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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Private policing'
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Wakefield, Alison Jean. "The private policing of public space." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621376.
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Sarre, Warick T., and n/a. "The law of private policing in Australia." University of Canberra. Law, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.164945.
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Diversified, essentially privatised, policing options are expanding daily in modern
societies. They have become available to, and are being accessed by, individuals,
community groups and governments on a regular basis. While this dissertation
examines the phenomenon of private policing in Australia generally, its task, more
specifically, is to document and review the laws that govern, shape and make
accountable private policing operations and activities.
Chapter 1 reviews the origins and manifestations of contemporary shifts to privatised
models of policing. Chapter 2 examines models of relationships between public and
private personnel, and the various methods of accountability that may serve to govern
the activities of the latter. Chapters 3 to 8 explore and explain the applicable laws
that inform, shape and govern private policing generally. What this examination
reveals is that "private police" are empowered by a multitude of common law and
legislative principles, along with a mosaic of diverse and semi-structured rules not
necessarily designed for this specific purpose. One quickly finds that the laws that
permit, facilitate, regulate and manage private manifestations of policing do not fall
within easily discernible legal parameters.
Finally, Chapter 9 provides a summary of the dissertation, together with some
general thoughts concerning the effectiveness and appropriateness of the law as a
vehicle for bringing about the desired goals, namely effective policing that provides
appropriate outcomes for victims, suspects, private personnel, public police and the
general public alike.
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Martin, Craig Edward. "Policing public/private borders religion, liberalism, and the 'private judgment of the magistrate' /." Related electronic resource:, 2007. https://login.libezproxy2.syr.edu/login?qurl=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1441187521&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3739&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kwong, Wilkie Yat Hung. "'Persons of versatility' : private security officers and private policing in residential estates in Hong Kong." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/persons-of-versatility(5d0f14c6-675e-4edf-a4ed-650e3d816c03).html.
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This study is the result of exploratory research on the daily lives and experiences of private security officers working in Hong Kong housing estates. As the first qualitative investigation of its kind, it examined two case studies of separate estates through the lens of Nodal Governance, which involved interviews with security practitioners and end-users, work practice observations, and documentary analysis. Security officers were found to ‘wear many hats’. Apart from crime prevention, the core roles and functions of private security in these estates are to enforce property owners’ orders and maintain the residents’ quality of life. These ‘hats’ were underpinned by the operational characteristics of property management businesses, especially that of security provision structures. The study found that security officers needed to improvise strategies that stopped short of exercising their legal powers, but dealt with suspects and rule breakers nonetheless. In this way, these officers and security companies provided a resident-orientated service style of private policing, with a focus on neighbourhood safety and harmony.The private security industry in Hong Kong is regulated by a ‘hybrid regulation mechanism’, with a unique mix of public and private actors, and closer inspection suggested that government ordinance initiatives on building management and security services have unintentionally shifted policing responsibility from the state to its citizens, which did much to address residential security inequity indirectly. These findings contribute to a variation on the theme of nodal governance in two ways: ordinances implicitly delegating security provision to citizens paradoxically centralised governance as an unintended consequence; and the genealogy of policing institutions in Hong Kong test the hidden assumptions in western norms of governance. Elsewhere, the study shed light on private security industry regulation, shifting policing responsibilities, security inequity, ad hoc strategizing by actors with limited powers, and high-rise housing security for future reference and further research.
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Michael, Deborah Francis. "A sense of security? : the ideology and accountability of private security officers." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271286.
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Policing in the UK is undergoing fundamental transformation. In an emerging 'mixed economy' of social control, policing has become a complex assortment of public and private inputs. As non-emergency policing has gradually shifted away from the Home Office police service monopoly, the private security industry is acquiiing a much wider role. This small-scale qualitative study provides an original insight into the ideology and accountability of 50 security officers working for three of the market leaders in the manned-guarding industry. Particular attention is paid to their attitudes towards: their role in crime control, their relationship with the police service, and their own powers and accountability. Information is also provided about the professionalism of security officers, by presenting data about guards' social backgrounds, training and general orientation to work. The research suggests that guards are primarily concerned about providing a service to the private employers who pay them, and have flmdamentally different attitudes towards their work compared to public police officers. The conclusions underline the implications of the pnvatisation of policing for social and criminal justice, indicating the emergence of forms of 'private justice' as policing is increasingly undertaken by guards without even any nominal concerns to serve the public interest. Although this might be acceptable to the neo-liberal approach that has come to dominate public policy debate in the last quarter of the twentieth century, it would be regarded as worrying by more traditional social or political perspectives whether conservative, liberal or socialist. The low levels of professionalism suggested by this data gathered from the market leaders in the security industry also raise important questions about the potential effectiveness of the guards.
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Button, Mark. "'Big fish in little ponds' : private security officers and the policing of private and hybrid space." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423018.
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Despite the growing interest in private security amongst academics in recent years there have been relatively few empirical studies at a micro level. This thesis presents the findings of a detailed study of two locations or nodes of governance where security officers were the main agents of policing. In-particular the research focuses upon the legal powers security officers have and use in undertaking their roles in the two research sites. The first stage of the research sought to identify what legal tools security officers possess and in answering this question the thesis identifies different models of security officer based upon the legal tools available to them. The second stage of the research focused upon two case study sites: a retail leisure facility called Pleasure Southquay and a manufacturer of defence equipment called Armed Industries. Using a methodology based upon structured and semi-structured interviews, documentary data as well as observation the thesis presents findings illustrating the importance of security officers, suggesting that despite a general image of them as 100v status and ineffective, in their workplaces they are 'big fish in small ponds', particularly when viewed in terms of the broader systems of security that arc utilised. It also demonstrates how they generally have a good knowledge of the limits of their legal tools and how to make use of them lawfully. The research also elucidates how security officers usc some of their tools such as to arrest, use force, to search and to exclude, amongst others, and how the extent to which these arc used varies amongst officers. In usi ng these too Is 0 fficcrs arc also frequent 1y con fronted with di fficult and sometimes dangerous situations that lead to verbal abuse, threats of violence as well as assault amongst other occupational hazards. The research also draws out some of the characteristics of the culture of security officers and the different orientations that exist and how this impacts upon the lise of certain legal tools and ultimately the effectiveness of security officers.
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Cooke, Claire Ann. "Public and private policing : the uniform as mediator of public perception." Thesis, Teesside University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411191.
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McManus, Michael. "From fate to choice : private bobbies, public beats : private security patrol and the diminishing boundaries of neighbourhood policing." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5541/.
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Neighbourhood private security patrol as a crime control strategy demonstrates society's increasing demand for security and assurance- factors which the public police provide ineffectively. Private security's function of preventative surveillance is likely to be aligned more closely to public needs than is the public police's post-event priority of detection. Street patrol by private security personnel symbolizes an attempt by some citizens to re-create the preventative aspects of traditional policing. But it predominates only in the residential areas of the economically privileged. This demand for target-hardening, by the surveillance of whole groups and categories of people, is test described not as part of a contemporary shift from individual to collective social control, but rather as a trend away from collectivism towards active individualism. Although social and emotional influence is apparent in the rationale for this strategy, its creation also concerns the institutionalization of the classical concepts of self-help and choice - principles which are actively accede! to and encourage! by the state. In order to react to crises individuals require social confirmation for their beliefs about the reality of crime and its control. The Home Office, Police and other interesting agencies, including the Private Security Sector, provide this confirmation and they come together with communities as joint creators of new institutions. Thus, as classicist forms of control become marketable, lay-persons may participate more in policing their own neighbourhoods. This heralds the end of policing provision as fate- for as modem capitalism pluralizes it allows in private policing agents and strategies. However, while this form of control may be effective for those who choose to purchase it, there is a tendency for it to fragment rather than integrate surrounding neighbourhoods. Furthermore, it deflects crime into areas with inferior levels of surveillance. These negative aspects are not conducive to the requirements of quality and equity of justice, so crucial and intrinsic to the association policing should have with a democratic, equal and free society.
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McKim, Erica Patricia. "The evolution of private policing in Canada, towards an effective regulatory framework." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ48428.pdf.
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McKim, Erica Patricia Carleton University Dissertation Law. "The Evolution of private policing in Canada; towards an effective regulatory famework." Ottawa, 1999.
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Simeone, Matthew J. "The integration of virtual public-private partnerships into local law enforcement to achieve enhanced intelligence-led policing." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Sep%5FSimeone.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Bergin, Richard D. ; Simeral, Robert. "September 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on October 23, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-121). Also available in print.
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Flynn, Patrick. "Regulating the privatization of policing : an empirical examination of the private security industry and options for regulation." Thesis, University of Essex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360812.
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Kim, Hyunho. "Comparing the policing and management of security in private/hybrid space in South Korea and the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2016. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/comparing-the-policing-and-management-of-security-in-privatehybrid-space-in-south-korea-and-the-united-kingdom(b544835f-f25b-483a-89cd-79f6bf2d4f24).html.
