Journal articles: 'Pro-rich'

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Gürer, Eren, and Alfons J. Weichenrieder. "Pro-rich Inflation and Optimal Income Taxation." Public Finance Review 49, no. 6 (November 2021): 815–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10911421221077784.

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We study the implications of an increase in the price of necessities, which disproportionally hurts the poor, for optimal income taxation. When the government is utilitarian and disutility from labor supply is linear, the optimal nominal taxes and transfers are unchanged as households supply more labor to secure their consumption expenditures. Quantitative analyses with convex disutility of labor supply reveal that, because of positive labor supply effects, keeping average tax rates constant suffices to optimally react to the asymmetric price shock. The poorest agents increase their labor supply the most. Thus, optimal income tax policy in response to asymmetric price changes does not prevent the disproportional decline in the indirect utility of poorer households.

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Odhiambo, Nicholas M. "Is financial development pro-poor or pro-rich? Empirical evidence from Tanzania." Journal of Development Effectiveness 5, no. 4 (December 2013): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2013.866154.

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Isiaka, Abdulaleem Moyosore. "Inequality Within the EU-15 Countries: Have Social Benefits Been Pro-poor, Pro-middle Class or Pro-rich?" International Journal of Social Science Research 8, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v8i2.16571.

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This study utilizes static and dynamic panel models in investigating the impact of social benefits on the aggregate level of income inequality as well as on the income shares of different income groups within the EU-15 countries over the period 1995-2015. While the static panel regression models are estimated with Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) and Least Squares Dummy Variables (LSDV) techniques, the dynamic panel regressions are estimated using dynamic GMM-IV technique. Diagnostic tests indicate that the results from the GMM-IV technique are consistent and the associated instrumental variables are valid; hence this study gives preference to the results from this technique. The results indicate that social benefits generally have a significantly negative impact on the aggregate level of inequality, a positive impact on the income shares of the low and middle income groups, and a negative impact on the income shares of the high income groups. In the long run, the sign and significance of the parameter estimates remain unchanged but their sizes increase considerably. This research considers a variety of theories and finds that there exists much ambiguity in the theoretical literature. Based on its findings, this study recommends that policymakers address rising income inequality by intensifying efforts towards raising social benefits and ensuring that the welfare system is efficiently managed.

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Catapano, A. "2ML06 The pro-atherogenic role of TG rich lipoproteins." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)90448-x.

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Alnajadat, Bashir Mostufa. "Pro-drop in Standard Arabic." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n1p163.

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The correlation between Pro-drop and the nature of verbal morphology is a universal principle. This syntactic phenomenon has been parameterized on the basis of verb inflection. Rich verbal inflection has been advocated to allow pro-drop subject. On contrast, if a language structure maintains a low level of verbal morphology, pro will not be dropped. This paper comes to show that Standard Arabic (SA) is a partial pro-drop language. It has null subject even with rich verbal inflection structure. Nonetheless, the paper shows that in some forms of imperative sentence that have poor verbal inflection, but the subject is optional. On the other side, and on the basis of minimalism, pro is asserted to have features that must be checked in the course of derivation. These features are case and agreement that can be valued at Specifier-head configuration to pro. The process of checking optimally tries to draw evidence for the minimum level of morpho-syntactic features that pro in SA carries.

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Chan, Lai Y., Sunithi Gunasekera, Sonia T. Henriques, Nathalie F. Worth, Sarah-Jane Le, Richard J. Clark, Julie H. Campbell, David J. Craik, and Norelle L. Daly. "Engineering pro-angiogenic peptides using stable, disulfide-rich cyclic scaffolds." Blood 118, no. 25 (December 15, 2011): 6709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-06-359141.

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Abstract Fragments from the extracellular matrix proteins laminin and osteopontin and a sequence from VEGF have potent proangiogenic activity despite their small size (< 10 residues). However, these linear peptides have limited potential as drug candidates for therapeutic angiogenesis because of their poor stability. In the present study, we show that the therapeutic potential of these peptides can be significantly improved by “grafting” them into cyclic peptide scaffolds. Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin inhibitor-II (MCoTI-II) and sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), naturally occurring, plant-derived cyclic peptides of 34 and 14 residues, respectively, were used as scaffolds in this study. Using this approach, we have designed a peptide that, in contrast to the small peptide fragments, is stable in human serum and at nanomolar concentration induces angiogenesis in vivo. This is the first report of using these scaffolds to improve the activity and stability of angiogenic peptide sequences and is a promising approach for promoting angiogenesis for therapeutic uses.

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Urcuqui-Inchima, Silvio, Ivan G. Maia, Gabrièle Drugeon, Anne-Lise Haenni, and Françoise Bernardi. "Effect of mutations within the Cys-rich region of potyvirus helper component-proteinase on self-interaction." Journal of General Virology 80, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 2809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-80-11-2809.

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The first ∼60 amino acids of the N-terminal part of the potyvirus helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) include highly conserved residues comprising a Cys-rich region. In the present study, the domain in Potato virus Y sufficient for self-interaction was mapped using the yeast two-hybrid system to the 83 N-terminal amino acids of HC-Pro. Mutations in the conserved His and two Cys residues within the Cys-rich region have a strong debilitating effect on self-interaction when introduced in the full-length HC-Pro, but not when introduced in the N-terminal fragment.

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Yu, Long-Xi, Zohreh Tabaeizadeh, Hélène Chamberland, and Jean G. Lafontaine. "Negative regulation of gene expression of a novel proline-, threonine-, and glycine-rich protein by water stress in Lycopetsicon chilense." Genome 39, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 1185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-149.

