Academic literature on the topic 'Private military companies – United States'
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Journal articles on the topic "Private military companies – United States"
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Shishmonin, Sergey Vladimirovich. "EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN THE WORLD." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 9 (2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-9-107-113.
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In a rapidly changing and unstable situation on the world stage, private military companies are present and developing very effectively in the military sphere. Relation to private military companies is a relatively new actors in the military sphere, is not clear. The history of formation and development of these organizations is short, but very bright. Mercenarism and prototypes of private military companies were known in ancient times. We show the evolution of private military companies from mercenaries to modern companies. In the modern sense of the term private military companies began to be actively created only in the middle of the 20th century. European states, in particular, the United States, played an active role in these processes. This state also went down in history as the first legally regulate the activities of military companies. In just over half a century, private military companies have been involved in many military conflicts and have proven to be a highly mobile and versatile tool for addressing geopolitical and state tasks. Since the early of 21th century, international private corporations and enterprises have become interested in the services of these organizations. The private-military segment of the market is developing very actively and steadily in the conditions of the modern world situation.
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Skuratova, A. Yu, and E. E. Korolkova. "Private military and security companies in international law." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-4-81-94.
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INTRODUCTION. The article analyses the sources of international law, national legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as that of certain foreign States regulating the operation of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in armed conflict. The article highlights the out-comes of the work of the UN Special Rapporteurs and Working Groups to study the activity of PMSCs and the impact it had on the observance of human rights. The authors further analyze the status of PMSC personnel under international humanitarian law. The article also looks at the positions expressed by the delegations of Member States during the discussion of the 2010 Draft Convention on Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) and provides recommendations for developing an appropriate international regulatory framework. The authors also examined State practice of the implementation of the The Montreux Document on Pertinent International Legal Obligations and Good Practices for Statesт Related to Operations of Private Military and Security Companies During Armed Conflict related to the operation of private military and security companies during armed conflict.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article contains an analysis of the main sources of international law, the documents drafted by the United Nations International Law Commission, special rapporteurs and working groups on the matter, and State practice. It also addresses Russian and foreign legal scholarship. From a methodological perspective, this study relied on the general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systemic approach) and private legal methods of knowledge (formal-legal, comparative legal studies).RESEARCH RESULTS. Based on the study, it is argued that an international treaty should be adopted to regulate the activities of PMSCs, which would establish mechanisms to monitor and hold PMSCs and their employees legally accountable.
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Shishmonin, Sergey Vladimirovich. "Private military companies: problems and prospects of legal regulation in Russian Federation." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 10 (2019): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-10-235-242.
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In today’s world in a market economy condition and a complex geopolitical situation quite actively began to develop private military companies. However, the activity of these companies is a very urgent problem of legislative consolidation. We show European experience of private military companies legislative regulation. Especially great success in this field has reached the country, which is the main consumer of military companies services - the United States. However, this issue is becoming more and more urgent for Russia. On the territory of Russia there is a kind of “de facto”: private military companies exist, their activities are not regulated, and all this in the conditions of a legislative ban on mercenarism. Therefore, the need for legislative regulation of the military organizations activities expressed by many representatives of state power. The adoption of the law on private military companies would be a very relevant and safe way to legalize the private military companies activities. We show the main directions of possible decisions implementation by representatives of state bodies of Russia. Small steps in this direction have been taken, however, a full-fledged law has not been adopted at the moment, and the prospects for the implementation of bills in this direction are quite vague.
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Haridha, Frieska, Indra Kusumawardhana, and Muhammad Firjatullah. "Private Boots on The Ground: Meretas Korelasi Kebangkitan Private Military Companies Dengan Globalisasi Ekonomi." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.8.2.222-232.2019.
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This article targets an understanding related to the phenomenon of the rise of the Private Military Company which has strengthened its relations with the State in various conflicts in the world in the era of globalization - especially after the terrorist attacks on the United States in 2001. Using PMC understanding as an actor and the concept of globalization on economy, this paper provides a descriptive analysis of the correlation between the existence of PMC and the process of economic globalization that supports their existence in various conflicts in this world.
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Korol’kova, E. "Evolution of United States’ Private Military and Security Companies: The Case of Afghanistan 2001–2021." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 20, no. 1 (2022): 122–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2022.20.1.68.7.
