Journal articles on the topic 'Private rental markets'
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1
Wilson, Grant Alexander, and Anthony Giuffre. "Private Rental Target Markets: A Comprehensive Spectrum." International Real Estate Review 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100338.
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The residential real estate market has been segmented dichotomously into owners and renters. Given the various tenures and sub-markets of the renters, it is problematic to consider them as a homogeneous target market. Based on a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 16 residential real estate executives, this paper establishes six distinct private rental target markets including: 1) hard-to-house occupants, 2) affordability renters, 3) workforce residents, 4) transitional millennials, 5) lifestyle residents, and 6) returners. This paper is unique and noteworthy as it combines the fragmented literature on private renters with insights from residential real estate executives to produce a spectrum of target markets. In addition to validating the previous literature, this paper presents new target markets and offers marketing value propositions for each of the identified groups
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Helgason, Ólafur Sindri, and Fredrik Kopsch. "Rental legislation and the changing Icelandic rental market." Nordic Journal of Surveying and Real Estate Research 5 (November 17, 2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30672/njsr.95233.
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Rental markets hold an important role for a functioning housing market as a whole. Households with shorter time horizons, as well as households with little private equity and difficulties acquiring capital can see their housing needs met on the rental market. A functioning rental market does however require some sort of legislation. In this paper we argue that legislation must adapt to changing rental markets. We do so from the specific case of Iceland. The Icelandic rental market has, since the financial crisis, undergone noticeable structural change, evident from a number of perspectives. By applying a framework based in the role of rental market legislation, we provide a comparison between legislation in the Nordic countries. We conclude, based both in the presented structural change of the Icelandic rental market, and in aspects of Nordic rent legislation, that there is a case to be made for changes to the Icelandic legislation.
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Cajias, Marcelo, and Philipp Freudenreich. "Exploring the determinants of liquidity with big data – market heterogeneity in German markets." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 36, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-01-2017-0006.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the market liquidity (time-on-market (TOM)) and its determinants, for rental dwellings in the largest seven German cities, with big data. Design/methodology/approach The determinants of TOM are estimated with the Cox proportional hazards model. Hedonic characteristics, as well as socioeconomic and spatial variables, are combined with different fixed effects and controls for non-linearity, so as to maximise the explanatory power of the model. Findings Higher asking rent and larger living space decrease the liquidity in all seven markets, while the age of a dwelling, the number of rooms and proximity to the city centre accelerate the letting process. For the other hedonic characteristics heterogeneous implications emerge. Practical implications The findings are of interest for institutional and private landlords, as well as governmental organisations in charge of housing and urban development. Originality/value This is the first paper to deal with the liquidity of rental dwellings in the seven most populated cities of Europe’s second largest rental market, by applying the Cox proportional hazards model with spatial gravity variables. Furthermore, the German rental market is of particular interest, as approximately 60 per cent of all rental dwellings are owned by private landlords and the German market is organised polycentrically.
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Malpezzi, Stephen. "Private rental housing markets in the united states." Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 13, no. 3 (September 1998): 353–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02496783.
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Chapelle, Guillaume, and Jean Benoît Eyméoud. "Can big data increase our knowledge of local rental markets? A dataset on the rental sector in France." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): e0260405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260405.
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Social Scientists and policy makers need precise data on market rents. Yet, while housing prices are systematically recorded, few accurate data sets on rents are available. In this paper, we present a new data set describing local rental markets in France based on online ads collected through to webscraping. Comparison with alternate sources reveals that online ads provide a non biased picture of rental markets and allow coverage of the whole territory. We then estimate hedonic models for prices and rents and document the spatial variations in rent-price ratios. We show that rents do not increase as much as prices in the tightest housing markets. We use our dataset to estimate the market rent of each transaction and of social dwellings. In the latter case,this allows us to estimate the in-kind benefit received by social tenants which is mainly driven by the level of private rent in their municipality.
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Mwau, Baraka, and Alice Sverdlik. "High rises and low-quality shelter: rental housing dynamics in Mathare Valley, Nairobi." Environment and Urbanization 32, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247820942166.
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Informal rental housing remains a hidden – yet central – pillar of low-cost shelter markets across the global South. The large informal settlement of Mathare Valley illustrates Nairobi’s rapidly changing informal rental housing markets, with the ongoing rise of tenements alongside metal shacks. Informal single-room rental units (shacks and tenements) already house most Nairobi residents in low-quality but highly profitable shelter. This case study describes how multiple exclusions can shape access to rental housing and examines the politics of shelter delivery. We underscore the importance of private rental markets and offer recommendations for inclusive, multi-pronged interventions combining support for rental housing, land governance and infrastructure delivery. Through a better understanding of the myriad actors and dynamics of informal rental housing, it may be possible to develop strategies that serve low-income tenants for whom renting is often the only viable option.
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DENG, FENG. "Comparative urban institutions and intertemporal externality: a revisit of the Coase conjecture." Journal of Institutional Economics 5, no. 2 (August 2009): 225–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137409001313.
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AbstractCoase originally formulated his conjecture about intertemporal price competition in an example of land monopoly, but it has been applied almost exclusively to non-spatial markets. This paper revisits the Coase conjecture and compares four institutional arrangements based on the combination of land tenure options and local governance forms: private/rental, public/rental, private/owner, and public/owner. The two-period model developed in this paper shows that homeownership may result in more land development than leasehold. Numeric examples suggest (1) public/owner is efficient for uniform distribution of consumer; (2) rentals can be desirable for ‘poor’ communities; (3) private/owner is more efficient for ‘rich’ communities; (4) restrictive zoning reduces social surplus. These results can help explain why public institutions are dominant in the urban area and why most private communities are small, located in the suburbs, and for middle-upper class.
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Wood, Gavin A., Matthew Forbes, and Kenneth Gibb. "Direct Subsidies and Housing Affordability in Australian Private Rental Markets." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 23, no. 5 (October 2005): 759–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0445.
