Relevant bibliographies by topics / Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols

Academic literature on the topic 'Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols"

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M. Haglan, Hussein, Salman Yussof, Khalid W. Al-Ani, Hothefa Shaker Jassim, and Dhamea A. Jasm. "The effect of network size and density to the choice of zone radius in ZRP." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 20, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v20.i1.pp206-213.

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<span>Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a network that consists of several nodes that connect without using a permanent infrastructure. Each node in MANET moves inside and outside of the network freely and randomly. The free and random movements of nodes may cause the topology of the network to change constantly. Therefore, the task of finding routes between nodes is a big challenge. Routing protocols in MANET can be divided into three categories, namely, proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols. Hybrid routing protocols such as the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of both proactive and reactive routing protocols by dividing the network area into many overlapping zones. Data transmission to nodes within the zone is done using a proactive routing mechanism, while data transmission to nodes outside the zone is done using a reactive routing mechanism. The zone radius in ZRP determines how much proactive and reactive routing is used, and therefore plays a key role in determining the performance of the network. In this paper, the performance of the ZRP routing protocol is evaluated using the NS2.33 network simulator. The focus of the research is to evaluate the ZRP performance concerning the network size and density to identify an optimum ZRP zone size that will provide good performance. The performance is evaluated by using four performance metrics which are normalized routing load, average end-to-end delay, throughput, and packet delivery fraction. The results show that ZRP produces the best performance when the zone radius size is equal to two hops.</span>
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Emilselvan, G. s. r., N. Gayathri, Ankush Rai, and Jagadish Kannan R. "ENERGY AWARE ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANET." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 13 (April 1, 2017): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s1.19985.

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Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network consisting of a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without the need of centralized authority. Each node can send and receive data, and it should also forward routing information unrelated to its own use. Routing protocols in MANET establish path between source and destination based on number of hops. Establishment of shortest path alone is not sufficient to prolong the network lifetime. Energy consumption reduction methods are necessary as the nodes in MANET are restricted by battery supply. Energy is drained when the MANET nodes transmit and receive the data. For itself, energy management techniques are necessary in order to improve the performance of the routing protocol. Both proactive and reactive protocols have trade-off in them. ZRP is a hybrid protocol which overcomes the shortcomings of proactive and reactive routing protocols. ZRP divides the entire network into zones of variable size where routing inside the zone is performed using proactive routing approach and exterior to zone is performed using reactive routing approach. The performance characteristics of the ZRP protocol are established through simulations by comparing it to well-known routing protocol namely AODV.
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Rana, Sandeep Singh, and Sunita Malik. "Comparison between the Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols." IARJSET 4, no. 7 (July 20, 2017): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/iarjset.2017.4719.

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Zafar, Sherin, and Neha Sharma. "Inculcating Trust in Hybrid Routing Approach for Securing MANET." International Journal of End-User Computing and Development 8, no. 2 (July 2019): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeucd.2019070102.

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The rudimentary notion of using MANET is that the exchange of information in between the portable nodes count on the swift arrangement of a momentary network. Also, each node in a MANET can travel spontaneously in any direction and can change its links to the other nodes repeatedly. In hybrid protocols, initially, the routing is established with the help of some proactively prospected routes and later on serves the request with the help of reactive flooding. In MANET, the security and the routing are the two most crucial and challenging aspects that open up a vast area for improvement. Security includes a set of considerations that are adequately funded. Designing a competent routing protocol for wireless ad-hoc network along with the fulfilment of security aspects is a challenging task. MANET demands for a new set of networking strategies to be adopted in order to provide competent and secure overhead free end-to-end communication. In MANET, hybrid routing protocols are considered to be the most effective types of protocols as they take the advantage of both proactive and reactive routing protocols. After performing an intense literature survey, it could be concluded that there is a specific requirement of a protocol hybrid in nature that could include the two most specific factors for MANET (i.e., routing and security). The existing hybrid routing protocols suffers from the problems like optimisation control, images detection, and image quantization. To solve the above-mentioned issues of hybrid routing protocols, various optimization algorithms have been proposed that are natural genetics-inspired. The various techniques that can be used to enhance the security are cryptography, bio-metric, trust-based approach, Hash function algorithm, etc.
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W. Al-Ani, Khalid, Salman Yussof, Hussein M. Haglan, Hothefa Shaker, and Linda Mahdi Alani. "Determining an optimum zone radius for zone routing protocol (ZRP) based on node mobility." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i2.pp1230-1237.