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The withdrawal of troops on 31 August 2021 which was carried out in accordance with the Agreement signed on 29 February 2020 between the U.S. government and the Taliban (an international terrorist organization banned in the Russian Federation) marked the end of the international military campaign in Afghanistan which lasted twenty years. Assessing the preliminary outcomes of nearly a quarter-century of the US military and their NATO allies’ presence in Afghanistan, U.S. President Joseph Biden announced the end of “an era of major military operations to remake other countries”. Though the consequences of the Western coalition campaign in the area remain to be evaluated and they are unlikely to turn out to be unequivocal, the Atlantic strategy aimed at rebuilding and democratization of Afghanistan proved itself as bankrupt. Our research focuses on the way the twenty-year military campaign in Afghanistan affected the development of the U.S. private military and security companies (PMSC) industry. For these purposes, we, firstly, studied and traced the transformation of the private military and security services market in the U.S., and examined the changes of approaches and mechanisms used to contract PMSCs. Secondly, we analyzed the way the U.S. authorities addressed the challenges new market evoked, focusing on the measures of legal regulation that were applied to PMSCs, and the way the working of the U.S. institutional mechanisms was transforming. The final part of the research contains conclusions on the perspectives for the development of the American PMSC industry after the withdrawal of the U.S. troops from Afghanistan. We believe that due to its duration and continuity, the Afghan operation ensured a launchpad for the PMSC industry and provided conditions for private military and security companies to acquire and master high-end experience which in turn, contributed to the development of a certain market that goes well beyond the involvement of conventional human capital. It provided solutions for the production, utilization, and maintenance of the equipment and technologies, allowing the minimization of the direct participation of specialists in hostilities. Alongside the development of the American PMSC industry itself, the research studies the investigations conducted by the U.S. authorities into the cases of abuse committed by the contractors during their participation in Afghan war. It discusses the way this practice encouraged the transformations of United States procedures and mechanisms aimed at reducing malpractice when performing contracts and launched changes in U.S. legislation. It also demonstrates the lessons learned by the U.S. from the contractual practice with regard to the regulation of PMSCs. The research reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the American policy regarding PMSCs during the whole period of the military conflict in Afghanistan and helps to evaluate the success of the U.S. efforts in monitoring contractors across Afghanistan. To conclude, we reckon that considerable contractual experience acquired in Afghanistan ensures technological and procedural progress of the U.S. PMSC industry. Given the enduring rivalry between the U.S., Russia, and China, including in the military and technological spheres, the twenty-year experience of direct participation in hostilities by U.S. PMSCs boosted its competitive advantage compared to Russia and China, whose PMSCs still lack such an experience.
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Karska, Elżbieta, and Karol Karski. "Introduction: The Use of Private Military and Security Companies by the United Nations." International Community Law Review 16, no. 4 (October 24, 2014): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341286.
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The work of private military and security contractors is extremely controversial from the point of view of international law and of practice. Sometimes there are doubts as to whether some of their activities should be considered legal activities or illegal mercenarism. Like any other entities using force, they can violate human rights as well as international humanitarian law. They provide their services to, amongst others, states and intergovernmental organisations, including the un. This requires a precise definition of the rules under which such contractors operate, both with regard to the law of treaties and the domestic law of the entities using their services. A question also arises as to whether there is any legal limit to their services being used by intergovernmental organisations, i.e. entities deriving their competences from the will of their member states. The work of the un is an interesting example here. The organisation uses such contractors, but on the other hand, it undertakes various activities to eliminate any potential threats in this respect.
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Maclellan, Nic. "From Fiji to Fallujah: The war on Iraq and the privatisation of Pacific security." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2006): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v12i2.862.
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Since the invasion of Iraq in 2003, private security companies from the United Kingdom and United States have been seeking personnel for their operations in the Middle East, and many hundreds of Fijians have signed up. The privatisation of security, a growing trend in the Middle East and Africa, has reached the shores of the South Pacific and governments have little control over former army personnel employed by private military contractors. This article documents the recruitment of Fijian military personnel for service in Iraq and Kuwait, and the casualties that they have faced. The engagement of former military personnel as private military contractors has spilt over into the Pacific as well—from the 1997 Sandline crisis to current events in Bougainville. Since November 2005, the governments of Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands have tried to resolve a crisis caused by the presence of former Fijian soldiers in Bougainville.
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Kleyhons, Ferdinand. "Les Affreux en Irak. Die Teilprivatisierung des professionellen Blutvergießens in der heutigen Kriegsführung anhand des Beispiels des Irakkriegs." historia.scribere, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.13.637.
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Les Affreux en Irak. The partial privatisation of professional bloodshed in modern warfare exemplified by the Iraq WarAfter the launch of "Operation Iraqi Freedom", the United States of America were engaged in war for the next eight years, in which they heavily relied on the assistance of private companies, known as Private Military Companies (PMC). The following paper uses the Iraq War respectively the following occupation of Iraq as a case study to examine the role of PMCs in modern warfare. It analyses the military branches in which PMCs provided support to the USA, including logistics, training, security, and even intelligence services. It also discusses the advantages as well as disadvantages of PMCs in current combat operations.
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Khalyasov, Ilshat S., and Andrey G. Svetlakov. "TO THE QUESTION OF RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF COUNTERACTION CRIMINALIZATION IN THE MARKET OF SECURITY SERVICES." Today and Tomorrow of Russian Economy, no. 107-108 (2022): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/1993-4947-2022-107-108-05.
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This article discusses the issues of decriminalization of the security services market, the author’s definition of this concept is proposed; the functions of private security companies in the implementation of public and private interests, the scheme of interaction between security officers, security companies, customer organizations and the state in the security services market are presented. The characteristic features of the implementation of security activities in Russia are considered, the powers of security officers are determined, including the protection of the life and health of citizens, the protection of objects and property, consulting, ensuring public order, conducting inspections while ensuring intra-object and access control. The analysis of foreign experience in the implementation of security services in the United States, Germany, Bulgaria and China, as well as the interaction of private security companies with private military companies. The level of salaries of security officers in Russia and foreign countries is presented.
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Reno, William. "The Clinton Administration and Africa: Private Corporate Dimension." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26, no. 2 (1998): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004716070050290x.
