Academic literature on the topic 'Probation stations'

Based on the analysis of archival documents and scientific literature, the article discusses issues related to the formation and functioning of various types of reformatories for juvenile delinquents (school and shelter, probation and supervision station for morally defective children, reception center, children’s home, juvenile colony for difficult children, et al.) that operated in the territory of Vologda Governorate during the initial period of the Soviet era. The data on the location of these institutions, specific features of their management, and the number, composition and confinement conditions of the inmates were clarified. When characterizing the activities of these institutions, along with positive experience, the problems, difficulties and shortcomings in their work were considered and attention was paid to the measures taken to eliminate the latter. The author came to the conclusion that the history of the Vologda juvenile reformatories in 1918 – the 1920s was a reflection of the national policy of the Bolsheviks implemented at the regional level that was aimed at combating homelessness, neglect, and juvenile delinquency, at developing effective measures to eradicate and prevent these negative phenomena, and at searching for an optimal model of an institution for correcting difficult teenagers.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play an increasingly core role in modern warfare, with powerful but tiny embedded computing systems actively applied in the military field. Confidential data, such as military secrets, may be stored inside military devices such as UAVs, and the capture or loss of such data could cause significant damage to national security. Therefore, the development of securely verifiable remote erasure techniques for military devices is considered a core technology. In this study, we devised a verifiable remote erasure scheme with a countdown-concept using randomized data synchronization to satisfy securely verifiable remote erasure technology. The scheme allows the GCS (Ground Control Station) to remotely erase data stored in the UAV, even on loss of communication, and returns proof of erasure to GCS after erasure. Our approach classifies the accumulated data stored in the UAV as a new data type and applies the characteristics of that data type to generate the proof of erasure. We select a small-volume data sample (rather than all of the data) and perform prior learning only on that sample; in this way, we can obtain the probative power of the evidence of erasure with a relatively small amount of traffic. When we want to erase data of 100 Mbytes of remote device, 100 Mbytes of data transfer is required for related work, whereas our system has data transfer according to the ratio of amount of randomly selected data. By doing this, communication stability can be acquired even in unstable communication situations where the maximum traffic can change or not be predicted. Furthermore, when the UAV sends the proof of erasure to the GCS, the UAV does its best to perform the erasure operation given its situation.

From the murder case at a PC room in Gangseo-gu in 2018 to the recent stabbing incidents at Sillim Station and Seohyeon Station, violent incidents by people with mental disorders (including people with mental disabilities related to various addictions such as alcohol or drugs, or people with mental disabilities equivalent to it) continue to occur, leading to high-risk situations such that blind spots in the social safety net still exist due to the lack of a management and supervision system for people with mental disorders in society. In addition, crimes committed by people with mental disorders have increased significantly since 7,304 cases in 2018, increasing to 8,902 cases in 2021, and the recidivism rate has reached 64.3%, meaning that people are immediately released into society without receiving continuous treatment after the end of treatment custody or treatment order (tentative termination). It has been pointed out that there is no judicial treatment and management system for mentally disabled people who have returned to society. Even though violent crimes committed by the mentally disabled are still emerging as a social problem, criminal justice agencies are not reviewing the causes of the crime of the mentally disabled and moving forward with therapeutic treatment but are instead taking measures that focus on repeated surveillance, isolation, and institutionalization. The current treatment and custody law has no provisions for treatment linkage, cooperation, and collaboration between criminal justice agencies and mental (health) medical institutions for therapeutic treatment. Moreover, as criminal justice agencies focus on surveillance, isolation, and institutionalization due to insufficient legislation on treatment linkage, social concerns that mentally disabled people may be stigmatized as potential criminals are increasing, and the need to prevent crimes by mentally disabled people and improve the criminal legal response system is also increasing. Keeping the above situation in mind, this study reviewed the legislative examples of the United States, Germany, and Japan and the limitations of the criminal legal response system for mentally disordered criminals, focusing on the treatment perspective, such as treatment and custody, under the current Medical Treatment and Custody Act. As a result, the following problems were found: First, a lack of connection between the treatment order after the end of treatment and custody; Second, the absence of maintenance and management after the end of the treatment order; Third, the absence of mandatory diagnosis before the execution of the treatment order, and Fourth, a lack of connection and cooperation between the criminal justice system and the mental (health) medical system, and Fifth, the reduction of the target of treatment orders leads to more violent crimes. Therefore, to solve this problem, it is necessary to 'improve' criminal legal response measures, such as harmony and cooperation between the criminal justice system under the Medical Treatment and Custody Act and the mental (health) medical system under the Mental Health and Welfare Act, and more effective treatment of criminals with mental disorders. Accordingly, revision of the Medical Treatment and Custody Act and related criminal law amendments were presented as improvement and legislative measures. However, to more effectively achieve the criminal policy purpose of preventing crimes by mentally disabled people and preventing recidivism within the legislative system between criminal justice and mental (health) medical care proposed in the amendment to the Medical Treatment and Custody Act, it is judged to introduce the followings measures: First, specialization of therapeutic treatment, second, strengthening the ability to respond to mental health problems, third, the right of probation officers to apply for administrative hospitalization, fourth,

