Journal articles on the topic 'Private use exceptions'
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1
Boyd, Haleigh, Lewis Evans, and Neil Quigley. "Efficiency of Contractual Arrangements in Private Agricultural Product Markets." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 31, no. 4 (November 1, 2000): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v31i4.5937.
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The electronic and information revolution is changing virtually all aspects of economic and social life, no more so than in the ability of firms of all sizes to make their mark in production and exporting. The ready access to vast information and the lower costs that now attend dealing with other firms have opened opportunities that never before would have been cost-effective at the individual firm level. These firms have to contract with other firms for all sorts of purposes. Because of the small size of agricultural and horticultural producers and special problems of seasonal production, variability in production and price, and product perishability, some of the most challenging contracts are in this sector.Co-operatives provide a vehicle for the vertical integration of production and processing in agriculture. The producers provide capital for and control the processing entity so that their interests are aligned. Returns to producers bundle together the commodity price and the return from the capital invested in processing.Many of the agricultural product markets in New Zealand operate within this co-operative structure, and in the case of the dairy industry, it is supported by statute. The forestry, wine and processed vegetable industries are notable exceptions in that these industries employ contracts between producers and processors as an alternative to vertical integration via co-operatives.In this article, we use examples of contracts between producers and processors in the forestry, wine and processed vegetable markets to consider the extent to which contracts may provide efficient vehicles for the alignment of interests between producers and processors in agricultural markets. We consider the ways in which these contracts:•Minimise transaction costs;•Use incentive mechanisms and monitoring to limit opportunism;•Allocate risk;•Facilitate investment in specific assets; and•Allocate property rights.We assess the implications of the annual crop cycles and perishability of grapes and vegetables with the longer crop cycles of forestry. We conclude that contracts appear to be viable alternatives to co-operative structures, even in the market for perishable agricultural products.
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Bishop, D. V. M., and S. J. Bishop. ""Twin Language"." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 1 (February 1998): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4101.150.
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Retrospective parental report of earlier "twin language" was obtained for two groups of twins. Sample G consisted of 94 twin pairs between the ages of 7 and 13 years recruited through the school system as a general population sample. Sample L consisted of 82 twin pairs between the ages of 7 and 13 years who had been recruited for a genetic study; of these twin pairs at least one of the twins had a speech-language impairment persisting to school age. Parental report of twin language was higher (around 50%) for children with speech-language impairment than for those with normal language (11%). Consistent with this, children with twin language obtained significantly lower mean language scores than other children, although their mean nonverbal IQ was equivalent. The exceptions were a handful of children whose parents described use of a "private language" that coexisted alongside normal use of English. These findings are consistent with the view that what is described as twin language is usually use of immature or deviant language by two children at the same developmental level.
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Kernt, Harold. "An Overview of the United States Administrative Procedure Act." Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze, no. 2(46)/2020 (June 22, 2020): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/gsp.2020.2.05.
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For almost seventy-five years, the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) in the United States has set a procedural framework within which most federal administrative agencies must act. The APA lays out procedures that federal actors must follow in fashioning rules and in resolving adjudications, as well as the standards of review that federal courts must use when reviewing the agencies’ resolution of those adjudications and promulgation of rules. As a consequence the APA has been remarkably effective in ensuring that agency decisionmaking is responsive to public concerns and that the public has an outlet for voicing those concerns. Nonetheless, some of the exceptions carved out by Congress in the APA have created problematic gaps, failing to protect the regulated public adequately, particularly from agency policy statements and interpretations of statutes and regulations, which private firms and individuals cannot challenge directly but may affect their livelihoods.
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Takenaka, Toshiko. "Patents for Sharing." Michigan Technology Law Review, no. 26.1 (2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36645/mtlr.26.1.patents.
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Spurred by the Internet, emerging technologies have changed the way commercial firms innovate and have made it possible for individuals to play an important role in that innovation. Producers in the Information Communication Technologies (ICT), and other sectors dealing with complex technologies with many separately patentable components, find it increasingly difficult to make products without infringing on patents held by others. Numerous overlapping patents often cover such products. Producers have developed a new way to use patents: as inclusive rights for sharing their technologies with others through cross-licensing and other private ordering arrangements in order to ensure the freedom to operate and innovate. Individual innovators, and open source software (“OSS”) programmers in particular, have also developed a new use of copyrights: using them to share their technologies through OSS licenses. Producers of complex technologies use patents for sharing their technologies with OSS programmers and for protecting themselves from patent assertion. In light of these recent uses, this article proposes a new utilitarian theory for patents: patents as the incentive to share, with the reward of increasing the freedom to operate and innovate. It argues that both the ex ante and ex post incentive to invent theories are outdated because they fail to take into account the patent owners’ lack of control over their products in complex technology sectors. This article urges Congress to reevaluate U.S. patent rights in light of this new patent use. It reviews U.S. patents as property rights from the comparative law perspective and proposes the revitalization of the inclusive side of U.S. patents by introducing a compulsory license for blocking patents. It also proposes that the exclusive side of patent rights should be limited to private and experimental use exceptions to ensure the freedom to operate and innovate by sharing.
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Slynn, Sir Gordon. "Le contrôle juridictionnel de l'action administrative devant les juridictions anglaises." Les Cahiers de droit 26, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 863–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042693ar.
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This article outlines the difficulties which were felt to exist in the prerogative orders of certiorari, mandamus and prohibition in the United Kingdom, despite important developments which had taken place in their use. It describes in detail the recommendations of the Law Commission and the changes introduced both by Rules of Court and legislation. The former procedures are replaced by an application for judicial review, though the basis upon which relief is granted remains substantially the same. Recent cases show the way in which the new procedure has developed. Distinctions are drawn between the test to be applied on the application for leave and on the final hearing, and between the proceeding by way of judicial review to challenge the acts of public authorities and actions where purely private rights are claimed. This article shows the way in which the possibility of exceptions to this latter distinction has been established and suggests that the ambit of the new procedure is still in course of development.
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Stephan, Paul B. "The Political Economy of Extraterritoriality." Politics and Governance 1, no. 1 (June 4, 2013): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v1i1.89.
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Near the end of the 2009 Term the Supreme Court decided Morrison v. Australia National Bank, Ltd., the strongest anti-extraterritoriality opinion it has produced in modern times. Not only is Congress presumed generally to prefer only territorial regulation, but lower courts that had carved out exceptions from this principle over a long period of time must now revisit their positions. Again this year in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Shell Co. the Court relied on an aggressive use of the presumption against extraterritoriality to cut back on an important field of private litigation. The Court appears to have embraced two related stances: The imposition of barriers to extraterritorial regulation generally advances welfare, and the lower courts cannot be trusted to determine those instances where an exception to this rule might be justified. Implicit in the Court's position are intuitions about the political economy of both legislation and litigation. I want to use the occasion of the Morrison and Kiobel decisions to consider the political economy of extraterritorial regulation by the United States. International lawyers for the most part have analyzed state decisions to exercise prescriptive jurisdiction over extraterritorial transactions in terms of a welfare calculus that determines the likely costs and benefits to the state as a whole. Fewer studies have considered the political economy of the decision whether to regulate foreign transactions. No work of which I am aware has considered the political economy of deciding the extraterritorial question through litigation. This paper seeks to fill these gaps by sketching out what political economy suggests both about extraterritoriality and the role of courts as arbiters of extraterritoriality.
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Worthington, David. "The Settlements of the Beauly-Wick Coast and the Historiography of the Moray Firth." Scottish Historical Review 95, no. 2 (October 2016): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2016.0293.