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Prior to the start of the colonial era in Africa in the late 19th century, European states conducted relations with African rulers through a variety of means. Formal diplomatic exchanges characterized relations with polities that Europeans recognized as states, between European diplomats and officials of the Congo Kingdom of present-day Angola, Ethiopia, and Liberia, for example. Other African authorities occupied intermediate positions in Europeans’ views of international relations, either because these authorities ruled very small territories, defended no fixed borders, or appeared to outside eyes to be more akin to commercial entrepreneurs than rulers of states. Relations between Europe and these authorities left much more room for proxies and ancillary groups. Missionaries, explorers, and chartered companies commonly became proxies through which strong states in Europe pursued their relations with these African authorities. So too now, stronger states in global society increasingly contract out to private actors their relations toward Africa’s weakest states. Especially in the United States, but also in Great Britain and South Africa, officials show a growing propensity to use foreign firms, including military service companies, as proxies to exercise influence in small, very poor countries where strategic and economic interests are limited. This privatized foreign policy affects the worst-off parts of Africa—states like Angola, the Central African Republic, Liberia, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone—where formal state institutions have collapsed, often amidst long-term warfare and disorder.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Private military companies – United States"
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Lovewine, George C. "Outsourcing the "global war on terrorism" : the use of private military companies to supplement the United States military." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608341.
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Paoliello, Tomaz [UNESP]. "Anatomia de uma empresa militar e de segurança privada: a empresa DynCorp em perspectiva global." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136417.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
As empresas militares e de segurança privada (PMSC) são um novo ator que tem despertado grande atenção nos debates dentro da disciplina Relações Internacionais. Através do estudo de uma companhia especificamente, a norteamericana DynCorp, procuramos investigar qual a natureza desse ator dentro do grande processo de globalização. A literatura sobre as PMSC geralmente apresenta a ideia de que o aparecimento de tais atores tenha ocorrido através de forças de oferta e demanda espontâneas e circunstanciais. A hipótese auxiliar dessa ideia, que os Estados estejam se afastando das novas guerras, é aqui desafiada e substituída por outra. O Estado, particularmente os EUA, se adaptou em sua capacidade de engajamento em conflitos através da contratação das PMSC, e estimulou o crescimento de um mercado de segurança privada. A empresa Dyncorp faz parte desse movimento. Investigaremos a relação de co-constituição, na qual empresas e Estado se articulam para desenvolver o novo “mercado da força”, e o nascimento das PMSC como atores de natureza híbrida, associados às transformações do Estado neoliberal. O estudo da DynCorp se desdobra em três dimensões: sua face empresarial, como companhia transnacional associada às lógicas de mercado; uma face combatente, um dos novos atores nos palcos de conflitos contemporâneos; e como parte constituinte de um aparato de política externa, associado a seu cliente único, o governo dos Estados Unidos.
Private military and security companies (PMSC) is a new actor that has attracted great attention in the debates within the International Relations discipline. Through the study of a particular north-american company, DynCorp, we seek to investigate the nature of these actors in the great process of globalization. The literature on PMSC usually presents the idea that the emergence of such players has occurred through spontaneous supply and demand forces. The hypothesis that assist this idea is that the states are moving away from the new wars. Here this hypothesis is challenged and replaced by another. The State, particularly the US, has adapted its engagement in capacity in conflicts by engaging the PMSC, and stimulating the growth of a private security market. DynCorp is part of this movement. We investigate the relationship of co-constitution, in which companies and state are organized to develop the new "market for force", and the birth of PMSC as actors of a hybrid nature, associated with the transformation of the neoliberal state. The study of DynCorp unfolds in three dimensions: its corporate face, as a transnational company associated with market principles; a fighting face, as one of the new actors on the stage of contemporary conflicts; and as a constituent part of a foreign policy apparatus, associated with their only customer, the United States government.
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Neple, Pernille. "The regulation of mercenary and private security-related activities under South African law compared to other legislations and conventions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1896.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) have become increasingly important actors since the end of the Cold War. They provide a wide range of services and are therefore difficult to classify. Many view them as new front companies for mercenaries, which this thesis argues is not the case. Few states have put in place legislation to deal with the problems caused by these companies, and they are therefore generally not accountable to states. This is problematic because their services are within an area where states have traditionally had monopoly. This thesis studies the new South African legislation, the Prohibition of Mercenary Activities and Regulation of Certain Activities in Country of Armed Conflict Act of 2006, which was put in place in order to ban mercenaries and regulate the services offered by the private military and security companies based in the country. By comparing it to the older South African legislation, the thesis evaluates the extent to which the new legislation has been able to close loopholes inherent in the old legislation. The new South African legislation is also compared to the international conventions which bans mercenaries. By banning these actors, South Africa is very much in line with the international community when it designed the conventions. However, PNSCs are not mercenaries. The thesis then compares the new South African legislation to the domestic regulation in place in the United States of America. It finds that despite having many of the same weaknesses as the South African legislation, it is more likely that the American regulation will be abided by than the South African. This is due to the positive relationship between the US government and American PMSCs, and the fact that the government is a major client of the companies. South Africa does not enjoy the same positive relationship with its companies. Finally, the new South African legislation is compared to the UK Green Paper of 2002, which presented options of how to deal with the companies. The ban on mercenaries put in place by the new South African legislation was discouraged in the Green Paper. The licensing regime (as in the USA) that was proposed by the Green Paper, however, is similar to the authorisation scheme established in South Africa.
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Paoliello, Tomaz Oliveira. "Anatomia de uma Empresa Militar e de Segurança Privada: a empresa DynCorp em perspectiva global." São Paulo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136417.