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Mobility is one of the important issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET). By definition, MANET nodes are free to move around and this may cause difficulty in routing. MANET routing protocols must consider this factor when making routing decision. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid routing protocol, which utilizes the proactive and reactive routing protocols advantages. ZRP proactively maintains routing information within a routing zone, while reactively discovering routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. Since ZRP is based on the concept of routing zone, determining an optimum routing zone radius has the major impact on the performance of that protocol. In this research, we studied the effect of zone radius on the performance of ZRP with different levels of node mobility. Node mobility is defined using two different parameters: node speed and pause time. Based on the simulation results, ZRP protocol using zone radius of two provides the best packet delivery fraction, throughput and normalized routing load. However, a larger zone radius will provide a lower delay.
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Singh, Amar, Shakti Kumar, and Sukhbir Singh Walia. "Routing Protocols for WMNs: A Survey." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 7 (September 27, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i7.87.

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Routing is one of the most challenging issues encountered in the Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) due to the dynamic nature of WMNs. The survey observes that literature is rich with wide range of routing protocols. Each protocol has its own features which we have briefly discussed. The routing protocols could be divided into three categories i.e. reactive, proactive and hybrid. In this paper we have reviewed wide range of existing routing protocols which are being applied for wireless mesh networks. The literature survey also points to the rising popularity of soft computing based approaches to the optimal cost path evaluation as compared to the classical or hard computing based approaches.
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Ragab, Ahmed Refaat, and Pablo Flores. "Adapting Ad-hoc Routing Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems." International Journal of Data Science 2, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijods.2.1.1-8.2021.

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The field of the ad-hoc network and its routing protocols had attracted a lot of researchers for many years, due to the various usage of the ad-hoc networks in many fields and especially the field of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Routing protocols in the ad-hoc network are the main focused problem, for their characteristics and role during the communication process of the ad-hoc networks, with its different types. In this paper, we are going to analyze and sheds the light on the performance of ad-hoc routing protocols, for both Flying ad-hoc network (FANET) and vehicle ad-hoc network (VANET) when applying three different ad-hoc routing protocols, respectively Reactive routing protocol, Proactive routing protocol, and Hybrid routing protocol, in order to shed light on the ambiguous misunderstanding of ad-hoc routing protocols functionality and to choose the best routing protocol to be used and adapted for UAVs.
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Sultan, Mohamad T., Khaled N. Yasen, and Ali Q. Saeed. "Simulation-based Evaluation of Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector, Fisheye State Routing, and Zone Routing Protocol." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 3, no. 2 (August 20, 2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v3n2y2019.pp64-69.

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Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less and decentralized network without any physical connections. Nodes are mobile, free to move, and independent of each other which makes routing a difficult task. Hence, a dynamic routing protocol is needed to make MANET reliable and function properly. Several routing protocols have been proposed with different working mechanisms and performance levels. Therefore, the performance study of those protocols is needed. This paper evaluates the performance of MANET routing protocols using simulation based experiments to observe the behavior of the network as the density of the nodes increases. The paper evaluates the performance of proactive (fisheye state routing), reactive (ad hoc on-demand distance vector), and hybrid (zone routing protocol) routing protocols in terms of the packet delivery fraction, average throughput, and average end-to-end delay. The simulations of protocols to analyze their performance in different conditions were performed using the network simulator 2 (NS 2).
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Manish Sharma. "Performance evaluation of Various Ad hoc routing protocols in IP, throughput and FIFO using Qualnet in hilly Terrains for VANET." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0015.

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VANET in hilly terrains suffers frequent signal breakdown, interferences and other hinderances, affecting QoS (Quality of service). In this paper various Ad hoc routing protocols are compared for IP, Throughput and FIFO taking in to consideration various parameters of real traffic scenarios like altitude, nodes, speed, data size & weather mobility model using Qualnet as a simulation tool at higher altitude of 1970m. Since network layers covers IP, Throughput and FIFO, hence comparison of various Ad hoc routing protocols like AODV and DYMO (Reactive), OLSR (Proactive) and ZRP (hybrid) taking IP, Throughput and FIFO as comparison parameters helps to make right selection of protocols to improve QoS in hilly terrains. Varying parameters of VANET shows that in the real traffic scenarios proactive protocol performs more efficiently
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Nazibullah, Nazibullah, Andy Hidayat Jatmika, and Fitri Bimantoro. "Dampak Variasi Model Propagasi Terhadap Protokol Routing Reaktif, Proaktif, dan Hybrid di Jaringan VANET (Studi Kasus Kota Bima)." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi, Komputer, dan Aplikasinya (JTIKA ) 3, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jtika.v3i1.111.