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Many countries have undergone a broad retreat from the use of indirect (supply) subsidies to meet low-income housing-affordability problems, shifting to direct subsidies often linked to means-tested income-maintenance systems. Although the reasons for this change of direction are well documented, the efficacy of direct housing subsidies in terms of tackling affordability remains in question. The authors examine in detail one such system, Australia's Rent Assistance (RA) programme, making use of a microsimulation model of the Australian housing market linked to a model of the social security system. It is found that there is considerable targeting error because many low-income renters are ineligible for direct subsidies. It is also found that RA is relatively ineffective in overcoming affordability problems in high housing cost areas of Australia. Although RA does not of itself contribute much to poverty-trap problems, it may deter unemployed households from moving to areas where job vacancies exist. The authors conclude that future comparative work could usefully analyse the distributional and behavioural impacts of different forms of housing allowances. Moreover, alternative policies could be recalibrated within the microsimulation model in order to examine the first-round impacts of policy design change.
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Wood, Gavin A. "Are There Tax Arbitrage Opportunities in Private Rental Housing Markets?" Journal of Housing Economics 10, no. 1 (March 2001): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhec.2001.0280.
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Kim, Kyung Soo, Kyu Hyun Ji, Sung Ho Choi, and Choi Chang Gyu. "A Study on the Management Stability in Private Rental Housing Market." Korean Association for Housing Policy Studies 30, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24957/hsr.2022.30.2.141.
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This study analyzed the factors affecting the actual residence period of tenants using limited data, based on the recognition that the supply of private rental housing can play an important role in establishing housing stability for the middle-income class. The most important result confirmed by the empirical analysis is that the larger the amount of Jeonse-Deposit, which can be understood as the size of total housing services, the longer the period of residence becomes in the private rental housing markets. From the perspective of private rental housing management, it is understood that an increase in the total rental fee (Jeonse-Deposit) will help bring stability to management because it means an increase in sales volume as far as other conditions are the same. On the other hand, among the same size of total rental fee (Jeonse-Deposit), the higher the proportion of the monthly rent is, the shorter the residence period becomes. The size of the deposit and monthly rent are both related to the creditworthiness of the lessor and the lessee, so it is very important to properly adjust the proportion of monthly rent and deposit. Results of the empirical analysis also show that corporate tenants have longer tenancy than individual tenants, and that as the size of private rental housing increases, the tenancy period decreases.
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Maclennan, Duncan. "The future for private rental housing: Surviving niches or flexible markets?" Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 13, no. 3 (September 1998): 387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02496784.
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Lennartz, Christian. "Rivalry between social and private landlords in local rental housing markets." Urban Studies 53, no. 11 (June 25, 2015): 2293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098015592818.
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Clark, Stephen, Nick Hood, and Mark Birkin. "A hedonic model of the association between grocery brand provision and residential rental prices in England." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 14, no. 4 (January 29, 2021): 680–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-05-2020-0062.
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Purpose This study aims to measure the association between local retail grocery provision and private residential rental prices in England. Renting is an important sector of the housing market in England and local grocery provision is an important aspect of service provision and consumers are known to be highly sensitive to the branding of this type of retailing. Design/methodology/approach This research uses a novel data source from a property rental Web platform to estimate a hedonic model for the rental market. These models incorporate information on the nature of the properties and their neighbourhoods, with an emphasis on how different retail brands are associated with rental prices. This retail brand is captured on two scales: the provision of local branded convenience stores and the provision of larger stores. Findings The study finds clear differentials in how the local grocery brand is associated with rental prices. When controlling for commonly explored confounding factors, “Luxury” retailers such as Waitrose and Marks and Spencer are associated with higher rental prices, while “Discounter” retailers are associated with lower rental prices. This finding has many implications, particularly in relation to potential price changes in an already challenging housing market for many people. Research limitations/implications This is an observational study and as such only associations (not causation) can be implied by these findings. Originality/value The focus of this research is on the private residential property market, an important market in England but one that has enjoyed less scrutiny than the sales or socially rented markets. Rather than using general accessibility to retail, this research has differentiated the association by the retail brand and store size, two very important aspects of consumer choice.
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Morris, Alan, Kath Hulse, and Hal Pawson. "Long-term private renters: Perceptions of security and insecurity." Journal of Sociology 53, no. 3 (May 3, 2017): 653–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783317707833.
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Many developed economies, especially in ‘liberal welfare regimes’, have experienced a substantial growth in private rental housing. Bound up with this dynamic is the rising incidence of long-term private renting (private renting for ten years or more). Regulation of the private rental sector in liberal welfare regimes is light and post the written agreement residents are subject to constant de jure insecurity. Drawing on a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews (the primary focus), this article investigates the impacts of perpetual de jure housing insecurity on long-term private renters in diverse housing markets (low-, medium- and high-rent) in Sydney and Melbourne. The results indicate that de jure insecurity does not necessarily translate into de facto insecurity. Long-term private renters typically respond to perpetual de jure insecurity in one of three ways – incessant anxiety and fear; lack of concern; and concern offset by economic/social capital and traded off against locational preference.
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Weber, Jan Philip, and Gabriel Lee. "A new measure of private rental market regulation index and its effects on housing rents." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 635–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-12-2019-0118.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, the authors construct a country-specific time-varying private rental regulation index for 18 developed economies starting from 1973 to 2014. Second, the authors analyze the effects of their index on the housing rental markets across 18 countries and states. Design/methodology/approach The authors’ index not only covers 18 developed economies over 42 years but also combines both tenure security and rent laws. The authors’ empirical framework is that of panel regressions with time and country fixed effects. Findings The authors’ index sheds further insights on the extent to which rent and tenure security laws have converged over the past 40 years for each economy. Moreover, the authors show three empirical results. First, stringent rent control regimes do lead to lower real rent growth rates than regimes with free rents. Second, soft rent control regimes with time-limited tenure security and minimum duration periods, however, may cause higher rent growth rates than free rent regimes. Third, rent-free regimes do not show significant high real rent appreciation rates. Originality/value The authors’ rental regulation index is the first time-varying index that covers more than 18 economies over 40 years.
