Journal articles: 'Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols'

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M. Haglan, Hussein, Salman Yussof, Khalid W. Al-Ani, Hothefa Shaker Jassim, and Dhamea A. Jasm. "The effect of network size and density to the choice of zone radius in ZRP." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 20, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v20.i1.pp206-213.

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<span>Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a network that consists of several nodes that connect without using a permanent infrastructure. Each node in MANET moves inside and outside of the network freely and randomly. The free and random movements of nodes may cause the topology of the network to change constantly. Therefore, the task of finding routes between nodes is a big challenge. Routing protocols in MANET can be divided into three categories, namely, proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols. Hybrid routing protocols such as the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of both proactive and reactive routing protocols by dividing the network area into many overlapping zones. Data transmission to nodes within the zone is done using a proactive routing mechanism, while data transmission to nodes outside the zone is done using a reactive routing mechanism. The zone radius in ZRP determines how much proactive and reactive routing is used, and therefore plays a key role in determining the performance of the network. In this paper, the performance of the ZRP routing protocol is evaluated using the NS2.33 network simulator. The focus of the research is to evaluate the ZRP performance concerning the network size and density to identify an optimum ZRP zone size that will provide good performance. The performance is evaluated by using four performance metrics which are normalized routing load, average end-to-end delay, throughput, and packet delivery fraction. The results show that ZRP produces the best performance when the zone radius size is equal to two hops.</span>

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Emilselvan, G. s. r., N. Gayathri, Ankush Rai, and Jagadish Kannan R. "ENERGY AWARE ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANET." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 13 (April 1, 2017): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s1.19985.

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Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network consisting of a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without the need of centralized authority. Each node can send and receive data, and it should also forward routing information unrelated to its own use. Routing protocols in MANET establish path between source and destination based on number of hops. Establishment of shortest path alone is not sufficient to prolong the network lifetime. Energy consumption reduction methods are necessary as the nodes in MANET are restricted by battery supply. Energy is drained when the MANET nodes transmit and receive the data. For itself, energy management techniques are necessary in order to improve the performance of the routing protocol. Both proactive and reactive protocols have trade-off in them. ZRP is a hybrid protocol which overcomes the shortcomings of proactive and reactive routing protocols. ZRP divides the entire network into zones of variable size where routing inside the zone is performed using proactive routing approach and exterior to zone is performed using reactive routing approach. The performance characteristics of the ZRP protocol are established through simulations by comparing it to well-known routing protocol namely AODV.

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Rana, Sandeep Singh, and Sunita Malik. "Comparison between the Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols." IARJSET 4, no. 7 (July 20, 2017): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/iarjset.2017.4719.

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Zafar, Sherin, and Neha Sharma. "Inculcating Trust in Hybrid Routing Approach for Securing MANET." International Journal of End-User Computing and Development 8, no. 2 (July 2019): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeucd.2019070102.

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The rudimentary notion of using MANET is that the exchange of information in between the portable nodes count on the swift arrangement of a momentary network. Also, each node in a MANET can travel spontaneously in any direction and can change its links to the other nodes repeatedly. In hybrid protocols, initially, the routing is established with the help of some proactively prospected routes and later on serves the request with the help of reactive flooding. In MANET, the security and the routing are the two most crucial and challenging aspects that open up a vast area for improvement. Security includes a set of considerations that are adequately funded. Designing a competent routing protocol for wireless ad-hoc network along with the fulfilment of security aspects is a challenging task. MANET demands for a new set of networking strategies to be adopted in order to provide competent and secure overhead free end-to-end communication. In MANET, hybrid routing protocols are considered to be the most effective types of protocols as they take the advantage of both proactive and reactive routing protocols. After performing an intense literature survey, it could be concluded that there is a specific requirement of a protocol hybrid in nature that could include the two most specific factors for MANET (i.e., routing and security). The existing hybrid routing protocols suffers from the problems like optimisation control, images detection, and image quantization. To solve the above-mentioned issues of hybrid routing protocols, various optimization algorithms have been proposed that are natural genetics-inspired. The various techniques that can be used to enhance the security are cryptography, bio-metric, trust-based approach, Hash function algorithm, etc.

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W. Al-Ani, Khalid, Salman Yussof, Hussein M. Haglan, Hothefa Shaker, and Linda Mahdi Alani. "Determining an optimum zone radius for zone routing protocol (ZRP) based on node mobility." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i2.pp1230-1237.

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Mobility is one of the important issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET). By definition, MANET nodes are free to move around and this may cause difficulty in routing. MANET routing protocols must consider this factor when making routing decision. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid routing protocol, which utilizes the proactive and reactive routing protocols advantages. ZRP proactively maintains routing information within a routing zone, while reactively discovering routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. Since ZRP is based on the concept of routing zone, determining an optimum routing zone radius has the major impact on the performance of that protocol. In this research, we studied the effect of zone radius on the performance of ZRP with different levels of node mobility. Node mobility is defined using two different parameters: node speed and pause time. Based on the simulation results, ZRP protocol using zone radius of two provides the best packet delivery fraction, throughput and normalized routing load. However, a larger zone radius will provide a lower delay.

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Singh, Amar, Shakti Kumar, and Sukhbir Singh Walia. "Routing Protocols for WMNs: A Survey." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 7 (September 27, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i7.87.