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Orientador: Reginaldo Mattar NasserBanca: Flavia de Campos Mello
Banca: Paulo José dos Reis Pereira
Banca: Vera da Silva Telles
Banca: Marco Aurélio Chaves Cepik
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas"
Resumo: As empresas militares e de segurança privada (PMSC) são um novo ator que tem despertado grande atenção nos debates dentro da disciplina Relações Internacionais. Através do estudo de uma companhia especificamente, a norteamericana DynCorp, procuramos investigar qual a natureza desse ator dentro do grande processo de globalização. A literatura sobre as PMSC geralmente apresenta a ideia de que o aparecimento de tais atores tenha ocorrido através de forças de oferta e demanda espontâneas e circunstanciais. A hipótese auxiliar dessa ideia, que os Estados estejam se afastando das novas guerras, é aqui desafiada e substituída por outra. O Estado, particularmente os EUA, se adaptou em sua capacidade de engajamento em conflitos através da contratação das PMSC, e estimulou o crescimento de um mercado de segurança privada. A empresa Dyncorp faz parte desse movimento. Investigaremos a relação de co-constituição, na qual empresas e Estado se articulam para desenvolver o novo "mercado da força", e o nascimento das PMSC como atores de natureza híbrida, associados às transformações do Estado neoliberal. O estudo da DynCorp se desdobra em três dimensões: sua face empresarial, como companhia transnacional associada às lógicas de mercado; uma face combatente, um dos novos atores nos palcos de conflitos contemporâneos; e como parte constituinte de um aparato de política externa, associado a seu cliente único, o governo dos Estados Unidos.
Abstract: Private military and security companies (PMSC) is a new actor that has attracted great attention in the debates within the International Relations discipline. Through the study of a particular north-american company, DynCorp, we seek to investigate the nature of these actors in the great process of globalization. The literature on PMSC usually presents the idea that the emergence of such players has occurred through spontaneous supply and demand forces. The hypothesis that assist this idea is that the states are moving away from the new wars. Here this hypothesis is challenged and replaced by another. The State, particularly the US, has adapted its engagement in capacity in conflicts by engaging the PMSC, and stimulating the growth of a private security market. DynCorp is part of this movement. We investigate the relationship of co-constitution, in which companies and state are organized to develop the new "market for force", and the birth of PMSC as actors of a hybrid nature, associated with the transformation of the neoliberal state. The study of DynCorp unfolds in three dimensions: its corporate face, as a transnational company associated with market principles; a fighting face, as one of the new actors on the stage of contemporary conflicts; and as a constituent part of a foreign policy apparatus, associated with their only customer, the United States government.
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Wennersten, Carl-Johan. "United Nations use of private military companies for peacekeeping operations." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23161.
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UN is sending peacekeeping operations all over the world. The paper will highlight that UN is not going only with their peacekeeping operation personnel, UN is also bringing private military companies into their ranks. This paper will focus on UN peacekeeping operations in Africa with the focus of non-interstate operations. Traditionally would not the Just war theory be the theory to apply to peacekeeping operations but by UN orthodox behavior of bringing private military contractors into peacekeeping operations, just war theory becomes appropriate. The purpose of this paper is to bring light on UN use of PMC and if PMC has increased UN security during peacekeeping operations. To be able to shed this light, a more extensive empirical study will be made to see UN practice with PMC by descriptive statistics. The paper finds that PMC has been an active force within peacekeeping operations and that PMC is performing several military tasks for UN. It further sees that UN fatalities are increasing in the cases when PMC has been present. Further insight into peacekeeping operation is that higher taxpaying nations are sending fewer troops and commanders compared to less taxpaying nations.
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Tonkin, Hannah Jane. "States' international obligations to control private military & security companies in armed conflict." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1658758a-481a-4f1c-83c0-2ef269a78778.
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Tens of thousands of contractors work for private military and security companies (PMSCs) in armed conflicts around the world, often hired by states to fulfil functions that were once the exclusive domain of the armed forces. In this context, PMSCs have performed a wide range of activities including offensive combat, prisoner interrogation, military advice and training, armed security, intelligence and logistics. The proliferation of PMSCs during the past two decades has challenged conventional conceptions of the state as the primary holder of coercive power in the international arena. Nonetheless, this Thesis argues that the traditional state-centred frameworks of international law remain vitally relevant to the regulation of private security activity in contemporary armed conflict. Three states are in a strong position to influence PMSCs in this context—the state that hires the PMSC, the state in which the company is based or incorporated, and the state in which the company operates—and this capacity for influence enables international law to regulate PMSC activities indirectly using these states as an intermediary. This Thesis critically analyses the pertinent international obligations on these three categories of states and identifies the circumstances in which PMSC misconduct may give rise to state responsibility in each case. It also examines the recent practice of certain key states in order to evaluate their compliance with these obligations. By providing a clear and in-depth analysis of states' international obligations to control PMSCs in armed conflict, this Thesis may not only facilitate the assessment of state responsibility in cases of PMSC misconduct; it may also play an important prospective role in setting standards of conduct for states in relation to the private security industry. This in turn may encourage and assist states to develop their domestic laws and policies in order to improve overall PMSC compliance with international law.
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Arnoni, Kiersten Lynn. "War Markets: The Neoliberal Theory and The United States Military." Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1305558754.
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Mullen, Steven J. "An assessment of the IMEF depot-level corrosion prevention and control program and the viability of making it more efficient and/or outsourcing the requirements through private sector initiatives." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Dec%5FMullen.pdf.
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Murphy, Ian. "Private military companies, peacekeeping, and African states : a critical analysis of PMCs in peacekeeping operations in Africa." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/880.
