtext.
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Tenzer, Robert. "Gravimetric recovery of the Moho geometry based on a generalized compensation model." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/congeo-2013-0016.
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Abstract Gravity data used for a recovery of the Moho depths should (optimally) comprise only the gravitational signal of the Moho geometry. This theoretical assumption is typically not required in classical isostatic models, which are applied in gravimetric inverse methods for a recovery of the Moho interface. To overcome this theoretical deficiency, we formulate the gravimetric inverse problem for the consolidated crust-stripped gravity disturbances, which have (theoretically) a maximum correlation with the Moho geometry, while the gravitational contributions of anomalous density structures within the lithosphere and sub-lithosphere mantle (including the core-mantle boundary) should be subtracted from these gravity data. In the absence of a reliable 3-D Earth’s density model, our definitions are limited to the crustal and upper mantle density structures. The gravimetric forward modeling technique is applied to compute these gravity data using available models of major known anomalous crustal and upper mantle density structures. The gravimetric inverse problem is defined by means of the (non-linear) Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. After linearization of the integral equation, the solution to the gravimetric inverse problem is given in a frequency domain. The inverse problem is formulated for a generalized crustal compensation model. It implies that the compensation equilibrium is (theoretically) attained by both, the variable depth and density of compensation. A theoretical definition of this generalized crustal compensation model and a formulation of the gravimetric inverse problem for finding the Moho depths are given in this study.
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Polyakova, Anna S. "Folk dance: the problem of definition, demarcation and historical transformation." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 1, no. 118 (2021): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2021-1-118-189-194.
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Folk dance is an integral part of modern choreographic culture. At the same time, the definition of its place and role in modern artistic realities is complicated not only by understanding the boundaries of this phenomenon, but also by contradictory approaches to understanding its essence. Folk dance is also understood as folk dance, or vice versa, later layers of dance culture, not associated with ritual actions. Also, some researchers put forward the thesis that folk dance is only an area for – traditional culture, as well as the phenomena of everyday dance culture that are entrenched in the folk tradition. Quite often in modern choreographic culture, folk dance is likened to the concept of «folk stage dance» – a kind of specific model of folk dance culture, created and embodied in the conditions of the stage space. And this, as will be discussed in this article, is not legitimate. All these processes are not accidental. To a certain extent, they demonstrate the difficulties in the formation of the very phenomena related to folk dance: from traditional forms to stage versions of its representation. This article defines the boundaries of the definition of «folk dance», gives its periodization in accordance with the cultural and historical periods, and also highlights the main sources of its formation. Particular attention is paid to identifying the specific features of folk dance, among which the most vividly highlighted: ritual and ceremonial basis, syncretism, synthetism, special mentality, anonymity, heterofunctional character, imitativeness, improvisational character, tradition and rules of performance, the relationship with the musical and song basis, its collective representation. The article outlines a culturological approach to further understanding the phenomenon of «folk dance» in scientific discourse.
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Куцелап, Кирилл, Kiril Kutselap, Владимир Вороненко, Vladimir Voronenko, Александр Шалдов, and Alexandr Shaldov. "Equipment allocation on production site using flexible models of technological production routes for manufacturing parts." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2018, no. 8 (July 14, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5b536400cf58b7.82336964.
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A problem of definition of the optimum equipment allocation on production site is considered. A flexible and rigid computation models to solve the problem are described, drawbacks and advantages of both the models are pointed out. An algorithm for the problem solution at the use of the flexible model is offered. This algorithm is formed on the synthesis of an heuristic algorithm of annealing imitation with methods of linear programming.
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Niccolai, Silvia. "The risky temptation of wanting to be the Legislator of the Language." Undecidabilities and Law, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2184-9781_1_4.
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Criticizing the modern, rationalistic temptation to legislate on language, this article argues that issues of 'political correctness' are an aspect of the eternal problem of definitions in law. This problem has in its turn profound connections, on the one hand, with the need, entirely human, for a correct (not one-sided or arbitrary) relationship with reality; and, on the other hand, with the insidious attempt – which is all the same typically human – to deny reality, with its conflicts and ambiguities, and to replace it with a false, less challenging reality of 'objective' certainties. In law, the problem of definitions has historically followed many and different itineraries; this article briefly traces some, trying to show that the ideal of an objective definition – an ideal epitomized in the 'norm' idealized by legal positivism – has always co-existed, in the legal experience, with the different ideal of a subjective definition (dialectical, controversial, negative, refutative), of which the ancient maxims of equity, the regulae iuris, offer a model. The problem of legal definitions in law is then a matter of forms of reason that confront each other throughout the history of law, the one investing on a calculating and instrumental rationality, the other relying on a more porous and flexible reason. In the legacy of this second point of view – which, the article maintains, has more than one analogy with the paths of contemporary Feminist 'Radical' Thought – antidotes can be found to the temptation to legislate on language, which is risky. If objectivity tries to suppress subjectivity, in fact, this is in the name of the illusion, that problems that trouble the human conditions can be fixed, defined, solved once and for all. It is instead the open texture of these problems, which cannot be defined once and for all, that encourages the work of language and thought. And these latter are the resources for a living together really capable of freedom and equality, of change and future.
