Academic literature on the topic 'Probation Movement'
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Journal articles on the topic "Probation Movement"
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Phelps, Michelle S. "Mass Probation from Micro to Macro: Tracing the Expansion and Consequences of Community Supervision." Annual Review of Criminology 3, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041352.
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Between 1980 and 2007, probation rates in the United States skyrocketed alongside imprisonment rates; since 2007, both forms of criminal justice control have declined in use. Although a large literature in criminology and related fields has explored the causes and consequences of mass incarceration, very little research has explored the parallel rise of mass probation. This review takes stock of our knowledge of probation in the United States. In the first section, I trace the expansion of probation historically, across states, and for specific demographic groups. I then summarize the characteristics of adults on probation today and what we know about probation revocation. Lastly, I review the nascent literature on the causal effects of probation for individuals, families, neighborhoods, and society. I end by discussing a plan for research and the growing movement to blunt the harms of mass supervision.
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Schwalbe, Craig S. J., and Deborah Koetzle. "What the COVID-19 Pandemic Teaches About the essential Practices of Community Corrections and Supervision." Criminal Justice and Behavior 48, no. 9 (June 2, 2021): 1300–1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00938548211019073.
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The COVID-19 pandemic occurred in the midst of a reform movement in probation and parole supervision in the United States. Because social distancing orders created significant disruptions in probation and parole, the pandemic provides an opportunity to explore the innovative ways that probation and parole officers adjusted their supervision strategies with clients. We surveyed probation and parole officers in the United States ( N = 1,054; 65% female, 66% probation) in May–June 2020 about the supervision strategies they used with people on their caseloads before and immediately after the pandemic’s onset. Data indicate that overall rates of contact did not change, but that in-person contacts were replaced with remote communication strategies. Client access to electronic communication platforms, especially video conferencing, facilitated more frequent contact and more reliance on behavioral tactics and treatment-oriented case management approaches in the post-COVID period. Results reveal the potential role for video conferencing as an integral element of probation and parole reform.
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Clear, Todd R., and Patricia L. Hardyman. "The New Intensive Supervision Movement." Crime & Delinquency 36, no. 1 (January 1990): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128790036001004.
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In the face of severe institutional crowding across the United States, the 1980s has seen a revitalization of probation and parole through reliance on intensive supervision programs (ISPs). The ISPs of the 1980s are different from their predecessors of two decades earlier. Experiences with the new ISP movement identifies four areas of concern: stated goals may be difficult to achieve, confusion exists in the identification of appropriate target groups, supervision methods may be inappropriate to some clients, and the operating contexts are sometimes hostile to the ISP movement.
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Qaiser, Zarfishan, and Khushbakht Qaiser. "Evolving Mechanisms for Rehabilitation of offenders through Probation as an alternative to Punishment in Judicial system of Pakistan." Global Legal Studies Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2020(v-iii).08.
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Crime and punishment have always been considered as two sides of the same coin. In the primitive legal systems, the real object of inflicting punishment was deterrent and retributive, however, with the evolution of concepts of rights and civil liberties the restorative justice movement started gaining momentum in criminal administration of justice, the need to reconsider the objects of punishment has arisen and various theories were evolved to juxtapose these two extremes in such an optimum manner that ends of administration of justice could best be achieved. This article aims to find out the ways for proper implementation of probation laws to make community service as an alternative to crude punishment which seemed to have ignored the very object of punishment i.e., reformation for the betterment of society
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Kosecki, Alan. "The idea of mutual recognition of probation decisions within the European Union from the perspective of the State and the convicted person." Probacja 3 (September 30, 2022): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9667.