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This thesis is a comparative criminological study comparing the private policing and management of security of private/hybrid space in South Korea and United Kingdom. It is based upon two comparable shopping malls and draws upon thirty four semi-structured interviews of security officers, supervisors, managers and police officers; thirty nine structured interviews of security officers at both malls; one hundred structured interviews of shoppers at each mall; and one hundred hours of observation at each mall. Increasingly in both South Korea and the United Kingdom the public feel a greater need to protect themselves from crimes because of declining police resources. As a consequence the police are finding it difficult to meet the demands of the public and organisations in terms of crime prevention and the provision of a visible uniformed presence, amongst other. Society demands more effective public security control than what the government can offer. To better respond to these needs private security firms have filled the gap and areas of large private/hybrid space such as shopping malls have been one of the prime examples. However, there have been a few studies of the private security industry in such areas in the UK and in Korea and in no internationally comparative research conducted of shopping malls at all. This study starts to fill that gap by analysing the contribution of private security to the policing of of private space, which is open to the public in shopping malls of the two different countries. Secondly, the research explores and compares the systems of regulation, licensing, legal powers, training and working conditions, amongst others. Third the thesis explores real functions, statuses and image of private security officers and police officers, examining their daily operations, at the two case studies. The research identifies a number of findings, particularly around the role and orientation of officers, noting a strong 'service men' culture amongst Korean officers, distinct from the United Kingdom officers who are more security and policing orientated. It also finds private security officers and their contribution are still considered unimportant by the public and this is linked to their governance, lack of legal power, poor level of training and low educational levels, although this did vary between the two countries. These issues also impact on the relationship with the police who in South Korea are less likely to entrust private security officers with policing work compared to the UK. This research also sheds light on the issues of private security industry regulation, legal powers, poor working conditions, the level of training and occupational risks and the research will hopefully contribute to the growth of comparative research on private security. Therefore, this thesis makes significant recommendations to improve the management of security in shopping mall as a great investment, better training, working conditions and regulation etc.
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Zanetic, Andre. "A questão da segurança privada: estudo do marco regulatório dos serviços particulares de segurança\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-14062007-154033/.
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A grande expansão dos serviços particulares de segurança, verificada em diversos países a partir de meados do século XX, traz à tona importantes questões relativas à responsabilidade do Estado sobre a segurança e sobre a necessidade de aprimoramento dos mecanismos de regulação e controle pelos órgãos responsáveis, sobretudo devido à diversificação das demandas por esse tipo de serviço, como as grandes empresas e os espaços privados abertos ao público, que representam hoje os principais consumidores dos serviços de segurança. A partir de parâmetros observados na literatura internacional, em documentos oficiais e nos dados relativos ao setor, este trabalho faz uma análise do marco regulatório existente no Brasil localizando as implicações relativas a algumas características mais problemáticas, como o treinamento e qualificação dos profissionais, a disseminação das empresas clandestinas, o segundo emprego dos policiais como guardas privados, o uso de armas de fogo e a questão das sanções e da regulação de acesso empregadas na segurança privada.The growth of private security verified in many countries in the middle of twentieth century displays important questions about state responsibility in relation to the security and the need to improve the mechanisms of control and regulation, especially due the new and diversified demands for this kind of service, like the big enterprises and the private spaces open for the public which represent today the main costumers of security services. Taking into consideration approaches observed in the international literature, official documents and the data relative to this sector, this work analyze the Brazilian regulatory framework, showing the implications about some more problematic features, like the training and qualification of the professionals, the dissemination of illegal enterprises, the second job of the public police in the private security, the use of firearm and the question about the sanctions and regulation of access used in private security.
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Svenonius, Ola. "Sensitising Urban Transport Security : Surveillance and Policing in Berlin, Stockholm, and Warsaw." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-64184.
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The city as a focal point of both domestic and international security policy is characteristic of the 21st century security landscape in Europe. Amidst the 'War on Terror' and the pan-European battle against organised crime, the city is the location where global processes are actually taking place. Urban security is the local policy response both to such global threats as terrorism and local ones, such as violent crime. Public transport systems in particular came under threat after the terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001, Madrid in 2004, and London in 2005. This doctoral thesis studies security policy in three public transport systems – Berlin, Stockholm, and Warsaw – from a comparative perspective focusing on the conditions that made new and very specific understandings of security possible. The study argues that urban transport security has undergone radical changes during the last ten years. While transport authorities and the police used to conceive security as related solely to crime rates, today the focus of security practices consists of passengers' perceptions. The study shows how this shift is paralleled by a new discourse of 'security as emotion', and how it came into being. It concentrates specifically on the central role that surveillance and private policing assumes as the security policy shifts objectives to the inner life of the passengers. Today, complex governance networks of both public and private actors manage security in the three cities. The analysis shows how passengers are constructed in the urban security policy as children, consumers, and citizens. These different 'roles' constitute the passenger in the eye of urban security governance characterised by technocracy, 'friendly security', and individual responsibility. The introduction of new governance models for public administration, the legacy of European communist regimes, and rising fear of crime are central conditions for this new, sensitised urban transport security.
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Zanetic, André. "A relação entre as polícias e a segurança privada nas práticas de prevenção e controle do crime: impactos na segurança pública e transformações contemporâneas no policiamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-23112010-101555/.
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O mundo contemporâneo vem passando por importantes mudanças no conjunto de atividades que chamamos de policiamento. Dentre essas mudanças, o processo de expansão da segurança privada é um dos aspectos que mais chama a atenção, pela dimensão e pela influência que o setor exerce hoje na maior parte dos países em que se têm informações substantivas sobre o tema. Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o impacto que a expansão dos serviços de segurança privada tem causado nas atividades de policiamento - em especial em relação às inter-relações entre esses serviços e as polícias - em suas tarefas de prevenção do crime e da violência. O estudo específico acerca dessa inter-relação é realizado a partir da análise de três espaços específicos, localizados na cidade de São Paulo e adjacências, que possuem policiamento realizado por forças privadas.The contemporary world is undergoing major changes in the set of activities that we call policing. Among these changes, the expansion of private security is one of the aspects that draws the most attention, because of the size and influence that this industry has today in most countries that have substantive information on the subject. This paper aims to discuss the impact that the expansion of private security services has caused on the activities of policing, especially in relation to the interrelationship with the police, in its crime and violence prevention tasks. The specific study concerning this interrelation is achieved by analyzing three specific spaces, located in São Paulo and surrounding areas, which are conducted by private forces of policing.
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Frödin, Rolf. "Arbetet som ordningsvakt : Att möta motstridiga krav." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för psykologi, pedagogik och sociologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-13774.
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Studien har sin utgångpunkt i två artiklar i dagspressen, en debattartikel och en replik, om ordningsvakternas arbete på krogen. Debattörerna i debattartikeln menade att otryggheten i nattlivet beror på att ordningsvakter kan vara maktmissbrukande, diskriminerande och begå övervåld mot gäster på krogen. En ordningsvakt replikerade på debattartikeln och svarade att otryggheten på krogen inte skapas av ordningsvakterna utan orsakas av krogägaren med personal. Det finns en intressekonflikt mellan ordningsvaktens uppdrag och krogägaren som betalar ordningsvakternas lön. Krogägarna vill gärna ha inflytande över ordningsvakternas arbete annars kan denne förlora sitt arbete. I repliken föreslås att lösningen på intressekonflikten är att ordningsvakterna blir anställda och får lön från Polismyndigheten. Innehållet av ordningsvaktens replik på debattartikeln fångade mitt intresse för denna studie. Studiens syfte är att få ökad kunskap och förståelse för hur förutsättningarna är för ordningsvakternas arbete i krogmiljö, utifrån tre frågeställningar. • Hur erfar ordningsvakterna sitt yrke och uppdrag? • Hur hanterar ordningsvakterna intressekonflikten mellan uppdragsgivaren Polismyndigheten och krogägaren? • Hur resonerar ordningsvakterna om att vara statligt anställda och få lön från Polismyndigheten? Studiens teoretiska perspektiv består av Rational Choice teori (RC), Georg Simmels teori om triader och Pierre Bourdieus begrepp av habitus. För att besvara frågeställningarna valdes kvalitativ metod med intervju. Fem ordningsvakter intervjuades genom semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Intervjuerna skrevs ut och analyserades genom tematisk analys. De teman som framkommer i studien är ordningsvakternas yrkesroll, intressekonflikt, anställningsform och förbättringsområde. Studiens resultat visar att ordningsvakterna ser på sin yrkesroll som en betydelsefull servicefunktion på krogen där bra bemötande av krogens gäster står i fokus. Den beskrivna intressekonflikten var känd av de intervjuade ordningsvakterna men de bedömde att den stod för ordningsvakter som var olämpliga och som inte stod upp för sitt yrke och uppdrag. Samtliga ordningsvakter ville inte vara anställda och få lön från Polismyndigheten utan menade att ordningsvakter enbart skulle vara anställda av bevakningsföretag och inte direkt av krögaren.The study has its starting point in two articles in the daily press, one debate article and one reply, about the security guards work at the pub. The debaters in the article said that the insecurity in the nightlife depends on the security guards abusing their power discriminating and committing violence against the guests at the pub. A security guard replicated on the article and said that the insecurity in the pub is not created by the security guards but by the pub owner with his staff. There is a conflict of interest between the security guard's assignment and the pub owner who pays the guard's salary. The owner of the pub would like to have influence over the work of the security guards, otherwise he /she may lose his /her work. In the reply, it is proposed that the solution to the conflict of interest is that the security guards become employees and receive a salary from the police authority. The contents of the security guard's reply to the debate article caught my interest in this study. The aim of the study is to gain increased knowledge and understanding of how the conditions are for the work of the security guards, in a pub environment, based on three issues. • How do the guards experience their profession and mission? • How do the security guards handle the conflict of interest between the principal police authority and the owner of the pub? • How do the security guards reason to be state employees and receive salaries from the police authority? The theoretical perspective of the study consists of Rational Choice theory (RC), Georg Simmel's theory of triads and Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus. To answer the questions, qualitative method was chosen with interview. Five security guards were interviewed through semi-structured interview method. The interviews were printed and analyzed by thematic analysis. The themes that appear in the study are the professional role of the security guards, conflict of interest, form of employment and improvement area. The study's results show that the security guards watch their professional role as an important service function at the pub where good reception of the guests is in focus. The described conflict of interest was known by the interviewed guards, but they judged that it was caused by security guards who were unsuitable and who did not stand up for their profession and assignments. All security guards did not want to be employed and receive salaries from the police authority, but argued that security guards would only be employed by security companies and not directly by the owner of the pub.