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Routing is one of the most challenging issues encountered in the Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) due to the dynamic nature of WMNs. The survey observes that literature is rich with wide range of routing protocols. Each protocol has its own features which we have briefly discussed. The routing protocols could be divided into three categories i.e. reactive, proactive and hybrid. In this paper we have reviewed wide range of existing routing protocols which are being applied for wireless mesh networks. The literature survey also points to the rising popularity of soft computing based approaches to the optimal cost path evaluation as compared to the classical or hard computing based approaches.

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Ragab, Ahmed Refaat, and Pablo Flores. "Adapting Ad-hoc Routing Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems." International Journal of Data Science 2, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijods.2.1.1-8.2021.

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The field of the ad-hoc network and its routing protocols had attracted a lot of researchers for many years, due to the various usage of the ad-hoc networks in many fields and especially the field of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Routing protocols in the ad-hoc network are the main focused problem, for their characteristics and role during the communication process of the ad-hoc networks, with its different types. In this paper, we are going to analyze and sheds the light on the performance of ad-hoc routing protocols, for both Flying ad-hoc network (FANET) and vehicle ad-hoc network (VANET) when applying three different ad-hoc routing protocols, respectively Reactive routing protocol, Proactive routing protocol, and Hybrid routing protocol, in order to shed light on the ambiguous misunderstanding of ad-hoc routing protocols functionality and to choose the best routing protocol to be used and adapted for UAVs.

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Sultan, Mohamad T., Khaled N. Yasen, and Ali Q. Saeed. "Simulation-based Evaluation of Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector, Fisheye State Routing, and Zone Routing Protocol." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 3, no. 2 (August 20, 2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v3n2y2019.pp64-69.

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Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less and decentralized network without any physical connections. Nodes are mobile, free to move, and independent of each other which makes routing a difficult task. Hence, a dynamic routing protocol is needed to make MANET reliable and function properly. Several routing protocols have been proposed with different working mechanisms and performance levels. Therefore, the performance study of those protocols is needed. This paper evaluates the performance of MANET routing protocols using simulation based experiments to observe the behavior of the network as the density of the nodes increases. The paper evaluates the performance of proactive (fisheye state routing), reactive (ad hoc on-demand distance vector), and hybrid (zone routing protocol) routing protocols in terms of the packet delivery fraction, average throughput, and average end-to-end delay. The simulations of protocols to analyze their performance in different conditions were performed using the network simulator 2 (NS 2).

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Manish Sharma. "Performance evaluation of Various Ad hoc routing protocols in IP, throughput and FIFO using Qualnet in hilly Terrains for VANET." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0015.

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VANET in hilly terrains suffers frequent signal breakdown, interferences and other hinderances, affecting QoS (Quality of service). In this paper various Ad hoc routing protocols are compared for IP, Throughput and FIFO taking in to consideration various parameters of real traffic scenarios like altitude, nodes, speed, data size & weather mobility model using Qualnet as a simulation tool at higher altitude of 1970m. Since network layers covers IP, Throughput and FIFO, hence comparison of various Ad hoc routing protocols like AODV and DYMO (Reactive), OLSR (Proactive) and ZRP (hybrid) taking IP, Throughput and FIFO as comparison parameters helps to make right selection of protocols to improve QoS in hilly terrains. Varying parameters of VANET shows that in the real traffic scenarios proactive protocol performs more efficiently

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Nazibullah, Nazibullah, Andy Hidayat Jatmika, and Fitri Bimantoro. "Dampak Variasi Model Propagasi Terhadap Protokol Routing Reaktif, Proaktif, dan Hybrid di Jaringan VANET (Studi Kasus Kota Bima)." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi, Komputer, dan Aplikasinya (JTIKA ) 3, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jtika.v3i1.111.

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VANET is a subset of Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) that utilizes wireless technology, which in the VANET network the node is presented as a vehicle and the route for a vehicle is presented as a highway that will be passed by that vehicle. In general, VANET has 3 classification routing protocols, namely reactive, proactive, and hybrid. Performance of routing protocol is greatly influenced by the propagation model. Propagation on the network is the behavior of radio waves, which in this case is used as a transmission medium from the transmitter to the destination (receiver). This research will analyze the variation of propagation models namely FreeSpace, TwoRayGround, Shadowing, and Nakagami on the performance of AOMDV (reactive), OLSR (proactive), and ZRP (hybrid). The performance of the routing protocol will be tested using test parameters including Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Packet Loss, End to End Delay, and Throughput. Keywords: VANET, AOMDV, OLSR, ZRP, FreeSpace, TwoRayGround, Shadowing, Nakagami

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Hussien, Anas Ali, and Safa Ihsan Matloob. "The Comparative Study Some of Reactive and Proactive Routing Protocols in the Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences 26, no. 4 (February 20, 2018): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jub.v26i4.798.

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The wireless sensor network (WSN) consists mostly of a large number of nodes in a large area where not all nodes are directly connected. The applications of comprise a wide variety of scenarios.The mobile nodes are free to move because this network has selfــstructured topology. Routing protocols are responsible for detecting and maintaining paths in the network, and it classified into reactive (OnـــDemand), proactive (Table driven), and hybrid. In this paper represents a performance study of some WSN routing protocols: the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV). The comparison made according to important metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), total packets dropped, Average end-to-end delay (Avg EED), and normalized routing load under the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic connection and with varying number of nodes, pause time; and varying speed. In this work used (NSــ2.35) that installed on (Ubuntu 14.04) operating system to implementing the scenario. Conclude that the DSR has better performance in TCP connection; while the DSDV has better performance in UDP protocol.

