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Journal articles on the topic 'Private sector planning'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Private sector planning.

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Bryson, John M., and William D. Roering. "Applying Private-Sector Strategic Planning in the Public Sector." Journal of the American Planning Association 53, no. 1 (March 31, 1987): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944368708976631.

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2

Kumar, Abhishek, Anrudh K. Jain, Kumudha Aruldas, Arupendra Mozumdar, Ankita Shukla, Rajib Acharya, Faujdar Ram, and Niranjan Saggurti. "Is economic inequality in family planning in India associated with the private sector?" Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000415.

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AbstractThis study examined the pattern of economic disparity in the modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) among women receiving contraceptives from the public and private health sectors in India, using data from all four rounds of the National Family Health Survey conducted between 1992–93 and 2015–16. The mCPR was measured for currently married women aged 15–49 years. A concentration index was calculated and a pooled binary logistic regression analysis conducted to assess economic disparity (by household wealth quintiles) in modern contraceptive use between the public and private health sectors. The analyses were stratified by rural–urban place of residence. The results indicated that mCPR had increased in India over time. However, in 2015–16 only half of women – 48% (33% from the public sector, 12% from the private sector, 3% from other sources) – were using any modern contraceptive in India. Over time, the economic disparity in modern contraceptive use reduced across both public and private health sectors. However, the extent of the disparity was greater when women obtained the services from the private sector: the value of the concentration index for mCPR was 0.429 when obtained from the private sector and 0.133 when from the public sector in 2015–16. Multivariate analysis confirmed a similar pattern of the economic disparity across public and private sectors. Economic disparity in the mCPR has reduced considerably in India. While the economic disparity in 2015–16 was minimal among those accessing contraceptives from the public sector, it continued to exist among those receiving services from the private sector. While taking appropriate steps to plan and monitor private sector services for family planning, continued and increased engagement of public providers in the family planning programme in India is required to further reduce the economic disparity among those accessing contraceptive services from the private sector.

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3

Linovski, Orly. "Shifting Agendas: Private Consultants and Public Planning Policy." Urban Affairs Review 55, no. 6 (February 6, 2018): 1666–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087417752475.

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Despite concerns about the privatization of urban planning practices, there is little known about the professional actors involved in this restructuring. Private-sector consultants, though beholden to the same professional standards as public-sector employees, face competing pressures of an entrepreneurial fee-for-service business model. This article examines the role of planning consultants in shaping public policy agendas, by analyzing the redevelopment of Downsview Park in Toronto, Ontario. Drawing from interview and archival data, I find that private-sector planning consultants had influence in prioritizing policy agendas by propagating the need for sped-up processes and allowing landowners to “pay for priority.” The fluidity of professionals between firms, sectors, and projects reinforced the perceived value and neutrality of consultant expertise. These strategies worked to erode the differences between public- and private-sector planning processes, resulting in a high degree of influence for development interests.

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4

Ahmad Zazili, Ainol Sarin, Mohammad Firdaus Bin Ghazali, Norlinda Tendot Binti Abu Bakar, Mastura Binti Ayob, and Irwani Hazlina Binti Abd Samad. "Retirement Planning: Young Professionals in Private Sector." SHS Web of Conferences 36 (2017): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20173600024.

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5

Jackson, Giles Alexander. "Tourism Planning and the Public/Private Sector Relationship." Hospitality Research Journal 14, no. 2 (May 1990): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109634809001400251.

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6

Mohassesi, Ahmad Ali, and Rozita Shahbaz Keshvari. "Using Strategic Planning to Improve Performance Management and Its Impact on Organizational Success." International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications 6, no. 4 (October 2015): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsita.2015100104.

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This research investigated the use of the strategic planning process in improving the management performance of private sector in Iran. Measuring performance is a necessary management practice if action is to result in desired outcomes. An important objective of the Iranian private sector was to focus the attention of private servants on clear specified results rather than bureaucratic procedures. The development of performance management to date appears inadequate in that the most important component of results – outcomes is overlooked from the measurement. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire with 100 respondents from 20 randomly selected private sectors in different environment. The findings showed the necessity of implementation of strategic planning in private sector concerning the use of appropriate performance management tools and strengthening the implementation of strategic planning functions in order to improve management performance. These findings suggest that specific management function-focused process should be designed and implemented.