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In this paper the author addresses the issue of mutual recognition of probation decisions within the European Union from the perspective of the State and the convicted person. He characterizes the idea and general regulation of this aspect of cross-border cooperation in order to present the benefits and dangers of this institution for both entities. Through the analysis of legal acts, jurisprudence and reports on the practical application of these provisions, it points out the need for further development of international cooperation in criminal matters but also for changes in this area, putting forward the thesis that this institution is currently underestimated and underdeveloped in practical terms. The article contains a comprehensive characterization of both the formation of cooperation between European Union Member States in the area of mutual recognition of probation decisions and the principles on which it is based. It pays particular attention to the process of social resocialization and the influence of this institution on general and individual prevention. The analysis of the above issue will lead to postulates aimed at finding a remedy for at least some of the problems raised in the paper with the application of the institution in practice. The article is also a response to the accelerating process of globalization, the spreading of free movement of people within the European Union and the development trends of the Community, which implies a situation in which more and more crimes are committed by foreigners taking advantage of the openness of borders.
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Asghar, Usman, Shaukat Hussain Bhatti, and Sheikh Muhammad Adnan. "The Criminal Justice System in Pakistan: A Critical Study." Global Legal Studies Review VII, no. I (March 30, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2022(vii-i).01.
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In a country like Pakistan, data is seldom celebrated. A take-off point can be a brief explanation of the Criminal Justice System (CJS), which this layout will endeavor to give ineffectual way. The CJS in Pakistan contains five sections for instance, the police, legitimate chief, confinement offices, arraignment, probation and parole. The degree of the survey was limited to the four regions, be explicit Punjab, Sindh, KPK and Balochistan. Basically, the presentation of CJS isn't at its ideal level in Pakistan as well as mending gauges like improvement and redesign of real establishments as well as cutoff the working of existing police, analysts, judges, specialists, jail staff is required close by revolve around updating the current characteristics of specialists, judges, examiners, remedial offices to additionally foster the usefulness level as well as reason-ability of organization movement by the CJS generally.
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Yoo, Ji-A. "Japan’s total war system and anti-communist policy against Korea." Association Of Korean-Japanese National Studies 43 (December 31, 2022): 5–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35647/kjna.2022.43.5.
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This research examines Japan's total war system during the war from the aspect of anti-communist policy. Among them, Japan judged that the threat of the Communist Party was more serious in Korea than in Japan, and analyzed that it implemented an anti-communist policy in Korea that combined the judicial Peace Preservation Law and the cultural Korean Anti-Communist Association. The Soviet Revolution of 1917 had a great impact on the Western nations, and in 1920, it became a fashion in Europe and the United States to enact security legislation in order to prevent forces that would cooperate with the Soviet Union and promote domestic revolutionary movements. Japan enacted the Radical Social Movement Control Law in the early 1920s, and in 1925 it enacted the Peace Preservation Law. And Japan tried to deal with communism not only with the Soviet-Japanese Basic Treaty. This Peace Preservation Law was applied to suppress nationalist and socialist-affiliated independence movements in Korea. In Korea, not only communism, but also national and independence movements had to be suppressed and cracked down, so the Peace Preservation Law was applied to all cases.
Also, in the 1930s, Japan began to feel the effects of the Great Depression, and as a result, the labor movement and the peasant movement grew to an unprecedented scale. Then, in 1936, he submitted a bill to revise the Peace Preservation Law and passed the ‘Thought Criminal Probation Law’. In 1938, Japan began to advocate the need for a complete revision of the Peace Preservation Law, mainly through on-site ideological examinations. This is because Japan recognized that maintaining security in the rear was the most important issue in the process of developing a total war system following the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War. Such demands resulted in a complete revision of the Peace Preservation Law in 1941. At that time, Japan had an overwhelming number of cases of applying the Peace Preservation Law in Korea compared to other colonies. This was due to the perception of the Japanese authorities that the geographical and social conditions of Korea were more influenced by communism than Japan. In addition to this, on August 15, 1938, the Korean Anti-Communist Association was established to thoroughly eradicate communist ideology, and carried out anti-communist education through various projects. In this way, Japan tried to prevent the spread of communism to Korea under the total war system during the war through the Peace Preservation Law and the Korean Anti-Communist Association.
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Matskevich, Igor’ M. "Discrepancy between the Theory and Practice of Crime Prevention." Penitentiary science 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2686-9764-2021-15-3-605-612.