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Zain, Alaa, Heba El-khobby, Hatem M. Abd Elkader, and Mostafa Abdelnaby. "MANETs performance analysis with dos attack at different routing protocols." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 4, no. 2 (May 17, 2015): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v4i2.4609.

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A Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET) is widely used in many industrial and people's life applications, such as earth monitoring, natural disaster prevention, agriculture biomedical related applications, and many other areas. Security threat is one of the major aspects of MANET, as it is one of the basic requirements of wireless sensor network, yet this problem has not been sufficiently explored. The main purpose of this paper is to study different MANETs routing protocols with three scenarios of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks on network layer using proactive routing protocol i.e. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Reactive routing protocols like Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Hybrid routing protocols like Geographic Routing Protocol (GRP). Moreover, a comparative analysis of DoS attacks for throughput, Data loss, delay and network load is taken into account. The performance of MANET under the attack is studied to find out which protocol is more vulnerable to the attack and how much is the impact of the attack on both protocols. The simulation is done using OPNET 17.

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Bhat.M, Subramanya, Shwetha D, and Author Devaraju.J.T. ""A Performance Study of Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols using Qualnet Simulator"." International Journal of Computer Applications 28, no. 5 (August 31, 2011): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/3385-4696.

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V. Narayana, M., and Aparnarajesh Atmakuri. "A-ZHLS: adaptive ZHLS routing protocol for heterogeneous mobile adhoc networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14242.

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The routing protocols in MANET are mainly classified into two type’s i.e. pro-active and reactive based protocol based on its problems in the network. One of the prime and foremost issues, which have gained a lot of scope, is its dynamic nature of the networks i.e. the stability of nodes is not guaranteed in the network. Hence, this leads to loss of data packets that needs for its retransmission. Many advancements and Novel protocols have been devised in recent years for efficiency and effectiveness in the ad hoc networks. However, hybrid routing proto-cols that inculcates the nature of reactive and proactive has gained a lot of importance. ZHLS is one of the Hybrid routing protocol, and is a two tier hierarchal routing that divides the area into zones in which mobile nodes move randomly. The process of promoting ZHLS protocol is purely based on homogeneous scenarios which mean the nodes in the network are statistically identical, but there is lack of studies for heterogeneous set-up where mobile nodes act in a different way in an identical network. In this paper, we try to propose a novel approach known as “Adaptive-ZHLS: AZHLS” that can be suitable for heterogeneous scenarios. Experimental set up and simulated results will show that AZHLS provides higher packet delivery fraction as compared with the traditional one.

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Sisodia, Dilip Singh, Riya Singhal, and Vijay Khandal. "A Performance Review of Intra and Inter-Group MANET Routing Protocols under Varying Speed of Nodes." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2721-2730.

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Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are a cluster of self-organizing and self-governing wireless nodes without any backbone infrastructure and centralized administration. The various nodes in MANET move randomly, and this node mobility may pose challenges on the performance of routing protocols. In this paper, an Intra and intergroup performance review of various MANET routing protocols are performed under varying speed of nodes. The routing protocols included in this study are reactive, proactive, and hybrid protocols. This performance review is done using the NS2 simulator and random waypoint model. The routing protocols performance is assessed through standard performance measure metrics including packet delivery ratio, throughput, routing overhead and end to end delivery with varying speed of nodes. The simulations result shows that there is no significant impact of varying speed of nodes on standard performance evaluation metrics.

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Shriramoju, Suman Kumar, and Dr N. Satyanarayana. "Survey of Routing Protocols under Realistic Mobility and Traffic." International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science 7, no. 03 (March 16, 2018): 23737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v7i3.14.

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Mobile ad hoc networks are a dynamic and unpredictable community topology. There are numerous routing protocols that have been proposed for MANETs. Maximum pervious research centered on improving the present routing protocols or designing new routing algorithms. In our work, we investigated and compared the effect of mobility models on routing protocols for various site visitors instructions in MANETs. There have been many factors that affected the overall performance of routing protocols which include mobility and visitors styles. We designed several simulation models that added these factors together and measured the software performance in terms of end -to-end throughput (bit rate), latency, and jitter. three instructions of MANET routing algorithms (Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid), mobility models (Random Waypoint and group), and three instructions of visitors styles (constant bit rate, variable bit rate, and random) have been used.

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Kaur, Navneet, and Amandeep Verma. "Efficient Path Establishment Algorithm in MANETs using Bio-Inspired Techniques." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 8 (August 30, 2017): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i8.56.

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The network in which the nodes can enter or leave the network as per their need is known as mobile ad-hoc network. This is a self-configuring type of network and so the routing in this type of network is very difficult. Numerous routing protocols are involved here which are classified on the basis of their properties into reactive, proactive and hybrid protocols. There are several important parameters such as delay, packet loss and throughput. These parameters are utilized for checking the performance of three routing protocols namely AODV, DSR and DSDV within this research. In comparison to the other protocols, the AODV routing protocol provides better results. In order to provide efficient path establishment from source to destination, enhancement has been proposed here within the AODV protocol which includes the utilization of cuckoo search and bee colony named bio-inspired techniques in it. The nodes that are found to be common in the selected paths are chosen to be the best nodes for the path. The NS2 tool is used for performing the simulations. As per the results achieved it can be seen that the AODV protocol provides better results in terms of the above mentioned parameters.

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., Sunil Kumar Singh. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PROACTIVE, REACTIVE AND HYBRID ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH MOBILITY MODEL IN MANETS." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 02, no. 08 (August 25, 2013): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2013.0208041.

