Relevant bibliographies by topics / Private hospital

Academic literature on the topic 'Private hospital'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Private hospital"

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Al Harbi, Mutaz Minwer Halal. "INFLUENCE OF WORK LIFE BALANCE ON PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES IN JORDAN HOSPITALS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i1.2020.247.

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This paper examines the impact of WLB on performance of employees in Jordan hospitals. This study is a quantitative research and made use primary data using a research questionnaire as instrument was administered to a total number of 500 respondents selected from four governments and four privates hospitals namely: Al-Bashir hospital (Government), Al Mafraq Government Hospital (Government), Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (Government),Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (Government),Philadelphia hospital (private), Haramain Hospital (Private), Jordan hospital (private) and Fortis Hospital (Private) from Jordan. The result of the study reveals that impact of WLB on performance of employees was significant and joint impact of WLB and motivation significantly influence performance of employees. In conclusion, motivation plays an important role in encouraging employees to perform; a well-motivated employee has a possibility of performing better than an employee that is not well motivated.
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Wang, Yi-Wei, and Ja-Ling Wu. "A Privacy-Preserving Symptoms Retrieval System with the Aid of Homomorphic Encryption and Private Set Intersection Schemes." Algorithms 16, no. 5 (May 9, 2023): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16050244.

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This work presents an efficient and effective system allowing hospitals to share patients’ private information while ensuring that each hospital database’s medical records will not be leaked; moreover, the privacy of patients who access the data will also be protected. We assume that the thread model of the hospital’s security is semi-honest (i.e., curious but honest), and each hospital hired a trusted medical records department administrator to manage patients’ private information from other hospitals. With the help of Homomorphic Encryption- and Private Set Intersection -related algorithms, our proposed system protects patient privacy, allows physicians to obtain patient information across hospitals, and prevents threats such as troublesome insider attacks and man-in-the-middle attacks.
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Ann O'Loughlin, Mary. "Conflicting interests in private hospital care." Australian Health Review 25, no. 5 (2002): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020106.

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This article looks at key changes impacting on private hospital care: the increasing corporate ownership of private hospitals; the Commonwealth Government's support for private health;the significant increase in health fund membership; and the contracting arrangements between health funds and private hospitals. The changes highlight the often conflicting interests of hospitals, doctors, Government, health funds and patients in the provision of private hospital care. These conflicts surfaced in the debate around allegations of 'cherry picking' by private hospitals of more profitable patients. This is also a good illustration of the increasing entanglement of the Government in the fortunes of the private health industry.
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Hargraves, Jenny, Narelle Grayson, and Ian Titulaer. "Trends in hospital service provision." Australian Health Review 25, no. 5 (2002): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020002.

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In this paper,trends in hospital service provision are measured using data on the numbers and nature of hospitals,on hospital expenditure and on hospital activity over recent years.The number of public acute care hospitals was fairly stable,however,bed numbers decreased.Hospital numbers rose for private hospitals,as did numbers of beds,particularly for group for-profit private hospitals.Recurrent health expenditure on hospitals as a proportion of all recurrent health expenditure fell,although it rose for private hospitals, and real increases in expenditure occurred for both public acute and private hospitals.Population rates for separations and patient days rose for private hospitals and were stable and fell, respectively,for public acute hospitals. Average length of stay decreased for both public acute and private hospitals, with increasing numbers of separations occurring on a same day basis.Increasing proportions of procedures were undertaken during same day stays,and in private hospitals.Separation rates varied geographically, with highest rates overall,and for public hospitals and overnight separations,for patients resident in remote centres and other remote areas.Highest rates for private hospitals were for patients resident in capital cities,other metropolitan centres and large rural centres.
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Salim, Daeng Ramadhan, Yulastri Arif, and Dorisnita Dorisnita. "Burnout In Government X And Private Y Hospital In Jambi Province." Jurnal Endurance 3, no. 3 (October 25, 2018): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jen.v3i3.2972.

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<p class="Body"><em>Background: Burnout is a matter of nursing resources that consists of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal acchomplishment. The previous survey results are burnout is a Global and Indonesia issues. This study aims to determine the difference of burnout to nurses at X government hospital and private hospital Y in Jambi Province.</em><em> </em><em>Method: This research type is quantitative with comparative cross sectional design. The sample was taken proportionally random sampling at 190 nurses.Results: This study shows nurses in government hospitals X 48.4% experienced high emotional exhaustion, 49.5% experienced high depersonalization, 57.9% high personal acchomplishment, whereas nurses in private hospitals Y 40.0% high emotional exhaustion, 40.0% experienced high depersonalization, 36.8% personal acchomplishment. Mann Whitney U Test results showed no significant differences between emotional exhaustion and depersonalization between nurses in hospital X and Y private hospitals, but the dimensions of personal acchomplisment significant differences.</em><em> </em><em>Conclusions: There were no significant differences, emotional exhaution, depersonalization on nurses at X government hospitals and private Y hospitals in Jambi Province, there was a significant difference in personal acchomplishment in X goverment hospital and privateY hospital.</em></p>
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Singh, Gaurav, Ajay Singh, and Shashi Singh. "Perception of Departmental Heads and Chief Executives towards Hospital HR Management Issues: A Comparison of Public and Private Hospitals in India." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 2, no. 3 (August 9, 2012): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v2i3.2217.