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He, Fei, and Hua Min Yang. "Information Reduction Model about Rough Set Theory." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 1347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.1347.
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According to the problem that the whole data and information is always necessary, using rough set theory as a guide, making some analyses on reduction in knowledge base and information system, this paper propose a general mode structure of reduction. It shows that there are three terms in process of reduction and the most important term is definition and measure of ability.
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He, Fei, and Hua Min Yang. "Information Reduction Model about Rough Set Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 2597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.2597.
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According to the problem that the whole data and information is always necessary, using rough set theory as a guide, making some analyses on reduction in knowledge base and information system, this paper propose a general mode structure of reduction. It shows that there are three terms in process of reduction and the most important term is definition and measure of ability.
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Zhu, Hai Tao, Wen Lin Pan, and Chao Liu. "Study of Product Modeling Method Based on UML." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.765.
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The product modeling method based on UML is presented in order to solve the consistency problem of definition, process and resources in the product life-cycle, and meet the need of developing the system from various viewports. Through the definition of three-layer product model structure included “product meta-meta model layer”, “product meta model layer” and the “product model layer” and its contents and their interrelation, the definition of a product modeling and constraint unity have been achieved to. The practical application reflects the validity and the feasibility of UML-based product modeling method.
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Kabiri, Shahab, Mansour Hajihosseinlou, and Shabnam Kabiri. "Introducing the RZ model for definition and optimization of the boundary of low emission zones." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 14, no. 4 (September 10, 2019): 516–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz043.
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Abstract Poor urban air quality is one of the most pressing environmental problems, and the rapid growth in the number of motor vehicles is a major contributor to it. To tackle this problem, low emission zones (LEZs) were introduced and they have been applied in many of the mega cities around the world. Yet, a scientific approach to design the boundaries of LEZs is missing. This study develops an innovative model to address this gap, using total vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) as the basis. The model allows defining and/or optimizing the LEZ boundaries. It is applied for the Tehran metropolitan area, as a case study, and the results show the optimality of the existing LEZ boundaries; however, they challenge the efficiency of the proposed policies on modifying current boundaries.
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QI, CHANGSONG, and JIGUI SUN. "MODEL NET: A REPRESENTATION OF THE STATIC STRUCTURE OF MODELBASE." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 21, no. 04 (June 2007): 791–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001407005685.
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Model net proposed in this paper is a kind of directed graph used to represent and analyze the static structure of a modelbase. After the formal definition of the model net was given, a construction algorithm is introduced. Then, two simplification algorithms are put forward to show how this approach can reduce the computational complexity of model composition for a specific decision problem. In succession, a model composition algorithm is worked out based on the simplification algorithms. As a result, this algorithm is capable of finding out all the candidate composite models for a specific decision problem. Finally, several advantages of the model net are discussed briefly.
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Prashker, J. N., and S. Bekhor. "Investigation of Stochastic Network Loading Procedures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1645, no. 1 (January 1998): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1645-12.
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The network loading process of stochastic traffic assignment is investigated. A central issue in the assignment problem is the behavioral assumption governing route choice, which concerns the definition of available routes and the choice model. These two problems are addressed and reviewed. Although the multinomial logit model can be implemented efficiently in stochastic network loading algorithms, the model suffers from theoretical drawbacks, some of them arising from the independence of irrelevant alternatives property. As a result, the stochastic loading on routes that share common links is overloaded at the overlapping parts of the routes. Other logit-family models recently have been proposed to overcome some of the theoretical problems while maintaining the convenient analytical structure. Three such models are investigated: the C-logit model, which was specifically defined for route choice; and two general discrete-choice models, the cross-nested logit model and the paired combinatorial logit model. The two latter models are adapted to route choice, and simple network examples are presented to illustrate the performance of the models with respect to the overlapping problem. The results indicate that all three models perform better than does the multinomial logit model. The cross-nested logit model has an advantage over the two other generalized models because it enables performing stochastic loading without route enumeration. The integration of this model with the stochastic equilibrium problem is discussed, and a specific algorithm using the cross-nest logit model is presented for the stochastic loading phase.