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7

Nasir, Zafar Mueen. "Earnings Differential between Public and Private Sectors in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i2pp.111-130.

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The paper explores the earnings differential between public and private sectors in Pakistan. The private sector is further divided into formal and informal sectors for comparison purposes. It utilises an expanded version of the human capital model to determine important determinants of earnings in each sector. Using standard technique, the earnings are decomposed into two parts, i.e., differential due to personal characteristics and due to earnings structure of the particular sector. The Labour Force Survey 1996-97 is used for the analysis of wage differential. Results indicate that workers in public sector earn more than both private formal as well as informal sector workers. These earnings are higher due to their superior personal human capital endowment; however, the wage structure of the public sector is not helping them. The informal sector workers are earning lower than both public sector and private formal sector workers due to both personal characteristics and wage structure of the informal sector.

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8

Stratton, Kay, and Yonatan Reshef. "Private Sector Unions and Strategic Planning: A Research Agenda." Articles 45, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050561ar.

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Private sector North American trade unions have declined in recent years. This paper argues that to prevent further erosion, unions should engage in strategic planning. Further, it highlights the importance of resource analysis to predict a union's likelihood to strategically plan, and presents relevant research hypotheses.

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9

Gale, Robert J. P. "Environment and Development: Attitudinal Impediments to Policy Integration." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 3 (1991): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900022141.

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Attitudes towards the concept of sustainable development—an approach to development which integrates economic, social, and environmental, considerations in development planning and decision-making—are evaluated according to six sectors of public interest: the private sector, the general public, government, the academic and research sector, labour, and the voluntary sector.The study is empirical. Attitudinal data are gathered from a content analysis of public briefs submitted in 1983 and 1984 to the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada. For each sector, attitudes towards development planning are assessed, with particular attention given to attitudes affecting the integration of economic and environmental considerations in development planning.The study shows that a commitment to private-sector views is strongly, although negatively, related to environmental concern. Private-sector interventions are not only the least sympathetic of all six sectors towards the integration of economic and environmental policies, but the majority of interveners in this sector are opposed to the very concept. Given this, there are major attitudinal obstacles to the acceptance of the concept beyond the rhetorical level.

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10

Peterson, Jill, Aurelie Brunie, Ibrahima Diop, Seynabou Diop, John Stanback, and Dawn S. Chin-Quee. "Over the counter: The potential for easing pharmacy provision of family planning in urban Senegal." Gates Open Research 2 (May 15, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12825.3.

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Background:This research assessed the potential for expanding access to family planning through private sector pharmacies in Senegal, by examining the quality of the services provided through private sector pharmacies, and pharmacy staff and client interest in private sector pharmacy-based family planning services.Methods:This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted in eight urban districts in and around Dakar and two urban districts outside of Dakar employing an audit of 225 pharmacies, a survey with 486 private sector pharmacy staff and a survey with 3,567 women exiting private sector pharmacies.Results:Most (54%) pharmacies reported offering method-specific counseling to clients. Family planning commodities were available in all pharmacies, and 72% had a private space available to offer counseling. Three quarters (76%) did not have any counseling materials available.49% of pharmacists and 47% of assistant pharmacists reported receiving training on family planning during their professional studies. Half had received counseling training. Few pharmacists met pre-determined criteria to be considered highly knowledgeable of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) and injectable contraceptive provision (0.6% and 1.1%).Overall, 60% of women surveyed were current family planning users and 11% procured their method through a private sector pharmacy. Among non-users of family planning, and current users who did not obtain their method through a pharmacy, 47% said they would be interested in procuring a method through a private sector pharmacy.Conclusions:There is both actual and latent demand for accessing family planning through Senegal’s urban, private sector pharmacies. With proper training, pharmacy staff could better provide effective counseling and provision of OCPs and injectables, and lifting the requirement for a prescription could help support gains in contraceptive prevalence.

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11

Ruming, Kristian. "Creating Australia's best planning system? Private sector responses to NSW planning changes." Australian Planner 48, no. 4 (December 2011): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2011.592504.

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12

Idoro, Godwin. "Evaluating Levels of Project Planning and their Effects on Performance in the Nigerian Construction Industry." Construction Economics and Building 9, no. 2 (November 23, 2012): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v9i2.3020.