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Rosenthal, Stuart S. "Are Private Markets and Filtering a Viable Source of Low-Income Housing? Estimates from a “Repeat Income” Model." American Economic Review 104, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 687–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.2.687.
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While filtering has long been considered the primary mechanism by which markets supply low-income housing, direct estimates of that process have been absent. This has contributed to doubts about the viability of markets and to misplaced policy. I fill this gap by estimating a “repeat income” model using 1985–2011 panel data. Real annual filtering rates are faster for rental housing (2.5 percent) than owner-occupied (0.5 percent), vary inversely with the income elasticity of demand and house price inflation, and are sensitive to tenure transitions as homes age. For most locations, filtering is robust which lends support for housing voucher programs. (JEL R21, R31, R38)
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Villela de Miranda, Felipe, Raquel Rolnik, Renato Abramowicz Santos, and Regina Dulce Lins. "Permanent transitoriness and housing policies: Inside São Paulo’s low-income private rental market." Radical Housing Journal 1, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54825/mvox3365.
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In São Paulo, Brazil, housing policies and planning shape and boost highly precarious and exploitative private rental markets. This is the case of a housing public-private partnership (PPP) that is seizing land since 2017 in a very stigmatized central neighborhood known as Cracolândia or Crackland. This paper covers the first two years of the PPP’s implementation. Based on the life trajectories of tenants and squatters of buildings targeted for demolition, looking at both their living conditions and their encounters with governments, we demonstrate how policies and planning not only fail to meet the housing needs of people repeatedly forced to move but also deepen the permanent transitoriness which marks their housing experiences and struggles of everyday life. The paper also provides historical context to the housing PPP by highlighting the sequence of demolitions induced by various urban interventions that targeted the area since the late 1990s. The findings presented here stem from action research embedded in an ongoing process of resistance to government-led displacement –a process in which the authors intervene as advocates for adequate housing, and document and analyze as researchers.
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Naik, Mukta. "Negotiation, mediation and subjectivities: How migrant renters experience informal rentals in Gurgaon’s urban villages." Radical Housing Journal 1, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54825/bxcj5614.
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The population of Gurgaon, a city of an estimated 2.5 million people located south of India’s capital Delhi and within the National Capital Region, grew by 73.9 percent in 2001-2011. While Gurgaon’s private sector housing market attracted educated migrants, residents of urban villages built rental housing for low-income migrant workers. Based on qualitative fieldwork conducted in Nathupur village in 2013 and Sikanderpur village in 2017, this paper focuses on the experience of low-income migrant renters in the informal rental markets that are controlled and managed by village landlords. It focuses on living conditions, sense of security and the nature of tenant-landlord relationships. Despite the dominance of landlords, I posit that migrants mediate their housing choices as per their migration strategy and leverage oral contracts to move flexibly through rental housing in different locations at different times. Further, by characterising landlords as benevolent, renters keep their opportunities for employment and reward open while potentially exerting reputational pressures on landlords through criticism of their exploitative practices. Lastly, migrant renters challenge social norms set by landlords by everyday acts of resistance. These strategies of mediation, negotiation and subjectivities enable rural migrants to establish a relationship, however tenuous, with the city and maximise their returns from it.
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Hoek-Smit, Marja C., Arthur Acolin, and Richard Green. "Inclusive housing programmes to stimulate the economy and improve health outcomes after COVID-19." Enterprise Development and Microfinance 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.21-00016.
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Countries around the globe have experienced the health and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. In many countries in the Global South, interventions in the housing sector can support public and private investments and have large economic stimulus effects. This article develops a series of principles that would ensure investments in housing not only serve as economic stimuli but deliver the basis for long-term improvement in housing conditions and overall community wellbeing and health by being inclusive and sustainable. This article proposes five principles and illustrates how to apply them in core areas that would typically be included in a housing stimulus package: 1) focus on supporting housing for the underserved middle- and lower-income households; 2) inclusion of both ownership and rental markets; 3) inclusion of both formal and informal housing markets; 4) incorporating communities; and 5) avoiding long-term negative effects on housing and housing finance market development.
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Aalbers, Manuel B. "Financial geography II: Financial geographies of housing and real estate." Progress in Human Geography 43, no. 2 (December 23, 2018): 376–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132518819503.
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Geographers have started studying residential (housing) and commercial real estate (offices, retail, leisure) at the intersection of financial and urban geographies to understand how the built environment – chunky and spatially fixed – has been turned into a (quasi-)financial asset – ‘unitized’ and liquid – through a range of regulatory and socio-technical changes and constructions. The financialization of real estate is not limited to the rise in household debt, mortgage securitization and international investment in office markets, but increasingly also affects rental housing: private equity, hedge funds and REITs buy up large portfolios of social and private rented housing, while housing associations use derivatives and other financial instruments. This report surveys the most recent research on finance, real estate and housing.
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Benson, Jeremy. "‘We don’t care who you are’: Race, space, and dispossession in New York’s charter school co-location reform." Policy Futures in Education 18, no. 5 (September 25, 2019): 662–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210319875385.
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In the United States, charter school proliferation remains a top priority for neoliberal education reformers and their private sector allies. Such schools are owned and run by private operators yet receive public funding, resulting in large transfers of public assets into private hands. Co-location facilitates this process by providing charters rent-free space within existing public school buildings. The author argues that New York’s 2014 co-location reform, which guarantees co-location or rental assistance for the city’s charter schools, produces school space in ways that create new circuits for the accumulation of capital by the private sector, while at the same time putting into circulation hegemonic imaginations of the relationship of race to school space. Co-location reform enlists school space within neoliberalism’s color-blind and meritocratic racial ideology: reformers like New York Governor Andrew Cuomo “don’t care who you are” because achievement is seen as the result of hard work and good choices made in free markets, and co-location will extend educational markets to families of color who have heretofore been excluded. Using the co-location of Success Academy Charter Schools as a case, the author argues that co-location reform, animated by a “white spatial imaginary,” both obscures and exploits the racialized process of organized abandonment that underwrites neoliberal capitalism.