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This paper analyses the perception of public and private hospital departmental heads and chief executives towards hospital management issues and compare their perceptions. A survey was conducted on private and public staff members. A total of 200 members formed the sample of which 100 belonged to public hospitals and 100 to private hospitals. The data were analysed with the help of t test analysis and the explanation of the responses of the respondents. The study reveals that there is no significant difference in the perceptions of heads towards the hospital management issues. It is also revealed that though there is no significant difference, yet private hospitals scores over public hospitals. Keywords: Public hospital, Private hospital, Departmental heads, Hospital Management
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ZAKARIA, NORSYAZANA, and ABDUL WAHAB. "CUSTOMER PERCEPTION, SATISFACTION AND BEHAVIOURAL INTENTIONS TOWARDS HOSPITAL MEAL SERVICES IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE HOSPITALS IN ALOR SETAR, KEDAH." Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research 3, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/umtjur.v3i3.231.

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There are two types of hospital in general, which are government and private hospitals. This study will help us to understand the customer perception, satisfaction and behavioural intention of hospital meal services in both government and private hospitals in Alor Setar, Kedah. Private and government hospitals differ in their style of food offering and service system. From this, customer perception, satisfaction, and behavioural intentions were investigated using a questionnaire survey with 150 respondents using descriptive and inferential analysis. The study shows that between government and private hospitals in Alor Setar, Kedah, the respondents show a positive perception of hospital meal services in Alor Setar in both government and private hospitals. In terms of customer satisfaction, both types of hospital show high satisfaction from all respondents. However, private hospital scores a bit higher in terms of satisfaction since the services and facilities are more upgraded than those of the government hospital of which respondents did not have such a high expectation for satisfaction since the fee is much lower than the private hospital. In the comparison of hospital meal services in terms of socio-demographic profile, there is no significant difference in gender and education level in both types of hospital. However, age and income level show a significant level of p=0.011 in age for a government hospital and p=0.018 and p=0.020 in monthly income for a private hospital. For the relationship of all variables (customer perception, satisfaction and behavioural intention), all of those show a robust, lively and direct relationship with each other. Hence, this study can help public and private hospitals improve their meal services and image to attract more customers.
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Bannon, Monique Daragjati. "Choosing private hospital care." British Journal of Midwifery 15, no. 11 (November 2007): 716–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2007.15.11.27472.

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Kovac, C. "Private hospital given approval." BMJ 323, no. 7310 (August 25, 2001): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7310.418b.

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Boardman, Anthony E., and Diane Forbes. "A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Private and Semi-Private Hospital Rooms." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2011): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/2152-2812.1050.

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The design of new hospital inpatient rooms is moving towards private (single occupancy) rooms. These rooms are generally preferred by patients and they may improve patient care, but they are more expensive to build and to staff than semi-private rooms. The question of their societal worth is important because hospitals are expensive, long-term investments and, once built, are prohibitively expensive to change. This paper presents a benefit-cost analysis of private rooms versus semi-private rooms in a proposed new hospital. We estimate that the net social benefit of a bed in a private room is about $70,000 more than a bed in a semi-private room.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Private hospital"

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MELO, ALEXANDRE CUNHA LOBO DE. "HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF PRIVATE HOSPITALS IN RIO DE JANEIRO." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11057@1.

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar quais são os fatores críticos de sucesso na gestão de um hospital e propor um modelo de gestão baseado nas melhores práticas de mercado. Partiu-se da proposição que muitos destes fatores estariam relacionados aos desafios enfrentados atualmente pelos hospitais, às estratégias adotadas, à forma de implementação dessas estratégias e às tecnologias de gestão empregadas. Assim sendo, foi feita uma revisão da literatura sobre estes temas e foram elaboradas perguntas de pesquisa sobre este fundo teórico. Em campo, foram pesquisados cinco hospitais particulares situados na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Todos eles têm as cirurgias como uma de suas principais atividades, a despeito de, também, realizarem outros tipos de atendimento. Assim, esses hospitais têm o médico como um de seus principais clientes na medida em que utilizam a estrutura hospitalar para realizarem seus procedimentos cirúrgicos. Os resultados revelam um mercado hospitalar cheio de espaços, com gestão predominantemente amadora e familiar e com estratégias informais. Na conclusão, é proposto um modelo de gestão hospitalar que pode ajudar os hospitais a se prepararem para a profissionalização do mercado que está por vir.
This study`s objective is to identify the success critical factors in hospital management and to propose a management model based on the best practices in the market. It was presumed that many of these factors would be related to the challenges faced by the hospital in the market, to the strategies adopted, to the way these strategies are implemented and to the management technologies used. So, a literature review was made and the field questions were created focusing on these topics. In the field, five Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area private hospitals were studied. All of them have the surgeries as one of their main activities, despite of doing many other procedures. So, the doctors are one of their main clients, as far as they need the hospital structure to make their surgeries come to true. The results reveal a spacefull market, a lack of professional management as well as informal strategies. In the end, a hospital management model is proposed. This model may help the hospitals to make themselves ready to the market professionalization that must come soon.
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Nasr, Joseph Antoine. "Hospital governance in Lebanon : corporate and clinical governance in non-profit private hospitals." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2017. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/b678a511-2cda-46a6-982b-8f87bca20980.