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This thesis analyses critically the hypothesis that Private Military Companies (PMCs) are a viable option for direct involvement in UN peacekeeping missions in African states. The involvement of PMCs in the affairs of states is a controversial and divisive issue, but since the end of the Cold War, they have become increasingly involved in the security structures of African states, and in post-conflict reform of such structures. They have also become involved in tasks related to commercial activities central to the political economies of African states. Indeed, Africa was the theatre in which PMCs evolved from an opportunist phenomenon that emerged in response to rapid change in the security situation, to become part of the emerging post-Cold War political economy. In the 1990s, PMCs undertook operations in Angola and Sierra Leone that brought about situations where warring factions were compelled to negotiate settlements. While the response of the international community was predominantly one of condemnation of their involvement, others pointed out that operations conducted by PMCs had been remarkably swift and inexpensive in bringing violent conflict to an end, in contrast to those conducted by the UN in African states. PMCs’ involvement in peacekeeping operations is becoming increasingly relevant; they have been involved in every major UN peacekeeping mission since 1990, and have carried out tasks spanning a wide range of UN functions. In 1995, Christopher Bellamy speculated that the UN might augment their numbers with private soldiers. While this was dismissed at the time, it is a concept that continues to resurface when the UN has difficulty finding sufficient adequately trained troops for its peacekeeping missions. This thesis investigates the hypothesis that PMCs are a viable option, in practical, political, legal, economic and moral terms, for involvement in such missions.
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Zahuranic, Michael R. Boyd Gary. "Residential Communities Initiative : a case study /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FZahuranic%5FMBA.pdf.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003."MBA professional report"--Cover. Thesis advisor(s): Jeffrey R. Cuskey, Cary Simon. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-109). Also available online.
Books on the topic "Private military companies – United States"
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Kidwell, Deborah C. Public war, private fight?: The United States and private military companies. Fort Leavenworth, Kan: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2005.
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Servants of war: Private military corporations and the profit of conflict. Berkeley, CA: Soft Skull Press, 2008.
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Office, General Accounting. Inventory management: Practices of selected private sector companies : briefing report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.
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Bruneau, Thomas C. Patriots for profit: Contractors and the military in U.S. national security. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2011.
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Bürgin, Annina Cristina. Privatisierung von Sicherheit und Frieden?: Eine vergleichende Studie der Einstellungen Deutschlands und der USA gegenüber Kooperationen von Streitkräften mit privaten Militärfirmen. Bern: Peter Lang, 2011.
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Spier, Barbara. An impossible situation: A true story of patriotism, dedication, and retribution while helping America rebuild Afghanistan. Charleston, South Carolina: Advantage, 2013.
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States, citizens and the privatization of security. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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Krahmann, Elke. States, citizens, and the privatisation of security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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Murad, Sulaiman. Far beyond words: Stories of military interpreting in Iraq. Lincoln, Nebraska: Infusionmedia, 2013.
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Contractors and war: The transformation of US expeditionary operations. Stanford, California: Stanford Security Studies, an imprint of Stanford University Press, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Private military companies – United States"
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Spearin, Christopher. "Mercenaries, Privateers, and Chartered Companies." In Private Military and Security Companies and States, 57–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54903-3_3.
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Spearin, Christopher. "Introduction." In Private Military and Security Companies and States, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54903-3_1.
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Spearin, Christopher. "Conventional Forces Norm." In Private Military and Security Companies and States, 23–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54903-3_2.
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Spearin, Christopher. "Land Power and PMSCs." In Private Military and Security Companies and States, 89–125. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54903-3_4.
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Spearin, Christopher. "Sea Power and PMSCs." In Private Military and Security Companies and States, 127–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54903-3_5.
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Spearin, Christopher. "Air Power and PMSCs." In Private Military and Security Companies and States, 169–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54903-3_6.
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Spearin, Christopher. "Conclusion." In Private Military and Security Companies and States, 203–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54903-3_7.
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Cusumano, Eugenio, and Stefano Ruzza. "United States Antipiracy Policies: Between Military Missions and Private Sector Responsabilization." In US Foreign Policy in a Challenging World, 63–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54118-1_4.
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Plerhoples, Alicia E. "Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in the United States." In The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 903–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_43.
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AbstractThe United States is the birthplace of benefit corporations precisely because of American society’s over-reliance on the private sector to solve societal problems. U.S. federal and state regulation continuously fails to provide robust social safety nets or prevent ecological disasters. American society looks to companies to do such work. U.S. social enterprise entities attempt to upend the U.S. legal framework which binds fiduciaries to focus on shareholder value. These entities are permitted, and sometimes required, to consider environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) impacts of their operations, essentially internalizing ESG costs that would otherwise be paid by American communities and the environment. This chapter traces social enterprise development under U.S. law, starting with a brief discussion of corporate law as a creature of state law. It then provides an overview of the two major types of social enterprise entities in the United States: (1) the Delaware Public Benefit Corporation, and (2) the California Social Purpose Corporation. The chapter briefly discusses other types of U.S. social enterprise entities, including hybrid ventures, worker cooperatives, and the low-profit liability company. The chapter concludes with a discussion of responses to companies’ ESG efforts by legal scholars, asset managers, and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. These responses and the uptake of publicly traded public benefit corporations indicate a seismic shift forward in the use of ESG frameworks in the United States.