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Kazis, Noah. "The Failed Federalism of Affordable Housing: Why States Don't Use Housing Vouchers." Michigan Law Review, no. 121.2 (2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.121.2.failed.
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This Article uncovers a critical disjuncture in our system of providing affordable rental housing. At the federal level, the oldest, fiercest debate in low-income housing policy is between project-based and tenant-based subsidies: should the government help build new affordable housing projects or help renters afford homes on the private market? But at the state and local levels, it is as if this debate never took place. The federal government (following most experts) employs both strategies, embracing tenant-based assistance as more cost-effective and offering tenants greater choice and mobility. But this Article shows that state and local housing voucher programs are rare, small, and limited to special populations. States and cities almost exclusively provide project-based rental assistance. They move in lockstep despite disparate market conditions and political demands: project-based spending overwhelmingly predominates in both high- and lowrent markets and in both liberal and conservative states. States have done so across decades of increased spending. This uniform subnational approach suggests an unhealthy federalism—neither efficient nor experimental. This Article further diagnoses why states have made this unusual choice, identifying four primary culprits: (1) fiscally-constrained states use project-based models to minimize painful cuts during recessions; (2) incomplete federal housing subsidies inadvertently incentivize project-based spending; (3) the interest groups involved in financing and constructing affordable housing are relatively more powerful subnationally; and (4) rental assistance’s unusual, lottery-like nature elevates the value of visible spending over cost-effectiveness. Finally, this Article points the way toward reform, offering two paths forward. Taking a federalist perspective allows for a new understanding of federal housing statutes. Better cooperative models—expanding either the federal or state role in providing affordable housing—could accept states’ limitations in providing rental assistance and exploit their strengths.
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Hubbard, Phil. "Geographies of Studentification and Purpose-Built Student Accommodation: Leading Separate Lives?" Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 41, no. 8 (August 2009): 1903–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a4149.
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Off-campus student accommodation in the form of shared rental housing has become increasingly significant in the UK, with studies suggesting that this is having important consequences for housing markets in university towns. However, the continuing expansion of higher education, the increased involvement of private investment capital, and changing student demands are seen to be encouraging a move away from houses in multiple occupation towards purpose-built accommodation. Drawing on housing surveys and interviews conducted with current students in Loughborough (in the English East Midlands), I conclude that such purpose-built developments are implicated in processes of urban gentrification, having potentially major consequences for studentification and community cohesion in British cities.
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Sarkodee, Kate, and Andrew Martel. "Creating a Market for Disability Specific Housing on Indigenous Land: A Case Study from Yarrabah, Australia." Buildings 8, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8110160.
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Australia’s National Disability Insurance Scheme Specialist Disability Accommodation (NDIS SDA) program anticipates new, disability specific, housing stock being built by private investors incentivized by cash payments and rental income. To date, very few new SDA dwellings have been constructed and the majority of the research and analysis of the program’s potential has been in the context of apartment construction in major capital city markets in Australia. This paper uses a hypothetical case study of building SDA accommodation in a discrete regional Indigenous community, Yarrabah, in Queensland. It investigates underlying assumptions within the scheme, particularly around the relationship of land to investment outcomes, as well as cultural considerations. An important aspect is to test how effectively the design guidelines associated with the scheme translate into an appropriate built form that is culturally and environmentally appropriate in locations outside major urban centres. The results suggest that housing actors from the not-for-profit sector may benefit from the SDA at the expense of profit-driven, market-based housing developers, and that the SDA design categories offer limited flexibility for participants with changing care needs, potentially restricting resident continuity in occupancy and ongoing return on investment. The work offers an early assessment on the workability of the SDA in the context of housing investment in a new market for the private housing industry.
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Hin David Ho, Kim, Satyanarain Rengarajan, and John Glascock. "An examination of the structure and dynamics of Singapore's maturing Central Area office market." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 32, no. 5 (July 29, 2014): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-02-2014-0013.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the structure and dynamics of Singapore's Central Area office market. A long-run equilibrium relationship is tested and a short-run adjustment error correction model are estimated, incorporating appropriate serial error correction. The long-run equation is estimated for office rent, with office employment and available stock. Design/methodology/approach – With the vector error correction model (VECM), the lagged rent, available stock, office employment, vacancy and occupied stock (OS) can impact the rental adjustment process. Equilibrium rent on the whole reacts positively to lagged rents, available stock, office employment, OS and negatively to vacancy rates (VC). Past levels of positive change in VC and rental growth can have negative effects on current OS. Findings – While good economic conditions signaled by increases in rents increase the supply of new stock (available space), higher rents and VC dampen the long-term occupied space (space absorption) in accordance with economic theory. Available stock can be forecasted by past rent and absorption levels owing to the developer's profit-driven nature. Research limitations/implications – An understanding of the interaction between the macroeconomic variables and the Central Area office market is useful to domestic and foreign investors and developers, who then can better evaluate their decision making in commercial real estate investment and development projects. Practical implications – It is implicit that the Singapore Central Area office market requires at least a year before any rental increase can potentially dampen the space demanded. Firms are attracted to locate there owing to agglomeration economies and they are willing to pay premium office rents in conjunction with office space intensification in the Central Area. Newly built space is positively affected by past rents. Urban Redevelopment Authority and private real estate developers should be wary of excess office sector vacancies by avoiding over supply, even though an increase in the supply of office space in the Central Area can have a positive impact on office rent in the longer term. Most of the office space development would tend to meet the demand in the long run. Rental stickiness is exemplified as rental changes are affected by lagged rent. Social implications – Policy makers are better enabled to stabilize the office sectors of the real estate market if so required. Originality/value – The paper adopts the VECM and validated by empirical evidence, to investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship and short-term corrections underlying the dynamics of the Singapore Central office market. Delay in the restoration of equilibrium in real estate markets is attributed to factors like lease terms and supply lags.