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Arumugam, Saritha, and N. Kumar. "An overview of various ad hoc routing protocols in MANET." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.21 (April 20, 2018): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.21.12442.

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Mobile ad hoc network is a wireless network which has peer to peer process .it is established to achieve a group of network to be connected in wireless network. It is a large network that transfers the data from source to destination .Here we are computing the routing protocols like (DSDV, AODV, OLSR, DSR, TORA, and ZRP) which is analyzed in the form of packet delivery ratio, throughput, end to end delay, Routing overhead. There are three types of ADHOC network routing protocol 1) table driven proactive protocol acts as background traffic generally, in ADHOC network the location of one node is send to other node through location this nodes transfer the data from one to other its done by DSDV and WRP. 2) on demand driven reactive it establish route between nodes when they are required to route packet data it is done by DSR and AODV. 3) hybrid protocol each node has its own zone radius.

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Cett, Koay Yong, Nor Aida Mahiddin, Fatin Fazain Mohd Affandi, Raja Hasyifah Raja Bongsu, and Aznida Hayati. "Performance Analysis of OLSR Protocol in Manet Considering Different Mobility Speed and Network Density." International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks 13, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2021.13602.

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A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is created when an independent mobile node network is connected dynamically via wireless links. MANET is a self-organizing network that does not rely on pre-existing infrastructure such as wired or wireless network routers. Mobile nodes in this network move randomly, thus, the topology is always changing. Routing protocols in MANET are critical in ensuring dependable and consistent connectivity between the mobile nodes. They conclude logically based on the interaction between mobile nodes in MANET routing and encourage them to choose the optimum path between source and destination. Routing protocols are classified as proactive, reactive, or hybrid. The focus of this project will be on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol, a proactive routing technique. OLSR is known as the optimized variant of link state routing in which packets are sent throughout the network using the multipoint relay (MPR) mechanism. This article evaluates the performance of the OLSR routing protocol under condition of changing mobility speed and network density. The study's performance indicators are average packet throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and average packet latency. Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and an external patch UM-OLSR are used to simulate and evaluate the performance of such protocol. As a result of research, the approach of implementing the MPR mechanism are able to minimise redundant data transmission during the normal message broadcast. The MPRs enhance the link state protocols’ traditional diffusion mechanism by selecting the right MPRs. Hence, the number of undesired broadcasts can be reduced and limited. Further research will focus on different scenario and environment using different mobility model.

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Manwal, Manika. "Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 2032–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v11i3.13600.

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Mobile devices are able to build their own networks, which are referred to as mobile ad hoc networks. These networks do not require any kind of permanent wiring or other infrastructure (MANETs). The success of MANETs and their adaptability to a variety of tasks is, to a considerable extent, based on the routing protocols that they use. Using metrics such as routing overhead, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio, we compare and contrast the various routing protocols that can be employed in MANETs, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. This comparison and contrast is carried out in this study. In addition to this, we discuss the simulation tools that are utilized to evaluate the efficacy of MANET routing algorithms and define the several performance indicators that may be utilizedin the course of this endeavor. This paper makes a contribution to an ongoing body of research into the analysis of routing protocols in MANETs by offering guidance to network engineers and researchers on how to select the most appropriate routing protocol and simulation tool for a particular MANET scenario. In doing so, the paper maximizes the potential for effective and efficient communication between mobile nodes, which is one of the main goals of the research.

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Kedieng Fendji, Jean Louis Ebongue, and Sidoine Djuissi Samo. "Energy and Performance Evaluation of Reactive, Proactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols in Wireless Mesh Network." International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2019.11102.

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Tabbana, Faïza. "Performance Comparison and Analysis of Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks 12, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2020.12401.

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Anjali, Anjali, and Maninder Singh. "Performance Analysis of Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid MANET Routing Protocols on IEEE 802. 11 Standard." International Journal of Computer Applications 54, no. 12 (September 25, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/8615-2476.

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Abdullhaj Saif, Ali Abdulmalek, and Krishan Kumar. "Enhance the performance of AODV routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2327, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2327/1/012057.

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Abstract Enhancing the quality of service is still facing various challenges due to nature and configuration of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) such as free movement of nodes, unpredictable changes in network topology as no infrastructure exist in the network. The large usage of mobile ad-hoc network in various applications raises the demand to enhance the performance as well as reduce loss of packets through various factors. The routing protocols play the most important aspect in MANET. There are three kinds of routing protocols that are: reactive, proactive and hybrid that are utilized to optimize the network’s functionality. Ad-hoc on-demand Distance victor (AODV) routing protocol is the popular used to achieve best output result. The most important objectives of this paper are to enhance the performance of mobile ad-hoc network by using AODV protocol. This paper gives some changes in AODV routing protocols that’s assist the performance enhancement of AODV in mobile ad-hoc network. The simulation is carried out on the network simulator NS2 and the output result show the improved AODV has excellent performance in term of packet delivery ratio, secondly throughput, third is the routing overhead and finally is end to end delay.

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Alameri, Ibrahim Ahmed, and Jitka Komarkova. "Performance and statistical analysis of ant colony route in mobile ad-hoc networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2818-2828.