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Paasche, Till Frederik. "The governance of security in the revanchist city : the case of Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/919.
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Much has been written on the revanchist city (for example Smith, 1996; MacLeod, 2002; Belina and Helms, 2003) and the reclaiming of space from so-called ‘undesirables‘ through the means of the police. Here, the guiding ideas are policing strategies such as the ‘broken windows syndrome‘ (Kelling and Wilson, 1982) and ‘zero tolerance policing‘ (Giuliani and Bratton, 1994; Beckett and Herbert, 2008; Herbert and Beckett, 2010). However, the role of private security companies in the reclaiming of public space remains under-researched. Using a case study in Cape Town this research gap will be addressed in this study. Conceptualising the thesis through governance and territoriality, it will examine how revanchist ideas of reclaiming space from urban poor and street people lead to exclusionary processes in the quest for sanitised spaces. By taking private security companies out of the environment of mass private property in which they are most commonly studied (Shearing and Stenning, 1983; von Hirsch and Shearing, 2000; Wakefield, 2003), this thesis examines their role and impact on public spaces within the revanchist environment of Cape Town, South Africa. Here, fast and extensive developments in governance as well as in urban life, interwoven with exceptionally high crime rates, have created a flourishing market for private security companies. In this context this thesis examines the case of private policing companies operating in the core public spaces of the city; the research reveals their social ordering function and powers are the same as those usually associated with the public police. Drawing on these insights it is claimed that private policing companies manifest an evolution from private security companies towards the police, and that this continues the pluralisation of the policing landscape. By mapping the privately policed spaces within the case studies and analysing the functions the different governance actors carry out, this thesis also argues that social development actors become part of the policing landscape. Analysing the governance landscape and its close ties to private policing, it is argued that social development is becoming the softer side of policing. Combining effective private policing companies with social development in support of the state reveals that private governance actors are indeed powerful players in public spaces. Drawing on this governance of security and its associated power, the final argument will be that a different kind of public space is being developed. After consideration of the particular history of defunct public spaces in South Africa, it is claimed that no single public space exists anymore, but that we now face different public spaces, characterised through their different norms and rules, and the social groups that use them.
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Brereton, Catherine Margaret. "Mapping Grahamstown's security governance network : prospects and problems for democratic policing." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006323.
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The security of its citizens is often regarded as the democratic state's primary raison d'etre. However, with increasing crime and perceptions of insecurity among citizens, along with actual and perceived state policing inadequacies, citizens around the world have sought to make alternative arrangements for their security. The explosion of private alternatives to state policing has resulted in the need for the replacement of former static definitions of policing by more fluid understandings of what policing entails. Policing is no longer an activity undertaken exclusively by the 'state police.' Policing needs to be understood within a framework which recognises the existence of a variety of state, commercial, community groups and individuals which exist within loose and sometimes informal, sometimes formal, networks to provide for the security of citizens. Preceding the country's transition to democracy in 1994 'state' policing in South Africa was aimed at monitoring and suppressing the black population and as a result it conducted itself in a largely militaristic way. When the government of national unity assumed power in 1994 it was indisputable that the South African Police had to undergo major reform if it was to play an effective, co-operative and accountable role in a democratic South Africa. While state policing has unquestionably undergone enormous changes since the advent of democracy in 1994, so too has non-state policing. It is widely accepted that the dividing line between state and non-state policing in South Africa is increasingly blurred. Policing, by its very nature, holds the potential to threaten democracy. Consequently it is important that policing is democratically controlled. According to the Law Commission of Canada four values and principles - justice, equality, accountability, and efficiency - should support policing in a democracy. This thesis is a case study of policing in Grahamstown, a small city in South Africa's Eastern Cape province. It will be shown that the policing problem that currently plagues Grahamstown, and by extension South Africa, is not simply the result of a shortage of providers but rather a problem of co-coordinating and monitoring security governance to ensure that the city does not further develop into a society where the wealthy have greater access to security than the poor.
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Chung, Tae Jin. "Policing internet fraud : a study of the tensions between private and public models of policing fraudulent activity in cyberspace with particular focus on South Korea and special reference to the United Kingdom and the United States." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1010/.
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As more people obtain online access and the finance sector becomes transformed by networked technology, opportunities for internet fraud grow. In recent years we have seen the maturation of new digital environments in which financial transactions can take place while at the same time we have seen an explosion in incidences of identity theft. This unprecedented rise in internet fraud is depressing growth in e-commerce activities and is creating growing demands by governments, the commercial sector and also the public for an appropriate model of policing. This thesis will explore the policing of internet fraud and it will argue the scope of police work with regard to white collar crime, because the public believe that police forces do not effectively control internet fraud and non-internet fraud. By drawing upon various global sources this thesis analyzes the tensions between the respective interests of the public and the private sectors. Such tensions raise concerns about how public resources are most effectively allocated in the public interest. Although internet fraud is a globalized phenomenon and indeed the UK and the US are notably mentioned, the analysis has specially focused on South Korea. At the core of the thesis is the observation that a major conflict of interests emerges when the private and public models of policing compete for "ownership" over internet fraud, so before exploring the laws, rules and enforcement models for policing internet fraud, it is first necessary to remove the tensions that exist between and within policing bodies. Two significant tensions were examined: firstly, the tension caused by different characteristics and objectives of private and public models of policing. Whereas the public police pursue the public interest thorough a public model of justice, the private sector polices problems in their own private interest along a private/corporate model of justice. Secondly, tensions are also created within the public policing sector by intra-govemmental competition. For example, the South Korean National Police have attempted to obtain independent investigatory powers while the Prosecutors' Office strongly defends its ownership of investigatory powers.
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Dale, James. "All change in the age of alliances! : a critical evaluation of contemporary management theory and practice for major collaborative change, comparing the public and private sectors, with particular reference to policing." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2016. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/all-change-in-the-age-of-alliances(eb9a91d6-b343-410e-925f-a0ad610bb4b1).html.
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This thesis examines inter-organisational or collaborative change. The research commenced with an investigation of organisational change in policing and then broadened to encompass other organisations in the public and private sectors, thereby enabling comparison and contrast. The intention was to explore first principles of best practice for organisations embarking upon collaborative change. The researcher was motivated to learn and develop his thinking as a consequence of professional exposure to this area of strategic management. The exponential growth in the number and complexity of collaborative schemes, coupled with a reported pan sector failure rate of 60% - 80%, underlines the topicality and relevance of this research. In the public sector, there is evidence of a new collaborative paradigm emerging, driven by ideology and austerity. Available evidence indicates that the police have been slow to embrace these changes and achieve the benefits desired. The methodological approach commenced with systematic and targeted reviews of existing literature. Gaps and contradictions were explored and used to inform the primary research, which consisted of forty-three semi-structured interviews and two electronic surveys, producing two hundred and fifty-six responses. The findings suggest that shortcomings in delivering interorganisational change were indicative of wider management failings encompassing other categories of major change. Poor leadership, inadequate resourcing, weak planning, unrealistic timescales and an over emphasis on structure and process, while ignoring the people issues, all contributed to a suboptimal outcome. Opinions were polarised about the performance of the police, where a strong organisational culture, dominant leaderships styles and poor business acumen appear to be conspiring to inhibit ambition and delivery. Ten generic key research findings are discussed, with another dedicated to policing. Collectively, they provide an evidence based foundation for developing best practice for organisations embarking on major inter-organisational change.
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Devine, Lauren. "Policing parents : a deconstructive examination of schematic state interference into private life with special reference to assessment of families deriving from the state's duty to 'safeguard' children under the provisions of the Children Acts 1989 and 2004." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3915/.
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The relationship between the state and citizens can give rise to legal and moral tension when the state interferes into private life in order to fulfil its statutory duties. An important statutory area where the state has such powers occurs in the Children Acts 1989 and 2004. These Acts inter alia confer powers on local authorities to undertake surveillance and assessment of private family life in order to identify and assess children who may be ‘in need’ of services, ‘at risk’, or suffering significant harm. The thesis argues that these powers enable the state to police private family life in order to ensure parents' compliance with prevailing child welfare ideology. Child welfare discourse dominates and mediated debate over the measures used by local authorities to police parents, claiming these state powers are necessary to protect children from harm. The thesis challenges these claims. The justification for 'child protection' and 'safeguarding' is critically examined from post-modem theoretical, statistical and doctrinal law perspectives. Areas of imbalance in current law and practice are identified and these are linked in the conclusion to focus upon the fundamental flaws in the current position. This offers the possibility of more integrated debate that challenges the orthodoxy and suggests fundamental revision of the current policy.