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Zhao, Haobin, and Hongbin Yu. "Improved genetic algorithm for 3D printing multi-objective optimization task scheduling." MATEC Web of Conferences 336 (2021): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133602020.
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For the 3D printing multi-objective optimization task scheduling problem, the problem model is established from the three aspects of related problem definition, constraint conditions, and objective function, which lays the foundation for subsequent research and solution.
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Xu, Hai Lin, and Yang Lu. "Hierarchical Certificate-Based Encryption: Definition and an Efficient Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 1971–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.1971.
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Certificate-based encryption is a new paradigm which was introduced by Gentry to address the complex public key revocation problem in traditional public key cryptosystems. It represents an interesting and potentially useful balance between traditional public-key encryption and identity-based encryption. In this paper, we introduce the notion of hierarchical certificate-based encryption that preserves the advantages of certificate-based encryption such as implicit certificate and key-escrow free while inheriting the properties of hierarchical identity-based encryption. We formalize the definition of hierarchical certificate-based encryption and also propose a concrete hierarchical certificate-based encryption scheme that is chosen-ciphertext secure under the hardness of bilinear Diffie-Hellman problem in the random oracle model.
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Romanchak, V. M. "The Problem of Quantifying Utility." Statistics and Economics 18, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2021-3-4-11.
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Purpose of the study. Analysis of the literature shows that the ordinal theory of utility is widespread in the theory of consumer behavior. To analyze consumer preferences, a utility function is used, which characterizes the value of the utility of the consumed goods and services on a scale of order. Moreover, to find the marginal utility of a product, arithmetic operations are used, which are impossible on a scale of order. To allow arithmetic operations, a quantitative analysis of the utility function is required. Consequently, the problem of quantitative measurement of the utility function is relevant.The measurement problem also arises in decision theory. For example, the hierarchy analysis method is a popular method for solving multicriteria problems, but contains an erroneous model of subjective measurement. For this reason, other methods appear in decision-making theory that should replace the method of analyzing hierarchies. The theory of the importance of criteria is being actively developed. However, the theory of the importance of criteria also does not solve the problem of quantitative measurement.For a long time, the problem of measurement has also existed in psychophysics. The existence of two mismatched psychophysical laws contradicts the classical theory of measurements. Recently, a rating solution has been proposed. The equivalence of the basic laws of psychophysics has been proved. In this paper, it is proposed to use the rating method to measure preferences in utility theory and in decision theory.Materials and methods. The domain of the rating is the set of ordered pairs of objects. Moreover, the composition (operation of addition) of objects is defined on the set of ordered pairs. A rating is a number that is assigned during a measurement to an ordered pair of objects.The rating is assumed to preserve the operation of composition of ordered pairs.An arithmetic operation is selected to carry out the measurement. The measurement result must match the result of the arithmetic operation. The result of an arithmetic operation is the difference or ratio of the values of the quantity. The rating values coincide with the result of the arithmetic operation (up to isomorphism).The additivity of the rating is used to check the adequacy of the measurement results. For this, it is assumed that the rating is independent of the measurement method. The theoretical justification for independence is the isomorphism condition. The empirical confirmation of independence is the equivalence of the basic psychophysical laws.Results. The paper presents an axiomatic approach to the measurement problem. Measurement can be carried out in both objective and subjective ways. The axiomatic and classical definition of the rating has been formulated. The axiomatic definition implies the classical definition for a special set of objects. The classic definition is constructive. To check the adequacy of the measurement results, it is enough to compare the ratings obtained by different measurement methods (method of alternatives).Conclusion. The rating method is a quantitative measurement method. The rating method can be used to construct a model of consumer behavior and in decision-making theory.
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Galanin, Mikhail, Mikhail Lazarev, and Evgeny Savenkov. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE FINITE SUPERELEMENT METHOD FOR THE 3D ELASTICITY PROBLEMS." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1392-6292.2007.12.39-50.
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The results of numerical investigation of the Finite Superelement Method (FSEM) for the solution of 3D elasticity problems are given. A definition of FSEM is proposed, and the general theory is briefly explained. Then the variants of FSEM are considered for the model problem. Their comparative analysis is being carried out. These variants are based on the finite element interpolation techniques on superelements boundaries. FSEM and FEM efficiency comparison is presented for the model problem. Quantative error data are obtained. A certain example of a 3D elasticity problem is considered in conclusion. A notable advantage of a higher degree FSEM approximation technique is illustrated.