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Narrow strips of sea do not always function as ‘chokepoints’ for the communities that live around them. This article interrogates the historiography of the ‘corridors’ of the Moray Firth region, taken here to be inclusive of the Dornoch Firth, the Cromarty Firth and the inner Moray Firth, and incorporating the Inverness, Kessock and Beauly Firths. Although public and private bodies use the term ‘Moray Firth’ frequently, with few exceptions historians have refrained from doing so. The settlements of the northerly part of the coast, in particular, have been poorly represented in the region's historiography, a theme interrogated in the first section of the article. Social and cultural interactions across the firth are explored, drawing specifically on the history of seven settlements around the Beauly-Wick edge: Pictish Portmahomack, Norse Dingwall, the medieval burgh and pilgrimage site of Tain, early modern Dornoch, nineteenth-century Wick and the modern industrial centres of Invergordon and Nigg. These communities interacted with others situated on the coast to the south. The article concludes by proposing several new questions and approaches for future historical writing on the Moray Firth.
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Wilson, C., R. Clarke, B. J. D'Arcy, K. V. Heal, and P. W. Wright. "Persistent pollutants urban rivers sediment survey: implications for pollution control." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 3-4 (February 1, 2005): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0594.
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The impacts of diffuse urban sources of pollution on watercourses are quantified. A survey of nine urban streams in Scotland for persistent pollutants in stream sediments is described, together with sediments from SUDS ponds. Determinands reported are: PAHs, total hydrocarbons, and toxic metals (As, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd). Results highlight hydrocarbons as a major urban pollutant, and show significant sediment contamination by toxic metals. The metals that occurred in the highest concentrations varied across the nine streams, but Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn and Cu most frequently present exceeded sediment quality standards. The pattern of contamination by PAHs suggested that pyrolytic sources were more ubiquitous and present in greater quantities than oil spill sources in these urban catchments. Exceptions were the sites below industrial estates. The findings indicate that four levels of activity will be needed to control urban diffuse sources of pollution: reductions in quantities of toxic pollutants used by manufacturers in the motor and construction industries; housekeeping measures to minimise storage and handling risks for oil and chemicals; public engagement to minimise polluting activities such as dumping oil and chemicals, and private car use; use of SUDS technology, including retro-fits in the worst affected urban areas.
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Karamian, Brian A., Gregory D. Schroeder, Martin Holas, Andrei F. Joaquim, Jose A. Canseco, Shanmuganathan Rajasekaran, Lorin M. Benneker, et al. "Variation in global treatment for subaxial cervical spine isolated unilateral facet fractures." European Spine Journal 30, no. 6 (April 2, 2021): 1635–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-021-06818-z.
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Abstract Purpose To determine the variation in the global treatment practices for subaxial unilateral cervical spine facet fractures based on surgeon experience, practice setting, and surgical subspecialty. Methods A survey was sent to 272 members of the AO Spine Subaxial Injury Classification System Validation Group worldwide. Questions surveyed surgeon preferences with regard to diagnostic work-up and treatment of fracture types F1–F3, according to the AO Spine Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification System, with various associated neurologic injuries. Results A total of 161 responses were received. Academic surgeons use the facet portion of the AO Spine classification system less frequently (61.6%) compared to hospital-employed and private practice surgeons (81.1% and 81.8%, respectively) (p = 0.029). The overall consensus was in favor of operative treatment for any facet fracture with radicular symptoms (N2) and for any fractures categorized as F2N2 and above. For F3N0 fractures, significantly less surgeons from Africa/Asia/Middle East (49%) and Europe (59.2%) chose operative treatment than from North/Latin/South America (74.1%) (p = 0.025). For F3N1 fractures, significantly less surgeons from Africa/Asia/Middle East (52%) and Europe (63.3%) recommended operative treatment than from North/Latin/South America (84.5%) (p = 0.001). More than 95% of surgeons included CT in their work-up of facet fractures, regardless of the type. No statistically significant differences were seen in the need for MRI to decide treatment. Conclusion Considerable agreement exists between surgeon preferences with regard to unilateral facet fracture management with few exceptions. F2N2 fracture subtypes and subtypes with radiculopathy (N2) appear to be the threshold for operative treatment.
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Jütte, Bernd Justin. "Coexisting digital exploitation for creative content and the private use exception." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 24, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eav020.
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Suranova, T. G., S. S. Zenin, and G. N. Suvorov. "General Principles and Logic of the Legal Regulation of Genetic Research in Australia." Lex Russica, no. 7 (July 23, 2020): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.164.7.069-075.
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The paper deals with the features of the legal regulation of genetic research in the Commonwealth of Australia with due regard to the state structure, national, ethical and other factors. The primary source of law in Australia is the common law articulated in judicial precedents (case law) that has recently been supplemented by acts of statutory regulation. The paper thoroughly investigates the processes of storage, access and protection of full-genome sequencing data. The authors analyze the peculiarities of functioning of the judicial system of Australia; the experience of normative consolidation of informed consent for genetic research, confidentiality of obtained information, strategic priorities in integration of the results of genetic research into Australia’s health system. The paper provides the analysis of the list of documents containing indications of cases in which medical organizations should not collect confidential information about a person. As a result of the study, the authors identify certain gaps in the normative legal regulation of genetic research and inconsistencies and contradictions of certain normative legal acts. The paper focuses on specifics of genetic research with the participation of the Aboriginal population of Australia, which, in turn, will help in the formation of the relevant legal framework in the Russian Federation.As a conclusion, the authors note that in the field of legal regulation of the processes of storage, access and protection of genetic information in Australia there is a tendency to use normative regulators. Particular attention is drawn to the normative consolidation of the priority of public interests over private interests and its reflection not only in numerous reservations and exceptions, but also in the framework of generally relevant strategic priorities. Presuming the development of the similar legal framework in the Russian Federation and taking into account the multiethnicity of the population, it should be highlighted that Australia’s experience in implementing the genetic research involving the Aboriginal population should be implemented.
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Schafer, Burkhard. "D-waste: Data disposal as challenge for waste management in the Internet of Things." International Review of Information Ethics 22 (December 1, 2014): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/irie131.
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Proliferation of data processing and data storage devices in the Internet of Things poses significant privacy risks. At the same time, faster and faster use-cycles and obsolescence of devices with electronic components causes environmental problems. Some of the solutions to the environmental challenges of e-waste include mandatory recycling schemes as well as informal second hand markets. However, the data security and privacy implications of these green policies are as yet badly understood. This paper argues that based on the experience with second hand markets in desktop computers, it is very likely that data that was legitimately collected under the household exception of the Data Protection Directive will “leak” into public spheres. Operators of large recycling schemes may find themselves inadvertently and unknowingly to be data controller for the purpose of Data Protection law, private resale of electronic devices can expose the prior owner to significant privacy risks.
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Schafer, Burkhard. "D-waste: Data disposal as challenge for waste management in the Internet of Things." International Review of Information Ethics 22 (December 1, 2014): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/irie122.
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Proliferation of data processing and data storage devices in the Internet of Things poses significant privacy risks. At the same time, faster and faster use-cycles and obsolescence of devices with electronic components causes environmental problems. Some of the solutions to the environmental challenges of e-waste include mandatory recycling schemes as well as informal second hand markets. However, the data security and privacy implications of these green policies are as yet badly understood. This paper argues that based on the experience with second hand markets in desktop computers, it is very likely that data that was legitimately collected under the household exception of the Data Protection Directive will “leak” into public spheres. Operators of large recycling schemes may find themselves inadvertently and unknowingly to be data controller for the purpose of Data Protection law, private resale of electronic devices can expose the prior owner to significant privacy risks.
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Vargas, J. V. C. "EDITORIAL." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 02. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v7i2.61748.