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We have isolated a full length cDNA clone (designated PTGRP) encoding a proline-rich protein from leaves of Lycopersicon chilense. Sequence analysis of the 552-bp insert revealed that the open reading frame encodes a 12.6-kDa protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of PTGRP consists of a C-terminal proline-rich domain with two identical repeat motifs Phe-Pro-Met-Pro-Thr-Thr-Pro-Ser-Thr-Gly-Gly-Gly-Phe-Pro-Ser. The N terminus lacks proline and is hydrophobic. Unlike other proline-rich proteins this protein contains five glycine-rich repeat motifs (Gly-X)n representative of glycine-rich proteins. Southern blot analysis showed that PTGRP is a member of a small gene family within the L. chilense genome. Northern blot experiments revealed that the PTGRP gene is significantly down regulated by water stress. PTGRP mRNA transcription decreased 5- to 10-fold in leaves and stems after 4–8 days of water stress. The mRNA reaccumulated when the drought-stressed plants were rewatered. The in situ hybridization experiments also revealed that PTGRP mRNAs were more abundant in leaf sections of plants watered regularly compared with those of plants submitted to water stress. Down regulation of the PTGRP gene was also observed in desiccated cell suspensions of L. chilense and in those treated with abscisic acid, mannitol, and NaCl. Based on the common features of proline-rich proteins (high proline content, repeated motifs, and a putative signal peptide) and their involvement in the cell wall, it is likely that the PTGRP protein is targeted to the cell wall. Its down regulation by drought could be correlated with the remodeling of the plant cell wall in response to water stress. Key words : proline-, threonine-, and glycine-rich protein, down regulation, drought, Lycopersicon chilense, tomato.

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9

McCracken, Andrew W., Gracie Adams, Laura Hartshorne, Marc Tatar, and Mirre J. P. Simons. "The hidden costs of dietary restriction: Implications for its evolutionary and mechanistic origins." Science Advances 6, no. 8 (February 2020): eaay3047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay3047.

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Dietary restriction (DR) extends life span across taxa. Despite considerable research, universal mechanisms of DR have not been identified, limiting its translational potential. Guided by the conviction that DR evolved as an adaptive, pro-longevity physiological response to food scarcity, biomedical science has interpreted DR as an activator of pro-longevity molecular pathways. Current evolutionary theory predicts that organisms invest in their soma during DR, and thus when resource availability improves, should outcompete rich-fed controls in survival and/or reproduction. Testing this prediction in Drosophila melanogaster (N > 66,000 across 11 genotypes), our experiments revealed substantial, unexpected mortality costs when flies returned to a rich diet following DR. The physiological effects of DR should therefore not be interpreted as intrinsically pro-longevity, acting via somatic maintenance. We suggest DR could alternatively be considered an escape from costs incurred under nutrient-rich conditions, in addition to costs associated with DR.

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Williams, C. M., V. Maitin, and K. G. Jackson. "Triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein–gene interactions in endothelial cells." Biochemical Society Transactions 32, no. 6 (October 26, 2004): 994–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320994.

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Lipoproteins such as LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and oxidized LDL have potentially adverse effects on endothelial cells due to their ability to activate pro-inflammatory pathways regulated via the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor κB). Triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (the chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein and their respective remnant particles) have also been implicated in the induction of a pro-inflammatory phenotype and up-regulation of adhesion molecule expression. Although early studies supported the proposal that LPL (lipoprotein lipase)-mediated hydrolysis of TRLs (triglyceride-rich lipoproteins) at the endothelium could activate the NFκB pathway, more recent studies provide evidence of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses when cells are exposed to fatty acids or TRL particles. A large number of genes are up- and down-regulated when cells are exposed to TRL, with the net effect reflecting receptor- and nonreceptor-mediated pathways that are activated or inhibited depending on fatty acid type, the lipid and apolipoprotein composition of the TRL and the presence or absence of LPL. Early concepts of TRL particles as essentially pro-inflammatory stimuli to the endothelium provide an overly simplistic view of their impact on the vascular compartment.

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11

Aosaki, M., K. Matsushima, K. Tokuraku, and S. Kotani. "1N1630 Functional analysis of the MAP4 Pro-rich region mutant polypeptides." Seibutsu Butsuri 42, supplement2 (2002): S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.42.s85_4.

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12

Yuan, Lan, Mayumi Yoshida, and Paul F. Davis. "Inhibition of Pro-Angiogenic Factors by a Lipid-Rich Shark Extract." Journal of Medicinal Food 9, no. 3 (September 2006): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.300.

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13

El-Sharkawy, Hesham, Alpdogan Kantarci, Jennifer Deady, Hatice Hasturk, Hongsheng Liu, Mohammad Alshahat, and Thomas E. Van Dyke. "Platelet-Rich Plasma: Growth Factors and Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties." Journal of Periodontology 78, no. 4 (April 2007): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2007.060302.

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Fernandez-Carneado, J., M. J. Kogan, N. Van Mau, S. Pujals, C. Lopez-Iglesias, F. Heitz, and E. Giralt. "Fatty acyl moieties: improving Pro-rich peptide uptake inside HeLa cells." Journal of Peptide Research 65, no. 6 (June 2005): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00253.x.

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15

DENRUIJTER, H., G. BERECKI, T. OPTHOF, A. VERKERK, P. ZOCK, and R. CORONEL. "Pro- and antiarrhythmic properties of a diet rich in fish oil." Cardiovascular Research 73, no. 2 (January 15, 2007): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.06.014.

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16

Gürer, Eren, and Alfons Weichenrieder. "Pro-rich inflation in Europe: Implications for the measurement of inequality." German Economic Review 21, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 107–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ger-2018-0146.

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AbstractThis paper studies the distributional consequences of a systematic variation in expenditure shares and prices. Using European Union Household Budget Surveys and Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices data, we construct household-specific price indices and reveal the existence of a pro-rich inflation in Europe. Over the period 2001–15, the consumption bundles of the poorest deciles in 25 European countries have, on average, become 11.2 percentage points more expensive than those of the richest deciles. We find that ignoring the differential inflation across the distribution underestimates the change in the Gini (based on consumption expenditure) by almost up to 0.04 points. Cross-country heterogeneity in this change is large enough to alter the inequality ranking of numerous countries. The average inflation effect we detect is almost as large as the change in the standard Gini measure over the period of interest.