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Rahmawati, Widya, Surtani ., and Fitriana Syahar. "Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Pedagang Bertahan Di Pasar Lama Kecamatan Lubuk Alung Kabupaten Padang Pariaman." JURNAL BUANA 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/student.v3i1.324.
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Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang faktor-faktor penyebab pedagang bertahan di pasar lama Kecamatan Lubuk Alung serta sikap pedagang dan pembeli terhadap pasar baru yang telah dibangun. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa faktor-faktor penyebab pedagang bertahan di pasar lama Kecamatan Lubuk Alung adalah 1) Faktor langsung yang mepengaruhi adalah (a) Lokasi pasar yang dekat dengan rumah pedagang dan pembeli dengan jarak tempuh rata-rata kurang dari 3 Km. (b) Transportasi yang dapat digunakan untuk sampai ke pasar lama kendaraan umum dan pribadi. (c) Harga sewa kios yang terjangkau Rp 500.000 – Rp 1.500.000 pertahun (d) Rata-rata pendapatan pedagang berkisar Rp 500.000 – Rp 1.000.000 perhari dengan keuntungan Rp 250.000 – Rp 500.000 perhari. Sedangkan faktor tidak langsung yang mempengaruhi yaitu (a) Kebijakan, tidak ada ketegasan pengelola pasar secara resmi untuk memindahkan pedagang dari pasar lama kepasar baru. (b) Hubungan sosial kemasyarakatan pedagang dengan lingkungan sudah terjalin dengan baik, dibuktikan dengan adanya ikatan antar pedagang yaitu IKAPILA (Ikatan Pedagang Pasar Lubuk Alung. 2) Sikap pedagang dan pembeli terhadap pasar baru umumnya tidak setuju, karena status penempatan pedagang di pasar baru belum jelas, pedagang sudah merasa nyaman di pasar lama rata-rata mereka berdagang sudah bertahun-tahun, biaya sewa yang mahal, alasan lainnya jarak dari terminal angkot ke pasar baru cukup jauh kurang lebih 200 meter. Hanya sebagian kecil responden dari pasar lama yang menyatakan setuju, karena dipandang pasar baru kebih teratur, jalannya lebih besar dan sudah diaspal.
Kata Kunci : Sikap pedagang, pasar lama.
Abstarct
This study aims to find out about the factors that cause traders to survive in the old market Lubuk Alung District and the attitude of traders and buyers to new markets that have been built. This type of research is qualitative research. The results of the study found that the factors that caused traders to survive in the old market of Lubuk Alung Subdistrict were 1) Direct influencing factors were (a) Market location close to the homes of traders and buyers with an average distance of less than 3 Km. (b) Transportation that can be used to get to the old market of public and private vehicles. (c) Affordable kiosk rental prices of IDR 500,000 - IDR 1,500,000 per year (d) The average income of traders ranges from IDR 500,000 - IDR 1,000,000 per day with a profit of IDR 250,000 - IDR 500,000 per day. Whereas indirect factors that influence are (a) Policies, there is no official firmness of market managers to move traders from old markets to new markets. (b) Community social relations with traders and the environment have been well established, as evidenced by the bond between traders, namely IKAPILA (Lubuk Alung Market Trader Association. 2) The attitude of traders and buyers to new markets generally does not agree, because the placement status of traders in new markets has not clearly, traders already feel comfortable in the old market, on average they trade for years, expensive rental costs, other reasons the distance from the angkot terminal to the new market is quite far about 200 meters. Only a small number of respondents from the old market stated that they agreed, because it was seen by the new market to be more orderly, the road was bigger and already paved.
Keywords: Attitudes of traders, old markets.
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Ho, Kim Hin, and Satyanarain Rengarajan. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 417–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100249.
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he behavioural structure of large and strategic industrial real estate accommodation does not exist in a vacuum. Instead, its fundamental investment values and yields are uniquely affected through the dynamic interaction among exogenous and endogenous forces related to the industrial real estate demand-supply conditions, macroeconomic and institutional polices as well as urban industrial plans. This study aims to understand the dynamic behaviour of the industrial real estate market in Singapore that is slowly transitioning from a capital intensive to knowledge intensive economy. Using data obtained from various sources between 2001Q4-2010Q2 which essentially capture three property cycles, we incorporate a vector autoregressive (VAR) approach to holistically model the industrial real estate market in Singapore with respect to its demand-supply conditions, market capitalization rates which encompass information about rental yields, capital values along with future expectations. This study will help policy makers and developers to understand the structure of the industrial real estate market in Singapore along with respect to its macroeconomic conditions. The results are insightful as the data capture both the public and private markets along with a new hi-tech industrial accommodation (science parks), which is slowly gaining prominence as of the turn at the 21st century as Singapore strives to steer towards a knowledge based industrial economy.
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PHANG, SOCK-YONG, DAVID LEE, ALAN CHEONG, KOK-FAI PHOON, and KAROL WEE. "HOUSING POLICIES IN SINGAPORE: EVALUATION OF RECENT PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REFORM." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 03 (June 2014): 1450025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500258.
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The Singapore housing market is unusual in its high homeownership rate, the dominance of HDB housing, and the extensive intervention of the government in regulating housing supply and demand in both the HDB and private housing sectors. Recent rapid population increases in a low interest rate and high global liquidity environment has resulted in accelerated house prices increases in Singapore. Earlier this year, the government launched "Our Singapore Conversation" of which discussion on housing policies constitutes one major component. This "conversation" comes in the wake of several consecutive rounds of measures to stabilize housing prices using various instruments. This paper evaluates the main policy changes proposed and makes recommendations for housing market reforms: (i) the government need to clarify goals of housing policies and make available more detailed data on the foreign component of our population for better analysis of housing markets; (ii) the housing supply regime should target an overall effective vacancy rate that encompasses both the Housing and Development Board (HDB) and private sector; (iii) policy makers need to monitor carefully excess demand indicators for housing in addition to housing affordability indicators over the entire spectrum of incomes and household types; (iv) housing REITs should be established to provide an alternative investment option as well as to develop an efficient and affordable rental sector; and (v) in addition to macroprudential measures, owner-occupancy requirements and fiscal measures such as stamp duties and property taxes could be further utilized to reduce the foreign demand for Singapore housing and real estate.