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A primeira década do terceiro milênio trouxe mudanças inimagináveis para a sociedade humana, principalmente como conseqüência do impressionante crescimento da velocidade e qualidade da comunicação em todas as áreas. Os avanços científicos que resultaram da interação mais efetiva entre grupos de pesquisadores em localidades distantes do globo são cada vez mais evidentes. No entanto, a mesma taxa de progresso não tem sido observada em outros desafios científicos importantes, tais como a interdisciplinaridade na pesquisa. Ainda é difícil para os cientistas em áreas diferentes interagir e trocar informação na busca de novas descobertas e soluções para problemas existentes por longa data que envolvem várias disciplinas. Exceções são centros científicos que são criados por iniciativa privada ou governamental com objetivos bem especificados, mas a humanidade tem o potencial de realizar muito mais do que isso. Uma maneira possível de lidar com e mudar essa realidade seria um esforço dos autores de cada área de produzirem artigos sobre problemas abertos atuais em seus respectivos campos que necessitem de conhecimento de outras áreas para serem resolvidos. Nesse sentido, a engenharia térmica poderia tomar a iniciativa nessa direção, uma vez que está presente em praticamente todos os sistemas físicos, a começar pelo conceito e uso da energia. Conseqüentemente, Engenharia Térmica sugere aos autores a produção de artigos que formulem problemas de natureza altamente interdisciplinar que apresentem resultados até mesmo preliminares e estabeleçam desafios ainda a serem vencidos através do trabalho conjunto de cientistas de áreas diferentes. The first decade of the third millennium has brought unimaginable changes to the human society, mainly as a result of the astonishing increase of communication speed and quality in all areas. The scientific advances that resulted from the more effective interaction among groups of researchers in distant locations of the globe are increasingly more evident. However, the same progress rate has not been observed in other important scientific challenges, such as research interdisciplinarity. It is still difficult for scientists in different areas to interact and exchange information in the search of new discoveries and solutions to long existing problems that involve several disciplines. Exceptions are scientific centers that are created by governmental or private initiative with well specified goals, but mankind has the potential to accomplish much more than that. One possible way to cope with and change that reality would be an effort by authors of each area to produce articles on current open problems in their respective fields that need knowledge from other areas to be solved. In that sense, thermal engineering could take the lead in that direction, since it is present in practically all physical systems, starting from the concept and use of energy. Therefore, Engenharia Termica suggests to authors the production of articles that formulate problems of highly interdisciplinary nature that present even preliminary results and state the challenges still to be overcome through the joint work of scientists from different areas.
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Hachmang, Daphne D., Renée van Os, Mustafa Akpinar, and Els van der Pool. "Webcare via openbare en privé sociale media." Tijdschrift voor Taalbeheersing 41, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 391–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvt2019.2.003.hach.
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Abstract Webcare via public and private social media. A corpus study on the effect of Conversational Human Voice in the PT sectorThis study investigates the use of Conversational Human Voice (CHV) by a Dutch Public Transport (PT) operator in reactive webcare conversations with travelers on private and public social media channels and the effect of this use on the traveler’s sentiment during the conversation. In this study, CHV is unraveled into eight aspects. 244 conversations were analyzed, selected from the PT-operator’s public and private social media channels. Messages sent by the PT companies were coded for CHV; messages of travelers were coded for sentiment. The aspects organization responds as an individual and informal language were used the most often by the PT operator. Use of CHV is similar on private social networks and public social networks, with the exception of organization responds as an individual (used more on private social networks) and language to compensate the lack of non-verbal communication (used more on public social networks). Furthermore, results show that the use of sympathy has a positive effect on the traveler’s sentiment.
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Shanapinda, Stanley. "Privacy versus the Use of Location Information for Law Enforcement and Security in Australia." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 109–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v6n4.167.
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This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the powers of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and the Australian Federal Police to access and use metadata. The review is primarily based on published research on the privacy impact of the revised metadata retention and collection framework introduced in 2015. The review reveals that, after 2015, no comprehensive study was undertaken in the following areas: how location information is generated and exchanged in the IP-mediated long-term evolution telecommunications network, and how mobile devices are tracked and create more precise location estimates, in the legal and policy context of the exceptions and privacy safeguards introduced after 2015; the discretionary powers of the agencies to use personal and sensitive information to identify inquiries and investigations to pursue, to enforce the law and perform their functions, and to carry out activities related to their functions and purposes; and the flexible oversight principles contained in the guidelines that create conflicts between law enforcement and privacy interests. The review proposes future multidisciplinary research.
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Shanapinda, Stanley. "Privacy versus the Use of Location Information for Law Enforcement and Security in Australia." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 109–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v6n4.167.
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This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the powers of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and the Australian Federal Police to access and use metadata. The review is primarily based on published research on the privacy impact of the revised metadata retention and collection framework introduced in 2015. The review reveals that, after 2015, no comprehensive study was undertaken in the following areas: how location information is generated and exchanged in the IP-mediated long-term evolution telecommunications network, and how mobile devices are tracked and create more precise location estimates, in the legal and policy context of the exceptions and privacy safeguards introduced after 2015; the discretionary powers of the agencies to use personal and sensitive information to identify inquiries and investigations to pursue, to enforce the law and perform their functions, and to carry out activities related to their functions and purposes; and the flexible oversight principles contained in the guidelines that create conflicts between law enforcement and privacy interests. The review proposes future multidisciplinary research.
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Van Hoorebeek, Mark. "Are the Economic Hounds at the Gates of the Ivory Towers?" Industry and Higher Education 18, no. 3 (June 2004): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000041517444.
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The court's decision in Madey v Duke University in 2002 and the subsequent denial of the petition for certiorari set out in an Amicus curiae brief in June 2003 have focused attention on the societal role played by US universities. The decision, according to the above petition, effectively ‘seals the coffin on the experimental use exception for private universities’, a mechanism that provided a defence to patent infringement in the USA. Similar experimental use mechanisms are relied upon by universities around the world. The ensuing debate over Madey is likely to impinge on certain facets of international university-industry interactions and subsequently increase the importance of university technology transfer offices. This article presents an accessible historically and internationally contextualized introduction to Madey and subsequently offers an analysis of the potential ramifications for university-level institutions.
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Robertson, David Brian. "Leader to Laggard: How Founding Institutions Have Shaped American Environmental Policy." Studies in American Political Development 34, no. 1 (April 2020): 110–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x20000024.
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The U.S. led the world in environmental policy in the 1970s, but now lags behind comparable nations and resists joining others in tackling climate change. Two embedded, entwined, and exceptional American institutions—broad private property rights and competitive federalism—are necessary for explaining this shift. These two institutions shaped the exceptional stringency of 1970s American environmental laws and the powerful backlash against these laws that continues today. American colonies ensured broad private rights to use land and natural resources for profit. The colonies and the independent state governments that followed wielded expansive authority to govern this commodified environment. In the 1780s, Congress underwrote state governance of the privatized environment by directing the parceling and transfer of federal land to private parties and of environmental governance to future states. The 1787 Constitution cemented these relationships and exposed states to interstate economic competition. Environmental laws of the 1970s imposed unprecedented challenges to the environmental prerogatives long protected by these institutions, and the beneficiaries responded with a wide-ranging counterattack. Federalism enabled this opposition to build powerful regional alliances to stymie action on climate change. These overlooked institutional factors are necessary to explain why Canadian and American environmental policies have diverged.
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Dan Turner, Jonathan Dan, Carole J. Simmons, and Johnny R. Graham. "High-Visibility Clothing for Daytime Use in Work Zones." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1585, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1585-01.
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High-visibility safety clothing serves an important role in protection of personnel in highway construction. A total of 236 fatalities in highway and street construction were reported for 1992–1993 by the Laborers’ Health and Safety Fund of North America, which puts the fatality rate of private-industry highway construction at twice that of other private-industry construction. A field study was conducted to determine the most conspicuous color of safety clothing for daytime use in the work zone. The 11 colors studied included 8 fluorescent (F1) colors (green, yellow-green, yellow, yellow-orange, red-orange, a combination of red-orange with yellow-green, red mesh over white background, and pink), two non-fluorescent colors (yellow and orange), and one semifluorescent color (yellow). Subjects were required to look through a shutter, which opened for 300 msec at 30.5-m intervals, as the researcher drove 32 km/hr toward a work zone. Subjects were instructed to indicate the point at which they first identified safety clothing in the scene. These detection distances were recorded for each color in each of four work zones. F1 red-orange was found to have the highest mean detection distance, and it was significantly different from every color except the F1 red mesh, F1 yellow-green, and F1 red-orange/F1 yellow-green combination. Each of these colors is recommended for use in safety garments with the exception of F1 red mesh, because the mesh may not perform well if worn over darker clothing.