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17

Rontoyanni, Victoria G., Kristin Werner, Thomas A. B. Sanders, and Wendy L. Hall. "Differential acute effects of carbohydrate- and protein-rich drinks compared with water on cardiac output during rest and exercise in healthy young men." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, no. 8 (August 2015): 803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0358.

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The acute effects of drinks rich in protein (PRO) versus carbohydrate (CHO) on cardiovascular hemodynamics and reactivity are uncertain. A randomized crossover design was used to compare 400-mL isoenergetic (1.1 MJ) drinks containing whey protein (PRO; 44 g) or carbohydrate (CHO; 57 g) versus 400 mL of water in 14 healthy men. The primary and secondary outcomes were changes in cardiac output, blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and digital volume pulse measured prior to and 30 min following consumption at rest, during 12 min of multi-stage bicycle ergometry, and 15 min postexercise. The mean change (95% confidence interval (CI)) in resting cardiac output at 30 min was greater for CHO than for PRO or water: 0.7 (0.4 to 1.0), 0.1 (–0.2 to 0.40), and 0.0 (–0.3 to 0.3) L/min (P < 0.001), respectively; the higher cardiac output following CHO was accompanied by an increase in stroke volume and a lower SVR. The mean increments (95% CI) in cardiac output during exercise were CHO 4.7 (4.4 to 5.0), PRO 4.9 (4.6 to 5.2), and water 4.6 (4.3 to 4.9) L/min with the difference between PRO versus water being significant (P < 0.025). There were no other statistically significant differences. In summary, a CHO-rich drink increased cardiac output and lowered SVR in the resting state compared with a PRO-rich drink or water but the effect size of changes in these variables did not differ during or after exercise between CHO and PRO. Neither protein nor carbohydrate affected blood pressure reactivity to exercise.

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Yang, Sung-Tae, Song Yub Shin, Kyung-Soo Hahm, and Jae Il Kim. "Different modes in antibiotic action of tritrpticin analogs, cathelicidin-derived Trp-rich and Pro/Arg-rich peptides." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1758, no. 10 (October 2006): 1580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.06.007.

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19

Zhao, Lei, Yali Zhang, Guorong Liu, Shuai Hao, Chengtao Wang, and Yong Wang. "Black rice anthocyanin-rich extract and rosmarinic acid, alone and in combination, protect against DSS-induced colitis in mice." Food & Function 9, no. 5 (2018): 2796–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fo01490b.

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Black rice anthocyanin-rich extract and rosmarinic acid ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in mice by down-regulating pro-inflammatory mediators and exhibited an additive interaction in reducing MPO, NO and the expression of some pro-inflammatory mediators.

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Yoneda, Yukio, and Ryotaro Yoshida. "The Role of T Cells in Allografted Tumor Rejection: IFN-γ Released from T Cells Is Essential for Induction of Effector Macrophages in the Rejection Site." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 12 (June 15, 1998): 6012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.12.6012.

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Abstract Allografted Meth A tumor rejection is T cell dependent, but T cells are inactive toward the allograft; rather, the main effector cells are allograft-induced macrophages (AIM) with MHC haplotype specificity. Here, we examined the role of T cells in the induction of AIM in the rejection site. On day 4.5 after i.p. transplantation of Meth A fibrosarcoma cells to C57BL/6 (B6) mice, we obtained a kind of precursor of AIM (pro-AIM) from the transplantation site by an enrichment technique involving adherence to serum-coated dishes. The noncytotoxic pro-AIM-rich population put into a diffusion chamber became cytotoxic against Meth A cells after 2 days in the peritoneal cavity of an untreated B6 mouse. Similar activation of the chambered B6 pro-AIM-rich population occurred in IFN-γ −/− B6 mice, whereas there was no activation when chambers containing an IFN-γ −/− mouse-derived pro-AIM-rich population were placed in normal or IFN-γ −/− mice, suggesting that IFN-γ is involved in the activation. RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that among bulk infiltrates T cells were the major producer of IFN-γ; and most of the cells in a T cell-eliminated pro-AIM population in a diffusion chamber kept for 2 days in a B6 mouse did not become AIM. Furthermore, IFN-γ −/− B6 mice could not reject allografted Meth A tumor cells, whereas the grafts were rejected by i.p. injections of IFN-γ into the mutant mice. These results indicate that IFN-γ released from allograft-induced T cells is essential for both the activation of a kind of pro-AIM to AIM in the transplantation site and the rejection of an allografted tumor.

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Jones, A. Maxwell P., Ross Baker, Diane Ragone, and Susan J. Murch. "Identification of pro-vitamin A carotenoid-rich cultivars of breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 31, no. 1 (August 2013): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2013.03.003.

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Sakulnarmrat, Karunrat, Michael Fenech, Philip Thomas, and Izabela Konczak. "Cytoprotective and pro-apoptotic activities of native Australian herbs polyphenolic-rich extracts." Food Chemistry 136, no. 1 (January 2013): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.089.

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23

Wang, Yanjiao, and Shengnan Zhou. "An improved poor and rich optimization algorithm." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): e0267633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267633.

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The poor and rich optimization algorithm (PRO) is a new bio-inspired meta-heuristic algorithm based on the behavior of the poor and the rich. PRO suffers from low convergence speed and premature convergence, and easily traps in the local optimum, when solving very complex function optimization problems. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes an improved poor and rich optimization (IPRO) algorithm. First, to meet the requirements of convergence speed and swarm diversity requirements across different evolutionary stages of the algorithm, the population is dynamically divided into the poor and rich sub-population. Second, for the rich sub-population, this study designs a novel individual updating mechanism that learns from the evolution information of the global optimum individual and that of the poor sub-population simultaneously, to further accelerate convergence speed and minimize swarm diversity loss. Third, for the poor sub-population, this study designs a novel individual updating mechanism that improves some evolution information by learning alternately from the rich and Gauss distribution, gradually improves evolutionary genes, and maintains swarm diversity. The IPRO is then compared with four state-of-the-art swarm evolutionary algorithms with various characteristics on the CEC 2013 test suite. Experimental results demonstrate the competitive advantages of IPRO in convergence precision and speed when solving function optimization problems.