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This study compares the level of project planning on public andprivate sectors projects and its impact on performance. Thepurpose is to create awareness of the level and effectivenessof the planning done by public and private clients in the deliveryof construction projects. A questionnaire survey administeredto a sample of 130 client representatives selected by stratifi edrandom sampling from the population of public and private clientsin the Nigerian construction industry is used and analysed usingdescriptive statistics, the t-test and Spearman correlation test. Theresults show that the level of preconstruction planning on privatesector projects is higher than that of public sector projects whilethe level of contract planning done by the latter is higher thanthat of the former. Furthermore, the performance of private sectorprojects is higher than that of public sector projects in many of theparameters used. However, the level of preparation of life-cyclecharts that concern project delivery time in both public and privatesectors projects is low and the level of project planning in the twocategories of projects has a limited impact on project performance.The understanding of how public and private sectors projectsperform in planning and its impact are expected to assist publicand private clients to know the challenges ahead of them in theireffort to improve the planning and performance of their projects.

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13

Peterson, Jill, Aurelie Brunie, Ibrahima Diop, Seynabou Diop, John Stanback, and Dawn Chin-Quee. "Over the counter: The potential for easing pharmacy provision of family planning in Senegal." Gates Open Research 2 (December 6, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12825.2.

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Background:This research assessed the potential for expanding access to family planning through private sector pharmacies in Senegal, by examining the quality of the services provided through private sector pharmacies, and pharmacy staff and client interest in private sector pharmacy-based family planning services.Methods:This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted in eight urban districts in and around Dakar and two urban districts outside of Dakar employing an audit of 225 pharmacies, a survey with 486 private sector pharmacy staff and a survey with 3,567 women exiting private sector pharmacies.Results:Most (54%) pharmacies reported offering method-specific counseling to clients. Family planning commodities were available in all pharmacies, and 72% had a private space available to offer counseling. Three quarters (76%) did not have any counseling materials available.49% of pharmacists and 47% of assistant pharmacists reported receiving training on family planning during their professional studies. Half had received counseling training. Few pharmacists met pre-determined criteria to be considered highly knowledgeable of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) and injectable contraceptive provision (0.6% and 1.1%).Overall, 60% of women surveyed were current family planning users and 11% procured their method through a private sector pharmacy. Among non-users of family planning, and current users who did not obtain their method through a pharmacy, 47% said they would be interested in procuring a method through a private sector pharmacy.Conclusions:Senegal’s urban, private sector pharmacies are well-positioned to meet the increasing desire for modern contraception. With proper training, pharmacy staff could better provide effective counseling and provision of OCPs and injectables, and lifting the requirement for a prescription could help support gains in contraceptive prevalence.

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14

Harlan, Tyler. "Private Sector Development in Xinjiang, China." Espace populations sociétés, no. 2009/3 (December 1, 2009): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/eps.3772.

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15

Lee, Seungho. "Private sector participation in the Shanghai water sector." Water Policy 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.015.

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This paper explores the extent to which private sector participation has had an impact on Shanghai's water policy since the late 1990s. This study focuses on the private sphere where private companies in the Shanghai water sector have adapted to new changes in political and economic circumstances. Recent findings based on fieldwork and data from 2000 to 2004 disclose that the Shanghai government has been committed to implementing reforms for private sector participation in the water sector. In response, private companies have actively participated in the process of privatisation. Such private sector participation, however, is unlikely to continue on a smooth path unless the Shanghai government establishes adequate legal and regulatory frameworks for private companies. The study concludes that privatisation in the Shanghai water sector will be an unavoidable process for the rationalisation of water services stimulated by the programme of economic reforms initiated in the late 1970s. But this process has been and will continue to be, balanced first by the government's role in regulating privatised water services, second by the contribution of private companies in service provision and third by the continuous interaction between the government and private companies to achieve provision of high quality water in Shanghai.

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16

Sarmad, Khwaja. "Is the Private Sector more Productive than the Public Sector?" Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 4II (December 1, 1991): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4iipp.721-729.