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Introduction: the article considers the concept of prevention in several aspects (social prevention, criminological prevention, situational prevention, evolutionary prevention). We describe the subjects implementing the prevention of offenses and consider the issue of public participation in this process in historical and modern periods. We focus our attention on the prevention of new crimes in the institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service, emphasize its importance during the period of serving a sentence (educational techniques and methods) and after release (interaction of probation inspectorates with law enforcement agencies for the re-socialization of released convicts). We outline possible risks and difficulties of organizing crime prevention together with public organizations: determining preferences for activists; politicization of preventive work (obtaining additional electoral points); selection of activists (preventing the involvement of representatives of the criminal environment). In the context of considering ways to improve prevention, much attention is paid to the prevention of crime through technological innovations: control over people’s movement using a mobile phone; analysis of web browsing history; computer programs for crime prevention; compilation and maintenance of federal database programs; chipping, etc. The study is based on the accumulated experience of implementing preventive work, which is described in the sections “Prevention yesterday” and “Prevention today”. The article analyzes examples of crime prevention in Thailand, the U.S. etc., and reflects the results of implementation of the “Safe City” program in Moscow. The methodological basis of this study is represented by the axiological approach. Research problems were addressed with the use of general philosophical principles of dialectics and special methods of cognition: systematic, formal-legal, sociological, etc. Results: the public remains the most important element of the prevention system. It is necessary to develop and legally consolidate the relevant activities, for example, as it is done in Article 11 of the Federal Law “On the fundamentals of the system for prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency”. Legal education should be the main weapon in the hands of the subjects of prevention. Elimination of crime should become the main direction of prevention.
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Borowicka, Monika. "OCHRONA INTERESU POKRZYWDZONEGO W POLSKIM PRAWIE KARNYM." Zeszyty Prawnicze 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2003.3.1.08.
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PROTECTION OF VICTIM’S RIGHTS IN THE POLISH PENAL LAWSummary The World Victimology Society was formed in 1979. That event greatly influenced the development of a study o f a victim and also initiated the movement for the wronged. Victim surveys conducted on the basis of self reporting enabled to define the concepts o f primary and secondary victimization. The surveys confirmed the fact that the implementation of an injured party protection is still inadequate.That subject matter was taken up by the VI Congress of the United Nations in 1985. The U N proclaimed the Declaration of Basic Laws for Victims of Crime and Abuse o f Authorities. In the part devoted to victims of crimes it lists four fundamental rights:a) a right of access to an administration of justice;b) a right to restoration;c) a right to compensation;d) a right to aid.The document also indicates the possibility to use mediation, arbitration, or conciliation and also the Polish legislator perceives the new trends o f punishment policy expressed in progressive regulations. As distinct from the hitherto role o f an injured party as a witness in his own case these regulations aim at securing an effective influence of an injured party on the course o f proceedings and a possibility to satisfy his claim.Currently, one o f the aims o f the Penal Code is an obligation to compensate for damages and to redress an injury sustained by an injured party. It is on the list of means of punishment together with a sanction imposing a payment to an injured or to the public purse and a pecuniary performance (article 39, point 5 of the Penal Code). It may not only complement a punishment, but also be its alternative.An obligation o f a perpetrator of an offence to redress an inflicted damage should also serve the appeasement of conflicts resulting from an unlawful conduct. It also allows a release on probation and an extraordinary mitigation of penalty. Therefore it serves a number of penal functions: o f compensation, resocialization, and education.
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Ignjatović, Đorđe. "Pandemic COVID-19 and the penitentiary system - first experiences." Crimen 12, no. 3 (2021): 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/crimen2103233i.