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Michel, Piotr, Sebastian Granica, Anna Magiera, Karolina Rosińska, Małgorzata Jurek, Łukasz Poraj, and Monika Anna Olszewska. "Salicylate and Procyanidin-Rich Stem Extracts of Gaultheria procumbens L. Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and Suppress Pro-Inflammatory and Pro-Oxidant Functions of Human Neutrophils Ex Vivo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071753.

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Salicylate-rich plants are an attractive alternative to synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs due to a better safety profile and the advantage of complementary anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the co-occurring non-salicylate phytochemicals. Here, the phytochemical value and biological effects in vitro and ex vivo of the stems of one of such plants, Gaultheria procumbens L., were evaluated. The best extrahent for effective recovery of the active stem molecules was established in comparative studies of five extracts. The UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3, HPLC-PDA, and UV-photometric assays revealed that the selected acetone extract (AE) accumulates a rich polyphenolic fraction (35 identified constituents; total content 427.2 mg/g dw), mainly flavanols (catechins and proanthocyanidins; 201.3 mg/g dw) and methyl salicylate glycosides (199.9 mg/g dw). The extract and its model components were effective cyclooxygenase-2, lipoxygenase, and hyaluronidase inhibitors; exhibited strong antioxidant capacity in six non-cellular in vitro models (AE and procyanidins); and also significantly and dose-dependently reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the release of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α) and proteinases (elastase-2, metalloproteinase-9) in human neutrophils stimulated ex vivo by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP). The cellular safety of AE was demonstrated by flow cytometry. The results support the application of the plant in traditional medicine and encourage the use of AE for development of new therapeutic agents.

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Mariani, Erminia, Valentina Canella, Luca Cattini, Elizaveta Kon, Maurilio Marcacci, Berardo Di Matteo, Lia Pulsatelli, and Giuseppe Filardo. "Leukocyte-Rich Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections Do Not Up-Modulate Intra-Articular Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Osteoarthritic Knee." PLOS ONE 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2016): e0156137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156137.

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Dietrich, Lars, Lorna S. Ehrlich, Tracy J. LaGrassa, Dana Ebbets-Reed, and Carol Carter. "Structural Consequences of Cyclophilin A Binding on Maturational Refolding in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Capsid Protein." Journal of Virology 75, no. 10 (May 15, 2001): 4721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.10.4721-4733.2001.

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ABSTRACT While several cellular proteins are incorporated in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion, cyclophilin (CyP) A is the only one whose absence has been demonstrated to impair infectivity. Incorporation of the cytosolic protein results from interaction with a highly exposed Pro-rich loop in the N-terminal region of the capsid (CA) domain of the precursor polyprotein, Pr55Gag. Even when prevented from interacting with CyP A, Pr55Gag still forms particles that proceed to mature into morphologically wild-type virions, suggesting that CyP A influences a postassembly event. The nature of this CyP A influence has yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that while CyP A binds both Gag and mature CA proteins, the two binding interactions are actually different. Tryptophan 121 (W121) in CyP A distinguished the two proteins: a phenylalanine substitution (W121F) impaired binding of mature CA protein but not of Gag. This indicates the occurrence of a maturation-dependent switch in the conformation of the Pro-rich loop. A structural consequence of Gag binding to CyP A was to block this maturational refolding, resulting in a 24-kDa CA protein retaining the immature Pro-rich loop conformation. Using trypsin as a structure probe, we demonstrate that the conformation of the C-terminal region in mature CA is also a product of maturational refolding. Binding to wild-type CyP A altered this conformation, as indicated by a reduction in the accessibility of Cys residue(s) in the region to chemical modification. Hence, the end result of binding to CyP A, whether the Pro-rich loop is in the context of Gag or mature CA protein, is a structurally modified mature CA protein. The postassembly role of CyP A may be mediated through these modified mature CA proteins.

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Ahmad, Zeeshan, Nadir Munir Hassan, Mohammad Nisar Khattak, Mohamed A. Moustafa, and Mahendra Fakhri. "Impact of Tourist’s Environmental Awareness on Pro-Environmental Behavior with the Mediating Effect of Tourist’s Environmental Concern and Moderating Effect of Tourist’s Environmental Attachment." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 12998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132312998.

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Pakistan has been blessed with rich tourism potential because of its rich history, culture, biological and geographical diversity. Travelers have for quite some time been attracted to Pakistan to encounter a nation that flaunts rugged natural beauty, cultural richness, and unparalleled hospitality. Pakistan has various tourist destinations in the northern areas of Pakistan. Kumrat Valley has become a tourist hotspot in recent times after the prime minister of Pakistan, Mr. Imran Khan, visited the valley. To reduce the negative effects on these tourist destinations due to the accelerating increase in tourists, the present study used a quantitative approach to uncover whether there is an environmental awareness–behavior gap among the tourists, with their level of environmental awareness outweighing pro-environmental behavior. Using a sample of 426 tourists who have visited the valley, the analysis of the results indicates that the pro-environmental behavior is positively and significantly affected by the components, environmental awareness, environmental concern, and environmental attachment. Environmental attachment is added as a moderator between environmental awareness and pro-environmental behavior. This study suggests that environmental awareness must be promoted among tourists to ensure that they exhibit pro-environmental behavior.

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Asante, Augustine D., Por Ir, Bart Jacobs, Limwattananon Supon, Marco Liverani, Andrew Hayen, Stephen Jan, and Virginia Wiseman. "Who benefits from healthcare spending in Cambodia? Evidence for a universal health coverage policy." Health Policy and Planning 34, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2019): i4—i13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz011.