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Marsh, Anne S., Deborah C. Hayes, Patrice N. Klein, Nicole Zimmerman, Alison Dalsimer, Douglas A. Burkett, Cynthia D. Huebner, et al. "Sectoral Impacts of Invasive Species in the United States and Approaches to Management." In Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States, 203–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_9.
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AbstractInvasive species have a major effect on many sectors of the U.S. economy and on the well-being of its citizens. Their presence impacts animal and human health, military readiness, urban vegetation and infrastructure, water, energy and transportations systems, and indigenous peoples in the United States (Table 9.1). They alter bio-physical systems and cultural practices and require significant public and private expenditure for control. This chapter provides examples of the impacts to human systems and explains mechanisms of invasive species’ establishment and spread within sectors of the U.S. economy. The chapter is not intended to be comprehensive but rather to provide insight into the range and severity of impacts. Examples provide context for ongoing Federal programs and initiatives and support State and private efforts to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species and eradicate and control established invasive species.
Conference papers on the topic "Private military companies – United States"
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Hauck, Paul L., Anthony M. LoRe, and Kevin Trytek. "Has the Time Come for More Publicly Operated WTE Facilities in the United States?" In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5416.
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When the current generation of U.S. waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities was developed during the 1980s and early 1990s, there were a large number of companies competing to design, build, operate and maintain them under a long term contract. Over the years, almost all of these firms have left the WTE business for a variety of reasons leaving essentially only two U.S. firms actively competing for renewed operating and maintenance (O&M) contracts for publicly owned WTE facilities. This consolidation has significantly reduced the level of competition for public owners who are interested in rebidding their WTE O&M contracts at the end of their initial or extended terms and, as a result, has the potential to increase the cost of service. Consolidation has likewise reduced the level of competition for potential new WTE projects in the U.S. This paper reviews the history of public sector operation of WTE facilities in the U.S., the unique challenges presented by public operation and whether it is time for more public owners to consider this alternative for existing WTE facilities in light of the lack of competition by private operating companies. Perceived risks and impediments to public operation of WTE facilities and suggestions on how to overcome them are presented as well as the benefits and opportunities available to public owners. The keys to a successful public WTE operating venture are also discussed based on the experiences of ecomaine, a consortium of 21 member municipalities in southern Maine that have operated and maintained their own 550 ton per day (tpd) WTE facility for more than 20 years. Public versus private operating practices for European WTE facilities are also explored as well as public ownership and operation of new WTE facilities including those based on alternative or emerging technologies.
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Simović, Slobodan, and Mihajlo Manić. "USLUGE PRIVATNOG OBEZBEĐENjA U SRBIJI – EKONOMSKI ZNAČAJ." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.145s.
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The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century are characterized by privatization of the public goods, border transparency is getting bigger, common market and primarily the basic functions of the state are getting weaker, which leads to weakening of her efficiency in law enforcement, as well as fragmentation of the security sector, which was traditionally in jurisdiction of the state. Pressed from all sides, political, economical and variety of different threats, processes and actors, countries have lost monopoly over conducting organized violence. The consequence of that process is that countries, some voluntarily, led by economic reasons, and some regarding political and security pressures, have given up their role of the ultimate legitimate provider and guarantor of security to the private military and security companies. Development of the private security sector, inside which private and non- state providers of security are functioning, elsewhere, excessively independent of the parent state, represent very significant moment in the development of the contemporary international relations, as well as for functioning the states themselves. Private security industry, private security companies and private military companies have built, in the world, industrial chain which is functioning freely on global market, and it is organized along permanent and firm corporation relations and it is constantly growing and getting stronger.
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İrmiş, Ayşe, Mehtap Sarıkaya, and Hatice Çoban. "People's Sector as an Alternative Economic Model and the Example of Denizli." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00662.
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People’s sector is an establishment of an enterprise result of bringing together production tools take decisions related to the management of this property and create self-employment opportunities with people’s own savings. This is the most distinctive feature from the private sector and the public sector. As well as the public sector and the private sector, labor is a part of the production, but in people’s sector, employees participate in management, capital and profit. In private sector and public sector there is an up to down organization but in People’s Sector, organization settles from down to top. People’s Sector resemble to publicly held companies and worker companies in Western Europe and United States but differ from them in the form of establishment and statue of partnership. Because in these companies in the West, government or private sector open shares to public or make workers partner to the shares. In these companies, managerial decisions belong to the person or group that holds most of the shares. Whereas in public sector enterprises, people come together and have equal rights in establishment and management of the enterprise, without any person or group keeping the majority of shares in the hand. Without a precedent in the world, this sector is formed in 1970’s with the savings of the workers went from Turkey to Germany and other European countries. In this study, a literature rewiev in the people’s sector has been made, then exemplary research was carried out by the founders of the two People’s sector companies.
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Maier, Jonathan R. A., James M. McLellan, Gregory Mocko, Georges M. Fadel, and Mark Brudnak. "Lightweight Engineering of Military Vehicles Through Requirements Analysis and Function Integration." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86562.
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The trend toward lighter-weight vehicles in the private sector has been pushed by demands to improve fuel economy, improve dynamic performance, and reduce material and transportation costs. The same demands exist and are even more acute for military vehicles. The reduction of weight across a military vehicle platform can affect hundreds of thousands of vehicles with dramatic ramifications for military budgets, logistic support, deployment time and cost, and other factors critical to national defense. In this paper we report on methods developed for requirements analysis and function integration based on a modeling framework (developed in previous work) which captures requirements, functions, working principles, components, component parameters, test measures, and tests. We also show that the problem of assigning the mass of individual components to requirements is not solvable in practice. The methods are demonstrated using a case study of the United States Department of Defense Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV).
