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Journal articles on the topic 'Probability Dilution'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Trajstman, A. C. "A Note on Dilution Assays with Errors in Dilutions." Biometrical Journal 38, no. 3 (1996): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710380304.

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2

Bland, Martin. "TheHorizonhomeopathic dilution experiment." Significance 2, no. 3 (September 2005): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2005.00109.x.

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3

Montei, Carolyn, Susan McDougal, Mark Mozola, and Jennifer Rice. "Semiquantitative Determination of Mesophilic, Aerobic Microorganisms in Cocoa Products Using the Soleris® NF-TVC Method." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.13-120.

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Abstract The Soleris Non-fermenting Total Viable Count method was previously validated for a wide variety of food products, including cocoa powder. A matrix extension study was conducted to validate themethod for use with cocoa butter and cocoa liquor. Test samples included naturally contaminated cocoa liquor and cocoa butter inoculated with natural microbial flora derived from cocoa liquor. A probability of detection statistical model was used to compare Soleris results at multiple test thresholds (dilutions) with aerobic plate counts determined using the AOAC Official Method966.23 dilution plating method. Results of the two methods were not statistically different at any dilution level in any of thethree trials conducted. The Soleris method offersthe advantage of results within 24 h, compared tothe 48 h required by standard dilution plating methods.
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4

Labella, Carla, and Derek J. Koehler. "Dilution and confirmation of probability judgments based on nondiagnostic evidence." Memory & Cognition 32, no. 7 (October 2004): 1076–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03196883.

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5

Sun, ZhenJiang, YaZhong Luo, and ZhiYong Niu. "Spacecraft rendezvous trajectory safety quantitative performance index eliminating probability dilution." Science China Technological Sciences 57, no. 6 (April 4, 2014): 1219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-014-5523-3.

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6

Labropulu, F., P. J. Sullivan, and H. Ye. "A contaminant-dilution heuristic model." Environmetrics 6, no. 6 (November 1995): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.3170060615.

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7

Staszewski, Robert. "Murphy's law of limiting dilution cloning." Statistics in Medicine 9, no. 4 (April 1990): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780090416.

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8

Eilifsen, Aasmund, Natalia Kochetova, and William F. Messier. "Mitigating the Dilution Effect in Auditors' Judgments Using a Frequency Response Mode." Behavioral Research in Accounting 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-52467.

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ABSTRACT This paper investigates the potential of using a frequency response mode to reduce the dilution effect of non-diagnostic evidence on auditors' fraud risk judgments. In two experiments, we test one hypothesis and examine a research question related to the dilution effect where response mode (frequency versus probability) and type of non-diagnostic or irrelevant information are manipulated between-participants. Results of the hypothesis tests show that auditors' fraud risk judgments demonstrate a significantly lower dilution effect when they evaluate diagnostic and non-diagnostic or irrelevant evidence using a frequency response mode, as compared to the probability response mode; this effect is most pronounced when auditors are provided with favorable non-diagnostic or irrelevant evidence. JEL Classifications: M4; M40; M420. Data Availability: Summary data are available from the authors upon request.
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9

Barra, Adriano, Federico Camboni, and Pierluigi Contucci. "Dilution robustness for mean field ferromagnets." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2009, no. 03 (March 23, 2009): P03028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2009/03/p03028.

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10

Faddy, M. J., and D. M. Smith. "Extended Poisson process modelling of dilution series data." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics) 57, no. 4 (September 2008): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9876.2008.00622.x.

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11

Jensen, D. R. "Joint Confidence Sets in Multiple Dilution Assays." Biometrical Journal 31, no. 7 (1989): 841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710310713.

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12

Ruyts, Sanne C., Dries Landuyt, Evy Ampoorter, Dieter Heylen, Steffen Ehrmann, Elena C. Coipan, Erik Matthysen, Hein Sprong, and Kris Verheyen. "Low probability of a dilution effect for Lyme borreliosis in Belgian forests." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 9, no. 5 (July 2018): 1143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.04.016.