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Abstract Cambodia’s healthcare system has seen significant improvements in the last two decades. Despite this, access to quality care remains problematic, particularly for poor rural Cambodians. The government has committed to universal health coverage (UHC) and is reforming the health financing system to align with this goal. The extent to which the reforms have impacted the poor is not always clear. Using a system-wide approach, this study assesses how benefits from healthcare spending are distributed across socioeconomic groups in Cambodia. Benefit incidence analysis was employed to assess the distribution of benefits from health spending. Primary data on the use of health services and the costs associated with it were collected through a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of 5000 households. Secondary data from the 2012–14 Cambodia National Health Accounts and other official documents were used to estimate the unit costs of services. The results indicate that benefits from health spending at the primary care level in the public sector are distributed in favour of the poor, with about 32% of health centre benefits going to the poorest population quintile. Public hospital outpatient benefits are quite evenly distributed across all wealth quintiles, although the concentration index of −0.058 suggests a moderately pro-poor distribution. Benefits for public hospital inpatient care are substantially pro-poor. The private sector was significantly skewed towards the richest quintile. Relative to health need, the distribution of total benefits in the public sector is pro-poor while the private sector is relatively pro-rich. Looking across the entire health system, health financing in Cambodia appears to benefit the poor more than the rich but a significant proportion of spending remains in the private sector which is largely pro-rich. There is the need for some government regulation of the private sector if Cambodia is to achieve its UHC goals.

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JACOBS, ALAN M., J. SCOTT MATTHEWS, TIMOTHY HICKS, and ERIC MERKLEY. "Whose News? Class-Biased Economic Reporting in the United States." American Political Science Review 115, no. 3 (April 12, 2021): 1016–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055421000137.

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There is substantial evidence that voters’ choices are shaped by assessments of the state of the economy and that these assessments, in turn, are influenced by the news. But how does the economic news track the welfare of different income groups in an era of rising inequality? Whose economy does the news cover? Drawing on a large new dataset of US news content, we demonstrate that the tone of the economic news strongly and disproportionately tracks the fortunes of the richest households, with little sensitivity to income changes among the non-rich. Further, we present evidence that this pro-rich bias emerges not from pro-rich journalistic preferences but, rather, from the interaction of the media’s focus on economic aggregates with structural features of the relationship between economic growth and distribution. The findings yield a novel explanation of distributionally perverse electoral patterns and demonstrate how distributional biases in the economy condition economic accountability.

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Gennaro, Renato, Margherita Zanetti, Monica Benincasa, Elena Podda, and Monica Miani. "Pro-rich Antimicrobial Peptides from Animals: Structure, Biological Functions and Mechanism of Action." Current Pharmaceutical Design 8, no. 9 (April 1, 2002): 763–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612023395394.

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Wagstaff, Adam. "Benefit-incidence analysis: are government health expenditures more pro-rich than we think?" Health Economics 21, no. 4 (March 10, 2011): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.1727.

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Montecillo-Aguado, Mayra, Belen Tirado-Rodriguez, Gabriela Antonio-Andres, Mario Morales-Martinez, Zhen Tong, Jun Yang, Bruce D. Hammock, Rogelio Hernandez-Pando, and Sara Huerta-Yepez. "Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enhance Tumor Aggressiveness in Experimental Lung Cancer Model: Important Role of Oxylipins." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116179.

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Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer death worldwide; it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and bears poor prognosis. It has been shown that diet is an important environmental factor that contributes to the risk and mortality of several types of cancers. Intake of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs plays an important role in cancer risk and progression. Current Western populations have high consumption of ω-6 PUFAs with a ratio of ω-6/ω-3 PUFAs at 15:1 to 16.7:1 This high consumption of ω-6 PUFAs is related to increased cancer risk and progression. However, whether a diet rich in ω-6 PUFAs can contribute to tumor aggressiveness has not been well investigated. We used a murine model of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma to study the aggressiveness of tumors in mice fed with a diet rich in ω-6 PUFAs and its relationship with oxylipins. Our results shown that the mice fed a diet rich in ω-6 showed a marked increase in proliferation, angiogenesis and pro-inflammatory markers and decreased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins in their tumors. Oxylipin profiling revealed an upregulation of various pro-tumoral oxylipins including PGs, HETEs, DiHETrEs and HODEs. These results demonstrate for the first time that high intake of ω-6 PUFAs in the diet enhances the malignancy of tumor cells by histological changes on tumor dedifferentiation and increases cell proliferation, angiogenesis, pro-inflammatory oxylipins and molecular aggressiveness targets such as NF-κB p65, YY1, COX-2 and TGF-β.

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King, William, Kevin Cawood, and Megan Bookmiller. "The Use of Autologous Protein Solution (Pro-Stride®) and Leukocyte-Rich Platelet-Rich Plasma (Restigen®) in Canine Medicine." Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports Volume 12 (March 2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/vmrr.s286913.

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Li, Jiaomei, Yi Wan, Zhaohong Zheng, Huaqi Zhang, Yang Li, Xiaofei Guo, Kelei Li, and Duo Li. "Maternal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids restructure gut microbiota of offspring mice and decrease their susceptibility to mammary gland cancer." Food & Function 12, no. 17 (2021): 8154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1fo00906k.

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Maternal diet rich in n-3 PUFA reducing the offspring's susceptibility to mammary cancer may partly explained by long-lasting restructuring of gut microbiota and the decreased pro-inflammatory factors.

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Baci, Denisa, Matteo Gallazzi, Caterina Cascini, Matilde Tramacere, Daniela De Stefano, Antonino Bruno, Douglas Noonan, and Adriana Albini. "Downregulation of Pro-Inflammatory and Pro-Angiogenic Pathways in Prostate Cancer Cells by a Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Olive Mill Wastewater." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020307.

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Dietary phytochemicals are particularly attractive for chemoprevention and are able to modulate several signal transduction pathways linked with cancer. Olive oil, a major component of the Mediterranean diet, is an abundant source of phenolic compounds. Olive oil production is associated with the generation of a waste material, termed ‘olive mill wastewater’ (OMWW) that have been reported to contain water-soluble polyphenols. Prostate cancer (PCa) is considered as an ideal cancer type for chemopreventive approaches, due to its wide incidence but relatively long latency period and progression time. Here, we investigated activities associated with potential preventive properties of a polyphenol-rich olive mill wastewater extract, OMWW (A009), on three in vitro models of PCa. A009 was able to inhibit PCa cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Molecularly, we found that A009 targeted NF-κB and reduced pro-angiogenic growth factor, VEGF, CXCL8, and CXCL12 production. IL-6/STAT3 axis was also regulated by the extract. A009 shows promising properties, and purified hydroxytyrosol (HyT), the major polyphenol component of A009, was also active but not always as effective as A009. Finally, our results support the idea of repositioning a food waste-derived material for nutraceutical employment, with environmental and industrial cost management benefits.