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There are multiple internal and external governance mechanisms intended to ensure the functioning of corporations, while maintaining the interests of stakeholders. Although corporate governance is a growing area of research, empirical research is restricted. This research study critically examines historical definitions of corporate governance. It explains the relationship of corporate and clinical governance and explores clinical governance as a subset of hospital governance. It aids an understanding of hospital governance through an examination of the governance of a sample of nonprofit Lebanese hospitals. It examines the relationship of governance with performance. It explores how managers and clinicians are incentivized and the relationship of this to performance. It compares the governance processes between three hospitals and examines the influence of external factors. Mixed methods are used, including quantitative surveys that are developed and explored using factor analysis, and qualitative semi-structured interviews. The findings are used to critically examine major corporate governance theories and their relevance to understanding hospital governance, by understanding the perspectives of those employed in the hospitals. Using critical realism as a theoretical framework, the findings show how the mechanisms of hospital governance are perceived. The survey data from 207 participants were subjected to principal components analysis which resulted in a single factor solution representing individual perceptions of hospital governance for all respondents. The results of perceptions differed according to differences in managerial role, management experience, management education, leadership role, number of years working at the hospital, current role, and the hospital studied. Differences in age and gender had no significant effect. Findings also revealed that clear methods of performance measurement were perceived to be in used in each of the three hospitals, with a good knowledge of the used performance measurement. Hospitals have a good mission, and clear structures. There is a good knowledge of the external stakeholders to the hospitals and their roles, and the involvement of external stakeholders in hospitals is proven to be core to their overall ability to function. The hospitals have good clinical performance and governance systems in terms of quality and safety. On the other hand, there are management deficits. There is an absence of monetary incentives which was mainly caused by corporate governance events represented by a conflict of interest case. This appeared to be caused by the minor role of the board of directors, accompanied with the lack of adequate background, knowledge, and education of its members, resulting in a lack of control over the CEO. These corporate governance events were shown to change interviewees‘ perception of hospital governance. The hospitals also had problems with the internal reporting systems. The contribution of this study lies in illuminating the employees‘ perspectives of corporate governance in the hospital settings. It questions and informs theoretical approaches to the traditional principal-agent and stakeholder models. It creates tools for measuring clinicians‘ and managers‘ perceptions of hospital governance where they work. It shows how corporate governance ̳events‘ affect both clinical and corporate governance. It provides evidence of the importance of the stakeholder approach to hospital governance and demonstrates the influence of external factors on internal hospital governance.
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Amin, Mohammad Ahsanul. "An analysis of private hospital markets in Bangladesh." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289877.

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Cherry, Jacqueline Helen. "The feasibility of the Uitenhage provincial hospital private initiative." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1508.

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The South African Health Care environment is in state of reform. Government strategy and change in legislation have been the catalyst for the development of new business models in South Africa. This report deals with the feasibility of a proposed model which is to be implemented by the Eastern Cape Department of Health at the Provincial Hospital in Uitenhage. The fundamental challenge in South Africa is the shortage of resources to support the health care industry from a public perspective. The point of departure for this research was to understand the complexity of this industry and investigate models that have evolved in South Africa and internationally. The literature research covers funding mechanisms from both a public and private perspective and takes into account the role the government plays in providing equitable health care for all. The literature provided the foundation to develop the model which is to be piloted at the hospital in Uitenhage. In terms of the research objective, a single case study methodology approach was conducted. Triangulation technique was used to gain insight from different perspectives and to test the model for validity. The core of this research focuses on the viability of the proposed model and the integration of this into the government health reform plan. The research revealed that in comparison to the existing PPP models in South Africa, this model is feasible. As a result of the analysis and the development of the proposed model, the research is concluded by offering suggestions for further research.
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Unawunwa, F. O. "Ways to improve the efficiency of private hospital business administration." Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/87228.

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Однією з найважливіших галузей будь-якої економіки є охорона здоров’я. Повільне економічне зростання загрожує країні з поганими системами охорони здоров’я та політикою. Протягом останніх років приватна медична галузь швидко зросла і зараз є ключовим джерелом медичної допомоги для багатьох людей. Однак ефективність деяких із цих установ знижувалася через такі фактори, як неналежне медичне обслуговування, медична халатність, недбалість, зростання медичних витрат та найм некваліфікованих працівників. Ці занепокоєння призвели до поганого надання послуг, негативного суспільного іміджу та скорочення клієнтів, що призвело до падіння ефективності приватних лікарень. Основною метою цього дослідження є пошук шляхів підвищення ефективності бізнес-адміністрування приватних лікарень. Для цього дослідження були використані підручники, журнали, відповідна література та Інтернет. Дослідження зробило висновок, що недостатнє фінансування та недостатній внутрішній дохід пов’язані з неправильним веденням обліку, чітко визначеними цілями та ефективним керівництвом. Бюрократія та втручання уряду в управлінські рішення додають до проблем, які постають адміністратори лікарень. У більшості лікарень навчання та розвиток робочої сили неефективні. Крім того, у цьому дослідженні було рекомендовано, щоб прозорість, підзвітність та процес прийняття рішень вимагали оцінки ефективності для покращення за допомогою впровадження найкращих практик. Лікарні повинні бути оцінені на предмет їх ефективності та ефективності, щоб забезпечити довгострокову підтримку. Огляд цих двох характеристик сприяє оптимізації розподілу ресурсів у сфері охорони здоров’я, що покращує економічний та соціальний добробут.
One of the essential industries in every economy is health care. Slow economic growth risks a country with lousy health systems and policies. The private health industry has risen rapidly in recent years and is now a key source of health care for many people. However, the performance of several of these institutions has been declining due to factors such as inadequate medical care, medical malpractice, carelessness, rising medical costs, and the employment of unqualified workers. These concerns have resulted in poor service delivery, a negative public image, and customer attrition, leading to a drop in private hospital performance. The primary purpose of this study is to look into ways to improve the efficiency of private hospital business administration. Textbooks, journals, related literature, and the internet were used for this research. The study concluded that inadequate financing and insufficient internally generated revenue are due to improper record keeping, clearly defined objectives, and effective leadership. Bureaucracy and government meddling in management decisions add to the challenges posed by hospital administrators. In most hospitals, workforce training and development are ineffective. Furthermore, this study recommended that Transparency, accountability and the decision-making process all require performance evaluation to improve through the adoption of best practices. Hospitals must be evaluated for their effectiveness and efficiency to secure long-term support. The review of these two characteristics contributes to resource allocation optimization in healthcare, which improves economic and social well-being.
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Vides, Maria Lucia Pontes Capelo. "Identificação dos fatores que influenciam o médico no processo de tomada de decisão quando da indicação de um hospital para a internação de um paciente: proposição de um instrumento e estudo de caso." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24046.