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Friesen, Mark, and Giuliano Mingardo. "Is Parking in Europe Ready for Dynamic Pricing? A Reality Check for the Private Sector." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 31, 2020): 2732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072732.
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Both Revenue Management (RM) and Dynamic Pricing (DP) are common practices in many industries—e.g., airlines and hotels—but they are still relatively unknown in the parking sector. In Europe, with the exception of for airport parking and in some pilot tests, DP is rarely used by private parking operators or local authorities. The main objective of this conceptual paper is to set an agenda for introducing DP in the private parking sector at a larger scale. After a short review of the existing academic and gray literature, we describe the requirements and instruments that parking companies need to make use of RM. Next, we shortly report on the major existing and/or planned DP parking schemes in Europe. We continue by providing a comprehensive reality check discussing the major challenges the sector faces to apply DP. We conclude by suggesting a road map for private parking operators to successfully implement RM and DP. Finally, we give some indications for future research.
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Marques, Rui Cunha. "PPP arrangements in the Brazilian water sector: a double-edged sword." Water Policy 18, no. 2 (September 30, 2015): 463–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.115.
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Public-private partnership (PPP) arrangements have been used all over the world to develop infrastructure and provide public services. The principle of this procurement option seems sound. It consists of obtaining a (private) partner who makes the upfront initial investments, manages the infrastructure that will be paid for during its lifespan and assumes all of the corresponding responsibilities. However, the empirical world has proven that frequently results are different from those expected and that the price to pay for service is greater than predicted and sometimes even greater than when traditional public works are involved. With respect to the use of PPP projects, Brazil is no exception. Currently, it is making one of the biggest PPP investments in the world. This paper discusses the use of the PPP model in the Brazilian water sector, its pros and cons and the existing dangers. It also makes some recommendations to improve these contracts. Although the balance seems positive, this research provides some evidence of room for improvement because preliminary studies and procurement documents are seldom well prepared, there is little competition, the risk matrix is unbalanced, favoring renegotiations and the private sector, and contract management is inadequate.
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Jinping, Jin. "Special Privileges or Equality? Legal Protection for NPO Property Rights ‐ With a Discussion of the Meaning and Limitations of the “Public-Interest Property Rights” Concept." China Nonprofit Review 2, no. 1 (2010): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187650910x12605098378932.
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AbstractThe concept of “public-interest property rights” () has helped to clarify the jurisdiction over NPOs’ assets and has also underscored some special issues related to their use. At the same time, however, the concept may cause misconceptions about the legal status of NPOs’ property rights; NPOs’ exceptional characteristics should not negate their own property rights, nor should NPOs be granted any special legal status relative to other private law entities on their basis.
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Ohide, Alyaha Daniel Felix, and Rosemary Wahu Mbogo. "Demographic Factors Affecting Teachers’ Job Satisfaction and Performance in Private Primary Schools in Yei Town, South Sudan." IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies (ISSN 2455-2526) 8, no. 1 (August 10, 2017): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jems.v8.n1.p14.
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Job satisfaction is an important construct to the field of organizational behavior and the practice of human resource management. Schools are no exception to the list of organizations ensuring teachers’ job satisfaction therefore becomes inevitable if schools have to record good performances. This paper aims at examining some of the demographic factors affecting job satisfaction of teachers in private primary schools and their consequent performance. To attain this objective; the authors carried out a survey study in private schools in Yei town, South Sudan. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents from ten private schools in the town. A total of 110 respondents were considered for the study constituting 10 head teachers and 100 teachers from each of the 10 schools. Questionnaires were used for data collection. Data was then analysed by the use of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 12.0 and presented in frequencies and percentages. The factors identified included gender, age bracket, educational level, pay and length of service of teachers. Based on the findings, it is apparent that certain demographic factors have a significant influence on the level of job satisfaction of teachers in private schools.
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Valdovinos, Joyce. "De la gestión local a la gobernanza global: actores e interacciones multiniveles en la gestión del agua en la ciudad de México." Regions and Cohesion 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 34–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2011.010303.
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The provision of water services has traditionally been considered a responsibility of the state. During the late 1980s, the private sector emerged as a key actor in the provision of public services. Mexico City was no exception to this trend and public authorities awarded service contracts to four private consortia in 1993. Through consideration of this case study, two main questions arise: First, why do public authorities establish partnerships with the private sector? Second, what are the implications of these partnerships for water governance? This article focuses, on the one hand, on the conceptual debate of water as a public and/or private good, while identifying new trends and strategies carried out by private operators. On the other hand, it analyzes the role of the state and its relationships with other actors through a governance model characterized by partnerships and multilevel networks.Spanish La provisión del servicio del agua ha sido tradicionalmente considerada como una responsabilidad del Estado. A finales de la década de 1980, el sector privado emerge como un actor clave en el suministro de servicios públicos. La ciudad de México no escapa a esta tendencia y en 1993 las autoridades públicas firman contratos de servicios con cuatro consorcios privados. A través de este estudio de caso, dos preguntas son planteadas: ¿Por qué las autoridades públicas establecen partenariados con el sector privado? ¿Cuáles son las implicaciones de dichos partenariados en la gobernanza del agua? Este artículo aborda por una parte, el debate conceptual del agua como bien público y/o privado, identificando nuevas tendencias y estrategias de los operadores privados. Por otra parte, se analizan el rol y las relaciones del Estado con otros actores a través de un modelo de gobernanza, definido en términos de partenariados y redes multi-niveles.French Les services de l'eau ont été traditionnellement considérés comme une responsabilité de l'État. À la fin des années 1980, le secteur privé est apparu comme un acteur clé dans la fourniture de certains services publics. La ville de Mexico n'a pas échappé à cette tendance et en 1993, les autorités publiques ont signé des contrats de services avec quatre consortiums privés. À travers cette étude de cas, nous nous interrogerons sur deux aspects : pourquoi les autorités publiques établissentelles des partenariats avec le secteur privé ? Quelles sont les implications de ces partenariats sur la gouvernance de l'eau ? Cet article s'intéresse, d'une part, au débat conceptuel sur l'eau en tant que bien public et/ou privé, en identifiant les tendances nouvelles et les stratégies menées par les opérateurs privés. D'autre part y sont analysés le rôle de l'État et ses relations avec d'autres acteurs à travers un modèle de gouvernance, défini en termes de partenariats, et des réseaux multi-niveaux.
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Ogbogu, Ubaka, and Sarah Burningham. "Privacy Protection and Genetic Research: Where Does the Public Interest Lie?" Alberta Law Review 51, no. 3 (May 11, 2014): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr46.
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There is significant public interest in the outcomes of genetic research. However, there is also a great deal of concern that genetic research and associated realms will foster the use and disclosure of personal health and genetic information in ways that undermine protected privacy interests. This article proposes that a balance must be struck between legitimate public interests implicated in the collection, use, and disclosure of genetic information for research purposes. The article also explores the tension between the public interest in genetic research and the protection of individual privacy in relation to different policy regimes and reviews existing statutory rules, case law, and administrative decisions on the public interest exception in Canadian privacy law.
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Abujidi, Nurhan. "The Palestinian States of Exception and Agamben." Contemporary Arab Affairs 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 272–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550910902857034.