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Lele, Deepti S., Sariya Talat, and Kanwal J. Kaur. "The Presence of Arginine in the Pro-Arg-Pro Motif Augments the Lethality of Proline Rich Antimicrobial Peptides of Insect Source." International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics 19, no. 4 (June 20, 2013): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10989-013-9355-y.

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Boruah, Radhika. "Pro-drop and subject pronouns in Assamese." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.7.23.

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In recent years a considerable attention has been given to the study of control and pro-drop. Languages with rich agreement patterns allow for phonetically empty subject which is called “pro”. This paper deals with the pro-drop phenomena of Assamese. The main objective of the paper is to give a descriptive analysis of the subject pronouns and their nature in the pro-drop phenomena. The paper also aims to give a basic idea of this pro-drop phenomenon and shows how certain subject pronouns behave differently in Assamese. Pro drop in Assamese is a major linguistic characteristic of the language. The findings of the study revealed that we can drop most of the subject pronouns in Assamese. Though Assamese is considered as a pro-drop language, this phenomenon is not acceptable in written language. The sentences should be in a full structural representation in written language. In other words, we can say that pro-drop is used in our daily conversations; it is more or less like informal conversations.

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Windsor, Duane. "Multi-Level Social Institutions in Conflict over Sustainable Development." Critical Sociology 44, no. 2 (June 7, 2017): 285–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920517708338.

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An identifiable research gap in extant literature concerns how social institutions can develop more pro-sustainability attributes. Better collaboration is vital to enabling institutions to function effectively for sustainability. A conceptual scenario approach illustrates how multi-level institutions can be in fundamental conflict concerning sustainable development. A rich complexity of formal and informal institutions functions at global, regional, national, and local levels of human interaction in ways that influence both anti-sustainability and pro-sustainability behaviors, practices, and outcomes. The scenario approach underscores that the balance of anti-sustainability and pro-sustainability attributes is not readily assessed theoretically or empirically as a basis for improving social justice outcomes.

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LaJevic, Melissa, Rhonna Cohen, and Donald Chambers. "HuR protein is involved in S49 thymoma cell proliferation and is regulated by cAMP/PKA signaling (88.20)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 88.20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.88.20.

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Abstract The RNA binding protein human antigen R (HuR) participates in the post transcriptional regulation of many mRNAs bearing AU rich and U rich elements by influencing stabilization and translation. Based on the types of mRNAs regulated by HuR, the cellular role of HuR can be identified as pro-survival and pro-inflammatory. Using the S49 thymoma cell line, we recently showed that cAMP treatment, which triggers apoptotic signaling events, leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of HuR function. In this work, we investigate if there is a relationship between cAMP mediated cell death and HuR activity by utilizing small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of HuR in S49 cells. We found that knockdown of HuR protein decreases normal cell growth, and increases cAMP mediated apoptosis. qPCR analysis of mRNAs important in inflammation, cell growth, and apoptosis reveal that knockdown of HuR downregulates TNF-α mRNA and upregulates IL-10 and Bim mRNAs in untreated cells, and upregulates p27, and Bim mRNAs upon treatment with cAMP. Furthermore, cAMP treatment causes a PKA dependent decrease in HuR cytoplasmic levels. These results suggest that a pro-inflammatory and pro-survival role for HuR in S49 thymoma cells exists and may be compromised upon the elevation of cAMP by decreasing cytoplasmic HuR protein and allowing the expression of apoptotic factors.

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Wessels, Els, Daniël Duijsings, Richard A. Notebaart, Willem J. G. Melchers, and Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld. "A Proline-Rich Region in the Coxsackievirus 3A Protein Is Required for the Protein To Inhibit Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Golgi Transport." Journal of Virology 79, no. 8 (April 15, 2005): 5163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.8.5163-5173.2005.

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ABSTRACT The ability of the 3A protein of coxsackievirus B (CVB) to inhibit protein secretion was investigated for this study. Here we show that the ectopic expression of CVB 3A blocked the transport of both the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus, a membrane-bound secretory marker, and the alpha-1 protease inhibitor, a luminal secretory protein, at a step between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex. CVB 3A contains a conserved proline-rich region in its N terminus. The importance of this proline-rich region was investigated by introducing Pro-to-Ala substitutions. The mutation of Pro19 completely abolished the ability of 3A to inhibit ER-to-Golgi transport. The mutation of Pro14, Pro17, or Pro20 also impaired this ability, but to a lesser extent. The mutation of Pro18 had no effect. We also investigated the possible importance of this proline-rich region for the function of 3A in viral RNA replication. To this end, we introduced the Pro-to-Ala mutations into an infectious cDNA clone of CVB3. The transfection of cells with in vitro-transcribed RNAs of these clones gave rise to mutant viruses that replicated with wild-type characteristics. We concluded that the proline-rich region in CVB 3A is required for its ability to inhibit ER-to-Golgi transport, but not for its function in viral RNA replication. The functional relevance of the proline-rich region is discussed in light of the proposed structural model of 3A.

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Zhou, Huan-Xiang. "Quantitative Relation between Intermolecular and Intramolecular Binding of Pro-Rich Peptides to SH3 Domains." Biophysical Journal 91, no. 9 (November 2006): 3170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.090258.

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Wu, Jiangbin, Kadiam C. Venkata Subbaiah, Li Huitong Xie, Feng Jiang, Eng-Soon Khor, Deanne Mickelsen, Jason R. Myers, Wai Hong Wilson Tang, and Peng Yao. "Glutamyl-Prolyl-tRNA Synthetase Regulates Proline-Rich Pro-Fibrotic Protein Synthesis During Cardiac Fibrosis." Circulation Research 127, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 827–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.119.315999.