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Chivi, Maya. "Policies, leadership, and private daycares." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95150.
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This thesis examines the legal and ethical obligations of Quebec private daycare owners and directors, towards protecting the rights and safety of children in their care and the staff members who work with these children. Qualitative methodologies included forty-two questionnaires completed by educators and seven interviews conducted with the participating daycares' leaders. Interviews were thematically analyzed and confidentiality to participants was observed. Results disclosed that children and teachers' rights were violated and their safety compromised due to over-registered classrooms and abuse while in care. Educators, owners, and directors were found to have low levels of knowledge of children's rights to protection and provision; teachers' rights to fair treatment and due process; and daycare workers' obligations to report abuse in private daycares. The study concludes that teachers, owners, and directors need to be better informed of children and teachers' rights and ethically motivated, to successfully ensure the safety and wellbeing of children in their care.La présente thèse étudie les obligations légales et éthiques des propriétaires et directeurs de garderies privées au Québec quant à la sécurité et la protection des droits des enfants et des employés. La méthodologie qualitative comprend quarante deux questionnaires remplis par les éducatrices et sept entrevues de dirigeants de garderies. Les entrevues, analysées thématiquement, assurent la confidentialité des participants. Les résultats montrent que les droits des enfants et des éducatrices ont été violés et leur sécurité compromise du fait de classes en sureffectif et d'abus à l'égard d'enfants. Les éducatrices, propriétaires et directeurs ont montré une faible connaissance en droit des enfants à la protection et au service; du droit des éducatrices à un traitement équitable et à l'application régulière des règles; et des obligations des employés à rapporter tout abus. L'étude conclut que les éducatrices, propriétaires et directeurs doivent être mieux informés sur le droit des enfants et des éducatrices et être éthiquement motivés pour assurer la sécurité et le bienêtre des enfants sous leur responsabilité.
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England, Angela. "CCTV, privacy and shopping." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2005. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/587/.
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This thesis coinsiders the two areas of CCTV research, town centre statistical studies and public attitude surveys and how CCTV has through widespread introduction, impacted upon the concept of privacy. The concept of privacy taken by this thesis is wider that the legal definition and is most briefly but relevantly defined as the 'freedom from surveillance by closed circuit television.' Town centre studies aim to look at the effectiveness of CCTV as a method of crime control. Public attitude surveys aim to use quantitative research questionnaires to discover the opinions of CCTV users, to gauge CCTV's effect upon the fear of crime and to analyse the public's expectations and actual experiences of CCTV and to consider if the social benefit of CCTV over the threat to privacy is on balance, worth the loss in privacy. Town centre and public attitude studies are the only types of published research thus far conducted upon CCTV. Three innovative studies have attempted to disperse the view that CCTV had specific uses, benefits and limitations. These studies focused on CCTV as a benefit to retail consumerism, the attitudes of offenders and the opinions and practices of CCTV operators. This thesis considers whether the threat to privacy is greater when surveillance is operated by private security companies in quasi-public places. The thesis considers how the general public's desire to shop has increased the likelihood of their submitting to such quasi-public space surveillance in return for the benefits of consumption
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魏海然 and Hoi-yin Ngai. "The effect of private car policies on air quality." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255267.
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Ngai, Hoi-yin. "The effect of private car policies on air quality /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25436223.
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Silva, Antonio Marcos de Sousa. "Agentes PÃblicos na SeguranÃa Privada: a configuraÃÃo do bico na cidade de Fortaleza." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4731.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoA presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as configuraÃÃes do âbicoâ de policiais militares da cidade de Fortaleza na seguranÃa privada. Foi realizado um panorama dessa atividade que possibilitou enumerar trÃs caracterÃsticas recorrentes do bico em Fortaleza, tais como: as atividades de seguranÃa em estabelecimentos comerciais (casas de show, barracas de praia, restaurantes, salÃo de beleza, mercadinhos, dentre outros), seguranÃa particular (de empresÃrios ou comerciantes) e, por Ãltimo, o âbico veladoâ (fazer policiamento privado em horÃrio de serviÃo, concedendo, nesse sentido, maior atenÃÃo a determinados pontos comerciais). O trabalho revelou que essa prÃtica, em Fortaleza, Ã sustentada tanto por parte dos oficiais militares como pelos PraÃas, e mostrou que ambos formam redes de intermediÃrios ou atravessadores que vendem seguranÃa, principalmente, para empresÃrios e comerciantes. A pesquisa abordou tambÃm a estreita relaÃÃo entre a violÃncia e a expansÃo do bico na cidade, denunciando o reforÃo de uma cultura do medo pautada no sentimento de inseguranÃa. Por fim, o trabalho tratou das implicaÃÃes dessa atividade para os policiais militares em decorrÃncia do CÃdigo Disciplinar e de Ãtica da referida corporaÃÃo. A dissertaÃÃo trabalhou, ainda, com a relaÃÃo entre precariedade do trabalho policial e do trabalho na atividade de seguranÃa privada.
The present reseach has the aim of analyzing the configuration of odd jobs on private security of military policemen in the city of Fortaleza. With this in mind, a panorama of this activity was traced in order to enumerate the three recurrent characteristics of the odd jobs in Fortaleza, such as: security activities icommercial establishments (concert houses, beach huts, restaurants, beauty salons, markets, among others), private security (of businessmen or merchants) and, finally, the veiled odd job (to perform private patrolling while on duty, giving more attention to specific commercial points). The work revealed that this practice in Fortaleza is sustained both by the military officers and the privates and showed that both form networks of intermediaries or middlemen who sell security to businessmen or merchants. The research also dealt with the strict relationship between violence and the expansion of odd jobs through the city, denouncing the intensification of a culture of fear based on the feeling of insecurity. At last, the work dealt with the implications of this activity for military policemen due to their disciplinary and ethics code. The discussion ended also with the relationship between the precariousness of the police work and the work on private security.
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Boettger, Lacey. "Surveillance, Policing and Privacy in the Community of Rights." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28559.
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Loughery, Kristen. "Explaining the occurrence of public and private land preservation policies." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 86 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597632391&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Mabrouki, Olfa. "Semantic Framework for Managing Privacy Policies in Ambient Intelligence." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112319/document.
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L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer un canevas sémantique intégrant un méta-modèle et des outils de raisonnement permettant à tout concepteur de système ubiquitaire de mettre en oeuvre facilement des mécanismes de gestion des politiques de la vie privée. Le canevas proposé intègre une architecture middleware générique qui offre des composants pour définir, administrer et contrôler l'application des politiques de confidentialité. Notre approche proposée est hybride. Elle est fondée sur l’ingénierie dirigée par les modèles et sur un raisonnement à base d'ontologies et de règles d'inférence opérant selon l'hypothèse du monde clos. Le méta-modèle proposé est caractérisé par un niveau d'abstraction et d'expressivité élevé permettant de définir des politiques de gestion de la vie privée indépendamment du domaine d'application pouvant être adaptées à différents contextes. Il définit, aussi, un cadre conceptuel pour établir des modèles de règles génériques et décidables permettant de prendre des décisions de contrôle cohérentes pour la protection de la vie privée. Ces modèles de règles sont mis en oeuvre grâce au langage de règles SmartRules permettant de mettre en oeuvre un contrôle adaptatif. Ce dernier est basé sur un raisonnement non-monotone et une représentation des instances de concepts selon la supposition du nom unique. Nous avons validé le canevas proposé à travers un scénario typique mettant en oeuvre des services d'assistance ambiante sensibles à la vie privée de personne âgéeThis thesis aims at proposing a semantic framework that integrates a meta-model and reasoning tools allowing any ubiquitous system designer to easily implement mechanisms to manage privacy policies. The proposed framework includes a generic middleware architecture that provides components to define, manage and monitor the implementation of privacy policies. Our approach is an hybrid one based on Model-Driven Engineering and a reasoning based on ontologies and inference rules operating on the assumption of the closed world. The proposed meta-model is characterized by a high level of abstraction and expressiveness to define privacy policies management regardless of the domain application and can be adapted to different contexts. It defines, also, a conceptual framework for generic decidable modelling rules to make consistent control decisions on user privacy. These model rules are implemented using the SmartRules language that could implement an adaptive control. The latter is based on a non-monotonic reasoning and representation of instances of concepts according to the unique name assumption. We have validated the proposed semantic framework through a typical scenario that implements support ambient intelligence privacy-aware services for elderly
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Du, Zheng. "EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON ECONOMIC POLICIES." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/462.