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VANET is a subset of Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) that utilizes wireless technology, which in the VANET network the node is presented as a vehicle and the route for a vehicle is presented as a highway that will be passed by that vehicle. In general, VANET has 3 classification routing protocols, namely reactive, proactive, and hybrid. Performance of routing protocol is greatly influenced by the propagation model. Propagation on the network is the behavior of radio waves, which in this case is used as a transmission medium from the transmitter to the destination (receiver). This research will analyze the variation of propagation models namely FreeSpace, TwoRayGround, Shadowing, and Nakagami on the performance of AOMDV (reactive), OLSR (proactive), and ZRP (hybrid). The performance of the routing protocol will be tested using test parameters including Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Packet Loss, End to End Delay, and Throughput. Keywords: VANET, AOMDV, OLSR, ZRP, FreeSpace, TwoRayGround, Shadowing, Nakagami
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols"

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Asker, Zada Salar. "Ad Hoc Networks : Performance Evaluation Of Proactive, Reactive And Hybrid Routing Protocols In NS2." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Institutionen för ekonomi och it, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-2778.

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No infrastructure, no centralized administration and self-configuration are the main characteristics of MANETs. The primary motivation of MANET deployment is to increase portability, mobility and flexibility. However, this mobility causes an unpredictable change in topology and makes routing more difficult. Many routing algorithms have been proposed and tested over the last few years in order to provide an efficient routing in Ad Hoc networks. In this report we will show our conducted study with AODV (reactive), DSDV (proactive) and ZRP (hybrid) routing protocols. The performance of routing protocols have been evaluated carefully by analyzing the affects of changing network parameters such as, number of nodes, velocity, pause time, workload and flows on three performance metrics: packet delivery ratio, routing cost and average end- to- end delay. All the simulation work has been conducted in NS2. Our simulation results show that AODV gives better performance in all designed simulation models in terms of packets delivery ratio. DSDV shows the second best performance. Performance of ZRP is found average.
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Janský, Václav. "Směrování v bezdrátových sítích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-235998.

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This work deals with routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. First ad hoc networks are introduced. Routing protocols are then classified according to several criteria. Four routing protocols algorithms are described. They are proactive protocols DSDV and CGSR, reactive DSR and hybrid ZRP. Next AODV routing protocol is described in details. Advantages and disadvantages of AODV and two variants of AODV are also introduced. A new protocol is designed based on the disadvantages of the AODV protocol. This work also describes the implementation and integration of the new protocol in the ns-2 simulator. Results of the simulations are presented.
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Chu, Yung-Hua, and 朱永華. "A Cluster-based Hybrid Proactive/Reactive Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51573848433095612102.

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碩士
國立清華大學
資訊工程學系
93
A reactive routing protocol, such as the dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) [7], for ad hoc wireless networks initiates a route discovery to find a new routing path whenever a route error occurs. A hybrid proactive/reactive routing protocol such as the zone routing protocol (ZRP) [6] can be used to reduce the number of route discoveries that need to be initiated due to broken routes. To further reduce the number of route discoveries that need to be initiated due to broken routes, we propose a hybrid proactive/reactive source routing protocol based on the clustering technique developed in our previous work [8]. In the proposed hybrid proactive/reactive source routing protocol, a link state (proactive) routing protocol is used for the source node to find the path to a destination located within the cluster and an on-demand (reactive) routing protocol is employed to determine the path to a destination located beyond the cluster. When a route breaks, the node that detects the broken route tries to repair it using the link state information. A route discovery is initiated only if the broken route cannot be repaired. Our simulation results show that the proposed hybrid proactive/reactive source routing protocol initiates significantly smaller number of route discoveries due to broken routes than the zone routing protocol (ZRP) and the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol.
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Chavan, Chandrashekhar Pomu. "Design and Development of ECA based Routing Protocols for Ubiquitous Network." Thesis, 2021. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5181.