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13

Hamilton, Martin A., and Michael G. Rinaldi. "Descriptive statistical analyses of serial dilution data." Statistics in Medicine 7, no. 4 (April 1988): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780070410.

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14

Staszewski, Robert. "Murphy's law of limiting dilution cloning revisited." Statistics in Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 1990): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780091217.

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15

Camara, Tais Renata, Ronald Scheffer Leal, and Rodrigo De Lemos Peroni. "Accounting for operational dilution by incorporating geological uncertainties in short-term mine planning." DYNA 87, no. 213 (April 1, 2020): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n213.83661.

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Operational dilution in open-pit mining can influence short-term mine planning and affect the adherence between designed and executed plans, impacting the reconciliation results. This type of dilution may occur due to several reasons, such as erroneous assumptions regarding contacts, inefficient mining performance, and uncertainties associated with the planned grades. The use of uncertainties enables better predictability and achievement of planned targets. Using the mine planning polygons and grade models, a methodology is proposed to measure the dilution ranges in each region. The methodology considers the uncertainty associated with the ore grades to verify the probability of occurrence of dilution in the short-term mine plan. The results demonstrated that the use of uncertainties enabled identification of the areas with a higher potential of incurring operational dilution. Using this information, the plans can be adjusted to minimize dilution, or the result can be used as a factor to correct the planned data.
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16

Stallard, Nigel, Mike B. Gravenor, and Robert N. Curnow. "Estimating numbers of infectious units from serial dilution assays." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics) 55, no. 1 (January 2006): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9876.2005.00517.x.

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17

Lin, Min, Nan Li, Liang Tian, and Da-Ning Shi. "Spatial evolutionary game with bond dilution." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 389, no. 8 (April 2010): 1753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2009.12.029.

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18

Hill, N. J., and A. R. Padmanabhan. "Robust Estimation of Relative Potency in Dilution Assays." Biometrical Journal 32, no. 5 (January 19, 2007): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710320513.

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19

Roberts, Philip J. W. "The use of Current Data in Ocean Outfall Design." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0147.

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Some of the ways in which current meter data can aid in the design of ocean outfalls are discussed. Examples are given, which include time series analyses of currents obtained in Puget Sound, near Alki Point, the prediction of initial dilution of San Francisco, the prediction of far field dilution and transport in Southern California coastal waters, and prediction of the visitation frequency, or transport probability, off Alki Point.
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20

Pereira, Marcelo, Lilian Fernanda Sfendrych Gonçalves, Erik Nunes Gomes, Überson Boaretto Rossa, and Cícero Deschamps. "Auxin type and dilution vehicles on vegetative propagation of Varronia curassavica Jacq. and Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel." Ornamental Horticulture 27, no. 2 (June 2021): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2447-536x.v27i2.2253.

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Abstract Studies on the propagation of medicinal and ornamental plant species show of great relevance as they contribute to the domestication, cultivation and production of these species. However, there are not enough information concerning the interaction of the different plant growth regulators and the recommended dilution vehicles. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethanol as rooting inducers, as well as their performance as vehicles for diluting indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in stem cuttings of the species Varronia curassavica and Melaleuca alternifolia. Stem cuttings of both species were submitted to the treatments: control with distilled water, hydroethanolic solution (50% v v-1), NaOH solution in distilled water, indolebutyric acid diluted in hydroethanolic solution, indolebutyric acid diluted in NaOH solution, naphthalene acetic acid diluted in hydroethanolic acid and naphthalene acetic acid diluted in NaOH solution (0.5 N). The design used was completely randomized, with the averages compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Better rooting of the cuttings was observed when IBA was applied using both dilution vehicles. For M. alternifolia, percentages of average survival of 26.43% were verified. Rooting was more satisfactory when using NaOH as a dilution vehicle for both IBA (16.66%) and NAA (23.33%). For V. curassavica, IBA (2000 mg L-1) is the most suitable plant regulator, diluted in both hydroethanolic solution and in NaOH, while for M. alternifolia, NaOH is recommended as a dilution vehicle for plant growth regulators NAA (500 mg L-1) and IBA (500 mg L-1). When applied isolated, the dilution vehicles do not stimulate and do not harm the rooting of the two species.
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21