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<div class="WordSection1"><p>Research on mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is increasing in popularity due to its rapid, budget-friendly, and easily altered implementation, and relevance to emergencies such as forest firefighting and health care provisioning. The main concerns that ad-hoc networks face is dynamic topology, energy usage, packet drop rate, and throughput. Routing protocol selection is a critical point to surmount alterations in topology and maintain quality in MANET networks. The effectiveness of any network can be vastly enhanced with a well-designed routing protocol. In recent decades, standard MANET protocols have not been able to keep pace with growing demands for MANET applications. The current study investigates and contrasts ant colony optimization (ACO) with various routing protocols. This paper compares ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), and AntHocNet protocols regarding the quality of service (QoS) and statistical analysis. The current research aims to study the behavior of the state-of-the-art MANET protocols with the ACO technique. The ACO technique is a hybrid technique, integrating a reactive route maintaining technique with a proactive method. The reason and motivation for including the ACO algorithm in the current study is to improve by using optimization algorithms proved in other domains. The ACO algorithm appears to have substantial use in large-scale MANET simulation.</p></div>

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AsifMehmoodKhan, Muhammad, Ahmed Mateen Buttar, and Muhammad Ashraf. "Experimental based Performance Analysis of Proactive OLSR, Reactive Tora and Hybrid GRP Routing Protocols in MANET." International Journal of Computer Applications 89, no. 15 (March 26, 2014): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/15708-4582.

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Mahapatro, Susrita, Prabhat Kumar sahu, and Pradeep Kumar Dash. "A hybrid active queue management technique for QoS based unicasting protocols in MANETs." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.6 (March 11, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.6.10068.

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Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is the interconnection of several self-energy dependent mobile nodes. It is one of the self-configured and infrastructure less network. In MANET the issues are security, Quality Of Services, Congestion etc. The major issue of MANET is to control the congestion. Congestion means the network capacity is larger than the no of packets transmitted across the network. In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate and analyze the performance of the network by means of comparing two on-demand reactive routing protocols such as AODV [Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector] and DSR [Dynamic Source Routing] with each other along with also by comparing with DSDV [Destination Sequenced Distance Vector], which is a proactive routing protocol. The comparison is also being made under the light of two queue management techniques such as RED (Random Early Detection) and Droptail. A gateway discovery algorithm is being used by both AODV and DSR routing protocols, which uses the mechanism of connecting mobile nodes through gateway, however Bellman-Ford algorithm is being used by DSDV which uses the concept of including freedom from loops in the routing table. By means of simulation through NS-2 network simulator by varying the number of nodes, we observe that the performance differentials of AODV, DSR, and DSDV routing protocols are directed to foremost performance differentials to guarantee QoS for both of these protocols in RED and Droptail queue management techniques. There is a lot of queue management approach to minimize the congestion rate and transfer the data successfully to the destination. Two queue management techniques popularly used to manage queues in MANets are Active queue management and Passive queue management. Active queue management is widely used and RED is the most popular approach which gives low average delay, high throughput and lower packet drop rate. But RED algorithms have some drawback. So here we are using a hybrid approach, named as MRED by means of combining the features of both RED and ECN to overcome the drawbacks of RED.

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Yu, Chih Min, and Jing Rung Yu. "A Configurable Routing Protocol for Bluetooth Wireless Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.593.

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Blueweb is a self-organizing Bluetooth-based multihop network equipped with a scatternet formation algorithm and a hybrid routing protocol. The routing protocol combines the reactive method globally and the proactive method locally to discover the optimal path for packet transmission. In Blueweb, the route master maintains the global topology information and each master maintains its own N-tier routing information. In this paper, a tier number decision algorithm is used in Blueweb to determine the optimal number of tiers for all the other masters. Our computer simulation results show that this algorithm can efficiently improve the routing performance and reduce the routing maintenance cost for Blueweb routing protocol.

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JALAJAKSHI, CH, B. K. RAMAYYA, BABU M. RAJAN, and A. JYOTHSNA. "QUALITY OF SERVICE OF PROACTIVE, REACTIVE AND HYBRID ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR AD-HOC NETWORKS OVER FADING CHANNEL." i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems 8, no. 1 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.1.16429.

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Yu, Chih Min, and Yih Bin Yu. "A Source Routing Protocol for Bluetooth-Based Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 1018–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.1018.

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Blueweb is a self-organizing Bluetooth-based multihop network equipped with a scatternet formation algorithm and a hybrid routing protocol. The routing protocol combines the reactive method globally and the proactive method locally to discover the optimal path for packet transmission. In Blueweb, the route master maintains the global topology information and each master maintains its own N-tier routing information. In this paper, a tier number decision algorithm is used in Blueweb to determine the optimal number of tiers for all the other masters. Our computer simulation results show that this algorithm can efficiently improve the routing performance and reduce the routing maintenance cost for Blueweb routing protocol.

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Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina, Carlos Mex-Perera, Juan Arturo Nolazco-Flores, Ramiro Velázquez, and Alberto Rossa-Sierra. "Wireless Sensor Network Energy Model and Its Use in the Optimization of Routing Protocols." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030728.