The Act on the treatment of persons evading work was passed on November 26, 1982 and entered into force on January 1, 1983. The passing of the Act was preceded by a period of heated discussions during which the need for this regulation or objections against it were justified by various social, economic, political legal as well as philosophical reasons. The Act bound all men aged 18-45 (with the exception of some clearly defined categories) who neither work nor learn for a period of at least 3 month and who are not registered in employment agencies as looking for a job to report at the local state administrative agencies and explain the reasons of this state of affairs. Such persons can be recognized as not working for justified reasons (in this case, they should get help if needed) or for unjustified reasons (to such persons the possibilities of taking the job should be pointed out; they should also get help if needed). Man who persistently evade work and whose sources of maintenance cannot be revealed or prove to be contradictory to the principles of social existence, are included in a list of persons who persistently evade work. The law provides for the following legal consequences towards persons who fall under its provisions: a failure in the duty to report is a transgression for which there is a penalty of limitation of liberty of up to three months; the same penalty is provided for the registered person’s failure to appear when summoned by the local administrative agency: a failure of a registered person in the duty to appear when summoned in order to make a statement concerning his sources of maintenances is an offence for which a penalty of limitation of liberty or a fine is provided; the persons who have been included in the list may be obligated to perform the work for public purposes in cases of force majeure or natural calamity that constitutes a serious threat for the normal conditions of the people’s existence; a failure in this duty is an offence for which a statutory penalty is that of limitation of liberty up two years or a fine. The Act deals with only one of the many and varied problems that result from the broad and multifarious issue of work: the situation of not being formally employed. Employment is connected with the actual policy in this respect, the labour market, and with many economic problems. The passing of the Act and the period of its functioning discussed in the present paper fell in Poland on the days of a profound socio-economic crisis which influences the problems related to employment. In our study, however, we have taken no account of the above broader issues, focusing on the functioning of the Act: the nation of ,,evasion of work’’ and ,,a person evading work’’ it introduced, the extent of the population that falls under the Act, characterization of the population mentioned the institutions and persons involved in realization of the Act, ways of dealing with the persons evading work, conformability of the conduct of the Act’s addresses with the model of conduct it includes, appraisal of the degree to which the aims of the Act, as set before it by the legislator have been reached, and the social effects of the law. The study concerned the functioning of the Act in the capital city of Warsaw. The basic source of information were index cards of all man evading work that had been registered in this territory in the period from January 1, 1983, till April 30, 1984. Moreover, district constables of the police were interviewed about these men; data concerning their criminal records were obtained from the Central Criminal Register and information about their detention in the Warsaw sobering-up station was obtained from the station's files. Two years later, additional data were gathered in order to check which of the registered men worked for at least 6 month after having been registered; the course of work for public purposes done by the examined persons was also checked with enterprises that organized such work. In the period included in the study, 2,195 men evading work were registered in Warsaw. The size of this population seems susceptible of various interpretations, depending on the adepted point of view. This number however seems insignificant as compared with that of situations vacant reported at the employment agency which for instance exceeded 18 thousand jobs for men on December 31, 1983. As shown by the analysis of the course of registration in the entire examined period, and of the differences in the sizes of the registered populations in the separate Warsaw districts, the sizes in question vary greatly and depend on administrative steps that influence the revealing of men who answer the statutory definition. The term "person evading work" designates various persons whose various circumstances - whether socially accepted or not – justify their lack of permanent employment, and who find themselves in various situations. They are e.g. persons waiting to be called up, those who help their families with farming, alcoholics who find it impossible to keep any permanent job, men supported by their familes and looking after a family member, those who are preparing for examination to enter the university, those taking a rest after release from prison, and those who actually do work (there were about 1/4 of them): casually, seasonally or in private firms, but fail to settle their situation formally. According to the police data, as few as every tenth of the examined persons had among others, though not exclusively, illegal sources of maintenance such as offences or illicit trade. In general, the men registered as evading work did not differ from the entire population of men aged 18-45 who lived in Warsaw at that time as regards the age structure. There were among them relatively few married men. Their level of education was somewhat lower as compared with men employed at that time in Warsaw in the socialized economy; yet two-thirds of them were trained in some profession. According to the police inquiries, and to the information from index cards and from sobering-up station, three-fourth of the examined persons drank extensively; one-third of them were detained in the station, with the majority being detained repeatedly which arouses suspicion as to their dependence. 