Heagy, W. K., and P. J. Sullivan. "Fixed-point values of contaminant cloud dilution." Environmetrics 6, no. 6 (November 1995): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.3170060610.

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22

Blodgett, Robert J. "MEASURING IMPROBABILITY OF OUTCOMES FROM A SERIAL DILUTION TEST." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 31, no. 12 (December 31, 2002): 2209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/sta-120017222.

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23

Mokalled, Stefani C., Christopher S. McMahan, Joshua M. Tebbs, Derek Andrew Brown, and Christopher R. Bilder. "Incorporating the dilution effect in group testing regression." Statistics in Medicine 40, no. 11 (February 17, 2021): 2540–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.8916.

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24

Staszewski, Robert. "Murphy's law of limiting dilution cloning revisited: Subcloning." Statistics in Medicine 11, no. 1 (1992): 132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780110113.

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25

Zelterman, Daniel, Alexander Tulupyev, Robert Heimer, and Nadia Abdala. "Statistical design for a small serial dilution series." Statistics in Medicine 29, no. 3 (November 26, 2009): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.3774.

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26

de Oliveira, Marcelo M., and Silvio C. Ferreira. "Universality of the contact process with random dilution." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2008, no. 11 (November 4, 2008): P11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/11/p11001.

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27

Ceglarska, Magdalena, Olaf Stefańczyk, Shin-ichi Ohkoshi, and Anna M. Majcher-Fitas. "Influence of magnetic dilution on relaxation processes in a solid solution comprising tetrahedral Co/ZnII complexes." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 20 (2020): 6807–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt01058h.

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Dilution with diamagnetic species in a SIM solid solution leads to an increase in relaxation times at low temperatures and monotonously reduces the probability of quantum tunneling of magnetization and the direct process.
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28

Blodgett, Robert J. "Finding Bounds Applied to Serial Dilution Experiments." Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 29, no. 3 (January 2000): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610910008813640.

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29

Mozola, Mark, Lucas R. Gray, Jill Feldpausch, Susan Alles, Susan McDougal, Carolyn Montei, Ron Sarver, Brent Steiner, Christine Cooper, and Jennifer Rice. "Validation of the Soleris® NF-TVC Method for Determination of Total Viable Count in a Variety of Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 96, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.12-342.

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Abstract A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of the Soleris Non-fermenting-Total Viable Count (NF-TVC) automated growth-based method for semiquantitative detection of mesophilic, aerobic microorganisms in a variety of food products. A probability of detection (POD) statistical model was used to compare Soleris results at multiple test thresholds (dilutions) with aerobic plate counts determined using reference dilution plating procedures. Nine naturally contaminated food products were tested, with Soleris testing performed at three or four threshold levels for each food. Using the POD model, all Soleris test results were in statistical agreement with the reference plating procedures with the exception of a single threshold level in two trials with black pepper, and a single threshold level in the independent laboratory trial with cheesecake. Results of ruggedness testing showed that the Soleris method produced accurate results even when minor variances in operating parameters, including sample volume and incubation temperature, were introduced. Results of the internal and independent laboratory validation studies showed that the Soleris NF-TVC method can be used as an accurate alternative to conventional dilution plating procedures for evaluation of microbial counts at threshold levels, while saving 24 h or more in analysis time.
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30

Matthews, J. N. S. "Alternative criteria for optimal designs of limiting dilution assays." Statistics in Medicine 17, no. 23 (December 15, 1998): 2733–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19981215)17:23<2733::aid-sim39>3.0.co;2-#.