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Maass, Sue-Mari. "Rent Control: A Comparative Analysis." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 4 (May 29, 2017): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i4a2510.
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Recent case law shows that vulnerable, previously disadvantaged private sector tenants are currently facing eviction orders – and consequential homelessness – on the basis that their leases have expired. In terms of the case law it is evident that once their leases have expired, these households do not have access to alternative accommodation. In terms of the Constitution, this group of marginalised tenants have a constitutional right of access to adequate housing and a right to occupy land with legally secure tenure. The purpose of this article is to critically analyse a number of legislative interventions, and specifically rent control, that were imposed in various jurisdictions in order to provide strengthened tenure protection for tenants. The rationale for this analysis is to determine whether the current South African landlord-tenant regime is able to provide adequate tenure protection for vulnerable tenants and therefore in the process of transforming in line with the Constitution. The legal construction of rent control was adopted in pre-1994 South Africa, England and New York City to provide substantive tenure protection for tenants during housing shortages. These statutory interventions in the different private rental markets were justified on the basis that there was a general need to protect tenants against exploitation by landlords. However, the justification for the persistent imposition of rent control in New York City is different since it protects a minority group of financially weak tenants against homelessness. The English landlord-tenant regime highlights the importance of a well-structured social sector that can provide secure, long-term housing options for low-income households who are struggling to access the private rental sector. Additionally, the English rental housing framework shows that if the social sector is functioning as a "safety net" for low-income households, the private sector would be able to uphold deregulation. In light of these comparisons and the fact that the South African social sector is not functioning optimally yet, the question is whether the South African private sector is able to provide the required level of tenure protection for struggling tenants. Recent case law shows that tenants are at liberty to lodge unfair practice complaints with the Rental Housing Tribunals on the basis that the landlords' ground for termination of the lease constitutes an unfair practice. The Court defined an unfair practice as a practice that unreasonably prejudices the tenants' rights or interests. This judicial development signifies some transformation in the private sector since it allows the Tribunals to scrutinise landlords' reasons for termination of tenancies in light of tenants' personal and socio-economic circumstances. The Tribunals are therefore empowered to weigh the interests of both parties and decide whether to confirm termination of the lease or set aside such termination. In light of this recent development, the Tribunals can provide strengthened tenure protection for destitute tenants on a case by case basis, which incorporates a flexible context-sensitive approach to the provision of secure housing rights in the landlord-tenant framework. This methodology is similar to the German approach. Even though this judicial development is welcomed, it raises some concerns with regard to landlords' property rights and specifically landlords' constitutional property rights since Tribunals are now at liberty to set aside contractually agreed grounds for termination of leases without any statutory guidance. The legislation fails to provide any information regarding legitimate grounds for termination, which might have to be rectified in future. The grounds listed in the rent control legislation should serve as a starting point to determine which grounds for termination of a lease should generally be upheld. However, German landlord-tenant law shows that a statutory ground for termination of a lease should not be imposed in an absolutist fashion but rather place a heavier burden on the tenant to prove why the lease should not come to an end.
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Magnan, André, Mengistu Wendimu, Annette Desmarais, and Katherine Aske. "“It is the Wild West out here”." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 9, no. 3 (October 17, 2022): 36–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v9i3.518.
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This research builds on the emerging body of literature investigating the implications of changing land tenure relations in the Prairie Provinces, where over 70% of Canada’s farmland is located. Through an analysis of survey data collected in 2019 from 400 grain farmers, we address the following research questions: How are farmers experiencing changing patterns of land tenure and control at the local level? What challenges and opportunities do farmers face in these changing farmland markets? And, how has the entry of new actors (farmland investors) changed relationships between landlords and tenants? Our findings suggest that those farmers who are witnessing the financialization of farmland in their regions view this phenomenon with alarm. Furthermore, we show that those who rent from corporate investors are more often subject to landlord influence over production practices and pay higher rental rates than those who rent from other landlord types. Concern about farmland concentration is widespread among Prairie farmers, with a variety of negative effects identified, including increased competition over land and the decline of local communities. We recommend that future research probe how different investor types (individual vs. corporate and/or institutional) engage in land markets, examine the gender dimensions of landlord-tenant relations, and engage in analyses that challenge the current iteration of the private property regime.
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Fischer, Mary J., and Douglas S. Massey. "The Ecology of Racial Discrimination." City & Community 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00079.x.
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In this article we build on prior studies that have used audit methods to document continued discrimination against African Americans in U.S. housing markets. Whereas prior work focused primarily on measuring racial disparities in housing access, here we seek to determine which personal, ecological, and agent factors raise or lower discrimination. Our data come from phone‐based audit studies of rental housing offered in the Philadelphia metropolitan market in the spring of 1999, the fall of 2000, and the spring of 2002. Male and female auditors called listings to inquire about the availability of units using white middle‐class English, black‐accented English, and Black English Vernacular. Results show that whites are more likely to be favored over black auditors of the same gender when the black auditor speaks Black English Vernacular compared with black‐accented English. Access was also lower in suburbs than the central city and it decreased as distance from a predominantly black neighborhood fell. Blacks experienced much lower access to units marketed by private landlords rather than professional agents. Blacks are more likely to gain access to areas that already have high concentrations of blacks or in areas that are not in danger of black encroachment (i.e., further away from black concentrations). These mechanisms serve to reinforce and replicate segregation.
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Chiwuzie, Augustina, and Daniel Ibrahim Dabara. "Housing construction costs and house rents fluctuations in an emerging property market: the case of Osogbo, Nigeria." Property Management 39, no. 4 (March 12, 2021): 527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-06-2020-0041.