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The ubiquitous network is a heterogeneous wireless network comprising of computing devices such as laptops, smartphones, tablets, PDAs, etc., are connected to any device at any time, anywhere that enabling mobile users to access and exchange information through network access technologies such as Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, 5G, Bluetooth, UMTS and so on. The Ubiquitous Network (UN) fragmented into subnetworks in which mobile nodes of one subnetwork can exchange information with other mobile nodes in another subnetwork via network access technologies. The optimal route establishment is vital to exchange packets starting from the originating node to the desired destination. It is important to design and build routing protocols that play a crucial role in diverting the packets to different routes through an optimal path from the originating node to the ultimate destination. In essence, reactive and proactive routing protocols are designed and developed to determine the optimal routes for the network-wide propagation of control and data packets. The UN mobile nodes move in an arbitrary direction and frequently join or depart the UN at any point in time. Many routing-related issues have emerged due to node mobility, such as frequent network topology change, link failure, node disappearance, high latency, packet loss, etc. To provide the solution to the preceding issues, we design and develop routing protocols for the ubiquitous network using the Event Condition Action (ECA) scheme. The objectives of the thesis is to design solutions to some of the ubiquitous network routing issues. The ECA scheme is employed to make dynamic routing decisions at runtime under critical network conditions. In this thesis, we designed and developed reactive and proactive routing protocols to determine the optimal routes. The thesis consists of four major ECA-based research works viz; i) AODV route establishment and maintenance; ii) Improved AODV routing protocol; iii) Multicast group creation and selection of group leader; iv) Designing a link-state routing protocol. The ECA scheme structure is composed of three modules, like the event, condition, and action. The function of the event module is to accumulate a stream of routing events within the UN environment. The condition module’s job is to apply the logic rules that correspond to the event stream and execute the rule quickly post the conditions are met. Eventually, the action module’s task is to make dynamic routing decisions at runtime within a stipulated time. The design and development of routing protocols are present as follows. First of all, we designed AODV Route Establishment and Maintenance (AREM) to implement subroutines necessary for finding an optimal route from the originating node to the intended destination like route discovery, route setup, and route maintenance. The events like link failure or node disappearance from the network occur, then the source node nullifies the route and provokes the route investigation process once again. However, we have modified the control packet format in our proposed ECA scheme by adding metrics such as bandwidth, processor speed, buffer capacity, and battery power of the node to avoid reinitiation of the route discovery process and select an optimal path from where a route is broken. The proposed scheme discovers the shortest route based on Resourceful Mobile Nodes (RMN) that is an added advantage for rerouting the packets in a critical routing condition and making an intelligent routing decision at runtime. We estimated the time and space complexity of the developed protocol by selecting various routing functionalities. We developed a performance modeling using the M/M/1 queuing theory concept to investigate that dynamic routing decision in the UN. Dynamic routing decisions essentially depends on the expected time required for processing the ECA rules in the local memory aspect of each mobile node and the time required to process an ECA rule in the UN aspect. Secondly, we designed an Improved AODV Routing Protocol (IARP). In the IARP, we designed and implemented two improved routing protocols specifically, ECA based Improved AODV Position and Speed Aware Routing (ECA-IAODV-PSAR) and Improved AODV Edge Connectivity (ECA-IAODV-EC). In specific, these two routing protocols use the speed and position information of the node received from the Global Positioning System (GPS) to deal with routing control packet overhead during elevated mobility. The primary routing protocol ECA-IAODV-PSAR is an alteration of the PSAR routing protocol. The ECA-IAODV-PSAR protocol set limits flooding of the route query packet to the tiny zone of the UN to select the optimal route towards the ultimate destination. We calculated the time and space complexity of the developed routing protocols and built the performance modeling. Distinct performance parameters are evaluated comprised of routing control packet overhead, the number of route query packets, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load, and latency. Thirdly, we have designed the Multicast Group Creation and Selection of Group Leader (MGCSGL), in which we have designed and implemented the ECA based Multicast Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (ECA-MAODV) routing protocol. The ECA-MAODV protocol plays a predominant role in selecting an efficient route by creating an efficient multicast tree and selecting a unique group leader using a Computational Intelligence (CI) approach. The vague set is a CI that is an enhanced fragment of a fuzzy set. Each element in the Fuzzy set is mapped to [0,1], reflecting its membership grade. We estimated ECA-MAODV’s time and spatial complexity. Besides, we assessed ECA-MAODV performance and compared it with conventional routing protocols such as MAODV and AODV. Finally, we designed a Link State Routing Protocol (LSRP) using the novel agent technology. LSRP includes two types of agents like OLSR (acts as a static agent) and MPR (acts as a mobile agent). The OLSR agent accumulates information about neighboring nodes to establish a QoS route to transmit reliable data from the source node to the intended destination. Thus, OLSR creates and dispatches MPR agents across the network. MPR agents migrate and visit every mobile node in the network hosted by an OLSR agent to accumulate and supply mobile node and network status information to the OLSR agent. The OLSR agent collates the information and provides it to the ECA scheme for selecting an intelligent ECA-QoS route. The ECA scheme employs suitable constraints on the detailed information supplied by the OLSR agent to generate the desired QoS path. Eventually, we evaluated the performance and compared ECA-QoS-OLSR with conventional OLSR routing protocols. In summary, we have designed and developed reactive and proactive routing protocols for the ubiquitous network to make runtime routing decisions using the ECA scheme. • AODV route establishment and maintenance essentially selects an optimal route in the event of the link failure and divert the packets towards the active route. • Improved AODV routing protocol emphasizes the limitation of route discovery area to the UN tiny zone to select an optimal route to the desired destination node. • Design and implementation of the ECA-MAODV routing protocol that plays a predominant role in selecting an efficient route and unique group leader for the creation of an efficient multicast tree and multicast group to communicate and share adequate information among group members more efficiently and effectively. • Designing of a link-state routing protocol that uses novel agent technology to select an intelligent QoS route starting from the originating node to the target destination for reliable transmission of data packets. • Finally, we simulated the aforementioned proposed scheme in the various scenarios by considering varying performance metrics. The results obtained in both simulation and analysis shows the significance of the approaches and the proposed scheme’s effectiveness.
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
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Book chapters on the topic "Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols"