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31

Roberts, Philip J. W. "Dilution and Transport Predictions for Ocean Outfalls." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1989): 969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0299.

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Dilution and transport predictions for an ocean outfall proposed for the Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro are summarized. The initial characteristics of the wastefield are predicted using the results of recent experiments on submerged wastefield characteristics in stratified flows. Using measured currents and stratifications, it is predicted that the proposed design will result in a wastefield which is always submerged, whose thickness varies from 8.5 to 23.1 m and whose dilution varies from about 200 to well over 2000. The wastefield will often stay near the ocean bottom. Far field transport due to currents is calculated and expressed in terms of spatial “visitation frequency,” the probability of the wastefield visiting any location. It is shown that no effluent reaches shore with a travel time less than 5.5 hours, and computations including oceanic diffusion and bacterial mortality suggest maximum shoreline coliform concentrations of 500 per 100 mℓ, and 98% of the time they will be less than this. For reasons discussed these estimates of shoreline bacteria are conservatively high, and much lower than computed by methods assuming steady onshore currents.
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32

Strijbosch, L. W. G., R. J. M. M. Does, and W. Albers. "Multiple-dose design and bias-reducing methods for limiting dilution assays." Statistica Neerlandica 44, no. 4 (December 1990): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9574.1990.tb01284.x.

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33

van Geloven, Nan, Eric A. Cator, Hendrik P. Lopuhaä, and Mart P. Janssen. "Regression analysis on serial dilution data from virus validation robustness studies." Statistica Neerlandica 63, no. 3 (August 2009): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9574.2009.00416.x.

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34

Kohno, Tetsuro, and Sakae Fukunaga. "The “cut-off probability” as the measure of quantal improbability in the dilution method." Water Research 32, no. 10 (October 1998): 3099–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00084-0.

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35

Wassenhoven, Michel Van, Bernard Nysten, Martine Goyens, Pierre Dorfman, Philippe Devos, and Delphine Magnin. "Ion Partition Detected in Homeopathically Manufactured Medicine Cuprum metallicum and Controls." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 21, cf (August 25, 2022): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v21icf.1181.

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Background: Homeopathy is highly controversial. The main reason for this is its use of very highly dilute medicines (high homeopathic potencies, HHP), diluted beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. Research using Nano Tracking Analysis has demonstrated the presence of particles in HHPs. This study aims to verify the results of a previous publication that identified the ionic composition of these particles in all dilutions. Methods: We used Scanning Electron Microscopy & Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) to examine dilutions of a commonly used homeopathic medicine, an insoluble metal, Cuprum metallicum, for the presence of particles (NPs). The homeopathic medicines tested were specially prepared according to the European pharmacopoeia standards. We compared the homeopathic dilutions/dynamizations of copper with simple dilutions and dynamized lactose controls. Results: We observed an ionic diversity common to all preparations including HHPs but also significant differences in the relative quantity of each ion between manufacturing lines of homeopathic copper and lactose controls. The probability that the observed differences could have occurred chance alone (especially above Avogadro limit) can be rejected at p < 0.001. The essential component of these homeopathic medicines is sodium hydrogen carbonate, modulated by some other elements and by its quantity, size and shape. Conclusion: Homeopathic medicines made of Cuprum metallicum do contain material with a specific ionic composition even in HHPs diluted beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. This specificity can be attributed to the manufacturing process. This material demonstrates that the step-by-step process (dynamized or not) does not match the theoretical expectations of a dilution process. The starting material and dilution/dynamization method influences the nature of these NPs. Further measurements are needed on other raw materials using the same controls (solvent and simply diluted manufacturing lines) to support these findings. The role of sodium bicarbonate must be carefully studied in the future.
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36

Wada, Alexander H. O., and Mário J. de Oliveira. "Critical properties of the contact process with quenched dilution." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2017, no. 4 (April 24, 2017): 043209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/aa694b.