79 per cent of the registered persons were known to the police who had to intervene in their cases comparatively often and the company they kept was appraised negatively by the police 45 per cent had criminal records (with offences against property predominating) their effence however did not provide them money enough to replace employee’s wages. The first stage of introduction of the Act was to reveal persons liableto registration. The performance of the duty of registration met with most serious problems. Persons who reported themselves to be registered constituted less than a half of the total of those registered, this situation remaining unchanged even one year after the Act had entered into force. Even after that period, over a half of those newly registered were persons who had not been working for over a year and who thus should have been registered much earlier Some of those who reported themselves did it only because they needed a certificate of registration to settle some important personal matter A rather numerous category nearly one- third of the examined men consisted of those registered after having been punished by a transgresion board for failure in the duty of registration, and those reported by the police or public prosecutor' s office Therefore, the police were explicitly involved in the process of picking out persons evading work. Also the realization of the entire second stage of dealing with the above persons - that of classification - arouses serious doubts. Index cards of a great number of persons lacked information essential for the realization of the Act, i.e. concerning certain facts about the registered person and the history of this previous employment. Among the vital decisions taken in relation to the registered persons is the recognition of the reason of their unemployment as justified or unjustified. A tendency became pronounced in these decisions to treat illness and prolonged formal transactions related to future work as valid excuses for not working and out to excuse working without formal employment. It appeared also that officials deciding in these matters enjoyed a certain degree of discretion when appraising the reasons of unemployment. The actions taken toward the registered persons assumed first of all the character unemploying: they consisted in obligating these persons to report again and inform about employment, or in referring them; therefore these actions failed to bring about any considerable effects; had the persons in question reported directly at the employment agency, the effects would have been identical. One-forth of the registered persons were directed to do work for public purposes. As many as two- thirds of them never even appeared to get the adress of the enterprise which such organized work, and 15 per cent reported at the workplace but failed to fulfil their duties. Thus directing to work for public purposes was of a trifle importance only; out of proportion with the effort put in the organizing of such work. Thoroughout the period included in the study, the names of 152 (7 per cent) of the registered men were entered in the list of persons who persistently evaded work. Punishment for infringement of the disscused Act was moved for in one third of cases. As shown by the picture of realization of the Act, the officials who apply it often face the registered men's most complex life problems, that are difficult to appraise explicitly and to decide upon beyond dispute; besides, methods of successful circumvention or evasion of the provisions of the Act appear to have emerged. The appraisal of the functioning of the discussed Act has been done on two planes: both the realization of the legislator's intentions and the social effects of its introduction other than intended have been analyzed. The legislator's intentions are defined as coming to the assistance of those out of work and out of school who want work, and inducing to work those who fail to express this wish. In the statements of the Minister of Justice and of the deputy reporter during the parliamentary discussion, also such aims were formulated as: drawing up a record of persons evading work and thus getting knowledge as to the extent of this phenomenon; providing hands in cases of their shortage; and soothing the indignant public opinion which demanded radical measures to fight the phenomenon of the so-called social parasitism. The above intentions have been realized but to a slight degree. Cases of getting help from administrative agency were extremely rare, the agency playing but the role of an agent who directs clients on to the employment or medical agencies. After registration 44.5 per cent of the examined persons took a job and 37.6 per cent continued to work incessanuy for 6 months which is the condition of their names being stroken off from the register. The latter group proved to be "better" as regards selected social traits. According to our appraisal, these persons had greater chances and possibilities of and performing a job as compared with the remaining group; what's more "inducing" them to work was frequently absolutely unnecessary. Registration failed to provide knowledge as to the size of the phenomenon of evasion of work, inconstancy being among its characteristics. The examined persons are often temporarily unemployed, this situation far from being permanent. Registration failed to improve the situation in the labour market: not only the number of those who found a job but also the total of those registered was too small as compared with the needs. Whether the public opinion has been soothed and satisfied by the introduction of the Act, we do not know. What we do know, is that among those registered there were hardly any persons whose unemployment particularly irritated the public opinion (e.g. black market and