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In developing countries the rapid growth of the public sector during the past few decades was viewed as an important means for accelerating the pace of economic growth. In most developing countries the public sector now accounts for a prominent share of total production and investment. But the contribution of the public sector to growth has been much below expectations. In many cases public enterprises require large subsidies from the government and impose a significant fiscal burden on the economy, which leads to the notion that the private sector is much more productive than the public sector. However, little empirical work has been done in this field so that the proposals that emphasize the private sector vis-a-vis the public sector rest largely on theoretical considerations. Recent work by Khan and Reinhart (1990) is an important exception. Using cross-section data for the seventies of 24 developing countries they show that the arguments favouring the private sector in adjustment programmes have empirical support. Khan and Reinhart estimate a growth model in which the effect of private and public investment on growth is separated. A comparison of the marginal productivities of the two types of investment allows them to conclude that "all in all, there does seem to be some merit in the key role assigned to private investment in the development process by supporters of market -based strategies". [Khan and Reinhart (1990), p. 25.]

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17

Behar, Alberto, and Junghwan Mok. "Does public‐sector employment fully crowd out private‐sector employment?" Review of Development Economics 23, no. 4 (July 12, 2019): 1891–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12613.

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18

Alba-Vega, Carlos. "Challenges for Mexico's Private Sector." International Studies Review 2, no. 1 (June 2000): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1521-9488.00199.

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19

Brown, Christopher, and John Viar. "Centralized Private Sector Planning and the allocation of Automobile Credit." Journal of Economic Issues 24, no. 2 (June 1990): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1990.11505058.

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20

Winiecki, Jan. "The Expansion of the Private Sector." Economic Affairs 8, no. 6 (August 1988): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.1988.tb01604.x.

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21

Meyer, Peter B., and Thomas S. Lyons. "Lessons from Private Sector Brownfield Redevelopers." Journal of the American Planning Association 66, no. 1 (March 31, 2000): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944360008976083.

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22

Machado, Maria Lourdes, James Stover Taylor, and Minoo Farhangmehr. "THE PERCEIVED STATUS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING IN PORTUGUESE HIGHEREDUCATION INSTITUTIONS." Revista Diálogo Educacional 4, no. 11 (July 17, 2004): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/rde.v4i11.6908.

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This study examined the status of planning within the various types of higher education institutions in Portugal. Higher education in Portugal is a binary system with university and non- university sectors. The university sector integrates public and private universities and the Catholic university. The nonuniversity sector integrates public polytechnic institutes and other establishments, the latter being private institutions. A survey methodology was used to measure perceptions from rectors and presidents within the entire system. Results suggest that institutional planning in Portuguese higher education is in its beginning phases, but there is a desire to expand that participation. While public institutions appear to be most active in attempting to establish such a process, many are doing less than strategic planning. The authors report details of the findings and make recommendations for advancing strategic planning within the system of Portuguese higher education.

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23

Hassan, Kamal Halili, Rohani Abdul Rahim, Fariza Ahmad, Tengku Noor Azira Tengku Zainuddin, Rooshida Rahim Merican, and Siti Kholijah Bahari. "Retirement Planning Behaviour of Working Individuals and Legal Proposition for New Pension System in Malaysia." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 4 (May 29, 2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n4p43.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Problems have been identified pertaining to retirement scheme of the private sector employees in Malaysia where there is no legislated pension system in force. As a result of that, pension scheme and savings are more of a voluntary basis; although the principle is good but in practice many retirees suffer financially during their retirement. The objectives of this study are to examine factors contributing to individual’s retirement planning behavior and the private pension system in the private sector in Malaysia. Retirement planning behaviour in this study was measured with series of questions on behaviour about retirement planning. A total of 500 working individuals from private sectors in the age group of 40 years and above had participated in this study. The results identified several significant variables in the prediction of retirement planning among working individuals in Malaysia, including individual who had higher levels of education, higher levels of income, financial literacy, retirement goal clarity and attitude towards retirement. There is a correlation between retirement planning behavior and saving for old aged. As a response to the result collected from the survey, a legal proposition is put forward to address issues of pension during retirement among private sector’s employees.</p>

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24

Glover, Dominic. "Farmer Participation in Private Sector Agricultural Extension." IDS Bulletin 38, no. 5 (November 2005): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2005.tb00409.x.

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25

Khong, Cho. "Nigeria: Private sector creates a public space." Development 47, no. 4 (December 2004): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100090.

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26

Morash, Edward A. "Linking Public and Private Performance Measurement." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1729, no. 1 (January 2000): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1729-06.