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Agarwal, S. K., Sachi Bansal, and Anwar S. Siddiqui. "Performance Analysis of Reactive, Proactive and Hybrid Routing Protocol Used in Petroleum Tank Over Network Control Systems." In Proceeding of International Conference on Intelligent Communication, Control and Devices, 367–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1708-7_42.

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Mohapatra, Seli, Pujapushpanjali Mohanty, and B. K. Ratha. "Energy Efficient and Multicast Based Greedy Routing for Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols." In Advances in Data Science and Management, 479–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0978-0_47.

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Fotino, Marco, Antonio Gozzi, Juan-Carlos Cano, Carlos Calafate, Floriano De Rango, Pietro Manzoni, and Salvatore Marano. "Evaluating Energy Consumption of Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols in a MANET." In IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, 119–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74899-3_11.

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Barman, Mala Rani, Dulal Chakraborty, and Jugal Krishna Das. "Reactive and Proactive Routing Protocols Performance Evaluation for MANETS Using OPNET Modeler Simulation Tools." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 285–93. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34622-4_22.

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Zhao, Haijun, Yan Ma, Xiaohong Huang, and Fang Zhao. "Performance Evaluation of Heartbeat-Style Failure Detector over Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Network." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 370–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88623-5_38.

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Sharma, Lalitsen, and Supriya Gupta. "Analyzing Performance of Ad hoc Routing Protocols under Various Constraints." In Technological Advancements and Applications in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks, 152–66. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0321-9.ch009.

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The mobility of nodes in mobile ad hoc networks and absence of any centralized control cause unpredictable changes in the network topologies. This makes routing a challenging task. Several routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks have come into existence. The protocols are classified in mainly in three categories: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. In this chapter, a study of one of each of the proactive and reactive protocols (respectively, Destination Sequence Distance Vector routing [DSDV], and Dynamic Source Routing [DSR]) is presented. The performance of above said protocols has been measured under varying mobility environment using NS-2 simulator based upon three quality metrics: average end-to-end delay, throughput, and jitter.
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Anita and Amita Asthana. "Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Network: A Review and Open Research Challenges." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde221313.

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Wireless sensor network (WSN) is deployed in number of applications for real-time data collection. Sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and more sophisticated have made this possible in recent years. These sensors are outfitted with wireless interfaces through which they can connect with one another to build a network. In the WSN, routing plays an important role to determine the optimal path to successfully deliver the data from source to destination node. In the literature, two types of routing available such as static and dynamic. Out of these, dynamic routing is preferred in the current scenario due to robust, low cost, and node position is dynamic. Further, dynamic nodes are classified into three protocols such as proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. Therefore, in this paper, initially, these routing protocols are examined. After that, we have studied and analysed the various research papers are published in these routing protocols. Finally, open research challenges are defined based on the study.
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Bhattacharyya, Mitun, Ashok Kumar, and Magdy Bayoumi. "System Framework and Protocols for Ubiquitous Computing Based Monitoring of an Oil Platform." In Designing Solutions-Based Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing, 138–57. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-843-2.ch007.