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The Group of Twenty, or G20, is the premier forum for international cooperation on the most important aspects of the international economic and financial agenda. G20 brings together the world's major advanced and emerging economies. It together represents around 90% of global GDP, 80% of global trade, and two thirds of the world's population according to the report of G20 official website. The first essay investigates the effects of money supply on selected G20 economies. According to the Nobel Laureate Friedman, money shocks will effect output in the short-run and will effect prices in the long-run. Also, the increased monetary growth tends to lower interest rates at first, but later on, the resulting acceleration in spending and inflation produces a rise in demand for loans, which tends to raise interest rates. The purpose of this study is to test Friedman's proposition empirically for 12 selected countries from G20 during 1980 to 2010. Our findings suggest that both price level and output have similar responses to monetary innovation in most sample countries, which is not consistent with Friedman's proposition. However, the interest rates' responses of these countries validate the Friedman's proposition. In addition, we find that money Granger-causes output, prices, and interest rates in most countries. Although our results do not provide strong evidences about the responses of output and prices as Friedman stated, we find that money matters, and policy makers should be cautious to adopt expansionary monetary policy to stimulate economic growth in these countries. The second essay investigates the relationship between private sector and exchange rates in 15 selected countries from G20 during the period 1980-2010. In examining the determinants of exchange rate, many researchers have focused on the role of public sector only. However, we believe that private sector is also an important component of an economy, and private sector has influences on the exchange rate. This study investigates the relationships between private sector and exchange rates in 15 countries from G20 during the period 1980-2010. We note that private sector investment is important for exchange rates in most developed countries. Also, exchange rates are found to Granger-cause private sector investment. Thus, there are feedback relationships between private sector and exchange rates in most sample countries. The study provides vital information relevant for policy formulation and implementation. In order to stabilize the exchange rates, policymakers need to adjust strategies to control private capital inflows. To provide a sound environment for private sector development, governments should differentiate the types of exchange rates risk in order to design and implement consistent policy to deal with issues at hand. In addition, exports play a key role in the economies of most developing countries. Many economists such as Ram (1987) and Ekanayake (1999) prove that good exports performance make big contribution to economic growth. The third essay investigates the hypothesis whether exports volume of Indonesia, Philippine, Singapore, and Thailand are effected by exchange rate volatility of their main export receiving countries, i.e., U.S. and Japan. During the period 1980-2010, exports volume in Indonesia, Philippine, Singapore, and Thailand increased fast, and their main export receiving countries were the developed countries, i.e., U.S. and Japan. This study mainly investigates the effects of exchange rate volatility of U.S. and Japan on the exports volume of these exporting countries. Our findings suggest that there are impacts though exchange rate volatility of U.S. and Japan on exports volume of Indonesia, Philippine, Singapore, and Thailand. To investigate this topic is important to help exporters avoid risk and policymakers justify their policies and exchange rates.
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Duczmal, Wojciech. "The rise of private higher education in Poland: policies, markets and strategies." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2006. http://doc.utwente.nl/57443.
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Maria, Monteiro da Fonte Eliane. "Public policies and private gains : integrated rural development in north-east Brazil." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2612/.
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This thesis considers the pivotal role of the State in the process of agrarian change, through the analysis of a rural development project in North-East Brazil. The analytical model adopted here is the new institutionalism approach in development theory. New institutionalism emphasises the institutional context within which individuals preferences are determined. In development studies it argues that the capacity of the State to promote equitable development depends, not simply upon the utility maximising behaviour of actors, but also upon the nature of the States own institutions. To illustrate this argument, this thesis takes as a case study the Integrated Rural Development Project in the Northern Agreste of Pernambuco state. This was one of 43 area-based projects of the larger Programme for the Development of the Integrated Areas of North-East Brazil (POLONORDESTE). It was the major programme implemented by the Brazilian State, designed specifically to raise productivity and income of small farms in the region. This study provides historical information on the way the national and local political environment shapes the State's intervention and its role in agrarian development. In doing this, this study argues that to understand patterns of rural development, scholars should attach greater significance to the capacity for autonomous choice on the part of local level actors, both public and private, in shaping rural development policy. The information on the policy process and the achievements of the project was provided by unstructured and semistructured interviews, participant observation and informal contacts at project management level and local level, the archival sources of the project and oral histories of participants. The material on household farms was provided by a panel study of 340 sampled farms located in six selected municipalities of the Northern Agreste, undertaken at the beginning and at the end of the project. This analysis examined some of the transformations taking place in the Northern Agreste farming activities under the impact of State intervention and how the benefits of development policy were distributed among different classes of producers. It also examined economic and political interactions resulting from State action at local level. The limits and possibilities of peasants raising their standard of living are investigated, according to an analysis of their livelihood strategies and the support given by the project. The main conclusion of this thesis is that integrated rural development projects could result in strong support for the small farm sector, especially for those groups of small farmers with a sufficient resource endowment, particularly land, enabling them to respond to incentives to increase their market surplus. The non-interference of the project in the structure of land-distribution, has left a large segment of the landless rural population and some smallholder farmers without sufficient or secure land, since these groups were excluded from the project's agricultural components. For these peasants, the project led only to an increase in non-farm employment opportunities and access to collective goods provided to some villages. The State's physical presence in rural areas, however, has pluralized power at local level, breaking the former fusion of wealth and power of the local landed elite. Thus, patronage was "democratised" at local level as public goods were diverted to favour some rural poor.
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Eskyte, Ieva. "Creating effective customer policies for disabled people in the mainstream private market." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12911/.
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This thesis explores inequality and exclusion of disabled people as customers in the European single market and identifies potential causes of market inaccessibility and opportunities for creating more effective customer policies. The study adapted the concept of the ‘travel chain’ and examined disabled customers’ experience in acquiring customer information, traveling to the shop, navigating retail premises, and interacting in a shop. While the capitalistic nature of and processes in the market prohibit customers from fully exercising customer freedom and choice, for disabled people, customer participation is even more difficult and restrained. Putting forward the experiences of people with impairments gathered through mystery shopping and semi-structured interviews (in Lithuania and the UK) formed the foundation of this research. It was augmented by stakeholders of the European single market for information and communication technology products as well as civil society’s insights gathered through covert observations and semi-structured interviews. This stage of the research investigated the stakeholders’ actual lifeworld regarding disabled customers and market accessibility, power relations among them and access to the formulation of discourse in the public sphere. The presented work has been influenced by the social model of disability, which, combined with Habermas’ theory of communicative action, provided deeper understanding into multiple levels (global, regional and national) of the social, political and attitudinal factors shaping business, civil society and disabled customers’ experiences and realities. A range of overlapping restrictions emerged within discussions about shopping experience challenging legal construction of disabled people as ‘vulnerable’ consumers because of their impairments. They demonstrate how disabled customers’ exclusion is shaped by ableism, as well as the state and business’ focus on non-disabled citizens and customers. The role played by business and civil society’s notions of and ascribed values to disabled customers and market accessibility has been relatively overlooked in the existing disability literature. As well, there has been a focus on the ‘social dimension’ of this issue within the European Union policy context rather than the single market aspect. This study therefore directly addresses the single market dimension and reveals significant tensions between global, regional and national policy instruments. It has also shown how policy frameworks within which the actors operate and certain business’ practices often create further disabling lifeworld in terms of market accessibility and disabled customer equality, in addition to shaping 5 unequal power relations and eliminating certain actors and disabled customers from accessing the formulation of the discourse in the public sphere. This limits availability of accessible products, links product accessibility features with individuals’ ‘accessibility needs’, creates division between disabled and non-disabled ICT users and customers, forbids stakeholders from creating comprehensive and quality knowledge and additionally prevents knowledge innovation and its implementation. Taken together, this all inhibits the assurance of disabled peoples’ rights established in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. By highlighting these issues, the work here argues that cooperative action is needed to address the problem and raises questions about what types of policy framework the European Union and national governments should introduce in order to encourage the private market to take into account aspects of accessibility for disabled customers.
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Scheffler, Thomas. "Privacy enforcement with data owner-defined policies." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6793/.
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This thesis proposes a privacy protection framework for the controlled distribution and use of personal private data. The framework is based on the idea that privacy policies can be set directly by the data owner and can be automatically enforced against the data user.
Data privacy continues to be a very important topic, as our dependency on electronic communication maintains its current growth, and private data is shared between multiple devices, users and locations. The growing amount and the ubiquitous availability of personal private data increases the likelihood of data misuse.
Early privacy protection techniques, such as anonymous email and payment systems have focused on data avoidance and anonymous use of services. They did not take into account that data sharing cannot be avoided when people participate in electronic communication scenarios that involve social interactions. This leads to a situation where data is shared widely and uncontrollably and in most cases the data owner has no control over further distribution and use of personal private data.
Previous efforts to integrate privacy awareness into data processing workflows have focused on the extension of existing access control frameworks with privacy aware functions or have analysed specific individual problems such as the expressiveness of policy languages. So far, very few implementations of integrated privacy protection mechanisms exist and can be studied to prove their effectiveness for privacy protection. Second level issues that stem from practical application of the implemented mechanisms, such as usability, life-time data management and changes in trustworthiness have received very little attention so far, mainly because they require actual implementations to be studied.
Most existing privacy protection schemes silently assume that it is the privilege of the data user to define the contract under which personal private data is released. Such an approach simplifies policy management and policy enforcement for the data user, but leaves the data owner with a binary decision to submit or withhold his or her personal data based on the provided policy.
We wanted to empower the data owner to express his or her privacy preferences through privacy policies that follow the so-called Owner-Retained Access Control (ORAC) model. ORAC has been proposed by McCollum, et al. as an alternate access control mechanism that leaves the authority over access decisions by the originator of the data.
The data owner is given control over the release policy for his or her personal data, and he or she can set permissions or restrictions according to individually perceived trust values. Such a policy needs to be expressed in a coherent way and must allow the deterministic policy evaluation by different entities.
The privacy policy also needs to be communicated from the data owner to the data user, so that it can be enforced. Data and policy are stored together as a Protected Data Object that follows the Sticky Policy paradigm as defined by Mont, et al. and others.