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Rationale: Increased protein synthesis of profibrotic genes is a common feature in cardiac fibrosis and heart failure. Despite this observation, critical factors and molecular mechanisms for translational control of profibrotic genes during cardiac fibrosis remain unclear. Objective: To investigate the role of a bifunctional ARS (aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase), EPRS (glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase) in translational control of cardiac fibrosis. Methods and Results: Results from reanalyses of multiple publicly available data sets of human and mouse heart failure, demonstrated that EPRS acted as an integrated node among the ARSs in various cardiac pathogenic processes. We confirmed that EPRS was induced at mRNA and protein levels (≈1.5–2.5-fold increase) in failing hearts compared with nonfailing hearts using our cohort of human and mouse heart samples. Genetic knockout of one allele of Eprs globally ( Eprs +/− ) using CRISPR-Cas9 technology or in a Postn-Cre-dependent manner ( Eprs flox/+ ; Postn MCM/+ ) strongly reduces cardiac fibrosis (≈50% reduction) in isoproterenol-, transverse aortic constriction-, and myocardial infarction (MI)-induced heart failure mouse models. Inhibition of EPRS using a PRS (prolyl-tRNA synthetase)-specific inhibitor, halofuginone, significantly decreases translation efficiency (TE) of proline-rich collagens in cardiac fibroblasts as well as TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β)-activated myofibroblasts. Overexpression of EPRS increases collagen protein expression in primary cardiac fibroblasts under TGF-β stimulation. Using transcriptome-wide RNA-Seq and polysome profiling-Seq in halofuginone-treated fibroblasts, we identified multiple novel Pro-rich genes in addition to collagens, such as Ltbp2 (latent TGF-β-binding protein 2) and Sulf1 (sulfatase 1), which are translationally regulated by EPRS. SULF1 is highly enriched in human and mouse myofibroblasts. In the primary cardiac fibroblast culture system, siRNA-mediated knockdown of SULF1 attenuates cardiac myofibroblast activation and collagen deposition. Overexpression of SULF1 promotes TGF-β-induced myofibroblast activation and partially antagonizes anti-fibrotic effects of halofuginone treatment. Conclusions: Our results indicate that EPRS preferentially controls translational activation of proline codon rich profibrotic genes in cardiac fibroblasts and augments pathological cardiac remodeling. Graphical Abstract: A graphical abstract is available for this article.

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Kardum, Nevena, Aleksandra Konić-Ristić, Katarina Šavikin, Slavica Spasić, Aleksandra Stefanović, Jasmina Ivanišević, and Milica Miljković. "Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Chokeberry Juice on Antioxidant/Pro-Oxidant Status in Healthy Subjects." Journal of Medicinal Food 17, no. 8 (August 2014): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2013.0135.

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Cabiaux, Veronique, Birgitta Agerberths, Jan Johansson, Fabrice Homble, Erik Goormaghtigh, and Jean-Marie Ruysschaert. "Secondary Structure and Membrane Interaction of PR-39, a Pro+Arg-rich Antibacterial Peptide." European Journal of Biochemistry 224, no. 3 (September 1994): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.01019.x.

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Barasa, Edwine, Jacob Kazungu, Peter Nguhiu, and Nirmala Ravishankar. "Examining the level and inequality in health insurance coverage in 36 sub-Saharan African countries." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 4 (April 2021): e004712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004712.

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IntroductionLow/middle-income countries (LMICs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are increasingly turning to public contributory health insurance as a mechanism for removing financial barriers to access and extending financial risk protection to the population. Against this backdrop, we assessed the level and inequality of population coverage of existing health insurance schemes in 36 SSA countries.MethodsUsing secondary data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys, we computed mean population coverage for any type of health insurance, and for specific forms of health insurance schemes, by country. We developed concentration curves, computed concentration indices, and rich–poor differences and ratios to examine inequality in health insurance coverage. We decomposed the concentration index using a generalised linear model to examine the contribution of household and individual-level factors to the inequality in health insurance coverage.ResultsOnly four countries had coverage levels with any type of health insurance of above 20% (Rwanda—78.7% (95% CI 77.5% to 79.9%), Ghana—58.2% (95% CI 56.2% to 60.1%), Gabon—40.8% (95% CI 38.2% to 43.5%), and Burundi 22.0% (95% CI 20.7% to 23.2%)). Overall, health insurance coverage was low (7.9% (95% CI 7.8% to 7.9%)) and pro-rich; concentration index=0.4 (95% CI 0.3 to 0.4, p<0.001). Exposure to media made the greatest contribution to the pro-rich distribution of health insurance coverage (50.3%), followed by socioeconomic status (44.3%) and the level of education (41.6%).ConclusionCoverage of health insurance in SSA is low and pro-rich. The four countries that had health insurance coverage levels greater than 20% were all characterised by substantial funding from tax revenues. The other study countries featured predominantly voluntary mechanisms. In a context of high informality of labour markets, SSA and other LMICs should rethink the role of voluntary contributory health insurance and instead embrace tax funding as a sustainable and feasible mechanism for mobilising resources for the health sector.

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He, Zhiheng, Yunhua Liu, Deguang Liang, Zhuo Wang, Erle S. Robertson, and Ke Lan. "Cellular Corepressor TLE2 Inhibits Replication-and-Transcription- Activator-Mediated Transactivation and Lytic Reactivation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus." Journal of Virology 84, no. 4 (November 25, 2009): 2047–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01984-09.