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Transportation planning and public policy can have profound effects on private-sector performance through investment policy, financing arrangements, tax policy, infrastructure improvement, and the like. However, with increasingly competitive and global markets, transportation public policy and planning should be based on market requirements for specific transportation capabilities and performance. On one level, deregulation and global competitiveness require cooperation and collaboration among all public and private policy actors and planners so that they all “row in the same direction.” On another level, deregulation and global competitiveness require that governmental transportation policy be market-driven, stressing capabilities and performance that are deemed most important by the private sector. The relative importance and availability of performance measures and capabilities are examined in three global regions: North America, Europe, and the Pacific Basin. The three regions are in remarkable agreement as to which performance capabilities are most important to a firm’s success. Transportation dependability and customer service are ranked at the top; low logistics cost and delivery flexibility are in the middle; and surprisingly, delivery speed is at the bottom. These findings have important implications for transportation public policy and planning in terms of linking policy with private-sector performance measurement. For example, it appears that transportation public policy and plans should stress reliability over speed in terms of setting priorities. Additional findings and recommendations for transportation planning, policy formulation, and data availability are discussed.

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27

Adinyira, E., M. Sohail, S. Oteng-Seifah, and T. Adjei-Kumi. "Private sector driven supply chains in Ghana's rural water sector." Water Policy 12, no. 3 (November 9, 2009): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.192.

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Since 1993, the rural water sector of Ghana has implemented a policy of increased private sector partnerships within the sector. The policy has resulted in private sector driven supply chains in rural water supply. This paper takes a look at these private sector driven supply chains and at the perceptions of various stakeholders regarding their outputs. These perceptions were gathered through a survey carried out in two communities in Ghana. The paper concludes that though supply chains in the two communities are significantly private sector driven, demand for installation services are directly linked to the activities of implementing agencies (government, NGOs, international donor agencies) while that of repair services, maintenance and spare parts are directly linked to the installed equipment. Policy makers must therefore look more closely at the role of agencies responsible for the implementation of their policies to ensure that maximum benefits are derived from increased private sector partnership.

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28

KUMARANAYAKE, LILANI. "THE ROLE OF REGULATION: INFLUENCING PRIVATE SECTOR ACTIVITY WITHIN HEALTH SECTOR REFORM." Journal of International Development 9, no. 4 (June 1997): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1328(199706)9:4<641::aid-jid473>3.0.co;2-8.

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29

McCormick, Patricia. "Private sector influence in the International Telecommunication Union." info 9, no. 4 (July 3, 2007): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636690710762147.

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30

Parker, Gavin, Emma Street, and Matthew Wargent. "The Rise of the Private Sector in Fragmentary Planning in England." Planning Theory & Practice 19, no. 5 (October 20, 2018): 734–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2018.1532529.

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31

Jović, Zorica. "Planning and conducting internal audit in practice in the private sector." Poslovna ekonomija 14, no. 2 (2020): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poseko18-29144.

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During the data collection process to understand and assess risk, internal auditors gain significant insight into operations and opportunities for improvement that can be extremely beneficial to the organization. This paper presents valuable insights into practical work that will assist internal auditors in the process of planning and conducting internal audit in the private sector. In the process of internal audit, it primarily starts from planning through the creation of an audit universe that includes a list of all potential audits based on risk and exposure assessment. The chief audit executive develops an annual action plan based on the audit universe. The annual plan should be broken down into four quarters and each defined audit should be arbitrarily assigned to one quarter. The beginning of the process of the planned audit begins with preparatory activities that include defining the objectives of the individual audit, preparation of a detailed schedule of the individual audit, conducting a preliminary survey. What follows is that audit sampling techniques (defined as the application of audit procedures to less than 100% of items within a class of transactions or account balance so that each sample unit has a chance to be selected) perform sample selection from the population. According to the selected model, the audit is approached on the basis of which the opinion of the internal auditor is issued in the created engagement report.

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32

Dieleman, Marleen. "New town development in Indonesia: Renegotiating, shaping and replacing institutions." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 167, no. 1 (2011): 60–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003602.