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This paper questions the applicability of Giorgio Agamben's understanding and articulation of the ‘State of Exception’ concept in the Occupied Palestinian territories. Through a detailed analysis of the Palestinian spatial conditions, it presents the different hierarchies, forms and experiences of exception Palestinians confront in their daily lives. It classifies four States of Exception: the State of Exile and Refuge; the State of Paradox; the State of Occupation and Siege: and the State of Urbicide. A detailed analysis of the States of Occupation, Siege and of Urbicide to demonstrate the several levels and experiences of exception is also presented. These experiences can be noted in phenomena from the legal and juridical framework of the Israeli occupation to the spatial surveillance, to the socio-cultural and economic dimensions of daily life, to the perceptual impacts of Urbicide on people's understanding of self, other and place. An analysis of the Palestinian modus of resilience and resistance is then explored. The paper's main arguments and analyses demonstrate that there are different forms of exception that are not limited to the juridical and legal aspects of Agamben's explanations of the State of Exception. These analyses also reveal how the Palestinians, through their resistance, constitute a real agency in shaping the geometry of the conflict. Agamben presents the State of Exception as the normal state of affairs versus the State of Exception, inside/outside sovereign/homo sacer, normal/abnormal, private/public and so on. The State of Exception for him is where an absolute use of power is performed by the sovereign against the victim who has no agency of resistance or rights as all laws are suspended and all notions are confused. It is argued that although these conditions are present in the Palestinian States of Occupation, Siege and Urbicide, using the previous juridical argument of Agamben alone might prove a barrier as it will hinder the understanding of the other hidden tensions and actions that take place within that State of Urbicide. However, it can be stated that there is a Palestinian State of Exception, but the Exception takes different forms and operates with different dynamics. The Palestinian States of Exception entail all aspects of life – not only the juridical and legal – creating multilevels of Exception that perpetually destroys and regenerates itself in an extreme form. Thus, this paper calls for a redefinition of the Palestinian States/Spaces of Exception that can explain this condition in its complicated, interconnected, and interactive layers, forms and dynamics.
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Jawabri, Adnan. "Job Satisfaction of Academic Staff in the Higher Education: Evidence from Private Universities in UAE." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 7, no. 4 (October 23, 2017): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v7i4.12029.
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Job satisfaction in a work place is a feeling of contentment that a n employee derive from his role and responsibilities in the workplace and is dependent upon a number of factors, pertaining to personal, organizational and environmental factors. Considering the job profile and the demand for quality education among universities, the job satisfaction of academic staff in higher education is also affected. This paper aims to examine the job satisfaction of academic staff in higher education as well as private universities in UAE.This study adopts a quantitative research methodology using survey according to 5-point Likert scale instrument. The survey has been divided into ten internal and external factors to determine job satisfaction of academic staff. The data obtained from the survey has been analysed by using statistical and regression analysis.The study concludes that the academic staff of the private universities in UAE has been significantly satisfied with their jobs. It also found that only few factors have positively influenced job satisfaction, especially, supervisor support, promotion and support from colleagues. On the other hand, the study found that recognition and rewards for work done had a negative impact on job satisfaction of academic staff.This study has important implications for higher education management in the development of job satisfaction of academic staff in the UAE. The authors determined that the selected factors, with few exceptions, behaved accordingly to what was expected.
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Ferroni, Marco, and Yuan Zhou. "Achievements and Challenges in Agricultural Extension in India." Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 4, no. 3 (September 2012): 319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974910112460435.
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The purpose of extension is to disseminate advice to farmers. Knowledge gaps contribute to yield gaps. Services and quality inputs are essential productivity-enhancing tools. However, their optimum use requires knowledge. Farmers also need information on prices and markets, post-harvest management, produce quality determinants, and safety standards. Some farmers marshal knowledge themselves. The “resource-poor” majority, growers of much of India’s food, need external, science-based, extension to complement local knowledge. Much debate focuses on how best to achieve the desired outcomes that extension can convey. Many countries have neglected extension and indeed agriculture as a whole. But interest appears to be returning globally, and India is no exception. In 2009, a National Seminar on Agriculture Extension discussed knowledge management, convergence of extension systems, the role of information and communication technology and mass media, private sector initiatives including public–private partnerships, and farmer- and market-led extension systems. This article builds on that discussion. It looks at extension in relation to both primary production and market links, and acknowledges the contributions of all providers of extension, public and private.
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Kulkarni, Seema. "Canal Commands and Rising Inequity." Sociological Bulletin 67, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022918796958.
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Public sector irrigation is rapidly changing in India, and the state of Maharashtra is no exception to this. Public sector irrigation projects that were designed independently of groundwater are increasingly being used to harness ground- water. This has been a gradual ongoing process which has shifted benefits from public to private. Increasing use of groundwater in canal commands has huge implications for equity, both in terms of direct access to water and decision-making in its use and allocation, and also indirectly, in terms of changing land and labour relations. Changing discourse in the water policy, prioritising the private over public interests is contributing substantially to these inequities. Without wanting to suggest that water inequities are an outcome of the present neoliberal framework alone, this article reflects the concern that the neo-liberal language has become dominant in steering water policies and programmes that hold implications for water access, allocations and decision-making. This article uses examples from canal irrigation projects in Maharashtra and the emerging policies around its governance to highlight the increasing privatisation of a public resource.
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박준석. "Is it illegal to download illegal material from internet?- In relation to the requirement of Reproduction for Private Use exception in Korean Copyright Act." Korean Lawyers Association Journal 59, no. 1 (January 2010): 241–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17007/klaj.2010.59.1.006.
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Park, Hyunjoon, and Youngshin Lim. "Student participation in private supplementary education: A comparative analysis of Japan, Korea, Shanghai, and the USA." Chinese Journal of Sociology 6, no. 2 (April 2020): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x20916011.
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Private supplementary education, which refers to private lessons and learning outside of formal schooling purchased by families, has been widely practiced in East Asia. Its demand has grown even beyond East Asia, however, as educational competition for social mobility has intensified in many parts of the world. This global trend makes it important to determine who has greater access to private supplementary education and address the implications of the differential access for educational inequality. The current study compares how family socioeconomic status (SES) and students’ prior academic performance are related to their participation in private supplementary education in three East Asian societies—Japan, Korea, and Shanghai (China)—and the USA. Private supplementary education has existed on a substantial scale in Japan and Korea. The public and scholars have increased their concerns regarding the growing prevalence of private supplementary education in China. Although it has not been a major educational strategy, the demand for private supplementary education is rising in the USA as well, which can offer a useful insight into the global application of private supplementary education in contemporary educational systems. The focused comparisons across a small number of societies allow analyses of detailed patterns in each society in comparative perspective, thus moving beyond both single-country research and large-scale cross-national studies. The data for the current study come from 15-year-old students who participated in an international survey of student achievement, Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012. With a clearly defined measure of private supplementary education, PISA 2012 provides an exceptional opportunity for comparison. Drawing on data for 15-year-old students in four societies from PISA 2012, the linear probability models highlight heterogeneity among three East Asian societies. Japan is distinctive from Korea and Shanghai in terms of the influences of family SES on student participation in private supplementary education. Once school-fixed effects are taken into account, the strength of the relationship between family SES and private supplementary education in Japan is similar to the strength in the USA, which is weaker than the strength in Korea and Shanghai. Japan and the USA are also similar in that family structure is not significantly associated with private supplementary education, while students in non-two-parent families are significantly less likely to receive private supplementary education in Korea and Shanghai. The school-fixed-effects models also show that the within-school relationship between students’ prior academic performance and their participation in private supplementary education is generally negative. Japan, Shanghai, and the USA show a significantly negative relationship, while only Korea shows no significant relationship. Future research directions are suggested in the conclusion.
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Hopper, Richard A., Judy Knighton, Joel Fish, and Walter Peters. "Use of Skin Substitutes in Adult Canadian Burn Centres." Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery 5, no. 2 (May 1997): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/229255039700500206.