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ABSTRACT Replication and transcription activator (RTA) encoded by open reading frame 50 (ORF50) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is essential and sufficient to initiate lytic reactivation. RTA activates its target genes through direct binding with high affinity to its responsive elements or by interaction with cellular factors, such as RBP-Jκ, Ap-1, C/EBP-α, and Oct-1. In this study, we identified transducin-like enhancer of split 2 (TLE2) as a novel RTA binding protein by using yeast two-hybrid screening of a human spleen cDNA library. The interaction between TLE2 and RTA was confirmed by glutathione S-transferase (GST) binding and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that TLE2 and RTA were colocalized in the same nuclear compartment in KSHV-infected cells. This interaction recruited TLE2 to RTA bound to its recognition sites on DNA and repressed RTA auto-activation and transactivation activity. Moreover, TLE2 also inhibited the induction of lytic replication and virion production driven by RTA. We further showed that the Q (Gln-rich), SP (Ser-Pro-rich), and WDR (Trp-Asp repeat) domains of TLE2 and the Pro-rich domain of RTA were essential for this interaction. RBP-Jκ has been shown previously to bind to the same Pro-rich domain of RTA, and this binding can be subject to competition by TLE2. In addition, TLE2 can form a complex with RTA to access the cognate DNA sequence of the RTA-responsive element at different promoters. Intriguingly, the transcription level of TLE2 could be upregulated by RTA during the lytic reactivation process. In conclusion, we identified a new RTA binding protein, TLE2, and demonstrated that TLE2 inhibited replication and transactivation mediated by RTA. This provides another potentially important mechanism for maintenance of KSHV viral latency through interaction with a host protein.

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Cantika, Sri Budi. "STRATEGI PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM." Journal of Innovation in Business and Economics 4, no. 2 (August 14, 2014): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jibe.vol4.no2.101-114.

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Islamic perspective views poverty as a result of several structural reasons, namely environmental damage due to human activity (Surah Ar Rum: 41); ignorance and the miserliness of the wealthy (Surah Al 'Imran: 180); tyranny, exploitation, and oppression of some people over others (Surah At-Tawbah: 34); political, bureaucracy, and economic power concentration in one hand (Surah Al Qasas; 1-88); poverty arising from external factors such as natural disaster or civil wars that drastically changed the rich become poor (Surah Saba ': 14-15). Islam proposes some strategies in order to reduce poverty which covers: 1) Promoting economic growth that benefits to the wider community (pro-poor growth); 2) Encouraging the construction of national budget which protect majority of people (pro-poor budgeting); 3) Assisting infrastructure development that aids many people (pro-poor infrastructure); 4) Establishing proper basic public services in favor of the broader community (pro-poor public services); and 5) Pushing equity and income distribution policies that prioritize the poor (pro-poor income distribution).

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Vanwildemeersch, Maarten, Anna-Karin Olsson, Eva Gottfridsson, Lena Claesson-Welsh, Ulf Lindahl, and Dorothe Spillmann. "The Anti-angiogenic His/Pro-rich Fragment of Histidine-rich Glycoprotein Binds to Endothelial Cell Heparan Sulfate in a Zn2+-dependent Manner." Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, no. 15 (January 25, 2006): 10298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m508483200.

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Decker, Aaron P., Abraham F. Mechesso, and Guangshun Wang. "Expanding the Landscape of Amino Acid-Rich Antimicrobial Peptides: Definition, Deployment in Nature, Implications for Peptide Design and Therapeutic Potential." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 12874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232112874.

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Unlike the α-helical and β-sheet antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), our knowledge on amino acid-rich AMPs is limited. This article conducts a systematic study of rich AMPs (>25%) from different life kingdoms based on the Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD) using the program R. Of 3425 peptides, 724 rich AMPs were identified. Rich AMPs are more common in animals and bacteria than in plants. In different animal classes, a unique set of rich AMPs is deployed. While histidine, proline, and arginine-rich AMPs are abundant in mammals, alanine, glycine, and leucine-rich AMPs are common in amphibians. Ten amino acids (Ala, Cys, Gly, His, Ile, Lys, Leu, Pro, Arg, and Val) are frequently observed in rich AMPs, seven (Asp, Glu, Phe, Ser, Thr, Trp, and Tyr) are occasionally observed, and three (Met, Asn, and Gln) were not yet found. Leucine is much more frequent in forming rich AMPs than either valine or isoleucine. To date, no natural AMPs are simultaneously rich in leucine and lysine, while proline, tryptophan, and cysteine-rich peptides can simultaneously be rich in arginine. These findings can be utilized to guide peptide design. Since multiple candidates are potent against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, rich AMPs stand out as promising future antibiotics.

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Sun, Xueshan, Hao Zhang, Xiaoqian Hu, Shuyan Gu, Xuemei Zhen, Yuxuan Gu, Minzhuo Huang, Jingming Wei, and Hengjin Dong. "PD27 A Case Study Of Equity In Health From Zhejiang Province, China." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318003021.

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Introduction:Equity is the core of primary care. The issue of equity in health has become urgent and China has attached increasing attention to it. With rapid economic development and great change of the policy on medical insurance, the pattern of equity in health has changed a lot. Reform of healthcare in Zhejiang province is at the forefront of China; studies on Zhejiang are of great significance to the whole country. This paper aims to measure the equity in health from the perspectives of health needs and health seeking behavior, and provides suggestions for decision making.Methods:A household survey was conducted in August 2016. A sample of 1000 households, 2807 individuals in Zhejiang was obtained with the multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square test were adopted in the analysis. The value of concentration index was used to measure the equity.Results:This study finds that the poor have more urgent health needs and poorer health situation compared with the rich. The utilization of outpatient services was almost equal, whilst the utilization of hospitalization was pro-rich (the rich use more).Individuals with employer-based medical insurance use more outpatient services than those with rural and urban medical insurance. Compared to the rich, there were more people in the poorer income groups who didn't use inpatient services due to financial difficulties.Conclusions:The issue of equity in health has attracted broad attention in the world, and China is no exception. We measured and analyzed the equity of health needs and absent rate of health services. We find that the poor have more urgent health needs and high absent rate of inpatient services compared with the rich. Income level and medical insurance may well explain the equity of outpatient and inequity of hospitalization. In view of the pro-rich inequity of hospitalization, more financial protection should be provided for the poor.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pro-rich'

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