We developed a unique policy combination approach that takes usability aspects for the creation and maintenance of policies into consideration. Our privacy policy consists of three parts: A Default Policy provides basic privacy protection if no specific rules have been entered by the data owner. An Owner Policy part allows the customisation of the default policy by the data owner. And a so-called Safety Policy guarantees that the data owner cannot specify disadvantageous policies, which, for example, exclude him or her from further access to the private data. The combined evaluation of these three policy-parts yields the necessary access decision.
The automatic enforcement of privacy policies in our protection framework is supported by a reference monitor implementation. We started our work with the development of a client-side protection mechanism that allows the enforcement of data-use restrictions after private data has been released to the data user. The client-side enforcement component for data-use policies is based on a modified Java Security Framework. Privacy policies are translated into corresponding Java permissions that can be automatically enforced by the Java Security Manager.
When we later extended our work to implement server-side protection mechanisms, we found several drawbacks for the privacy enforcement through the Java Security Framework. We solved this problem by extending our reference monitor design to use Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) and the Java Reflection API to intercept data accesses in existing applications and provide a way to enforce data owner-defined privacy policies for business applications.Im Rahmen der Dissertation wurde ein Framework für die Durchsetzung von Richtlinien zum Schutz privater Daten geschaffen, welches darauf setzt, dass diese Richtlinien oder Policies direkt von den Eigentümern der Daten erstellt werden und automatisiert durchsetzbar sind. Der Schutz privater Daten ist ein sehr wichtiges Thema im Bereich der elektronischen Kommunikation, welches durch die fortschreitende Gerätevernetzung und die Verfügbarkeit und Nutzung privater Daten in Onlinediensten noch an Bedeutung gewinnt. In der Vergangenheit wurden verschiedene Techniken für den Schutz privater Daten entwickelt: so genannte Privacy Enhancing Technologies. Viele dieser Technologien arbeiten nach dem Prinzip der Datensparsamkeit und der Anonymisierung und stehen damit der modernen Netznutzung in Sozialen Medien entgegen. Das führt zu der Situation, dass private Daten umfassend verteilt und genutzt werden, ohne dass der Datenbesitzer gezielte Kontrolle über die Verteilung und Nutzung seiner privaten Daten ausüben kann. Existierende richtlinienbasiert Datenschutztechniken gehen in der Regel davon aus, dass der Nutzer und nicht der Eigentümer der Daten die Richtlinien für den Umgang mit privaten Daten vorgibt. Dieser Ansatz vereinfacht das Management und die Durchsetzung der Zugriffsbeschränkungen für den Datennutzer, lässt dem Datenbesitzer aber nur die Alternative den Richtlinien des Datennutzers zuzustimmen, oder keine Daten weiterzugeben. Es war daher unser Ansatz die Interessen des Datenbesitzers durch die Möglichkeit der Formulierung eigener Richtlinien zu stärken. Das dabei verwendete Modell zur Zugriffskontrolle wird auch als Owner-Retained Access Control (ORAC) bezeichnet und wurde 1990 von McCollum u.a. formuliert. Das Grundprinzip dieses Modells besteht darin, dass die Autorität über Zugriffsentscheidungen stets beim Urheber der Daten verbleibt. Aus diesem Ansatz ergeben sich zwei Herausforderungen. Zum einen muss der Besitzer der Daten, der Data Owner, in die Lage versetzt werden, aussagekräftige und korrekte Richtlinien für den Umgang mit seinen Daten formulieren zu können. Da es sich dabei um normale Computernutzer handelt, muss davon ausgegangen werden, dass diese Personen auch Fehler bei der Richtlinienerstellung machen. Wir haben dieses Problem dadurch gelöst, dass wir die Datenschutzrichtlinien in drei separate Bereiche mit unterschiedlicher Priorität aufteilen. Der Bereich mit der niedrigsten Priorität definiert grundlegende Schutzeigenschaften. Der Dateneigentümer kann diese Eigenschaften durch eigene Regeln mittlerer Priorität überschrieben. Darüber hinaus sorgt ein Bereich mit Sicherheitsrichtlinien hoher Priorität dafür, dass bestimmte Zugriffsrechte immer gewahrt bleiben. Die zweite Herausforderung besteht in der gezielten Kommunikation der Richtlinien und deren Durchsetzung gegenüber dem Datennutzer (auch als Data User bezeichnet). Um die Richtlinien dem Datennutzer bekannt zu machen, verwenden wir so genannte Sticky Policies. Das bedeutet, dass wir die Richtlinien über eine geeignete Kodierung an die zu schützenden Daten anhängen, so dass jederzeit darauf Bezug genommen werden kann und auch bei der Verteilung der Daten die Datenschutzanforderungen der Besitzer erhalten bleiben. Für die Durchsetzung der Richtlinien auf dem System des Datennutzers haben wir zwei verschiedene Ansätze entwickelt. Wir haben einen so genannten Reference Monitor entwickelt, welcher jeglichen Zugriff auf die privaten Daten kontrolliert und anhand der in der Sticky Policy gespeicherten Regeln entscheidet, ob der Datennutzer den Zugriff auf diese Daten erhält oder nicht. Dieser Reference Monitor wurde zum einen als Client-seitigen Lösung implementiert, die auf dem Sicherheitskonzept der Programmiersprache Java aufsetzt. Zum anderen wurde auch eine Lösung für Server entwickelt, welche mit Hilfe der Aspekt-orientierten Programmierung den Zugriff auf bestimmte Methoden eines Programms kontrollieren kann. In dem Client-seitigen Referenzmonitor werden Privacy Policies in Java Permissions übersetzt und automatisiert durch den Java Security Manager gegenüber beliebigen Applikationen durchgesetzt. Da dieser Ansatz beim Zugriff auf Daten mit anderer Privacy Policy den Neustart der Applikation erfordert, wurde für den Server-seitigen Referenzmonitor ein anderer Ansatz gewählt. Mit Hilfe der Java Reflection API und Methoden der Aspektorientierten Programmierung gelang es Datenzugriffe in existierenden Applikationen abzufangen und erst nach Prüfung der Datenschutzrichtlinie den Zugriff zuzulassen oder zu verbieten. Beide Lösungen wurden auf ihre Leistungsfähigkeit getestet und stellen eine Erweiterung der bisher bekannten Techniken zum Schutz privater Daten dar.
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Lopes, Cleber da Silva. "Como se vigia os vigias : o controle da Policia Federal sobre a segurança privada." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281642.
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Orientador: Andrei KoernerDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A emergência da segurança privada e de organizações e agentes particulares que provêem policiamento de maneira informal colocaram novos problemas para a efetivação dos direitos civis na sociedade brasileira. O trabalho analisa o controle estatal sobre a segurança privada exercido pela Polícia Federal no período 1996-2006. Constata que nos últimos quatro anos ocorreram melhoras nos instrumentos legais que visam assegurar policiamento privado responsável publicamente, mas persistem regras deficientes e mecanismos frágeis para incentivar o controle interno e o controle externo da segurança privada. Verifica também melhoras na capacidade fiscalizadora da Polícia Federal sobre o universo legal da segurança privada, mas permanece baixa e limitada a sua capacidade para fiscalizar o universo informal dos provedores particulares de policiamento
Abstract: The private security emergency and of organizations and private agents that provide policing in an informal way they put new problems for the effectives of the civil rights in the Brazilian society. The work analyzes the state control on the private security exercised by the Federal Police in the period 1996-2006. The study verifies that in the last four years they happened improvements in the legal instruments that they seek to assure responsible policing openly, but they persist deficient rules and fragile mechanisms to motivate the internal control and the private security external control. It also verifies improvements in the capacity supervise of the Federal Police on the private security legal universe, but it stays low and limited his capacity to supervise the providers' peculiar of policing informal universe
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência Política
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Jakobsson, Cecilia. "Motivational and volitional control of private automobile use : the effectiveness of transport policies /." Göteborg : Dept. of Psychology, Göteborg University, 2004. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010775930&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Braxton, Symeon O. "The Financial Implications of No-Loan Policies at Private Elite Liberal Arts Colleges." Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10283611.
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Today 17 elite private colleges in the U.S. have offered no-loan policies, which replace student loans with grants, scholarships and/or work-study in the financial aid packages awarded to all undergraduate students eligible for financial aid. Generally, the goal of these policies is to increase the socioeconomic diversity of campuses and to reduce the amount students borrow to finance their education. However, since the 2007–2008 credit crisis two colleges eliminated their no-loan policies for all students on financial aid and several restricted the policies to their lower-income students on financial aid. Therefore, this qualitative case study explored the financial implications of no-loan financial aid at private elite liberal arts colleges.
Leaders from various offices involved in planning and implementing no-loan policies at four colleges were interviewed: two campuses that maintained their full no-loan policies after the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and two that did not. The leaders were interviewed to understand how no-loan policies were financed and managed; how they affected operating budgets and other academic priorities; and how they were communicated to college constituents.
Findings from this study provided a more nuanced understanding of why some schools maintained and others retracted no-loan financial aid. Contrary to reports in the news, endowment losses, while symbolic of financial distress, were not the only reason that schools retracted no-loan policies. Endowment losses in the context of other internal and external budget pressures resulting from the credit crisis and Great Recession led to this decision. Each college in this study made a series of tradeoffs in how to balance mission and market pressures in a new budget reality where all three of their primary revenue sources were constrained. These competing priorities included how to increase faculty lines and compensation, reduce teaching loads, fund capital projects, reduce student loan debt, and distribute scholarship aid to ensure proportional socioeconomic diversity on campus. Higher education policymakers and leaders can use this study’s findings to improve institutional policies and practices in higher education finance.