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Seventeen Canadian adult burn centres were surveyed to determine the pattern of use, cost and availability of nine skin substitutes. An equal number of centres in the United States with comparable bed capacities were approached for comparison. Eighty-eight per cent of the Canadian centres and 76% of the United States centres responded to the questionnaire. Human cadaver skin, pig skin and Biobrane were used by approximately twice as many United States centres as Canadian centres. Cultured epidermal autografts (CEAs) were used by 20% of the Canadian centres and 15% of the American centres. Opsite, Tegaderm and Duoderm were used widely in both countries. Alloderm was used only in the United States, and amnion was not used in either country. The most common use of each substitute varied among centres, however, the pattern of use was comparable between the two countries, with the exception that Biobrane was not used in Canada to cover donor site wounds. In the United States, 60% of cadaver skin and all CEAs were purchased from private companies, whereas use of these two relatively expensive skin substitutes in Canada was restricted to centres with access to hospital-affiliated skin banks or laboratories. With the dependence of Canadian centres on noncommercial sources of biological skin replacements, research development in established skin banks should be encouraged, and regional discrepancies regarding access to these facilities addressed.
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Tiger, Andrew, and Landon Preston. "Logged In And Connected? A Quantitative Analysis Of Online Course Use And Alumni Giving." American Journal of Business Education (AJBE) 6, no. 3 (April 26, 2013): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ajbe.v6i3.7816.
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Business and education stand out as two of the most prominent sectors affected by the rapid expansion of the Internet. A significant body of literature within business has been devoted to developing positive e-commerce exchanges that develop customer loyalty. While online education grows each year, the long-term significance of online education to develop a loyal alumni base has yet to be studied. Findings in marketing research literature on trust and loyalty provide exceptional significance for online education, especially in a tight economic climate that has forced colleges and universities to rely on alumni giving for operational support. This study examines the significance of online course use as a predictive variable for alumni giving at one medium sized, private liberal arts university using 3,450 students. The results show a negative correlation between the online classes and alumni giving, among other predictive variables used in alumni giving. The findings provide foundational insights for education administrators and fundraisers involved in online education and its effect on alumni giving.
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Ke, Changbo, Zhiqiu Huang, Weiwei Li, Yi Sun, and Fangxiong Xiao. "Service Outsourcing Character Oriented Privacy Conflict Detection Method in Cloud Computing." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/240425.
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Cloud computing has provided services for users as a software paradigm. However, it is difficult to ensure privacy information security because of its opening, virtualization, and service outsourcing features. Therefore how to protect user privacy information has become a research focus. In this paper, firstly, we model service privacy policy and user privacy preference with description logic. Secondly, we use the pellet reasonor to verify the consistency and satisfiability, so as to detect the privacy conflict between services and user. Thirdly, we present the algorithm of detecting privacy conflict in the process of cloud service composition and prove the correctness and feasibility of this method by case study and experiment analysis. Our method can reduce the risk of user sensitive privacy information being illegally used and propagated by outsourcing services. In the meantime, the method avoids the exception in the process of service composition by the privacy conflict, and improves the trust degree of cloud service providers.
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Adel Abdo Mukred, Maged, and Zheng Jianguo. "Use of Big Data to Improve Environmental Sustainability in Developing Countries." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 11 (October 18, 2017): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n11p249.
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Big data inhibits the ability to significantly impact a wide range of fields in an economy, from the government sector to commercial sectors like retail and healthcare. Not only has it altered the way companies assess their product’s demand and supply patterns but has also phenomenally helped in making the environment healthier in recent years. It carries the ability to identify valuable data from a huge dataset with exceptional parallel processing. This study presents the general introduction of big data bringing forth its various features and advantages along with the challenges which organizations face while using with respect to environmental sustainability. Observations have also been made on the findings of various researches, and studies and surveys performed by some international organizations in the recent years on the urgent need of taking necessary measures and initiatives to prevent further depletion of natural resources thus making the environment sustainable. Making the issue the study aim, future studies must intend to explore how multinational corporations can enhance environmental sustainability through big data analytics. Lastly, recommendations have been made to organisations– private and public in hiring adequate expertise and set-up, thereby making big data analytics more efficient and reliable.
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Jovicic, Bojan, and Dejan Simic. "Common web application attack types and security using ASP.NET." Computer Science and Information Systems 3, no. 2 (2006): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis0602083j.
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Web applications security is one of the most daunting tasks today, because of security shift from lower levels of ISO OSI model to application level, and because of current situation in IT environment. ASP.NET offers powerful mechanisms to render these attacks futile, but it requires some knowledge of implementing Web application security. This paper focuses on attacks against Web applications, either to gain direct benefit by collecting private information or to disable target sites. It describes the two most common Web application attacks: SQL Injection and Cross Site Scripting, and is based on author?s perennial experience in Web application security. It explains how to use ASP.NET to provide Web applications security. There are some principles of strong Web application security which make up the part of defense mechanisms presented: executing with least privileged account, securing sensitive data (connection string) and proper exception handling (where the new approach is presented using ASP.NET mechanisms for centralized exception logging and presentation). These principles help raise the bar that attacker has to cross and consequently contribute to better security.
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Shcherbakov, Mikhail G. "CIVIL LAW REGIME OF DUAL-USE GOODS FROM THE POSITION OF ENSURING THE BALANCE OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC INTERESTS: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ASPECT." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, no. 37 (2020): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/37/16.
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The article examines the dialectical relationship between the balance of private and public interests and the effectiveness of legal regulation of the dual-use goods. The concepts of dual-use goods and the legal regime of dual-use goods are examined and the conclusion is made that there is an interdependence between the categories «fair balance of private and public interests» and «the form and content of the dual-use goods regime». The structure of the legal regime system, consisting of interconnected subsystems that are in functional unity with each other, is analyzed. The dynamic property of the legal regime of dual-use goods to change the status of the goods and the status of the subject, depending on the state of the balance of private and public interests, is revealed. A special mechanism has been identified for regulating the system of the legal regime for dual-use goods, arising from the process of unification of legal norms, both at the international and national levels. The author proposed measures to improve the mechanism for regulating the legal regime of dual-use goods, based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Thus, increasing inter-industry relations through the unification of legal norms, as well as the use of modern technologies in the export control process, will ensure a fair balance between private and public interests. Meanwhile, state intervention in the property relations of individuals should be of an exceptional nature, providing for the existence of a mechanism for judicial protection of the weak side, for example, in the form of an institution for consumer protection. It is a focused approach based on the additional role of the state that will improve the effectiveness of the dual-use goods regime, as well as eliminate archaic methods of legal regulation of the turnover of dual-use goods based on the permissive type of regulation. In that way, the system measures that allow integrating advanced technologies into the mechanism of dual-use goods regime include: - introduction of a risk-based approach in the export control system; - transition to the notification procedure for export control; - transition to automatic identification of dual-use goods; - creation of a unified technological platform for controlling the turnover of dual-use goods; - creating a virtual image of dual-use goods with the function of saving the history of their use; - chipping of dual-use goods; - use of distribution registers in transactions with dual-use goods.
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Arie Minartiningtyas, Brigida, and I. Ketut Adi Sumariata. "Rancang Bangun Sistem Informasi Perhitungan Angka Kredit Dosen STMIK STIKOM Indonesia." SINTECH (Science and Information Technology) Journal 1, no. 1 (April 20, 2018): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31598/sintechjournal.v1i1.239.
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Operational Guidance Assessment of Credit Score Increase / Rank Academic Lecturer issued by Directorate General of Higher Education Ministry of Education and Culture Year 2014 indicates that each lecturer is entitled to propose the proposed increase in functional positions with the calculation of credit numbers, not exception for lecturer fixed foundation at Private Higher Education. STMIK STIKOM Indonesia is one of the private universities that still use a manual system to perform data processing for lecturers who will propose promotion and positions of lecturers. The number of elements or criteria and different values in each element in the assessment of credit numbers cause lecturers have difficulty in calculation and obtain information about the functional level of the positions, therefore required a computer application that can assist in the process of calculation quickly, precisely and accurately so it can be made a reference before proposing a functional promotion. From the test results that have been done can be seen that the system built has been able to run well. All system functionality goes in line with expectations
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Soursos, Nathalie Patricia. "The Dictator's Photo Albums: Photography under the Metaxas Dictatorship." Journal of Modern European History 16, no. 4 (November 2018): 509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2018-4-509.