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Krimmel, Jeffrey J., and Jacqueline A. Sokol. "Paradigm Shift: A Move Toward Renewable Energies." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ts-23413.
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Abstract With the recent realization that the United States will be unable to meet regulations set forth at the Kyoto Climate Conference and the excessive burden the energy shortage in California has placed on the southwestern portion of United States, U.S. companies are beginning to look for alternative means of energy production. Broad-based carbon taxes are among the most promising and important of the new tools for achieving reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and promoting the use of alternative energy resources. Many private sector entities are shifting vast amounts of resources to the research and development of alternative means of energy production, but these efforts are futile without a far-reaching governmental initiative to reach the same ends. With other global powers, including Japan and many European nations, producing inquiries into the benefits attained through greenhouse gas taxation, the United States is in a pivotal position to take the lead in efforts toward global sustainable development. A carbon tax, phased in gradually sector-by-sector or implemented in an immediate fashion, would promote more environmentally friendly means of energy production while not hampering the competitiveness of one of the nation’s most important industries. This initiative would send a clear signal to all levels of corporate management that energy production and consumption issues must be addressed in order to continue thriving in a greener U.S. economy. The boom in alternative energy resources will trigger an increase in the development of new technologies and research opportunities, which would require more highly trained mechanical engineers in the workforce. This paper will briefly discuss several carbon tax alternatives. Such a tax would allow the United States to realize three significant advantages not offered by today’s antiquated means of energy production: (1) generating a larger amount of total revenue from a smaller total tax burden, (2) evenly affecting the competitiveness of the residential, industrial, and commercial economic sectors so as not to punish any one disproportionately, and (3) promoting enhanced environmental quality through the increased research and use of renewable and other alternative energies. Mechanical engineers have an extremely important role in the growth of the alternative fuel industry, while the industry itself would have a major impact on many of the important decisions that will shape our futures.
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Shollenberger, Kim A. "Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Within Undergraduate Programs." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43496.
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There has been a rapid increase over the past three decades in the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis by industry as a tool to design and manufacture products. It is currently a vital part of the engineering process for many companies around the world, and utilized in nearly every manufacturing industry. Employers of engineering students who perform this type of analysis have expressed the need for students at the undergraduate or B.S. level to have some CFD experience. As a result, engineering programs in the United States have begun to respond to this need by developing new curriculum and by exposing students to the use of CFD for research. The level of incorporation and implementation of CFD into the undergraduate curriculum and research at institutions varies widely. The objective of this paper is to conduct a survey of the current use of CFD in the undergraduate curriculum within mechanical engineering departments in the United States. Twenty ABET accredited U.S. schools that offer a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering are investigated in this study that are a representative sample of engineering schools in the U.S. today in terms of admission standards, private versus public, predominate terminal degree, size, and geographic location. Topics investigated include if CFD classes are offered to undergraduates whether they are required or optional, when they are first introduced into the curriculum, number of credit hours dedicated to CFD, types of courses that include CFD, and whether commercial or in-house codes are utilized.
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Barattino, William J., Scott Foster, and James Spaulding. "The U.S. Federal Market as an Early Adopter of SMRs." In ASME 2014 Small Modular Reactors Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smr2014-3331.
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The Federal Government accounts for about 2% of energy usage within the United States, with electricity accounting for approximately one-fifth of this usage. The Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest energy consumer across all Federal Agencies, accounting for nearly half of total use and has implemented programs to assure sustainable energy supplies for meeting mission critical operations. As prototype systems of Small Modular Reactors mature during the remainder of this decade, there is growing interest at senior levels of government to use the secure confines of military bases for electricity generated with SMRs to service power requirements of the DOD base and possibly the surrounding communities. This paper explores the potential for using DOD as an early adopter of SMRs from perspectives of the size of the market and adaptability of the current procurement process for private ownership of SMRs on military bases. Such an approach is shown to be consistent with DOD Sustainability objectives, as well as ensuring a continuation of the projected erosion of diversity mix for prime power generation within the U.S. A review of contract types for energy services are evaluated from the perspective of including SMRs. Required modifications for SMRs to be a part of this energy mix for Federal Agencies are presented.
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Patrascu, Petrisor. "THE APPEARANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CYBER SECURITY STRATEGIES." In eLSE 2018. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-18-222.
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In the last years, digital world have took a lot of importance applied on multiple fields, due to benefits, but also due to multiple number of users from both government and private companies. This development had involved a lot of risks and vulnerabilities. Nowadays a lot of vulnerabilities had been attacked, another ones had been tried to jeopardize and because of that were issued measurements for protection and cyber defense. The cyber security concept was generate by a permanent development of the information and communications technology, due to an increased number of users, due to an increased number of cyber threats and attacks and also due to the importance of this concept as an instrument of the national power strength. All through, the cyberspace became a field that applied to diplomatic, information, economic and military level of the global and country policy. The cyber security had an ascendant course started from technical discipline, developed to tactical level and finally reached strategically level of the powerful countries. Development of the cyber security became country policy and worldwide directives as a consequence of an increased number of threats and cyber-attacks. Because of those a lot of states took a lot of countermeasures to protect the national cyber infrastructure. Is observed that those countermeasures had been took when the cyber infrastructures were attacked or after that. Therefore, after these moments when cyber-attacks became a threat to critical cyber infrastructure, worldwide countries started to take in consideration that prevention is the basement of the cyber security and started to develop strategies and some of these states applied laws of cyber security.