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In this study, a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) energy model is proposed by defining the energy consumption at each node. Such a model calculates the energy at each node by estimating the energy of the main functions developed at sensing and transmitting data when running the routing protocol. These functions are related to wireless communications and measured and compared to the most relevant impact on an energy standpoint and performance metrics. The energy model is validated using a Texas Instruments CC2530 system-on-chip (SoC), as a proof-of-concept. The proposed energy model is then used to calculate the energy consumption of a Multi-Parent Hierarchical (MPH) routing protocol and five widely known network sensors routing protocols: Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), ZigBee Tree Routing (ZTR), Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), and Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS). Experimental test-bed simulations were performed on a random layout topology with two collector nodes. Each node was running under different wireless technologies: Zigbee, Bluetooth Low Energy, and LoRa by WiFi. The objective of this work is to analyze the performance of the proposed energy model in routing protocols of diverse nature: reactive, proactive, hybrid and energy-aware. Experimental results show that the MPH routing protocol consumes 16%, 13%, and 5% less energy when compared to AODV, DSR, and ZTR, respectively; and it presents only 2% and 3% of greater energy consumption with respect to the energy-aware PEGASIS and LEACH protocols, respectively. The proposed model achieves a 97% accuracy compared to the actual performance of a network. Tests are performed to analyze the consumption of the main tasks of a node in a network.

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Samo, Sidoine D., and Jean Louis E. K. Fendji. "Evaluation of Energy Consumption of Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols in Wireless Mesh Networks Using 802.11 Standards." Journal of Computer and Communications 06, no. 04 (2018): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2018.64001.

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Prasad, KDV, D. Palanikkumar, Dankan Gowda V, Naziya Hussain, A. Azhagu Jaisudhan Pazhani, and Anil Kumar N. "A Novel Method of Enhancing Security Solutions and Energy Efficiency of IoT Protocols." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 4s (May 12, 2023): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i4s.6575.

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Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET’s) are wireless networks that are capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure. MANET routing protocols must adhere to strict secrecy, integrity, availability and non-repudiation criteria. In MANETs, attacks are roughly categorised into two types: active and passive. An active attack attempts to modify or remove data being transferred across a network. On the other hand, passive attack does not modify or erase the data being sent over the network. The majority of routing protocols for MANETs were built with little regard for security and are therefore susceptible to a variety of assaults. Routing technologies such as AODV and dynamic source routing are quite common. Both however are susceptible to a variety of network layer attacks, including black holes, wormholes, rushing, byzantine, information disclosure. The mobility of the nodes and the open architecture in which the nodes are free to join or leave the network keep changing the topology of the network. The routing in such scenarios becomes a challenging task since it has to take into account the constraints of resources of mobile devices. In this an analysis of these protocols indicates that, though proactive routing protocols maintain a route to every destination and have low latency, they suffer from high routing overheads and inability to keep up with the dynamic topology in a large sized network. The reactive routing protocols in contrast have low routing overheads, better throughput and higher packet delivery ratio. AODVACO-PSO-DHKE Methodology boosts throughput by 10% while reducing routing overhead by 7%, latency by 8% and energy consumption by 5%. To avoid nodes always being on, a duty cycle procedure that's also paired with the hybrid method is used ACO-FDR PSO is applied to a 100-node network and NS-3 is used to measure various metrics such as throughput, latency, overhead, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio.

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Prasad, K. D. V., D. Palanikkumar, Dankan Gowda V., Naziya Hussain, A. Azhagu Jaisudhan Pazhani, and Anil Kumar N. "A Novel Method of Enhancing Security Solutions and Energy Efficiency of IoT Protocols." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 5s (May 17, 2023): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i5s.6643.

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Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET’s) are wireless networks that are capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure. MANET routing protocols must adhere to strict secrecy, integrity, availability and non-repudiation criteria. In MANETs, attacks are roughly categorised into two types: active and passive. An active attack attempts to modify or remove data being transferred across a network. On the other hand, passive attack does not modify or erase the data being sent over the network. The majority of routing protocols for MANETs were built with little regard for security and are therefore susceptible to a variety of assaults. Routing technologies such as AODV and dynamic source routing are quite common. Both however are susceptible to a variety of network layer attacks, including black holes, wormholes, rushing, byzantine, information disclosure. The mobility of the nodes and the open architecture in which the nodes are free to join or leave the network keep changing the topology of the network. The routing in such scenarios becomes a challenging task since it has to take into account the constraints of resources of mobile devices. In this an analysis of these protocols indicates that, though proactive routing protocols maintain a route to every destination and have low latency, they suffer from high routing overheads and inability to keep up with the dynamic topology in a large sized network. The reactive routing protocols in contrast have low routing overheads, better throughput and higher packet delivery ratio. AODVACO-PSO-DHKE Methodology boosts throughput by 10% while reducing routing overhead by 7%, latency by 8% and energy consumption by 5%. To avoid nodes always being on, a duty cycle procedure that's also paired with the hybrid method is used ACO-FDR PSO is applied to a 100-node network and NS-3 is used to measure various metrics such as throughput, latency, overhead, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio.

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Ahuja, Ravinder. "Simulation Based Performance evaluation and comparison of Reactive, Proactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols based on Random waypoint mobility model." International Journal of Computer Applications 7, no. 11 (October 10, 2010): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/1291-1765.

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Bandral, Divya, and Reena Aggarwal. "Comparative Analysis of Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols for Improving Quality of Service in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 30, no. 4 (December 25, 2015): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v30p237.

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Govindasamy, Jegan, and Samundiswary Punniakody. "A comparative study of reactive, proactive and hybrid routing protocol in wireless sensor network under wormhole attack." Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology 5, no. 3 (December 2018): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2017.02.002.

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Dr. Deepak Dembla, Advin Manhar,. "Design an Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol Strategy to Minimize Delay & Overhead for MANET." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 2407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.5685.