foreign currency dealers). A number of persons "evad.ing work" can always be" found, and the reasons for which some of them fail to take a job would hardly meet with social desapproval. Apart from the intended effects of any legal regulation, there are also those unintended which in the case of the discussed Act can be found in the following spheres: 1) the legal system: in the labour law (limitation of the principle of freedom of work), and in the penal law (the range of penalized acts has been broadened to include transgressions and offences provided in the Act; moreover, a penal law sanction was used as an instrument to solve a problem that belongs to the sphere of social an economic policy exclusively; 2) the sphere of political an social activities: an additional bureaucratic cell in labour exchange has been created in the case of alcoholics, intervention of the Act is but a seeming action, leaving the essence of the problem out of account; in the case of ex-convicts, the Act doubles the activity of other institutions (such person can obtain help in employment agencies or from their probation officers, and they are ,,induced" to take a job by their life situation or by the conditions on which they have been released from prison); 3) the sphere of social attitudes towards the law: failure to collect subpoenas and to appear when summoned could be observed among the registered persons which means that mechanisms of circumventing the Act emerged. In our opinion, the Act on the treatment of persons evading work is unnecessary. A separate and independent problem of persons who evade work does not exist. Instead, there is a number of various, partly overlapping problems: demand for labour, social frustrations of the crisis period, as well as alcoholism, delinquency disturbed socialization of the youth, failure to insure employes without setting the required formalities, problem of employment of the disabled. Also favourable phenomena and traits can be found here such e.g. the energy and initiative of those who want to work more effectively and to be paid better As shown by our study, ,,social parasitism ,, i.e. the actual staying out of work and living at the expense of others, can be found in a tiny percentage of registered persons.

The current study aims to investigate the challenges in implementing counselling services among non-custodial offenders and possible solutions. The majority of offenders in Kenya can be dealt with effectively in the community by means of non-custodial correctional interventions such as counselling. However, there are challenges in implementing counselling services among non-custodial offenders and possible solutions. This is regardless of the fact that imprisonment should be used with utmost restraint and used as the last resort when all other sanctions have been considered and found inappropriate. In this study, mixed research methodology was used, where both quantitative and qualitative methods were utilized. The study had a target population of 37 probation officers who were counsellors: ten males, twenty-seven females and 444 probationers in selected probation stations within Nairobi County. Census sampling was used to select all 37 probation officers, While Yame formula was used to arrive at a sample size of 82 probationers. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires and interviews. Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS) Tool was used to measure psychological Adjustment of Probationers. A questionnaire was administered to non-custodial offenders serving on probation service orders and probation officers who were counsellors. The county director and regional coordinator of probation service in Nairobi County were interviewed. The study revealed that key challenges in implementing counselling services among non-custodial offenders include: lack of enough designated rooms and spaces where private counselling sessions can be held to enhance the principle of confidentiality; a cardinal rule in professional counselling, not all officers are trained in counselling field, the limited number of counsellors who have specialized in specific areas of counselling, such as drug addiction, family and marriage therapy, among others.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of the physical environment on the psychological dispositions of inmates in selected prisons within Kiambu County, Kenya. According to Fogel and Martin (2016), the psychological ramifications of stress associated with imprisonment are replicated in the same enhanced sentiments of hopelessness, loneliness, and anxiety that are experienced by offenders. According to Merrell and Walker (2018), the jail provides a clear and present hazard for worsening pre-existing mental diseases. In a jail, remand facilities are responsible for detaining a person for the shortest time that is practicable given the circumstances. The results could be significant to managing prison facilities holding pretrial inmates. This study may help prison institutions, police stations, probation stations, courts, prosecution, and other relevant stakeholders in the criminal justice system. This study might present some complementary strategies that may be used by therapists and counselors on inmates. This study may also offer some lasting solutions to challenges faced by prisoners in remand. The research used a descriptive research design to explore the phenomenon under consideration. The study was conducted in selected prisons within Kiambu County, Kenya. The population of the sample size was 315 respondents, which comprises 21.3% (0.213) of the whole population. According to the research, a sympathetic and supportive environment promotes prisoner relationships and healing characteristics like empathy, trust, and hope, Prisoners' physical, emotional, and spiritual needs are met by sympathetic warders, a stimulating environment where offenders have some personal control and greater responsibility for their health and well-being via increased independence, movement, and decision-making. The research also suggests that safe outdoor settings may be pleasant, helpful, and therapeutic diversionary activities. Good distractions may improve treatment and drug reduction in prisoners. Other important design components include personal space, particularly in open and suitable rooms, to avoid special and social congestion.