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Amaral, Maria Clara Ede. "Relações público-privado na educação de Mato Grosso." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/253936.
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Orientador: Luiz Carlos de FreitasTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a implementação de duas parcerias público-privado entre a Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Mato Grosso e as seguintes entidades: Fundação CESGRANRIO, no ano de 2006, e o Instituto Ayrton Senna, entre 2007 e 2008. Dentre os referenciais teóricos selecionados para análise, destacam-se autores que tratam da reconfiguração do papel do Estado a partir da década de 1990, da diminuição de sua atuação no campo educacional, de organizações do Terceiro Setor em substituição ao papel do Estado e de parcerias público-privado na área educacional. Além disso, utilizamos os conceitos de neoliberalismo e de Terceira Via, qualidade social e suas relações com a Avaliação em Larga Escala e o IDEB. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, cujos instrumentos de coleta de dados constaram de entrevistas individuais, grupos focais e análise dos dados do SAEB/Prova Brasil e IDEB, utilizando-se para análise e organização dos dados, a partir da triangulação de métodos de coleta, a análise de conteúdo. Este estudo teve como campo de investigação os municípios de Cáceres/MT e Cuiabá/MT e compõe-se de três diferentes instâncias da rede: a) a Secretaria de Estado de Educação - SEDUC; b) os CEFAPROs dos polos de Cáceres e Cuiabá; c) as escolas da rede nos dois municípios sede que estiveram envolvidas nas parcerias. Os resultados apontam as contradições que envolvem a relação público-privado na implementação de políticas públicas, sinalizando para seu aspecto dinâmico e intricado; a falta de transparência na contratação das parcerias; a forte precarização e intensificação do trabalho docente, em especial na parceria com o IAS. Por fim, a análise dos dados da Avaliação Nacional mostrou que não podemos afirmar com convicção que as parcerias por si só elevaram a proficiência e os índices do IDEB
Abstract: This study aims at analyzing the implementation of two public-private partnerships between the Department of Education of the State of Mato Grosso and the following agencies: CESGRANRIO Foundation in 2006 and Ayrton Senna Institute (IAS) in 2007 and 2008. As theoretical references selected to support the analysis, the study has relied on authors that have addressed the reconfiguration of the role of the State from the 1990s, its decreased action in the educational field, the replacement of the State with Third Sector organizations, and public-private partnerships in the educational area. In addition, we have used the concepts of neoliberalism, Third Way, social quality and their relations with the Large-Scale Evaluation and IDEB. This is a qualitative research whose instruments for data collection included individual interviews, focus groups and analysis of data from SAEB/Prova Brasil and IDEB, with the use of content analysis for data analysis and organization with a triangulation of collection methods. The study was carried out in the cities of Caceres/MT and Cuiaba/MT and involved three different network points: a) the State Department of Education - SEDUC; b) CEFAPROS of Caceres and Cuiaba; c) the schools engaged in partnerships in both cities. The results have pointed out contradictions in the public-private relationship along the implementation of public policies, thus signaling their dynamic and intricate features; the lack of transparency in partnership agreements; the strong precarization and intensification of teacher work, particularly in the partnerships with IAS. Finally, the analysis of data from the National Evaluation has shown that it is not possible to firmly state that partnerships alone have increased proficiency and IDEB indexes
Doutorado
Ensino e Práticas Culturais
Doutora em Educação
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Hjulstad, Ingrid. "Privacy Policies for Location-Aware Social Network Services." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for telematikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13807.
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The combination of location-awareness and social networks has introduced systems containing an increased amount of protection-worthy personal information, creating the need for improved privacy control from a user point of view.End-user privacy requirements were derived from identified end-user privacy preferences. These requirements were used to evaluate current Location-Aware Social Network Services' (LASNSs') end-user privacy control as well as help develop relevant enhancements.These requirements allows users to be able to control (if they wish) which of the objects related to them are accessed by whom, in what way and under which conditions. Two enhancement ideas which together helps fulfill this requirement have been presented. The few LASNSs offering the user access control rule specification only provides a small list of pre-defined subjects (e.g. "Friends", "Everyone"). This list is too limited for specification of many fine-grained privacy preferences. With a more extensive implementation of Role Based Access Control (RBAC) in LASNSs, with the user as the system administrator of roles, users will be able to create roles (e.g "colleague", "close friend", "family"), assign them to their connections, and specify these roles as subjects in access control rules. The user will also be allowed to specify conditions, under which subject(s)/role(s) can access an object. These conditions can be based on system attributes of the object owner (e.g location), the subject requesting access (e.g age) or external attributes (e.g time). A suitable user-friendly access control user interface has been proposed, showing how this can be presented in an effective and understandable way to the user. A few example user privacy preferences, each one representing one of the identified end-user privacy control requirements have been translated from data sent to the system through the proposed interface, into formal languages like Datalog and XACML.Current end-user privacy control can be improved, by making more fine-grained access control rule specification possible, through the proposed enhancements, suitable both from an end-user perspective and from a developer's point of view.
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Johnson, Brian M. "An examination of Academic Integrity Policies, Standards, and Programs at Public and Private Intstitutions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34380.
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Academic dishonesty is a major dilemma for institutions of higher learning. Cheating behaviors among students have been documented as early as 1941 when Drake conducted a study that indicated that 23% of students cheated. Since then percentages of students involved in cheating and academic dishonesty have increased. Students are now cheating at an alarming rate as evidenced in a study by McCabe and Trevino (1993) where 52% of 6,000 undergraduate students surveyed admitted cheating on an exam by copying from another student.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the extent to which academic integrity policies, standards, and programs differ by institutional type. Specifically, the study focused on the academic integrity policy of each institution, the promotion of standards, and the academic integrity program.
Data were collected using the Academic Integrity Survey originally developed by Kibler (1993) and modified for use in this study. The survey consisted of 48 questions designed to measure the differences between academic integrity policies, standards, and programs by institution type.
The findings revealed significant difference in three of the five areas. These findings suggest that private institutions are developing honor code systems, training faculty more, and seeing better results from their academic dishonesty initiatives than private institutions.Master of Arts
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Harper, Jennifer L. "Fusion center privacy policies does one size fit all? /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FHarper.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Rollins, John. Second Reader: Petrie, Michael. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Fusion center, privacy policy, civil liberties, information and analysis center, New Hampshire. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-96). Also available in print.
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Sowell, Jesse H. II (Jesse Horton). "Deficiencies in online privacy policies : factors and policy recommendations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62110.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-121).
Online service providers (OSPs) such as Google, Yahoo!, and Amazon provide customized features that do not behave as conventional experience goods. Absent familiar metaphors, unraveling the full. scope and implications of attendant privacy hazards requires technical knowledge, creating information asymmetries for casual users. While a number of information asymmetries are proximately rooted in the substantive content of OSP privacy policies, the lack of countervailing standards guidelines can be traced to systemic failures on the part of privacy regulating institutions. In particular, the EU Data Protection Directive (EU-DPD) and the US Safe Harbor Agreement (US-SHA) are based on comprehensive norms, but do not provide pragmatic guidelines for addressing emerging privacy hazards in a timely manner. The dearth of substantive privacy standards for behavioral advertising and emerging location-based services highlight these gaps. To explore this problem, the privacy policies of ten large OSPs were evaluated in terms of strategies for complying with the EU-DPD and US-SHA and in terms of their role as tools for enabling informed decision-making. Analysis of these policies shows that OSPs do little more than comply with the black letter of the EU-DPD and USSHA. Tacit data collection is an illustrative instance. OSP privacy policies satisfice by acknowledging the nominal mechanisms behind tacit data collection supporting services that "enhance and customize the user experience," but these metaphors do not sufficiently elaborate the privacy implications necessary for the user to make informed choices. In contrast, privacy advocates prefer "privacy and surveillance" metaphors that draw users attention away from the immediate gratification of customized services. Although OSPs do bear some responsibility, neither the EU-DPD nor the US-SHA provide the guidance or incentives necessary to develop more substantive privacy standards. In light of these deficiencies, this work identifies an alternative, collaborative approach to the design of privacy standards. OSPs often obscure emerging privacy hazards in favor of promoting innovative services. Privacy advocates err on the other side, giving primacy to "surveillance" metaphors and obscuring the utility of information based services. Rather than forcing users to unravel the conflicting metaphors, collaborative approaches focus on surfacing shared concerns. The collaborative approach presented here attempts to create a forum in which OSPs, advertisers, regulators, and civil society organizations contribute to a strategic menu of technical and policy options that highlight mutually beneficial paths to second best solutions. Particular solutions are developed through a process of issue (re)framing focused on identifying common metaphors that highlight shared concerns, reduce overall information asymmetries, and surface the requirements for governance and privacy tools that address emerging risks. To illustrate this reframing process, common deficiencies identified in the set of privacy policies are presented along with strategic options and examples of potential reframings.
by Jesse H. Sowell, II.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Mureithi, John Gachagua. "Hepatitis B vaccination policies and coverage for nurse working at public and private hospitals in Tshwane, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/248.