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The Dictator's Photo Albums: Private and Public Photographs in the Metaxas-Dictatorship The Greek authoritarian «Fourth of August Regime» (1936–1941) focussed in its propaganda on promoting the dictator Ioannis Metaxas as father, grandfather and «First peasant» and while in foreign policy the close ties to the Balkan Entente was advertised, the transfer of ideas from the European fascist regimes was negated. By examining 57 photo albums preserved today in the Hellenic Parliament Archives the article discusses photo albums as a source for the interpretation of the Metaxas dictatorship and as a source for the history of photography in Greece. It examines the private photo album aesthetics and its use in three official brochures with an exceptional high amount of photographs: Fourth of August 1936–1938, Fourth of August 1938–1939 and Four Years of Government by I. Metaxas, 1936–1940. The article's main argument is, that due to their photo album aesthetic the propaganda brochures were invoking the intimacy of a family album.
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Gruen, William “Chip.” "Contested Spaces and Contested Meanings in the Acts of Thomas." Religion & Theology 20, no. 3-4 (April 2, 2014): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15743012-12341260.
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Abstract The agonistic character of the Apocryphal Acts literature has been well documented. The vast majority of these traditions revolve around the apostolic figure battling both demonic and human adversaries. The Acts of Thomas is no exception, showing the protagonist as Christian hero par-excellence, navigating both cosmological and theological adversaries, always emerging triumphant. Beyond the narration of these competitions themselves, however, the reader also witnesses Thomas navigating different places and spaces in his journeys. The dichotomies of deserted/inhabited, public/private, sacred/profane, domestic/communal are all encountered and their meanings adjudicated through the apostolic competitions. This paper will use spatiality theory to interrogate the use of these narrative topoi. In so doing, the role of space will not only be explored in these imagined places of the Acts of Thomas, but implications for the lived experience of the community will be investigated.
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Ross-Davis, Amy, and Shorna Broussard. "A Typology of Family Forest Owners in North Central Indiana." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/24.4.282.
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Abstract Patterns of forest cover across the United States partly reflect the diverse and dynamic ownership motivations and management behaviors of family forest owners. The objectives of this study were to (i) identify distinct types of landowners with regard to ownership motivations and other ownership characteristics and (ii) compare these types of landowners in terms of (a) use of specific forest management practices, (b) information seeking, (c) familiarity with and participation in private forest conservation programs, and (d) ownership and sociodemographic characteristics. A two-step cluster analysis of responses to a mail questionnaire distributed to family forest owners in north central Indiana revealed three distinct types of landowners. Forest managers attributed importance to diverse values with regard to owning their forest. New forest owners owned their properties for the least amount of time and attributed importance to all ownership motivations with the exception of producing timber. Passive forest owners owned the smallest forested acreages and attributed importance to none of the ownership motivations operationalized in this research with the exception of enjoying scenery. Results are discussed in terms of typologies previously described in the literature and the implications of the relationships among landowner types with regard to management.
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Pereira, Alfredo Marvao, and Rui Manuel Pereira. "On the Effects of Infrastructure Investment on Economic Performance in Ontario." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 2, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v2i2.839.
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Over the past decade, Ontario has seen a renewal in efforts to stimulate economic growth by investing in infrastructures. In this paper, we analyze the impact of public infrastructure investment on economic performance in this province. We use a multivariate dynamic time series methodological approach, based on the use of vector autoregressive models to estimate the elasticities and marginal products of six different types of public infrastructure assets on private investment, employment and output. We find that all types of public investment crowd in private investment while investment in highways, roads, and bridges crowds out employment. We also find that all types of public investment, with the exception of highways, roads and bridges, have a positive effect on output. The relatively large range of results estimated for the impact of each of the different public infrastructure types suggests that a targeted approach to the design of infrastructure investment policy is required. Infrastructure investment in transit systems and health facilities display the highest returns for output and the largest effects on employment and labor productivity. In terms of the nature of the empirical results presented here it would be important to highlight the fact that investments in health infrastructures as well as investments in education infrastructures are of great relevance. This is a pattern consistent with the mounting international evidence on the importance of human capital for long term economic performance.
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Gummer, Tobias, Vera Vogel, Tanja Kunz, and Joss Roßmann. "Let’s put a smile on that scale: Findings from three web survey experiments." International Journal of Market Research 62, no. 1 (June 21, 2019): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785319858598.
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Graphical symbols such as smileys and other emoticons are prevalent in everyday life. Paralleling their increasing use in private text messaging and even in business communication, smileys and other emoticons also have been used more frequently in surveys. So far, only a few studies have tested the effects of smiley faces as rating scale labels on the response process in web surveys. This study compared smiley face scales with verbally labeled rating scales in three web survey experiments. We found no convincing evidence that using smiley face scales altered response behavior, with the exception that these scales increased response times, which indicates a higher response burden. Based on our findings, we would advise against using smiley face scales when the scales have not been sufficiently tested, and convincing reasons exist for using them.
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Léonard, Eric. "Fronteras internas, extracción de rentas y enclaves ganaderos: La colonización agraria del Istmo Central mexicano, 1945-1985 / Internal frontiers, rent extraction and livestock enclaves: The agricultural colonization of the mexican Central Isthmus, 1945-1985." Revista Trace, no. 80 (July 30, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.80.2021.786.
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Este artículo analiza los procesos de construcción y expansión de redes sociales y dispositivos de patronazgo privado que coordinaron el proceso de frontera interna del Istmo de Veracruz durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Se interesa en particular en los diversos soportes institucionales, oficiales e informales en los que actores privados, vinculados con la red de poder del presidente Miguel Alemán, apoyaron sus estrategias de control sobre los recursos naturales y estatales movilizados en dicho proceso. En muchos aspectos, estos dispositivos sociales e institucionales se han cristalizado en dinámicas de enclaves, es decir, en la formación de espacios regulados por sistemas de reglas y autoridades privadas, segregados en lo esencial de las jurisdicciones territoriales establecidas por la ley y los reglamentos oficiales. En el Istmo Central, son dispositivos personalizados de patronazgo privado los que confirieron a las estructuras territoriales características de campos jurisdiccionales de excepción.Abstract: This article analyzes the processes through which social networks and private patronage devices developed in order to coordinate the internal frontier process in the Isthmus of Veracruz during the second half of the 20th century. It particularly focusses on the institutional bases, both official and informal, which enabled private actors, associated with the power network of President Miguel Alemán, to establish and expand their strategies for controlling the natural and state resources mobilized in this process. In many ways, such social and institutional arrangements crystallized in enclave dynamics, i.e. in the formation of spaces regulated by private sets of rules and authorities, segregated to a major extent from the territorial jurisdictions established by laws and official regulations. In the Central Isthmus, territorial structures were molded by personalized private patronage networks that conferred them the characteristics of exceptional jurisdictional fields.Keywords: internal frontier; patronage; cattle reeding; enclave; privatization.Résumé : Cet article analyse les processus de construction et d’expansion de réseaux sociaux et de dispositifs de patronage privé qui ont coordonné le processus de frontière interne dans l’Isthme de Veracruz, au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. Il s’intéresse en particulier aux bases institutionnelles, tant officielle qu’informelles, qui ont permis à des acteurs privés, associés au réseau de pouvoir du président Miguel Alemán, d’asseoir leurs stratégies de contrôle des ressources naturelles et étatiques mobilisées dans ce processus. A bien des égards, ces dispositifs sociaux et institutionnels se sont cristallisés dans des dynamiques d’enclave, c’est-à-dire dans la formation d’espaces régulés par des systèmes de règles et d’autorités privées, ségrégués dans une large mesure des juridictions territoriales établies par la loi et les règlements officiels. Dans l’Isthme Central, ce sont des dispositifs personnalisés de patronage privé qui ont conféré aux structures territoriales les caractéristiques de champs juridictionnels d’exception.Mots-clés : frontière interne ; patronage ; élevage bovin ; enclave ; privatisation.