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Mobile adhoc networks (MANET) are a self-coordinated wireless network that is worked without perpetual foundation and base station endorsement. In MANETs (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks) every single node activity goes about as the information source and communicator router. It notices its useful neighbours by making themselves by passing the nodes that got terminated of that correspondence range. In this paper, we designed the IHRP routing protocol with the help of combining the AODV, AOMDV and OLSR routing protocol with the network situation based routing adaptation. In the previous analysis, we identify AODV is more compatible for dynamic environment (where node motion is higher).The AOMDV routing protocol is useful for network load balancing and congestion control. OLSR is compatible for stable network which use as maximum link stability base routing. While we are designing the IHRP routing protocol through of the above (AODV, AOMDV and OLSR) protocol .We handle the network behaviour with better performance in any situation. Initially the RREP are broadcasted to find out the route. The poll of routing, select based on the network situation. The proposed IHRP start with a RREQ packet is to search the distance from its origin to its objective node. The network motion is higher than AODV protocol handle the particular situation but in any situation, while the 70% network node are stable then the route selection and transferring of data with the help of an OLSR routing protocol. The propose IHRP routing protocol also handle the network load and control the network congestion through the AOMDV routing protocol. Our proposed protocol IHRP also works in a hybrid manner while the source and destination belong in longer range such as different cluster. At that time situation based routing was followed between the clusters. We saw in the result part the comparison of IHRP and ZRP routing protocol. Execution of the improved hybrid routing protocol (IHRP) is much better than hybrid routing protocol (ZRP). In case of Packet Delivery Ratio analysis for IHRP and ZRP, we clearly show that The Packet Delivery Ratio is 97.99% by IHRP and 79.49% by ZRP, so we can say that the performance of packet delivery ratio in Improved hybrid routing protocol (IHRP) is much better than ZRP, where Improved hybrid routing protocol (IHRP) and hybrid routing protocol (ZRP) both performed the conjunction of proactive and reactive routing protocol features therefore we can say that Packet Delivery Ratio is better in improved hybrid routing protocol (IHRP) as compare to hybrid routing protocol (ZRP). We clearly show that the Normal Routing Load analysis for IHRP and ZRP where Normal Routing Load is 0.11% by IHRP and 4.72 % by ZRP, so we can say that performance of Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) in case of a Normal Routing Load is much less than the Hybrid Routing Protocol (ZRP). In case of overall parameter matrix (Normal Routing Load, Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio and Average End To End Delay) the performance of Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) is much better than existing Hybrid routing protocol (ZRP).

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Qadir, Reshi Isfaq, and Anuradha Saini. "Optimization of WMN Performance for Different Propagation Environment." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 8, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v8i4.635.

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Wireless mesh networks are multihop systems in which contrivances avail each other in transmitting packets through the network, especially in arduous conditions. We can drop these ad hoc networks into place with minimal preparation, and they provide a reliable, flexible system that can be elongated to thousands of contrivances. The wireless mesh network topology developed is a point-to-point-to-point, or peer-to-peer, system called an ad hoc, multi-hop network. A node can send and receive messages, and in a mesh network, a node withal functions as a router and can relay messages to its neighbours. A mesh network offers multiple redundant communications paths throughout the network. If one link fails for any reason, the network automatically routes messages through alternate paths. In a mesh network, we can abbreviate the distance between nodes, which dramatically increases the link quality. If we reduce the distance by a factor of two, the resulting signal is at least four times more puissant at the receiver. This makes links more reliable without incrementing transmitter power in individual nodes. In a mesh network, we can elongate the reach, integrate redundancy, and amend the general reliability of the network simply by integrating more nodes. One of the most astronomically immense issues in routing is to providing copacetic performance while scaling the wireless mesh network. It is fascinating, however, to investigate what transpires when routing nodes are expanded in different propagation environment and how that affects routing metrics. In this thesis, we examine the utilization of different proactive, reactive and hybrid protocols in such a way so that we may be able to build a cost function which avails in culling the finest grouping of routing protocols for a particular urban wireless mesh network. The key parameters are network throughput and average end to culminate delay. The performance of Bellman ford, DYMO, STAR and ZRP protocols have been examined with different node densities. A non-linear cost function equation has been proposed corresponding to each routing parameter taken. Bitrate is taken as constant (CBR).

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Sharma, Neha, Sherin Zafar, and Usha Batra. "Catechize Global Optimization through Leading Edge Firefly Based Zone Routing Protocol." Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications 13, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275912666181128121811.

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Background: Zone Routing Protocol is evolving as an efficient hybrid routing protocol with an extremely high potentiality owing to the integration of two radically different schemes, proactive and reactive in such a way that a balance between control overhead and latency is achieved. Its performance is impacted by various network conditions such as zone radius, network size, mobility, etc. Objective: The research work described in this paper focuses on improving the performance of zone routing protocol by reducing the amount of reactive traffic which is primarily responsible for degraded network performance in case of large networks. The usage of route aggregation approach helps in reducing the routing overhead and also help achieve performance optimization. Methods: The performance of proposed protocol is assessed under varying node size and mobility. Further applied is the firefly algorithm which aims to achieve global optimization that is quite difficult to achieve due to non-linearity of functions and multimodality of algorithms. For performance evaluation a set of benchmark functions are being adopted like, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay to validate the proposed approach. Results: Simulation results depict better performance of leading edge firefly algorithm when compared to zone routing protocol and route aggregation based zone routing protocol. The proposed leading edge FRA-ZRP approach shows major improvement between ZRP and FRA-ZRP in Packet Delivery Ratio. FRA-ZRP outperforms traditional ZRP and RA-ZRP even in terms of End to End Delay by reducing the delay and gaining a substantial QOS improvement. Conclusion: The achievement of proposed approach can be credited to the formation on zone head and attainment of route from the head hence reduced queuing of data packets due to control packets, by adopting FRA-ZRP approach. The routing optimized zone routing protocol using Route aggregation approach and FRA augments the QoS, which is the most crucial parameter for routing performance enhancement of MANET.