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A gestão da competitividade nas organizações tem por prerrogativa a entrega dos melhores resultados de forma que se possa garantir o crescimento e a sustentabilidade de uma instituição. Para tanto, conhecer o cenário em que se está inserido e a dinâmica do setor é essencial para que se possa lograr êxito nesta caminhada. Vários e importantes atores compõem o mundo hospitalar, mas está na figura do médico o poder pela decisão da internação de um paciente, quando essa se faz necessário. Nesse momento, o médico exerce grande influência sobre a definição da instituição hospitalar na qual o paciente será internado. A oportunidade que se apresentou aqui, portanto, foi sobre a perspectiva de ouvir o médico de maneira estruturada, para poder entender o que é importante para esse profissional quando ele analisa uma instituição hospitalar, bem como a avaliação empreendida ao hospital que foi o objeto da pesquisa. Assim, propusemos um instrumento de avaliação da opinião do médico sobre fatores importantes na decisão de um hospital para a internação de um paciente. Adicionalmente, tal instrumento foi aplicado em estudo de caso, em um hospital privado de grande porte da Zona Sul do munícipio de São Paulo. O instrumento proposto mostrou-se eficaz na detecção de fatores importantes. Notou-se que esses fatores de importância podem ser avaliados em casos específicos, como o hospital em estudo. E nesse caso pode-se afirmar que os fatores 'Excelência no atendimento ao paciente', 'Sistema que garanta o exercício médico de forma ética' e 'Foco na segurança do paciente' são os que interferem na tomada de decisão pelo médico no momento da indicação ao paciente de um hospital para internação. Recomenda-se, então, que o presente instrumento de pesquisa possa ser aplicado em outros hospitais privados para aumento de competitividade, benefício da gestão hospitalar e sustentabilidade econômica.
The management of competitiveness in organizations has the prerogative to deliver the best results in a way that guarantees the growth and sustainability of an institution. To do so, knowing the scenario in which it is inserted and the dynamics of the sector is essential for the success of this journey. Several and important actors make up the hospital world, but it is in the figure of the doctor the power by the decision of the hospitalization of a patient, when this becomes necessary. At that moment, the doctor exerts great influence on the definition of the hospital institution in which the patient will be hospitalized. The opportunity presented here, therefore, was about the perspective of listening to the doctor in a structured way, to be able to understand what is important for this professional when he analyzes a hospital institution, as well as the evaluation made to the hospital that was the object of the research. Thus, we have proposed here an instrument for evaluating the doctor's opinion on important factors in the hospital decision for the hospitalization of a patient. Additionally, this instrument was applied in a case study, in a large private hospital in the southern part of the municipality of São Paulo. The proposed instrument was effective in detecting important factors. It was noted that these factors of importance can be evaluated in specific cases, such as the hospital under study. In the hospital under study, the factors 'Excellence in patient care', 'System that guarantees ethical medical practice' and 'Focus on patient safety' are those that interfere in decision making by the physician in the moment of the patient’s indication of a hospital for hospitalization. It is therefore recommended that this research instrument be applied in other private hospitals to increase competitiveness, benefit of hospital management and economic sustainability.
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Belkin, Markus, and markus belkin@rmit edu au. "An Assessment of Information Systems Effectiveness in Private and Hospital Pathology." RMIT University. Business Information Technology, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090513.160738.

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This research investigates the role of laboratory information systems on business outcomes in medical pathology in Australia. Pathology information systems are inherently large-scale systems handling large numbers of data daily to service not only the pathology laboratory itself, but also referring medical practitioners. Patient results are often required in a
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Bosch, Annette. "An effective nursing staffing model for a private hospital / Annette Bosch." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3631.

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Healthcare organisations in South-Africa are constantly looking for cost containment strategies, while providing and delivering effective healthcare and managing risk. Private hospitals must develop a cost effective staffing strategy to plan and meet present and future nursing needs. The need for safe and adequate nursing staffing levels is becoming more critical every day. Nursing shortages, combined with the increased workload it causes have to be addressed by nursing managers. The right number of nursing staff members with the right level of training and experience must be employed and retained to provide consistent high quality nursing care and guarantee patient safety. Nursing workforce management is a major responsibility of nursing management. This research study identified, investigated and evaluated significant factors and trends that contribute to, or influence the determining of the staff component in nursing units in the South-African private hospital environment. Criteria for an effective nursing staffing model to assist nursing managers in workforce management were developed. The study was conducted in two phases. A literature review and an empirical study were conducted. Information and the identification of factors influencing nurse staffing was obtained through the literature study. An empirical investigation was done to understand nursing staffing practices. Information was gathered through a questionnaire that was compiled as part of the qualitative research design. The various factors influencing the determining of nursing teams were empirically investigated and analysed. The including of factors in nursing staffing models was empirically tested.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Ahlström, Mandy, and Valles Carmelle Fajutrao. "Hand hygiene compliance among nursing staff in a Philippine private hospital." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-1585.