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Gorence, Brianna. "The Constructive Role of General Principles in International Arbitration." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 17, no. 3 (December 10, 2018): 455–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341389.
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AbstractIn international arbitration, treaty standards, such as fair and equitable treatment (FET), general procedural norms, such as due process, and excuses for suspension of performance, such as the exceptio defense, draw on general principles of international law to clarify their interpretation and application. This article will (1) show what general principles of international law are, how they form and how they are distinct from general principles in domestic, public and private law systems; (2) illustrate their role with specific attention to their unique application in different international law contexts; (3) use the examples of FET, procedural norms and suspension of performance to show how general principles of international law are used in international arbitration; (4) warn against their inattentive, sloppy or haphazard use and application; and (5) ultimately highlight the benefits of incorporating general principles in international arbitration while proposing a precise methodology for their use.
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Choirudin, Nor Ismawanto. "Peranan Akuntansi Sektor Publik Terhadap Efektivitas Pengelolaan Pendapatan dan Biaya Pada Enhaii Hotel Bandung." Jurnal Kepariwisataan: Destinasi, Hospitalitas dan Perjalanan 2, no. 1 (June 25, 2018): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34013/jk.v2i1.20.
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The development of hospitality services is growing rapidly, along with the marry role of investor in the development of the service is no exception to the government, the mechanism of the implementation of hotel financial management in addition managed by the private sector is also managed by the public or government sectors, but the nature and characteristics are different. The purpose of public sector organizations is motivated nonprofit while the private sector is profitable. Sources of public sector financing are derived from taxes, corporate profits of SOEs / SOEs, etc. while private sector financing comes from owner's capital, retained earnings, bank loans, and so on. The pattern of public sector responsibility to the public and the parliament while the private sector is accountable to shareholders, owners and creditors. The organizational structure of the public sector is bureaucratic, rigid and hierarchical while the private sector is flexible. Characteristics of the public sector budget are open to the public while the private sector is closed to the public. Accounting system used public sector cash accounting while private sector accrual accounting. Based on the above, the purpose of this study is to find out how: (1) implementation of public sector accounting role in Enhaii Hotel; (2) implementation of revenue and cost management effectiveness at Enhaii Hotel; and (3) role of public sector accounting on effectiveness Revenue management and fees at Enhaii Hotel. The research methodology applied is qualitative research method with case study at Enhaii Hotel Bandung, data collecting technique is done by observation, interview, document and bibliography, while the model of analysis used is Miles and Huberman model that is data reduction, data display, and data verification. The results of the discussion show that the role of public sector accounting on the effectiveness of revenue and cost management is still less than optimal, this is because it is limited by binding rules, the arrangement of types and sales tariff has been regulated by the government so that income must be deposited to the state treasury as Non-Tax State Revenues (PNBP) And the use of operational costs based on the government budget listed in the List of Budget Implementation (DIPA) STP Bandung because Enhaii Hotel is part of the STP Bandung unit.
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Goikoetxea Gonzalez, Javier, Diego Casado-Mansilla, and Diego López-de-Ipiña. "Analysis of Driver’s Reaction Behavior Using a Persuasion-Based IT Artefact." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 6857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176857.
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The use of interactive technology to change behavior, which is commonly known as persuasive technology, is currently gaining attention in information systems research. It has been assessed in many application domains and the field of private mobility is not an exception, notably with the advent of self-driven cars. However, the reviewed body of research shows that when it comes to linking persuasion-based systems and mobility, most of the approaches focus on engaging drivers to use the car in a safer way, leaving the cost-efficiency aspect of driving less explored. Therefore, this article focuses on the study of a persuasion-based IT (Information Technology) artefact devised to make drivers more aware of car expenses (e.g., maintenance control, engine failures, enhance driving, etc.). Specifically, it aims to identify persuasive design principles for a smart IT solution that is tailored for the enhancement of the cost-efficiency of private cars. To this purpose, the results of a survey, where respondents (N = 301) were asked to rank different principles of persuasion which might result in increased efficiency to save time and money within their car, are presented. This work aims to contribute a persuasion-based IT artefact to help and influence drivers, enhancing their management of costs related to car mobility in real-time. The implications of the proposed solution, according to the responses of the survey, are discussed in line with its implementation and adoption by car holders.
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Knox, Ryan. "Fourth Amendment Protections of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs: Patient Privacy in the Opioid Crisis." American Journal of Law & Medicine 46, no. 4 (November 2020): 375–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858820975531.
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The opioid crisis is one of the largest public health problems in the history of the United States. Prescription drug monitoring programs (“PDMPs”)—state databases containing the records of all prescriptions for controlled substances written in the state—have emerged as a means to track opioid prescribing and use. While PDMPs are typically used as a tool for physicians to inform their prescribing practices, many states also permit law enforcement to access PDMPs when investigating controlled substance distribution, often without prior judicial approval. Such law enforcement use of PDMPs raises serious questions of patient privacy. The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy and has been interpreted to require law enforcement have probable cause and a search warrant before infringing upon an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy. Several courts have held that patients have no reasonable expectation of privacy, or a severely diminished expectation of privacy, in their prescription drug records held in PDMPs. As support, courts rely on the third-party doctrine because the information is disclosed to physicians and then held by the state; the highly regulated nature of the prescription drug industry; and the statutory framework of the Controlled Substances Act. Such analysis disregards patients’ expectation of privacy in their personal health information, the confidentiality in the physician-patient relationship, and the resulting patient incentives not to seek care. Therefore, this Article argues that law enforcement must have probable cause and a search warrant to access PDMPs because the exceptions to the Fourth Amendment’s probable cause and warrant requirements do not apply.
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Gmel, Gerhard, Christina Akre, Mariana Astudillo, Caroline Bähler, Stéphanie Baggio, Nicolas Bertholet, Carole Clair, et al. "The Swiss Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors – Findings of two Waves." SUCHT 61, no. 4 (August 2015): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911.a000380.
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Abstract. Aim: To summarize published findings in peer-reviewed journals of the first two waves of the Swiss Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF), a longitudinal study assessing risk and protective factors of 5,987 young men during the phase of emerging adulthood (20 years at baseline, followed-up 15 months later). Methods: Included were 33 studies published until November 2014 focusing on substance use. Results: Substance use in early adulthood is a prevalent and stable behavior. The 12-month prevalence of nonmedical use of prescription drugs (10.6 %) lies between that of cannabis (36.4 %) and other illicit drugs such as ecstasy (3.7 %) and cocaine (3.2 %). Although peer pressure in the form of misconduct is associated with increased substance use, other aspects such as peer involvement in social activities may have beneficial effects. Regular sport activities are associated with reduced substance use, with the exception of alcohol use. Young men are susceptible to structural conditions such as the price of alcohol beverages or the density of on-premise alcohol outlets. Particularly alcohol use in public settings such as bars, discos or in parks (compared with private settings such as the home) is associated with alcohol-related harm, including injuries or violence. Being a single parent versus nuclear family has no effect on alcohol use, but active parenting does. Besides parenting, religiousness is an important protective factor for both legal and illegal substance use. Merely informing young men about the risks of substance use may not be an effective preventive measure. At-risk users of licit and illicit substances are more health literate, e. g., for example, they seek out more information on the internet than non-at-risk-users or abstainers. Discussion: There are a number of risk and protective substance use factors, but their associations with substance use do not necessarily agree with those found outside Europe. In the United States, for example, heavy alcohol use in this age group commonly takes place in private settings, whereas in Switzerland it more often takes place in public settings. Other behaviors, such as the nonmedical use of prescription drugs, appear to be similar to those found overseas, which may show the need for targeted preventive actions. C-SURF findings point to the necessity of establishing European studies to identify factors for designing specific preventive actions.