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Biswas, Abhijit, and Dushyanta Dutta. "Interference Cancellation and Efficient Channel Allocation for Primary and Secondary Users Using Hybrid Cognitive (M2M) Mac Routing Protocol." International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisp.308311.

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It is projected that communication among cognitive machine-to-machine (M2M) in smart grid networks is necessary and vital in forthcoming years. The objective of this paper is to bring out the significance of cognitive medium access control (MAC) protocol focusing on the distinctive characteristics of the devices in M2M and requirements of the smart grid communication. Therefore, developing a cognitive radio system which supports dynamic access to the spectrum available that is recently considered as a novel solution for extending wireless systems. In this paper, MAC layer sensing approaches in cognitive radio networks are investigated by considering both proactive and reactive sensing. To evaluate the performance, analytical modeling and simulation studies are carried out by comparing with state of art methods. As a result, the proposed HCM2M-MACachieves 687.3 kbps of blocking probability, 368.6kbps of dropping probability, 96.4% bandwidth utilization, 67.3% end to end delay and 89.3% of throughput.

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Alsaqour, Raed. "A Simulation Modeling Approach for the Performance of Proactive, Reactive and Position-based Routing Protocols in MANET." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae0922_12.

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Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) hasrecently gotten much attention, especially regarding proactive, reactive, and position-based routing protocols. Routing protocols' primary objective is to transmit data packets from their source to their destination. Identifying the best routing protocol is a common problem in Ad Hoc networks. This paper presents a performance evaluation study of proactive, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), reactive; Ad Hoc onDemand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), and positionbased routing; Location-Aided Routing (LAR1). The QualNet v5.1 simulator was used to conduct the performance evaluation study. The effectiveness of those routing protocols was also assessed using measures of throughput, typical endto-end delay, typical jitter, and energy consumption. This paper depicts that OSPF and AODV have the best performance among the number of packet sizes for the tested protocols.

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T, Balasubramanian. "A Survey on Routing Protocal On Proactive and Reactive in Manet." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITIES 2, no. 2 (October 30, 2015): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijsth45.

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In recent years, a vast research has been seen going on in the field of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Due to limited resources in MANETs, to design an efficient and reliable routing strategy is still a challenge. An intelligent routing strategy is required to efficiently use the limited resources. Also the algorithms designed for traditional wired networks such as link-state or distance vector, does not scale well in wireless environment. Routing in MANETs is a challenging task and has received a tremendous amount of attention from researchers around the world. To overcome this problem a number of routing protocols have been developed and the number is still increasing day by day. It is quite difficult to determine which protocols may perform well under a number of different network scenarios such as network size and topology etc. In this paper we provide an overview of a wide range of the existing routing protocols with a particular focus on their characteristics and functionality. Also, the comparison is provided based on the routing methodologies and information used to make routing decisions. The performance of all the routing protocols is also discussed. Further this study will help the researchers to get an overview of the existing protocols and suggest which protocols may perform better with respect to varying network scenarios.

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., Awantika, Ashok Kumar, and Hardwari Lal Mandoria. "Efficiency of Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols in VANET." i-manager’s Journal on Wireless Communication Networks 3, no. 1 (June 15, 2014): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.3.1.2738.

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K, Thangaraj, and R. Thirumalai Selvi. "Comparative Study Of Proactive, Reactive and Hierarchical Routing Protocols." i-manager’s Journal on Wireless Communication Networks 3, no. 3 (December 15, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.3.3.3078.

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Singh, Barjinder, and Rishma Chawla. "Performance quantification of Wireless Sensor Networks by implementing ZRP." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 2, no. 3 (June 30, 2012): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v2i3b.2695.

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sensor network is composed of a largenumber of autonomous sensor nodes, which are denselydeployed in the area of interest i.e either inside thephenomenon or very close to it. Routing is an importantoperation, being the foundation of data exchangingbetween wireless devices.Zone Routing Protocol was thefirst hybrid routing protocol with both a proactive and areactive routing component. ZRP was proposed to reducethe control overhead of proactive routing protocols anddecrease the latency caused by route discovery in reactiverouting protocols. ZRP defines a zone around each nodeconsisting of the numbers of neighbourhood. During myresearch work, I applied the hybrid routing protocol inwireless sensors and measure the correspondingperformance of the network in terms of overhead, delayand throughput.[10]

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Abdulleh, Muthana Najim, Salman Yussof, and Hothefa Shaker Jassim. "Comparative Study of Proactive, Reactive and Geographical MANET Routing Protocols." Communications and Network 07, no. 02 (2015): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cn.2015.72012.

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Bhargava, Neeraj, Ritu Bhargava, Manish Mathuria, and Anchal Kumawat. "Performance Evaluation of Reactive and Proactive Routing Protocols over MANET." International Journal of Computer Applications 73, no. 3 (July 26, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/12718-9540.

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Alasadi, Suad A., Alyaa Abdulhussein Al-Joda, and Enas Fadhil Abdullah. "Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) proactive and reactive routing protocols." Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography 24, no. 7 (October 3, 2021): 2017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720529.2021.1958997.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols'

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