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Background Healthcare-associated infections constitute a threat to patient safety and an economic burden on health systems worldwide. The most effective way to prevent healthcare-associated infections is through proper hand hygiene practice, but studies show that compliance is low. In 2009, the World Health Organization released hand hygiene guidelines and tools to address the issue.  Aim The aim of the study was to measure the compliance to the WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care among nursing staff in a private hospital in the Philippines using the evaluation framework of the World Health Organization. Method The method used to assess compliance was structured direct observations using the World Health Organization’s observation form. Data was collected in 15 days, during full shifts, and analyzed quantitatively based on overall compliance, according to indication, ward, week day/weekend and shift. Results A total of 1920 opportunities were recorded, of which 336 were hand rub performances, 168 hand wash and 1416 missed opportunities, giving an overall compliance of 26.25 percent. The ward with the highest compliance rate was the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (45.40 percent) and the lowest was Nursing Station 1 (22.26 percent). Conclusion The overall compliance rate of 26.25 percent is lower compared to most published studies and healthcare workers were more compliant to indications that protect themselves than to indications that protect patients. The results can be useful in improving quality of care and patient safety.
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McKnight, David. "Medication incidents in a private hospital : frequency, type, causes and outcomes." Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1254.

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Background: Medication Safety has become a major health issue in Australia and internationally. Medication use is a part of most people lives with around seven in ten Australians and nine in ten older Australians having taken at least one medication over a two week period. But the taking of medications is not devoid of risk to the patient and a subsequent cost to society. This risk of an adverse outcome can be due to a predictable or idiosyncratic direct effect of the medication (adverse drug reaction) or a breakdown in the systems involved in the management of medications (medication incident). Although the risk of an adverse outcome is low and most medication incidents do not cause any harm, the volume of medications in use dictates that the problem when quantified is still significant. Following the publication of major patient safety studies it has become possible to estimate that almost 2 to 3 per cent of all hospital admissions are related to problems with medicines with an annual cost of $380 million.In 2002, following the publication of the Second National Report on Patient Safety ―Improving Medication Safety‖ it became apparent that despite medication safety issues growing in awareness in public hospitals, the same could not be said for private hospital practice which catered for about one third of all admitted patient episodes in Australia. Later that year a first step was taken with the Private Health Industry Quality and Safety workshop with representatives from most private hospitals attending. This meeting highlighted that medication safety practices at St John of God Hospital Subiaco was not aligned very well with public sector hospitals and that a number of deficiencies existed requiring urgent attention.Aims: This study had a broad range of aims. These were as follows: 1. To chronicle the development of medication safety procedures at St John of God Hospital Subiaco, nationally and internationally. 2. To quantify and uniformly classify, medication incidents reported from different sources in a private hospital. 3. To develop and assess a range of contributing factors as to why the medication incidents occurred. 4. To quantify the clinical significance of reported medication incidents. 5. To develop strategies to minimise/reduce the incidence of medication incidents in the future. 6. To investigate the influence of pharmacy ownership, location and employment of clinical pharmacists on medication incident reporting practices in Australian private hospitals.Method: The study was conducted in different phases. Initially the focus was a retrospective review of reported medication incidents in the hospital based on the date of occurrence of the medication incident rather than the date of review by a pharmacist. Secondly all incidents were then classified using a standardised format using the origin of the error. These included prescribing errors by medical practitioners, dispensing error by pharmacists and administration errors by nursing staff. Standard sub-categories were devised by St John of God Health Care, the national body coordinating the practices of all St John of God Hospitals, but in some instances they were noted to be too general. This led as part of this study to the development of more specific and sensitive categories for dispensing errors.Due to the realisation that medication error was now seen as a systems failure it was appropriate then to assess the risk to the patient and/or the organisation for a particular incident as well as determine some measure of harm to the patient. The level of risk associated with a medication incident was ranked according to the consequence of the incident and the likelihood of it recurring. Allied to this, a determinant of harm suffered by a patient following an incident or error was devised and promoted which differentiated harm into potential and actual harm.To further gauge private hospital medication safety practices, a national survey was undertaken of Australian private hospitals to gain an insight into the methodology used to collect and collate medication incidents and the roles played by pharmacy services in that process. In particular the survey sought to determine the influence of the ownership and location of the pharmacy service on those practices along with the employment or not of clinical pharmacists.Results: The classification of medication incidents by the date of occurrence aided in the assessment of why an incident occurred as it now became possible to study whether the ward location and day or time of an incident contributed in any way to causing that error. The classification of medication incidents by their origin in the medication cycle, highlighted that most incidents were reported by nursing staff and were therefore heavily weighted towards administration errors, which embodied their core medication function.The development of knowledge and understanding surrounding the causes and contributing factors associated, in particular with administration and dispensing medication errors, has helped to retrain caregivers to seek ways to avoid the incident in the future rather than focusing on any individual blame for what is a system failure.The clinical significance of a particular incident both to the patient and to an organisation can be more adequately assessed if a risk stratification and harm model is in place. This is apparent when dispensing errors were assessed as clinically significant to the pharmacy department but from a hospital perspective were noted only to have a potential for harm. In contrast, while the majority of administration errors had the potential for harm, some did cause actual harm.With the awakening of the need to improve our medication practices, the Pharmacy Department and the Hospital have committed to embracing more fully those practices more commonplace in public hospitals. These included having an active Drug and Therapeutics Committee and the implementation of clear medication polices and guidelines. Other initiatives have been embraced such as the use of standardised medication charts and ensuring a strong focus on medication reconciliation at the transitions of care. This included the employment of more clinical pharmacists to service areas such as preadmission and high risk areas such as Intensive Care and Oncology.The survey, with a response rate of 43%, highlighted that pharmacy services in private hospitals in Australia were either located On Site (52.8%) or Off Site (47.2%) and were either Hospital Owned (22.2%) or Contracted Out (77.8%). On Site pharmacy respondents were significantly more likely to be involved in the review of medication incidents (p = 0.047), have a policy on medication safety (p = 0.024), employ more clinical pharmacists (p = 0.006) and have a higher mean number of medication incidents reported (p = 0.001) as compared to Off Site pharmacies. Pharmacy providers who employed clinical pharmacists were more likely to be involved in the review of medication incidents (p = 0.02). Hospital Owned services were more likely to report a higher number of medication incidents (p = 0.011) and be On Site whilst Contracted Out services were more likely to be Off Site (p = 0.026).Medication safety has grown to become an international phenomenon. Two of the World Health Organisations top five priority areas to improve patient safety worldwide involve medication usage. In Australia, the formation of an active Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, has provided leadership to all hospitals both private and public whilst at state level Medication Safety Groups drive more local state based issues. The willingness of some private hospitals to embrace fully the concept of medication safety is very evident at St John of God Health Care where a national medication reference group was set up to lead all their hospitals along a common path and this has been complemented recently by the formation of a medication safety committee at the Subiaco campus.Conclusion: The safe use of medicines is still a major issue. Medication errors are now recognised to be a system failure. Great progress has been made to improve the system of how we manage medications in our hospitals, but the system must continue to evolve. Gaps still exist that need addressing to make our hospitals safer. The various private hospital models that exist lend themselves to differing levels of service and participation in medication safety. It is vital that the Australian Council for Health Care Standards, the private health insurers and the Commonwealth Health Department develop a higher expectation from all private hospitals to ensure systems are in place so that patients are safe regardless of the health care environment they enter.
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Books on the topic "Private hospital"