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This article explores how private sector players in new town development in Indonesia have worked around, shaped and replaced urban governance and planning institutions, effectively re-negotiating the boundaries between public and private sector. While most literature views urban development from the perspective of the state, this article complements this with a study of a prominent private sector player, the Ciputra Group. The results of the study suggest that private sector players have appropriated a much larger role in areas such as urban planning, constructing public infrastructure and urban governance than previously acknowledged. This could happen because public institutions were weak and unable to provide basic infrastructure and services to an increasing middle class. While most literature points at the lack of alignment of private developers with national priorities, this article suggests that a more nuanced view of the respective roles of public and private players in urban development in Indonesia is necessary.

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33

Lowe, Kate, and Joe Grengs. "Private Donations for Public Transit: The Equity Implications of Detroit’s Public–Private Streetcar." Journal of Planning Education and Research 40, no. 3 (March 13, 2018): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x18761237.

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Transportation agencies are increasingly seeking private sector funding, but resulting deals have implications beyond specific projects. We analyze the broader regional and equity impacts of private funding by examining Detroit’s donation-funded streetcar. Despite potential negative consequences for transit-dependent populations, the longer-term political will forged through streetcar planning has a contingent possibility to enhance regional transit. In addition to donations, the streetcar relies on public sector funds, but we found limited public influence to ensure collective transportation benefits. A federal-level actor did mandate that a regional transit agency form, but more systematic public action is needed.

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34

Hyder, Asma, and Barry Reilly. "The Public and Private Sector Pay Gap in Pakistan: A Quantile Regression Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 271–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i3pp.271-306.

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This paper examines the magnitude of public/private wage differentials in Pakistan using data drawn from the 2001-02 Pakistan Labour Force Survey. As in many other countries, public sector workers in Pakistan tend both to have higher average pay and education levels as compared to their private sector counterparts. In addition, the public sector in Pakistan has both a more compressed wage distribution and a smaller gender pay gap than that prevailing in the private sector. Our empirical analysis suggests that about two-fifths of the raw differential in average hourly wages between the two sectors is accounted for by differentials in average characteristics. The estimated public sector mark-up, ceteris paribus, is of the order of 49 percent and is substantial by the standards of developed economies. The quantile regression estimates suggest that the mark-up was found to decline monotonically with movement up the conditional wage distribution. In particular, the premium at the 10th percentile was estimated at 92 percent as compared to a more modest 20 percent at the 90th percentile.

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35

Klitsch, M. "The Enterprise Program Successfully Fostered Private-Sector Services." International Family Planning Perspectives 18, no. 1 (March 1992): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2133460.

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36

Ahmad, Mumtaz, and Joseph G. Nagy. "Private Sector Investment in Agricultural Research in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i3pp.269-292.

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Private sector investment in agricultural research in Pakistan, although growing in importance, is limited at present and with a few exceptions, has not had a significant impact on agricultural production and productivity. The publicly funded agricultural research system has made the major contribution to increases in production and productivity growth. However the impressive gains of the past cannot be achieved with the current underfunded public research system which makes it all the more important for private sector investment in agricultural research to achieve its full potential in areas of its comparative advantage. This paper identifies the magnitude of private sector agricultural research investment in Pakistan and discusses some of the current policy constraints that hamper its scope. Information was gathered through informal and formal surveys of multinational and national firms conducting agricultural research in Pakistan in the areas of inputs and product processing. Although private sector investment in agricultural research has more than doubled in the past ten years, uncertainty persists surrounding privatisation issues, unresolved intellectual property rights regulation, and the enforcement of seed certification and truth-in-labelling rules and regulations.

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37

Levitsky, Jacob. "Private sector membership associations and support for SMEs." Small Enterprise Development 3, no. 1 (March 1992): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.1992.004.

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Raiz, Allon. "Business incubation in the private sector, South Africa." Enterprise Development and Microfinance 20, no. 1 (March 2009): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2009.006.

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Belt, John, and Jonathan Hellin. "Crossfire: ‘Private sector engagement in smallholder value chains’." Enterprise Development and Microfinance 28, no. 1-2 (March 2017): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-1cf.

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Garforth, Chris, Chris Phillips, and Seema Bhatia-Panthaki. "The private sector, poverty reduction and international development." Journal of International Development 19, no. 6 (2007): 723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1407.

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Tignor, Robert L. "The Sudanese Private Sector: an Historical Overview." Journal of Modern African Studies 25, no. 2 (June 1987): 179–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00000355.