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Thesis (MPH)--University of Limpopo, 2009.BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the major cause of hepatitis in South Africa (SA), with an estimated 4 million carriers. It is transmitted by infected blood and other body fluids, placing health care workers (HCWs) at high risk of infection. The SA Department of Health strongly recommends that all HCWs be vaccinated against HBV, but studies have shown that uptake of the vaccine is sub-optimal. This study aimed to estimate HB vaccination coverage levels among nurses, and describe the demographics and characteristics of the HB vaccination policies associated with different levels of coverage, at private and public hospitals in Tshwane. METHODS: This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study on 300 randomly selected nurses and 12 chief infection control officers (CICOs) from 13 hospitals (6 public and 7 private) in Tshwane performing high risk procedures. CICOs were asked questions about HB vaccination policies and coverage, while nurses were asked about demographics, HB vaccination status, and the HB vaccination policies of their institutions. RESULTS: The response rate was 84.3% (253/300) for nurses, and 75% (9/12) for CICOs. Of the nurses, 68.0% (172/253) were vaccinated, and logistic regression analysis found that those statistically significantly most likely to be vaccinated were: 30 years and younger (odds ratio [OR]=2.9; 95% CI: 1.11–7.59); employed in private hospitals (OR=3.0; 95% CI: 1.24–7.32); and graduated after 1990 (OR=2.6; 95% CI: 1.10–6.19). Also, logistic regression analysis found two statistically significant policy-related predictor for vaccination uptake, which was the presence of HB vaccination program (OR=4.6; 95% CI: 2.11-10.06); and compulsory HB vaccination (OR=2.8; 95% CI: 1.37-5.70. CONCLUSION: There is a need for a national policy on HB vaccination of HCWs which should include compulsory vaccination, to increase the vaccination coverage level amongst nurses.
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Crook, A. D. H. "Improving private rented sector : the impact of changes in ownership and of local authority policies." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385742.
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Walsh, T. "Pay and employment in GB private service sector with particular reference to the hotel and catering and retailing industries." Thesis, University of Bath, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379580.
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Law, Pui-man. "An empirical analysis of the impacts of government policies on private housing prices in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholars Hub, 2005. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B3793613X.
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Ho, Ka-yin Catherine, and 何家燕. "Management and maintenance of aged private buildings: changes in thestrategies and policies of the HKSAR government." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B35819716.
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Corrêia, Juliane Cristine Alves 1985. "O setor privado sem fins lucrativos e as políticas públicas de esporte e lazer (2008-2011) = The non-profitable private sector and the public policies for sport and leisure (2008-2011)." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275017.
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Orientador: Lino Castellani FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física
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Resumo: O intenso crescimento do setor privado sem fins lucrativos a partir da década de 1990 gerou uma série de estudos, sobretudo por conta dos impactos sofridos pelas políticas sociais a partir deste período. Isto porque, colocou-se em prática uma série de medidas neoliberais com o intuito de integrar macroeconomicamente países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Dentre tais medidas se destaca a desresponsabilização do Estado em relação à garantia dos direitos sociais historicamente construídos por meio dos diversos processos de luta dos movimentos sociais. O esporte e o lazer, entendidos como direitos, não escaparam às consequências de tais políticas, passando a ser, em grande medida, oferecidos por entidades de direito privado, o que coloca em cheque - dentre outras questões - a garantia de acesso universal a estas práticas. Diante desse processo, o presente trabalho aborda a presença do setor privado sem fins lucrativos no interior das políticas públicas de esporte e lazer por meio do financiamento público de suas ações. Para tanto, analisamos o projeto de um "terceiro setor" em contraposição às proposições centradas no conceito de sociedade civil. Para alcançar tal objetivo realizamos um mapeamento das organizações privadas que foram financiadas pelo Governo Federal para executar ações de esporte e lazer no Brasil no período de 2008 a 2011. Tal levantamento possibilitou que desconstruíssemos a proposta de um "terceiro setor" tido como um espaço homogêneo, no qual prevaleceria a solidariedade, justiça, eficiência e de representação das aspirações dispersas na sociedade. Ao contrário, os resultados encontrados evidenciam um grupo extremamente heterogêneo, no qual estão presentes organizações com as mais distintas metas. Por fim, buscamos demonstrar que a transferência do papel do Estado, enquanto instância garantidora de direitos, para o setor privado sem fins lucrativos é funcional a lógica do capital na medida em que não contribui para a real universalização dos direitos sociais, e, por consequência, não caminha rumo ao estabelecimento da democracia enquanto projeto societário de caráter totalizante
Abstract: The strong growth of the non-profitable private sector from the 1990s generated a series of studies, mainly due to the impacts suffered by social policies during that period. This is because, it was put into practice a series of neoliberal measures in order to integrate macro-economically developing countries such as Brazil. Among such measures, the process in which the State abdicates the responsibility related to the guarantee of social rights - historically constructed through the various processes of struggle of social movements - stands out. Sport and leisure, comprehended as rights, did not escape the consequences of such policies, becoming, largely provided by private entities, which jeopardizes - among other issues - the universal access to these practices . Given this process, this paper investigates the presence of the non-profitable private sector in the public policies of sport and leisure through the public financing of their actions. Therefore, we analyzed the design of a "third sector" as opposed to the proposals centered on the concept of civil society. To achieve this goal, we conducted a mapping of private organizations that were funded by the Federal Government to run sports and leisure activities in Brazil during the period 2008 to 2011. This survey enabled us to deconstruct the proposal of a "third sector" taken as a homogeneous space, that represented the aspirations dispersed in society and in which solidarity, fairness and efficiency prevail. Instead, the results present an extremely heterogeneous group, composed by organizations with a variety of distinct goals. Finally, we demonstrate that the transfer of the State's role as responsible to guarantee rights, towards the non-profitable private sector collaborates to the logic of the capital since it does not contribute to the real universalization of social rights, and therefore, it does not represent a movement in the direction of the establishment of democracy as a totalizing project of society
Mestrado
Educação Fisica e Sociedade
Mestre em Educação Física
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Ogera, Rita de Cássia. ""Análise de gestão local e estadual dos serviços de água e esgoto no estado de São Paulo, 1996 - 2000"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-19072005-171629/.
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A deficiência de saneamento básico no Brasil está entre os seus cinco maiores problemas de poluição. Tais problemas concentram-se principalmente nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste. Embora as regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil apresentem melhores condições em relação ao abastecimento de água e ao esgotamento sanitário, o índice de tratamento de esgotos é baixo em vários municípios. Desde a extinção do PLANASA, o Brasil não conta com políticas públicas nacionais para o saneamento básico, o que leva estados e municípios a políticas públicas próprias. Daí o desafio em analisar a gestão dos serviços de água e esgoto em alguns municípios de grande porte do Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1996 a 2000. Os municípios selecionados foram: Campinas, Santo André, São José dos Campos e Santos. Nos Municípios de Campinas e Santo André, a gestão desses serviços encontra-se na esfera de governo municipal. Já nos Municípios de São José dos Campos e Santos, a gestão encontra-se na esfera de governo estadual. Parte-se da hipótese de que há diferenças na eficiência e na eficácia da gestão desses serviços, no que se refere a esferas de governo, estadual ou municipal e, na existência de políticas públicas e de governo. Os métodos adotados para comprovar a hipótese desta tese foram: pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, aplicação de questionários, investigação explicativa fundamentada pela teoria, seguida de análise dos resultados. Políticas públicas e políticas de governo foram tomadas como parâmetros para analisar as diferenças na eficiência e na eficácia da gestão desses serviços. Entre as diferenças na eficiência e na eficácia da gestão municipal e estadual têm-se que: a gestão municipal mostrou-se eficiente nos aspectos analisados em relação a água e esgoto. Essa mesma gestão municipal mostrou-se eficaz nos aspectos analisados em relação a água porém, ineficaz no aspecto esgoto no que se refere ao índice de tratamento. A gestão estadual mostrou-se eficiente nos aspectos analisados em relação a água e esgoto, à medida em que, os partidos políticos do órgão gestor do município e do órgão gestor desses serviços compartilham com as mesmas questões ideológicas.Deficiencies in basic public sanitation in Brazil count as one of the nations major five pollution problems. They concentrate mainly in North, Northeast and Center-West areas. Though South and Southeast areas live under better conditions regarding water supply and sewage sanitation, the sewage treatment index is still poor in many cities. Since PLANASAs extinction, Brazil has been deprived from public national policies for basic sanitation. This forces States and cities to define their own policies. Therefore, the challenge of analyzing water and sewage management services in some big cities from São Paulo State, for the 1996-2000 period. To this end Campinas, Santo André, São José dos Campos, and Santos were the chosen cities. In Campinas and Santo André, the services management is local. As for São José dos Campos and Santos, the administration belongs to State level. Differences in efficiency and effectiveness of the administration of these services are supposed to happen when State or local government levels are compared, as well as when public and government policies are proposed. To probe this hypothesis a few methods were employed, namely, bibliographic and documental researches, question forms to be filled, investigation and explanatory based on theory, followed by a results analysis. Public policies and government policies were taken as parameters to analyze differences in the efficiency and effectiveness of the services management. Regarding the differences in efficiency and effectiveness between local and State managements, it can be said that the city approach to water and sewage treatments administration showed to be efficient as far as the analyzed aspects are concerned. The same city administration showed to be effective regarding the water aspects analyzed, although it proved to be ineffective as far as the sewage treatment index was concerned. The State management proved to be efficient about the water and sewage aspects analyzed, since the political parties of the local administration agency and of the administration agency of the water and sewage services share the same ideological views.