1

McQuillan, Ethna. The public/private mix in Irish hospital care. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1989.

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Dilip, T. R. Role of private hospitals in Kerala: An exploration. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies, 2008.

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Strakosch, Chris. Healing the wounds of war: A history of the Greenslopes Hospital 1942-2002. 6th ed. Greenslopes, NSW: Greenslopes Private Hospital, 2002.

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Ontario. Ministry of Health. Information System Division. Hospital Statistics: Public Hospitals, Private Hospitals, Children's Treatment Centres, Federal Hospitals, Mental Health In-Patient Data. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of Health, 1985.

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Victoria. Office of the Auditor-General. The new Royal Children's Hospital: A public private partnership. Melbourne, Vic: Victorian Government Printer, 2009.

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Ohio. Dept. of Health., ed. Hospital utilization and charges, twenty-five most frequently treated DRGs private pay patients, Ohio, 1994. [Columbus, Ohio] (246 N. High St., Columbus 43266-5308): The Dept., 1997.

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Bank, Asian Development, ed. Guidebook on public-private partnership in hospital management. Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2013.

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Auditor-General, Victoria Office of the. The new Royal Women's Hospital: A public private partnership. Melbourne, Vic: Victorian Government Printer, 2008.

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Bailey, Jo. Recycled: A General Jack hospital mystery. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993.

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Bailey, Jo. Erased: A General Jack hospital mystery. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Private hospital"

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Gottschalk, Petter. "Helgeland hospital by KPMG." In Private Policing of Economic Crime, 35–40. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003142607-5.

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Oberst, Byron B., and John M. Long. "Hospital Management: Efficient Use of Resources." In Computers in Private Practice Management, 121–25. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4746-3_11.

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Hidayah, Nur, Qurratul Aini, and Gofur Ahmad. "The Readiness of a Private Hospital Toward Smart Hospital in Indonesia." In Proceedings of Eighth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology, 1003–13. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3091-3_82.

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Jeurissen, Patrick, and Hans Maarse. "Hospital Care: Private Assets for-a-Profit?" In Understanding Hospitals in Changing Health Systems, 103–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28172-4_5.

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Brown, Phil. "The New Alliance of Public and Private Sectors: Private Mental Hospitals and General Hospital Psychiatric Units." In The Transfer of Care, 110–28. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003282419-8.

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Aufa, Badra Al, Putri Pranita, Dyah Safitri, and Dewi Kartika Sari. "Hospital Credentialing at a Private General Hospital in Depok, Indonesia (A Qualitative Study)." In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 193–201. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-132-6_18.

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Jayasuriya, Sajani, Pauline Teo, Roshani Palliyaguru, and Rebecca Yang. "Stakeholder Management for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Hospital Projects in Australia During the COVID-19 Pandemic." In Revisiting Public-Private Partnerships, 213–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37015-1_13.

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Jones, Paul. "Private Finance Initiative Hospital Architecture: Towards a Political Economy of the Royal Liverpool University Hospital." In Materialities of Care, 84–96. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119499749.ch7.

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Butler, J. R. G. "A Comparison of Public and Private Hospital Costs in Queensland." In Developments in Health Economics and Public Policy, 249–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0179-0_8.

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Rudge, Trudy, and Luisa Toffoli. "Chapter Eight: Safeguarding Through Work Arounds: Socio-Materiality and the Organising of Care in a Private Hospital." In Navigating Private and Public Healthcare, 157–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9208-6_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Private hospital"

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Iorga, Cristina. "Public Hospital Vs Private Hospital." In 2nd Central and Eastern European LUMEN International Conference - Multidimensional Education and Professional Development. Ethical Values. Cognitive-crcs, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.07.03.36.

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K, Ananthajothi, Praveen Kumar Balaji S, and Naveen B. "Private Hospital Finder." In International Conference on Recent Trends in Data Science and its Applications (ICRTDA 2023). Denmark: River Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.13052/rp-9788770040723.098.

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Ramli, Abdul Haeba, Arsil, Rowlan Takaya, and Siti Mariam. "Professional Identity in Private Hospital." In International Conference on Management, Accounting, and Economy (ICMAE 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200915.039.

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Maryati, Warsi, Novita Yuliani, Anton Susanto, Aris Octavian Wannay, and Ani Ismayani Justika. "Hospital Characteristics Determining Indonesian Case Base Groups Claim Rates." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.33.