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37

Balch, Alfred H., M. J. M. Hitchcock, and Peter J. Brockwell. "A new approach to the limiting dilution assay." Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10543409408835075.

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38

ZACKIN, ROBERT, and L. J. WEI. "ANALYSIS OF REPEATED VIROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS BASED ON CELL DILUTION ASSAYS." Statistics in Medicine 16, no. 5 (March 15, 1997): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19970315)16:5<571::aid-sim426>3.0.co;2-y.

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39

Zenios, Stefanos A., and Lawrence M. Wein. "Pooled testing for HIV prevalence estimation: exploiting the dilution effect." Statistics in Medicine 17, no. 13 (July 15, 1998): 1447–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980715)17:13<1447::aid-sim862>3.0.co;2-k.

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40

Zelterman, Daniel. "An occupancy distribution arising in a limiting dilution assay for HIV-1." Statistics & Probability Letters 76, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2005.06.016.

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41

Hege, Ulrich, and Pierre Mella‐Barral. "Repeated Dilution of Diffusely Held Debt." Journal of Business 78, no. 3 (May 2005): 737–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429643.

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42

Uddin, Md Seraj, C. Vijayan, and Jatindra Kumar Rath. "Sensitivity of germanium content on growth conditions of silicon-germanium nanoparticles prepared in nonthermal capacitively-coupled plasmas." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 91, no. 2 (August 2020): 20801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020190302.

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We report on the synthesis of Si1−x Ge x alloy nanocrystals by very-high-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (VHF PECVD) technique at different silane to germane gas flow ratio (R) in a mixture of (H2+Ar) dilution gas and H2 dilution gas alone. TEM, SAED, EDS studies and HAADF-STEM mapping of the samples were done to investigate the NCs' size, crystallinity and distribution of Si and Ge in the Si1−x Ge x alloy NCs. The average estimated size of the NCs in all the samples are in the order of exciton Bohr radius of Ge (24.3 nm), thereby indicating the probability of good quantum confinement. The alloy nature of NCs was confirmed in Raman study. The content of Ge in SiGe NCs was evaluated from Raman spectra which show a direct correlation with the fraction of hydrogen flow in the dilution gas mixture.
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43

RANDOLPH, S. E., and A. D. M. DOBSON. "Pangloss revisited: a critique of the dilution effect and the biodiversity-buffers-disease paradigm." Parasitology 139, no. 7 (February 16, 2012): 847–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012000200.

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SUMMARYThe twin concepts of zooprophylaxis and the dilution effect originated with vector-borne diseases (malaria), were driven forward by studies on Lyme borreliosis and have now developed into the mantra “biodiversity protects against disease”. The basic idea is that by diluting the assemblage of transmission-competent hosts with non-competent hosts, the probability of vectors feeding on transmission-competent hosts is reduced and so the abundance of infected vectors is lowered. The same principle has recently been applied to other infectious disease systems – tick-borne, insect-borne, indirectly transmitted via intermediate hosts, directly transmitted. It is claimed that the presence of extra species of various sorts, acting through a variety of distinct mechanisms, causes the prevalence of infectious agents to decrease. Examination of the theoretical and empirical evidence for this hypothesis reveals that it applies only in certain circumstances even amongst tick-borne diseases, and even less often if considering the correct metric – abundance rather than prevalence of infected vectors. Whether dilution or amplification occurs depends more on specific community composition than on biodiversityper se. We warn against raising a straw man, an untenable argument easily dismantled and dismissed. The intrinsic value of protecting biodiversity and ecosystem function outweighs this questionable utilitarian justification.
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44

Theumann, W. K., and R. Erichsen. "The three-state layered neural network with finite dilution." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 341 (October 2004): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2004.04.130.