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This book chapter proposes a system based on the WirelessHART standard for monitoring and controlling oil platforms using sensor networks. The authors propose a hierarchical distributed system where sensor nodes and process components are grouped both functionally and in terms of proximity (i.e., spatially). They harness the existing electrical powering supplies to some of the process components to enhance our network routing protocol. They also propose a component based addressing scheme. Then propose a hybrid routing protocol having proactive paths for high priority data and reactive paths for low priority that can help in load balancing and thus improving the lifetime of the sensor network. Finally, the authors discuss about methodologies for assessing the health (residual energy) of the sensor network system. Related research is discussed at appropriate points.
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Ali, M. S., and P. M. Jawandhiya. "Security Aware Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad hoc Networks." In Technological Advancements and Applications in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks, 264–89. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0321-9.ch016.

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An ad hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of mobile nodes without the required intervention of any centralized access point or existing infrastructure. There is an increasing trend to adopt ad hoc networking for commercial user; however, their main applications lie in military, tactical, and other security-sensitive operations. In these and other applications of ad hoc networking, secure routing is an important issue. Designing a foolproof security protocol for ad hoc network is a challenging task due to its unique characteristics, such as lack of central authority, frequent topology changes, rapid node mobility, shared radio channel, and limited availability of resources. A number of protocols have been proposed for secure routing. However, most of these protocols are either proactive or reactive in approach. Both the approaches have their own limitations; for example, the proactive protocols use excess bandwidth in maintaining the routing information, while the reactive ones have long route request delay.
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Conference papers on the topic "Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols"

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Garnepudi, Parimala, Tipura Damarla, Jyotshna Gaddipati, and D. Veeraiah. "Proactive, reactive and hybrid multicast routing protocols for Wireless Mesh Networks." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccic.2013.6724255.

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Leenas, Thasan, and Sriskandarajah Shriparen. "Comparison of Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks." In 2021 10th International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability (ICIAfS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciafs52090.2021.9605835.

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Ema, Romana Rahman, Abdullah Anik, Nurun Nahar, Md Ashiqur Rahman, Khaleda Parven Eti, and Tajul Islam. "Simulation Based Performance Analysis of Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network." In 2020 11th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt49239.2020.9225672.

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Jana, Saikat, Souvik Singha, and Jayashree Singha. "A simulation based performance analysis of proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocol." In 2016 International Conference on Computer, Electrical & Communication Engineering (ICCECE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccece.2016.8009591.

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Gouda, Bhabani Sankar, Debasis Patro, and Rabindra Kumar Shial. "Scenario-Based Performance Evaluation of Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols in MANET Using Random Waypoint Model." In 2014 International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icit.2014.40.

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Fouzan Zulfiqar Mughal and Mohammad Imran Azam. "Comparative analysis of proactive, reactive and hybrid ad hoc routing protocols in Client based Wireless Mesh Network." In 2010 International Conference on Information and Emerging Technologies (ICIET). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciet.2010.5625711.

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Rahman, Md Arafatur, Farhat Anwar, Jannatul Naeem, and Md Sharif Minhazul Abedin. "A simulation based performance comparison of routing protocol on Mobile Ad-hoc Network (proactive, reactive and hybrid)." In 2010 International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccce.2010.5556751.

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Otoum, Nesreen, and Mwaffaq Otoom. "Benefit-Cost Analysis of Proactive and Reactive Ad-hoc Routing Protocols." In ICEIT 2019: 2019 8th International Conference on Educational and Information Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3318396.3318413.

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Vanthana, S., and V. Sinthu Janita Prakash. "Comparative Study of Proactive and Reactive AdHoc Routing Protocols Using Ns2." In 2014 World Congress on Computing and Communication Technologies (WCCCT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wccct.2014.40.

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Mohseni, Shima, Rosilah Hassan, Ahmed Patel, and Rozilawati Razali. "Comparative review study of reactive and proactive routing protocols in MANETs." In 2010 4th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dest.2010.5610631.

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