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ABSTRACT Background: In the case-mix system, diagnostic codes are used as the basis for classifying health service rates. The inaccuracy of diagnosis and action codes may change the Indonesian Case Base Groups (INA-CBGs) codes which will affect on claim rates. Additionally, hospital characteristics also contribute to determining health service rates. This study aimed to describe the gap between hospital and INA-CBGs rates based on hospital characteristics. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at hospitals X and Y in Surakarta, Central Java in 2020. A total of 100 inpatient medical records from two hospitals was selected for this study. Hospital X was a B-type private hospital, providing general medical services. Hospital Y was an A-type government hospital, providing specialized medical services. The study variables were hospital service and INA-CBGs claims. The data were reported descriptively. Results: Hospital characteristics, including class, type, and hospital ownership, had different health service claim rates. Hospital X had lower claim rates in 26 (52%) documents and higher claim rates in 24 (48%) documents than the actual hospital service rates. The total tariff of IDR 309,378,300 for services was claimed IDR 263,296,400 by BPJS based on INA-CBGs rate. A negative difference IDR 46,081,900 was obtained at hospital X. Hospital Y had lower claim rates in 18 (36%) documents and higher claim rates in 32 (64%) documents than the actual hospital service rates. The total tariff of IDR 160,587,531 for services was claimed IDR 260,321,400 by BPJS based on INA-CBGs rate. A positive difference IDR 99,733,869 was obtained at hospital Y. Conclusion: There was a gap in rates between hospitals and the accuracy of the diagnosis coded by INA-CBGs tariff policy. Private B-type hospitals, providing general medical services, received smaller claims and government type-A hospitals, providing specialized medical services received higher claims, than the actual service tariff. Keywords: INA-CBGs, characteristics, hospital, rates, tariff Correspondence: Warsi Maryati. Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta. Jl. K.H. Saman­hudi No. 93 Sondakan, Laweyan, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: warsi­maryati­@udb.ac.id. Mobile: +6285219103638 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.33
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Hidayah, Nur, Arlina Dewi, and Ekorini Listiowati. "Remuneration System Formula at An Islamic Private Hospital." In The 6th International Conference on Public Health 2019. Masters Program in Public Health, Graduate School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the6thicph.04.76.

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Suliantoro, Hery, Anantian Suryo Utomo, Naniek Utami Handayani, Nia Budi Puspitasari, and Darminto Pujotomo. "Strategic Role of Procurement Function on Private Hospital." In 2nd South American Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. Michigan, USA: IEOM Society International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46254/sa02.20210662.

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Aidil, Nor ‘Amirah Shahirah Ahmad. "Online Shopping Addiction Amongst Nurses in Private Hospital." In The 9th International Conference on Marketing and Retailing. European Publisher, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2024.05.9.

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Aufa, Badra Al. "Management Process of Health Promoting Hospital in a Private Hospital, Lamongan, East Java." In 3rd International Conference on Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200331.154.

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Xin, Yueyao, and Yongsheng Zhang. "Analysis of Hospital Private Cloud Application Based on SDN." In 2020 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education (ICAIE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaie50891.2020.00055.

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Japarova, Damira. "The Public and Private Health Sectors in Kyrgyzstan and Prospects for their Cooperation." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00815.

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The public sector does not provide funding for the program of state guarantees. Private sector where high levels of profitability and higher prices. The purpose of public-private partnerships in health care – the preservation and improvement of the health status of the population. In Kyrgyzstan, the investment in health infrastructure of the state are planned. The private investor can build a building and provide meals for patients as required by the hospital. Require opening a public-private laboratories for urgent tests at each hospital and clinic. To finance the public-private partnership in the health sector can be used in co-financing, guarantee the payment rate for OMS services.
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Reports on the topic "Private hospital"

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Stoye, George, and Elaine Kelly. The Impacts of Private Hospital Entry on the Public Market for Elective Care in England. The IFS, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2020.120.

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Beckert, Walter, and Elaine Kelly. Divided by choice? Private providers, patient choice and hospital sorting in the English National Health service. The IFS, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2017.w1715.

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Smith, Paul N., David R. J. Gill, Michael J. McAuliffe, Catherine McDougall, James D. Stoney, Christopher J. Vertullo, Christopher J. Wall, et al. Demographics of Hip, Knee and Shoulder Arthroplasty Supplementary Report. Australian Orthopaedic Association, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25310/fvfd6989.

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Data presented in this report have been submitted to the Registry by both public and private hospitals. Currently, 364 hospitals contribute nationally but this number varies from time to time due to hospital closures, new hospitals or changes to services within hospitals. The Registry was implemented in a staged manner on a state-by-state basis. Implementation was completed nationally by mid-2002; therefore 2003 was the first year of complete national data. All hip, knee and shoulder replacement procedures recorded by the Registry from the commencement date to 31 December 2022 have been included in this report. This Report is one of 16 supplementary reports to complete the AOANJRR Annual Report for 2023. Information on the background, purpose, aims, benefits and governance of the Registry can be found in the Introductory chapter of the 2023 Hip, Knee and Shoulder Arthroplasty Annual Report. The Registry data quality processes including data collection, validation and outcomes assessment, are provided in detail in the Data Quality section of the introductory chapter of the 2023 Hip, Knee and Shoulder Arthroplasty Annual Report: https://aoanjrr.sahmri.com/annual-reports-2023.
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Merten, Martina, Susann Roth, and Fazilah Shaik Allaudin. Public Health Innovations for COVID-19: Finding, Trusting, and Scaling Innovation. Asian Development Bank, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200283-2.