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PurposeCost of construction of residential properties as well as its subsequent rent trends remain a major challenge to stakeholders in the property rental markets of emerging economies. This study examined the relationship between housing construction costs and house rents fluctuations in Osogbo, Nigeria, to provide information for informed investment decisions.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a survey, where three sets of questionnaires were administered on building contractors; estate surveyors and valuers and private residential property owners. The data required comprise the estimated average construction costs and average market rents for two and three-bedroom bungalows in the study area from 2008 to 2018. These data were respectively sourced from all the 15 firms of building contractors and 25 firms of estate surveyors and valuers in Osogbo, Nigeria. Stratified random sampling was employed to select 180 property owners from three medium-density residential districts of Osogbo. Secondary data on macroeconomic variables were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools.FindingsThe authors found a significant positive relationship (0.749) between construction costs and house rents trends; both variables maintained ascending trends. Construction costs and house rents inflation rates exhibited random fluctuations with the former having a higher mean inflation rate (10.47%). However, the difference was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.317 > 0.05). Respondents identified consumer price index (CPI) inflation among other macroeconomic variables as the strongest predictor of both construction costs and house rents fluctuations. However, evidence from further analysis of the time series suggested otherwise.Practical implicationsThe result confirms construction cost as one of the vital supply factors of the housing market, which is often pass through to house rents. The positive relationship between construction costs and house rents trends should trigger new development which, will, in turn, allow rental housing investments to expand into new areas with prospects for profits that could be earned by domestic and foreign investors.Originality/valueThis study to the best knowledge of the researchers is the first to relate housing construction cost to house rent in Osogbo, Nigeria; thereby adding to the body of knowledge in this field.
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Anule, Solomon Aondohemba, and Obinna Lawrence Umeh. "Investment performance indicators of selected Lagos commercial properties." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-05-2015-0030.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify drivers of investment performance of commercial property in Lagos with a view to preventing a rule of thumb approach to investments’ decisions. Design/methodology/approach – Questions theoretically underpinned on factors influencing commercial property investment performance were designed and administered to 125 real estate practitioners in Lagos in order to weigh the factors influencing commercial property investment performance in five selected locations in Lagos. The responses were analyzed using the mean item score and the principal component analysis, and the most critical factors extracted. Findings – Individual sub-markets reveal top factors common to each location as cost of building materials, location, quality of road infrastructure, rental growth and security. Findings across sub-markets reveal three critical set of factors. Condition of the premises; the second theme is a mixture of socio-cultural and legal framework; the third is also a mixture of socio-cultural, political and economic factors. Their factor loading’s are: 0.851, 0.828 and 0.805, respectively. Practical implications – Investors, appraisers and property managers may benefit from the findings as they make better investment and management decisions. Also adopting modern construction methods will cut unnecessary cost incurred from wastage of building materials and open the door to private investors with limited capital. Originality/value – This paper is the first to capture five different locations in Lagos. It goes beyond the study of Thontteh and Omirin (2014) which covered only one location. Thus, this study tends to present more reliable findings.
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Ayouba, Kassoum, Marie-Laure Breuillé, Camille Grivault, and Julie Le Gallo. "Does Airbnb Disrupt the Private Rental Market? An Empirical Analysis for French Cities." International Regional Science Review 43, no. 1-2 (January 7, 2019): 76–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017618821428.
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This article evaluates whether Airbnb rentals affect the rents in the private rental sector in eight cities in France. We estimate a hedonic equation for each city on individual data for apartments, allowing for heteroscedasticity and spatial error autocorrelation of unknown forms and using a large variety of structural and contextual characteristics of the apartments. We show that the density of Airbnb rentals puts upward pressure on rents in Lyon, Montpellier, and Paris, whereas it has no significant effect in other cities. If we restrict the analysis to the professional business of Airbnb rentals, which we define as the lodgings owned by an investor who rents either several “entire home” dwellings (regardless of the number of days) or an “entire home” dwelling for more than 120 days a year, we find a greater effect, which concerns only the two largest cities of France, that is, Marseille and Paris. When we focus on new tenancy agreements, the impact is even higher and concerns Paris, Marseille, and Montpellier. The impact of the Airbnb activity on rents is shown to increase with the proportion of owner-occupiers and decrease with hotel density, both in Montpellier and Paris. However, the share of second homes leads to contrasting effects.
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Daly, Melissa. "Women's Access To The Private Rental Market." Urban Policy and Research 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111149308551560.
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Yates, Judith. "Towards a reassessment of the private rental market." Housing Studies 11, no. 1 (January 1996): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673039608720844.
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Nientied, Peter. "Integrating state rental housing with the private market." Cities 10, no. 3 (August 1993): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(93)90037-j.
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Morris, Alan. "The Trajectory towards Marginality: How do Older Australians find themselves Dependent on the Private Rental Market?" Social Policy and Society 12, no. 1 (August 2, 2012): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746412000383.
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For older Australians being dependent on the private rental market is usually associated with serious financial hardship and insecurity. The article examines the housing careers of older Australians who are dependent on the private rental market. After sketching the policy context, it uses in-depth interviews and a biographical approach to explore their trajectory into the private rental market. Divorce, separation and widowhood were key factors, especially for women, as were poor employment histories and ill-health. The crucial factor was an inability to access social housing. The neglect of this housing tenure has meant that supply is very limited and it is reserved primarily for people with complex needs.
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Heylen, Kristof, and Katleen Van den Broeck. "Discrimination and selection in the Belgian private rental market." Housing Studies 31, no. 2 (August 27, 2015): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2015.1070798.
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Kemp, Peter A. "Low-income Tenants in the Private Rental Housing Market." Housing Studies 26, no. 7-8 (October 2011): 1019–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.615155.
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Miyamae, Saki, and Tamiyo Kondo. "Impacts and Issues of Short-term Rentals on the Private Urban Rental Housing market in Japan." Reports of the City Planning Institute of Japan 19, no. 4 (March 3, 2021): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/reportscpij.19.4_412.