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The C-19 pandemic, as a 'mirror of truth', showed the true face of modern societies, characterized by a general race for profit, lack of empathy, discrimination against numerous social groups, and even manifestations of racism. In the first months, before the vaccines (never faster created) were put on the market, the public authorities of most countries opted for strict measures that included locking and fundamental changes in the lifestyle of the entire population. Considering that the functioning of many institutions has been disrupted, the penitentiary system has been facing new challenges as well. Overcrowded institutions with a large number of persons in a health risk, with poor hygienic conditions and insufficient number of employees in health services were already a suitable environment for the spread of infectious diseases. These conditions have been neglected for decades. Now that a dangerous, easily transmitted disease has become a danger not only to prisoners, but also to prison staff, their families, and public health in general. It has become clear that something urgent needs to be done. Maintaining physical distance was usually not possible due to overcrowding, and palliative measures of organizational (expansion of the semi-freedom system) and architectural character (rearrangement of the institution's space) did not yield results. After a lot of controversy and resistance, most countries decided to opt for decarceration - the early release of a large number of members of endangered categories of prisoners, including perpetrators of minor, non-violent crimes. However, it turned out that - without real preparation before release and without proper acceptance by probation services (especially in the case of socially vulnerable categories of persons, homeless and immigrants) - this measure did reduce the infection rate in penitentiaries, but further jeopardized public health. The pandemic has therefore showed that the penal system must undergo a fundamental transformation in which incarceration will be exceptional, an extreme measure to be replaced by a number of alternatives. Perhaps the citizens, after many traumatic experiences with several weeks of lockdown during which they were in fact deprived of their freedom of movement, will support more this change instead of the habit of succumbing to new waves of penal populism and retributivism.
Book chapters on the topic "Probation Movement"
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Boeri, Miriam. "The Racial Landscape of the Drug War." In Hurt. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293465.003.0006.
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This chapter provides insider accounts of how the War on Drugs impacted people of color. The racial disparities of the incarcerated population increased as working-class African American communities became impoverished ghettos. Constant police surveillance of minority neighborhoods and invasive oversight by detached judges and probation officers humiliated those entrapped by law enforcement and too poor to afford honest legal protection. Jammie speaks for those with less strength of character when she tells the judge, “How can you sit up there in suburbia and tell me how to live my life as a black woman in the ghetto?” As punitive responses to drug use became more severe, particularly for crack cocaine, extended families were engulfed in overwhelming debt as the criminal justice system demanded the accused pay for their own court, probation, and legal fees, and former prisoners were required to pay for their time behind bars and parole services. Older black baby boomers who remembered the hope of the Civil Rights Movement despaired of societal change as they sought solace in drugs. Racism through the “New Jim Crow” remained a lurking barrier to achieving the dream.
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Anderson, Peter. "The Rise of Juvenile Courts and the Consolidation of Child Removal." In The Age of Mass Child Removal in Spain, 59–79. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844576.003.0004.
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In the late nineteenth century, demands to curb parental sovereignty merged with campaigns for prison reform. As a result, calls gathered pace for juvenile courts which would remove children from the adult, criminal justice system and protect children from abusive parents and adults. The juvenile-court movement developed in the context of the growth of child-protection societies and child-protection legislation. Nevertheless, reformers remained frustrated by the enduring power of parental sovereignty and pushed for greater change. In 1899, reformers in Illinois achieved their ambition of creating courts that removed children from the criminal justice system, ensured children could be placed in reformatories, and empowered judges to curb guardianship rights. The courts also worked with family visitors and frequently preferred to place families and children on probation rather than move directly to child removal. Spaniards followed these developments in the USA and countries such as Belgium, and created their own courts.
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Cossyleon, Jennifer Elena. "The Incorporation of Faith-Based Organizations into Criminal Justice Reform." In "Jesus Saved an Ex-Con", 27–42. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479884148.003.0017.
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This chapter draws from a social movements perspective to examine how 1990s-era probation privatization contests reshaped the penal field in ways that led CBOs and FBOs to become more deeply incorporated in criminal justice reform efforts. As neoliberal think tanks aggressively promoted transferring probation activities to for-profit firms, the American Probation and Parole Association (APPA)—a CSG-related organization representing probation officers—fended off such threats by building public-private partnerships with CBOs and FBOs. The CSG and APPA still sought to preserve the influence of elite civic organizations in criminal justice reform. However, once seated at the table of criminal justice reform, faith leaders participated in both pastoral and insurgent displays of prophetic redemption. The efforts of CRS/FORCE and LA Voice/the Homeboys LOC trace their origins to these evolving contests over criminal justice reform.