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The public and private sector, civil society, and academic institutions have developed many innovative solutions to manage public health aspects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Innovators have focused on tools for surveillance, supply chain management, clinical trials, diagnosis, communication, and developing vaccines. These have been supplemented by research collaboration platforms, isolation and hospital upgrading novelties, as well as risk stratification resources. This paper provides an overview of these solutions to enhance the evidence-based application of innovative public health approaches. The author’s also propose that a “living platform” for sharing public health innovations is developed.
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Savedoff, William D. Reaching the Poor through Demand Subsidies: The Colombian Health Reform. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006884.

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This paper discusses the Colombian Health Reform, a reform seeking to equalize access to health services for the poor by giving them insurance that can purchase care from public or private providers. The discussion consists of a series of reflections from a seminar that took place in Barranquilla, Colombia, on November 15th-19th, 1999, in which presentations were made by Colombian academics, mayors, hospital managers, regulators, EPS Directors, and newly insured individuals. It is not meant to be a systematic evaluation of the reform, but rather an outsider's view from an intense week of interviews, presentations, and local visits.
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Jigjidsuren, Altantuya, Bayar Oyun, and Najibullah Habib. Supporting Primary Health Care in Mongolia: Experiences, Lessons Learned, and Future Directions. Asian Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210020-2.

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ince the early 1990s, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has broadly supported health sector reforms in Mongolia. This paper describes primary health care (PHC) in Mongolia and ADB support in its reform. It highlights results achieved and the lessons drawn that could be useful for future programs in Mongolia and other countries. PHC reform in Mongolia aimed at facilitating a shift from hospital-based curative services toward preventive approaches. It included introducing new management models based on public–private partnerships, increasing the range of services, applying more effective financing methods, building human resources, and creating better infrastructure. The paper outlines remaining challenges and future directions for ADB support to PHC reform in the country.
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Arrieta, Alejandro, and Ariadna García Prado. Series of Avoidable Hospitalizations and Strengthening Primary Health Care: The Case of Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006952.

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This paper studies the effect of ambulatory and hospital coinsurance rates on HACSC among individuals with private insurance in Chile. During the last decade, Chile's private health sector has experienced a dramatic increase in its hospitalization rates, growing at four times the rate of ambulatory visits (see graph 1). Such evolution has raised concern among policy makers, interested in promoting more preventive services, and a major use of ambulatory care. The growth on the prevalence of chronic diseases has also set up the alarm. A burden disease study made in 2007 shows that 84% of the total diseases in the country were non-communicable diseases (Universidad Católica de Chile, 2008). The 2003 National Health Survey showed that only a small fraction of those affected by a chronic disease had their condition under control (Bitrán et al, 2010). In this context, coinsurance can be a valuable tool for dealing with cost escalating problems in the health system while, at the same time, promoting more ambulatory visits and preventive services and less HCSC.
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Arisi, Diego, Alix Cortés, and Delic Diego. Open configuration options Knowledge for Results and the Efficiency of Public Agencies in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004062.

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This paper documents the effects of an intervention on knowledge sharing, in which information embedded in efficient private organizations is used to improve bureaucratic procedures of public agencies. In particular, it analyzes the impact of the Knowledge for Results (K4R) program on the efficiency of public agencies in Colombia. The findings of the study indicate that K4R is associated with a statistically significant improvement in operational efficiency. The paper presents two examples of K4R. In the first example, K4R reduced the time that local ombudsman offices need to deal with incoming petitions from citizens. In the second example, K4R reduced the time that oncology patients spend in an emergency clinic until they are discharged from the hospital. These time reductions are quantitatively relevant and imply efficiency gains of between 25 and 40 percent relative to pre-program levels.
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Young, Matthew M. Proposed Methods For Estimating Costs Of Mental Health In Canada (2007-2020). Greo Evidence Insights, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2023.002.

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This report presents the results of an investigation by Greo Evidence Insights into how Canadian mental health (MH) costs could be estimated. It begins by conducting a review of studies estimating the costs of MH in Canada since 2010 and examines the various approaches employed. Based on this analysis the next section makes recommendations regarding cost types to include, the granularity of the estimates, and the approach to missing/ incomplete data. The report then recommends a phased approach to estimating the cost of mental health: Phase I describes in detail the data sources and methods to estimate public, direct health care costs associated with general and psychiatric MH-related hospitalizations and emergency room visits and non-hospital-based interventions (i.e., physician costs, pharmaceutical costs, community MH services). Phase II describes methods for estimating social and income support payments and indirect costs. Finally, Phase III describes data sources and methods for estimating private health and lost productivity costs.
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Alsanea, Hamad, Athary Saleem, Fahad Alhamadi, and Mohammed Asad. Iatrogenic Abdominal Firm Lump: A Case Report of a Retained Surgical Item Detected 8 Years Post-Abdominoplasty. Science Repository, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.crss.2024.01.01.

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Introduction and Importance: Retained surgical body (RSB) is unusual life-threatening condition occurred postoperatively. Despite its rarity, multiple protective and management policies were documented by policymakers. Case Presentation: A 62-year-old female patient presented with a few months’ history of abdominal mass. She presented to our hospital 8 years post-abdominoplasty that was performed in a private sector. The underlying cause of the abdominal mass was identified by abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) with IV contrast as a surgically retained foreign tubular object. Then, the decision was made to proceed with an open surgical technique to remove the RSB, which was defined as a missed drain tube. The postoperative period was uneventful. Clinical Discussion: Post-operative RSB, as a retained drain fragment, is a surgical challenge that necessitates standardization of error reporting strategies, awareness enhancement, and improvement of professional communication between surgical teams in the operation room. Conclusion: This case highlights the serious consequences of RSB and the radiologic tools in foreign materials identification. We report the case of a 62-year-old female patient with a long-standing history of abdominal mass, found to be caused by an unintentionally retained drain tube missed 8 years post-abdominoplasty.
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