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Gbadegesin, Job Taiwo, Harry van der Heijden, and Peter Boelhouwer. "Investigating defiant attitudes in keeping lease agreement obligations in private rental housing market in Nigeria." Property Management 34, no. 3 (June 20, 2016): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-10-2014-0043.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the nature and dimension of non-compliance (defiance) with lease agreement obligations in private rental housing market between managers (agents/private rental housing providers or landlords) and end-users (tenants – rental housing consumers), with a view to identifying challenges in rental housing lease administration in Nigeria emerging rental market. Design/methodology/approach – The quantitative data collected from practicing estate surveyor and valuers (statutorily registered agents), who manage private rental housing in their portfolios on behalf of owners and tenants, who occupy rental housing within Lagos state (the largest property market in Nigeria and West Africa). Using a theoretical model in the context of five lease agreement obligations, data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (one sample t-test, independent t-test and correlation). Findings – While economic circumstances (economic factors) are considered the major vulnerable factor that cause acts of non-compliance, defiance against “covenant not- to- sublet (subletting covenant (SC))” and “prompt rental payment covenant” are the two most non-compliance attitudes (precipitation events) observed from both actors. There is correlation among all vulnerability elements and precipitating events. While a significant relationship was only observed between “SC” and all vulnerability elements on the part of agents, there is significant relationship among all the vulnerability elements and precipitating events on the part of tenants. Also, while tenants attached higher significance to all the vulnerability factors than managers, both actors attached different level of priority to precipitating events. Lastly, equitable remedies and peaceful entry are the two most adopted intervention tools. Research limitations/implications – This paper is limited to seeking both the professional opinion of licensed/registered agents and the rental housing consumers-tenants. Practical implications – The research points to an increasing need for the stakeholders – Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Board of Nigeria (a Government parastatal) and the Nigerian Institutions of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (the constituted professional body), to establish and reform the code of practice in this direction with due consideration to the factors identified in this study. Effort also should be upgraded in the intervention techniques adopted in order to improve on emerging rental market. Originality/value – The paper explores an important aspect of lease administration in private rental housing market. It also provides platform on which the acts of defiance can be wiped out in the emerging rental market.
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Micallef, Brian. "Long-Lasting Legacy of Rent Controls: Perspectives on the Private Rental Market in Malta within the Context of a Dual Market." International Journal of Real Estate Studies 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/intrest.v15n2.29.
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Up to a few years ago, the private rental market in Malta was a classic example of the dysfunction created by two diametrically opposed regimes – a rigidly-controlled one and a completely liberal one – co-existing side by side. Two recent reforms have sought to address this situation. The objective of this paper is to describe the state-of-play in the private rental market in Malta by providing a historical background to these recent developments. In addition to the distortions in the housing market that rent controls introduce, controls also contributed to the deterioration of the statistical infrastructure to collect data on this sector. From this perspective, the introduction of the 2020 rent reform for the post-1995 sector, in addition to providing a set of minimum standards to professionalize the market, also facilitated data collection efforts through the introduction of a rent register. This information provided an alternative source of information to complement the other data sources, which tend to be outdated, inadequate, or focus solely on specific segments of the market, thus allowing for a more detailed and complete view of the private rental market in Malta.
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Cai, Shangheng, Huilin Chen, Ning Ding, and Zhen Shen. "Factors Affecting Private Domestic Rental Prices in Hong Kong: Example of the Land Auction." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 2 (July 13, 2022): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v2i.715.
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Most of the previous researchers estimated the influencing factors of the rising private domestic rental prices in Hong Kong without considering the impact of the land auction. By using the intermediaries of housing prices and property market yields, this paper contributes to evaluating how land auctions affect the private domestic rental costs in Hong Kong. As one of Hong Kong's most important methods for land resource allocation, the land auction has been an excellent example to study the housing market. Based on the random-effects models, the results indicate that housing prices and property market yield significantly positively affect rental prices. The results also suggest that the influences vary among different house sizes. Therefore, this research supports that under the influence of overbidding, the land auction has a positive overall effect on the Hong Kong rental prices.
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Beer, Andrew. "Labour market change and housing market segmentation in south Australia's non‐metropolitan private rental market." Urban Policy and Research 19, no. 4 (December 2001): 441–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111140108727893.
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Andersen, Hans Skifter. "Regulation of the private rental housing market—Some Danish experiences." Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research 9, no. 1 (January 1992): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02815739208730285.
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Yoshida, Mikio, and Haruka Kato. "Housing Affordability of Private Rental Apartments According to Room Type in Osaka Prefecture." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 7433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127433.
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Housing poverty was already a social problem in Japan before the COVID-19 pandemic. The research questions of this study were as follows: How many private rental apartments that are affordable for low-income groups exist in the real estate market? Additionally, do these rental apartments have enough rooms? This study aimed to clarify the housing affordability of private rental apartments in Osaka Prefecture according to room type. In this study, we analyzed housing affordability based on room types and housing conditions using a real estate dataset. In conclusion, this study found that housing affordability is problematic in terms of quantity and quality among the private rental apartments for multiple households in Osaka Prefecture. Additionally, it was found that the role of old wooden low-rent housingbuildings has declined as affordable housing. In particular, the total number of two-room and over three-room-type low-rent housing was less than 8000 units, accounting for only 4.2% of all private rental apartments in the real estate market. The distributed supply of low-rent housing has potential risks in maintaining a stable life for low-income groups with multi-person households. Those low-income groups are forced to live in higher-rent housing or one-room-type low-rent housing.
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Li, Han, Yehua Dennis Wei, and Yangyi Wu. "Analyzing the private rental housing market in Shanghai with open data." Land Use Policy 85 (June 2019): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.04.004.
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Stamsø, Mary Ann. "Social Assistance Recipients and Tenancy Conditions in the Private Rental Market." Housing Studies 25, no. 5 (September 2010): 591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2010.483581.
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Rubaszek, Michał. "Private rental housing market underdevelopment: life cycle model simulations for Poland." Baltic Journal of Economics 19, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 334–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1406099x.2019.1679558.
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