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45

Blodgett, Robert J. "Testing Deviation for a Set of Serial Dilution Most Probable Numbers from a Poisson-Binomial Model." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.1.166.

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Abstract A serial dilution experiment estimates the microbial concentration in a broth by inoculating several sets of tubes with various amounts of the broth. The estimation uses the Poisson distribution and the number of tubes in each of these sets that show growth. Several factors, such as interfering microbes, toxins, or disaggregation of adhering microbes, may distort the results of a serial dilution experiment. A mild enough distortion may not raise suspicion with a single outcome. The test introduced here judges whether the entire set of serial dilution outcomes appears unusual. This test forms lists of the possible outcomes. The set of outcomes is declared unusual if any occurrence of an observed outcome is on the first list, or more than one is on the first or second list, etc. A similar test can apply when there are only a finite number of possible outcomes, and each outcome has a calculable probability, and few outcomes have tied probabilities.
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46

Lin, Jie, Michael Manhart, and Ariel Amir. "Evolution of Microbial Growth Traits Under Serial Dilution." Genetics 215, no. 3 (May 4, 2020): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303149.

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Selection of mutants in a microbial population depends on multiple cellular traits. In serial-dilution evolution experiments, three key traits are the lag time when transitioning from starvation to growth, the exponential growth rate, and the yield (number of cells per unit resource). Here, we investigate how these traits evolve in laboratory evolution experiments using a minimal model of population dynamics, where the only interaction between cells is competition for a single limiting resource. We find that the fixation probability of a beneficial mutation depends on a linear combination of its growth rate and lag time relative to its immediate ancestor, even under clonal interference. The relative selective pressure on growth rate and lag time is set by the dilution factor; a larger dilution factor favors the adaptation of growth rate over the adaptation of lag time. The model shows that yield, however, is under no direct selection. We also show how the adaptation speeds of growth and lag depend on experimental parameters and the underlying supply of mutations. Finally, we investigate the evolution of covariation between these traits across populations, which reveals that the population growth rate and lag time can evolve a nonzero correlation even if mutations have uncorrelated effects on the two traits. Altogether these results provide useful guidance to future experiments on microbial evolution.
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47

Roth, John D., Murali Tummala, and John C. Mceachen. "A New Probability Density Function for Minimizing Geometric Dilution of Precision in Location-Aware Wireless Communications." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 160461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3020748.

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48

Ren, Qing Kai, Xiao Na Ji, Yan Zuo, Li Guo Wan, Sheng Shu Ai, and De Jun Bian. "Evaluation of Uncertainty in Analysis of Nitrite in Water by High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.863.

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This paper establishes a mathematical model of assessing the various factors of the uncertainty in analysis of nitrite in water by HPLC-DAD, investigates all the steps of the measurement by HPLC and calculates the various factors of evaluating the uncertainty analysis. The result shows: in this method the nitrite content in certain domestic sewage is measured 1.161 mg·L-1, and the uncertainty from the standard material and the test standard deviation under the repeatable conditions contribute mainly to the uncertainty of measuring the nitrite content in water. The uncertainty from the standard material generally includes the uncertainties from standard dilution, standard product purity and the environment temprature, in which the extraction, dilution and stability of the standard solution are the main contributors to the uncertainty from standard dilution. After calculation the relative uncertainty synthesis of nitrite content in water uncertainty is 0.0050, when the confidence probability P=95% and the expanded uncertainty 0.012mg·L-1. Without regard to the inhomogeneity of the nitrite distribution in water sample, the content of nitrite in water sample can be presented as (1.161±0.012) mg·L-1.
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Mirzayof, Dror, and Yosef Ashkenazy. "Preservation of long range temporal correlations under extreme random dilution." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 389, no. 24 (December 2010): 5573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2010.08.035.

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50

Loyer, Milton W. "Estimation of the density of organisms using a serial dilution experiment." Environmetrics 1, no. 1 (July 6, 2007): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.3170010106.

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