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Schwarz, Stephen C., and Daniel E. Dietch. "Collier County, Florida: Consideration of Gasification as a Long-Term Waste Management Solution." In 11th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec11-1681.
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Collier County, Florida (“County”) is in the midst of developing an integrated waste management program. Unlike many counties, Collier County owns a landfill with sufficient long-term landfill capacity to last another 15 years. However, due to the Board of County Commissioner’s (“Board”) desire to have a 50-year solution for solid waste, the County has set upon a course to divert waste from the landfill to the maximum extent possible. In doing so, the County solicited long-term waste management solutions from private companies capable of processing the majority of the municipal solid waste generated in the County. Over the past two years, the County has considered several of these alternatives ranging from MSW composting to mass-burn waste-to-energy; however, based on an evaluation of a wide range of impacts, gasification was selected as the preferred alternative. With this focus, the County issued a Request for Proposal (“RFP”) in November 2001 for a design, build, own, operate, and finance gasification project. The County received three proposals in April 2002 in response to the RFP. To date, the County has completed the proposal evaluation process and has ranked the top two responsive firms: Interstate Waste Technologies (“IWT”) and Brightstar Environmental (Florida), LLC (“Brightstar”) based on experience, technical approach, business arrangement, and cost. If implemented, this project will be the only commercial gasification project operating in the United States. This paper will provide insight into various stages of the project, from development through to the current status of the project, as well as the strategic policy, financial, and technical considerations that make this opportunity a good fit for the County. An emphasis will also be placed on comparing and contrasting the benefits and drawbacks of each technology, such as processing methodology, cost, redundancy, and scalability.
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Barbosa, Fábio C. "Competition Into Brazilian and North American Freight Rail Systems: A Comparative Regulatory Assessment." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6138.
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Competition is the driving force of any economic system, as it creates a challenging environment for service suppliers to provide affordable and reliable services to customers. Rail systems are an important element of the logistic chain, as they provide a unique service category (generally transporting large volumes at low unit costs) to shippers that otherwise would not be serviced by other modes — the so called captive shippers. In this scenario, competition is essential to guarantee the required service levels (availability and reliability), followed by competitive rates, which ultimately may influence shippers’ business competitiveness, both regionally and globally. Brazil and some North American countries (Canada, Mexico and United States), have a common feature, i.e. continental territories allied with the economic exploitation of bulky activities (industrial, mineral and agricultural), and, hence, depend strongly on heavy haul rail systems. These countries have been performing a continuous effort on improving competition practices into their rail systems, which are translated into important, and sometimes controversial, regulatory measures. These initiatives require a tenuous equilibrium, as they are supposed to provide the required competitive service at affordable rates for shippers, as well as a sustainable (financial and operational) environment to rail carriers, to guarantee the required return on long term investments and avoid compromising medium and long term rail network efficiency. This challenging task for rail market stakeholders (rail carriers, shippers and regulators) is far from a consensus. Rail companies claim that, as a capital intensive sector, governmental regulatory intervention into the rail system may inhibit their ability to invest the required funds to provide and expand rail capacity, as well as the maintenance of the required safety levels. Shippers, on the other hand, state that rail systems operate within a strong market concentration (originally formatted or due to subsequent merges and acquisitions) that give some rail carriers a disproportionate market power, that resembles a monopoly, which ultimately leaves a significant contingent of the so called captive shippers with just one freight rail carrier option, sometimes subjected to excessive rates, and, in some special instances (into offer restricted rail markets, for example), are responsible for the unavailability of rail services into the required volumes. In this context, there is currently a controversial debate regarding the effectiveness of competitive regulatory remedies into freight rail systems. This debate includes both market oriented rail systems (Canadian and U.S.), as well as rail contractual granted ones (Brazilian and Mexican). In the formers, the systems are mostly owned and operated by the private sector, and inter and intra modal options may theoretically provide the required competition level, while in the latter, rail systems have been broken into separate pieces and granted to the private sector under a concession arrangement, followed by an exclusive right to serve their territories, with trackage rights provisions, to be exerted by third parties, under previously defined circumstances and subjected to contractual agreements among rail operators. In both systems, competitive regulatory actions may be desirable and effective, as far as they may address the technical-operational-economic boundary conditions of each particular rail system. This work is supposed to present, into a review format, sourced from an extensive research into available international technical literature, and gathered as a unique document, an overview of the Brazilian and North American freight rail competition scenario, followed by a technical and unbiased effectiveness’ assessment of current (existing) and proposed competitive regulatory freight rail initiatives into Brazil, Canada, Mexico and United States, highlighting their strengths and eventually their weaknesses.
Reports on the topic "Private military companies – United States"
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Solmirano, Carina, and Pieter D. Wezeman. Military Spending and Arms Procurement in the Gulf States. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lpyq8137.
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In September 2010 it was reported that Saudi Arabia had sought the US Government’s permission to purchase large numbers of combat aircraft and helicopters from US companies. This was just the latest indication that Saudi Arabia is planning a new arms-purchasing spree similar to that in the 1990s, raising questions about the possible impacts of military build-ups in the Gulf region, which includes both Iran and Iraq alongside the Arab states of the Gulf. Transparency is poor in most of the Gulf region. This SIPRI Fact Sheet combines data on known military spending and recent and planned arms imports in the Gulf states: Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.