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In the decade of the 1970s the Arab world, its resources swelled by surplus oil profits, looked to the Sudan to become the area's granary. Arab leaders knew that the country possessed abundant arable and pasture land, thought to be capable of supplying 40 per cent of the grain requirements of the region, and substantial fish and red meat supplies. They saw Sudanese development as leading to regional food self-sufficiency. In this vision of economic transformation they expected the Sudanese private sector to work in combination with Arab oil money and western technology.

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Read, Dustin C., and Suzanne M. Leland. "Does Sector Matter? An Analysis of Planners’ Attitudes Regarding Politics and Competing Interests in the Planning Process." American Review of Public Administration 41, no. 6 (November 17, 2010): 639–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074010390031.

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Both communicative planning theory and competing values models of public administration suggest attitudinal differences should exist between planners employed by private firms and those employed by government entities to the extent the perceptions of the former group are influenced by market forces to a greater degree than the latter. To test this, nine ordinal regression models were estimated using data collected from a national survey of 1,299 American Planning Association (APA) members. Planners employed in the public sector were found to be consistently more optimistic than private sector planners about government’s ability to manage political pressures and competing interests in the planning process. The results not only underscore the importance of existing planning and public administration theory but also offer a starting point to consider how sectoral differences in planners’ attitudes may influence outsourcing arrangements, public–private partnerships and other forms of cross-sector collaboration.

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Wu, Hui, and Zhanmin Zhang. "Managing Transportation Facilities in Design–Build–Finance–Operate Partnerships." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2345, no. 1 (January 2013): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2345-12.

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In recent years, transportation planning has been challenged by an increasing need for infrastructure development, a shortfall of revenue from the public sector, and political trending toward deregulation of transportation infrastructure development. These factors have led to increased interest in privatization of transportation infrastructure and the development of public–private partnerships, such as design–build–finance–operate. Although the overall goal of a transportation infrastructure project is to provide safe, reliable transportation systems for the public, parties involved in public–private partnerships take different roles and responsibilities. The public sector leads in laying out the terms and standards to regulate the obligations between the state departments of transportation and private entities. The private sector makes capital investment to provide agreed-upon services as well as to assume various investment risks, including project operational and financial risks. Toll-pricing strategies are a key component for the public sector in regulating the operation of a public–private partnership facility and for the private sector in controlling investment risks. This study investigated the applicability of deterministic dynamic optimization models for determining toll-pricing strategies that can help improve mobility, secure the public interest, and attract investment from the private sector. A case study of a design–build–finance–operate project was completed. Results showed that the proposed model provides a useful tool to assist both the public and private sectors in making more informed decisions, including study of optimal strategies to seek investment return and determination of the predefined contract regulations.

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Shein, Tin, and Kyaw Kyaw. "Private participation in Myanmar's power sector." Energy for Sustainable Development 3, no. 6 (March 1997): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60226-4.

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Ono, Takahiro. "Business Continuity Planning Status of the Private Sector in the Asia Pacific Region." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0386.

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The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) region accounts for around half of all global GDP. Since its supply chains are closely intertwined, a single disaster could adversely affect economic activities in the entire region. APEC therefore needs to strengthen the private sector’s capacity for disaster preparedness and recovery by promoting Business Continuity Planning (BCP) among APEC member economies. This report is summarizes findings from a 2011 regional survey conducted to understand the status of BCP adoption and the level of BCP awareness in the private sector among APEC economies. Outcomes of this survey will be used to determine the next appropriate steps for enhancing and promoting private sector resilience.

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Nutter, Frank. "The view from the private sector." Environmental Hazards 2, no. 2 (January 2000): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2000.0209.

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Lainela, Seija. "Private sector development and Liberalisation in the Baltic countries." Communist Economies and Economic Transformation 6, no. 2 (January 1994): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631379408427787.

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Esty, Daniel C. "Private Sector Foreign Investment and the Environment." Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 4, no. 2 (June 1995): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.1995.tb00206.x.

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Tugman, Kristin. "An Emerging Industry for the Private Sector." Professional Case Management 14, no. 2 (March 2009): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pcama.0000348358.62256.d3.

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Young, Gary J. "Bridging Public and Private Sector Quality Assurance." Quality Management in Health Care 5, no. 2 (1997): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019514-199705020-00007.

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