Children seeking justice, interact with numerous agencies as they navigate through the justice system. They are more often than not subjected to a myriad of processes some of which are too complex and even traumatizing. Despite the existence of many international instruments guiding on the interaction between them and justice actors, children remain passive participants lacking agency and inclusion in matters affecting them. This makes it difficult for the justice system to respond appropriately to their needs. In Kenya there is a dearth of studies with regard to how children who have passed through the justice system experience and perceive it. The aim of this study was to find out how children experienced the system, its processes and practitioners. The sample size constituted 36 children aged 12-17 years drawn from remand homes, probation hostels, youth corrective centers and Borstal institutions. The participants were distributed across five focus group discussions which were guided by a semi structured interview tool that enabled children to share their experiences with police officers, prosecutors, lawyers, magistrates, probation, children and prisons officers. The findings indicate that children experience some justice actors as threatening, unemphatic, shaming, and could not trust them. With regard to the environments, the police station was described as the most scaring and unsafe while the court room was intimidating, too formal and sometimes oblivious to the distress children experience when seated in court. There was limited participation as children were not consulted or informed about various legal processes. There were also positive interactions with some justice practitioners. The study provided rich insights into the justice system from the eyes of the child. The findings can be used to institute reforms in the child justice system and promote therapeutic jurisprudence so as to enhance access to justice for all children.

According to section 96 of the Children Act, 2013 "the Government shall take all necessary measures for the effective implementation of this Act and may, if necessary, issue directions in this regard". That means Bangladesh has to take essential steps regarding implementation of the Children Act, 2013 under its territory including Sylhet Metropolitan Area. To ensure protection of the best interest of the child and application of rule of law in this Sylhet Metropolitan Area the Government of Bangladesh shall try its best. If in that mentioned area does not get implementation of this said Act the Government cannot say they are able to establish rule of law whole over Bangladesh. Main objective of this study is to highlight the current situation of implementation of the Children Act, 2013 in Sylhet Metropolitan Area. This study provides suggestions to the Government, which steps are necessary to take for the effective implementation of the mentioned Act in Sylhet Metropolitan Area. Secondary and primary data used in the research are based on fieldwork in different child related institutions (Probation Officers Office, Police Station, Metropolitan Children’s Court, Sharkari Shishu Paribar, Chotomoni Nibash, Safe Home, Victim Support Centre, and Development Fair 2018).

This chapter comments on Article 69 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 69 deals with specific evidentiary issues but lacks a general provision like the one in the Nuremberg Charter. This is addressed in article 64, stating that the Trial Chamber has the power to rule on the admissibility or reliability of evidence. According to a Trial Chamber, ‘the drafters of the Statute framework have clearly and deliberately avoided proscribing certain categories or types of evidence, a step which would have limited — at the outset — the ability of the Chamber to assess evidence “freely”’. Chambers enjoy ‘a significant degree of discretion in considering all types of evidence’. Another judge has said that article 69 provides for ‘the principle of free assessment of evidence. Hence, it is up to the competent Chamber to decide on the probative value of any piece of evidence introduced for the purpose of the confirmation hearing or the trial’.

Abstract This chapter covers the criminal justice system. It outlines social services, police services, the police station, and the handling of vulnerable suspects. Investigative psychology and prison services are both described, along with adolescent secure services. Parole boards, and probations services are included, alongside offender management and managing the restricted patient. Safeguarding, public protection arrangements, the risk management authority are all explained, and the chapter concludes with crime prevention, PREVENT, and homicide and suicide inquiries.