Journal articles: 'Private food standards'

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Herne, Sally. "Monitoring food standards in private homes." Nutrition Bulletin 20, no. 1 (January 1995): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.1995.tb00563.x.

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Jovanić, Tatjana. "The importance and role of private food safety standards." Bezbednost, Beograd 61, no. 1 (2019): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost1901070j.

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Trevena, Helen, Belinda Reeve, Lisa Bero, and Anne Marie Thow. "Private food safety standards in the global food supply chain." JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 18, no. 1 (January 2020): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00006.

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Tennent, Rebeka, and Stewart Lockie. "Private food standards, trade and institutions in Vietnam." Journal of Asian Public Policy 6, no. 2 (July 2013): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2013.814308.

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Herzfeld, Thomas, Larissa S. Drescher, and Carola Grebitus. "Cross-national adoption of private food quality standards." Food Policy 36, no. 3 (June 2011): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2011.03.006.

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Rao, Madhura, Aalt Bast, and Alie de Boer. "European private food safety standards in global agri-food supply chains: a systematic review." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 24, no. 5 (July 12, 2021): 739–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2020.0146.

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Private food safety standards have become an important governance mechanism in contemporary food supply chains. While much has been written about private standards from the perspectives of different academic fields, there has never been a dedicated literature review to examine their interaction with global food supply chains. In this systematic review, 45 peer reviewed articles on private food standards, selected through extensive searches in four academic databases are critically appraised. Our analysis reveals that the most studied European private food safety standards are owned by retail conglomerates and therefore place the retail sector in a position of influence in the supply chain. These standards influence supply chain structures, market access, and the efficiency of food safety management systems. They also challenge the traditional relationship shared by actors in the supply chain with public authorities and the World Trade Organization. In the recent years, their scope has expanded to include topical issues such as environmental sustainability, worker safety, and animal welfare. Overall, the review suggests that European private food safety standards alter the operations of modern agri-food supply chains to accommodate consumer wishes while allowing the retail sector to exert its influence without taking on additional legal and economic liability.

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Henson, Spencer, and Thomas Reardon. "Private agri-food standards: Implications for food policy and the agri-food system." Food Policy 30, no. 3 (June 2005): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2005.05.002.

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WOUTERS, JAN, and DYLAN GERAETS. "Private food standards and the World Trade Organization: some legal considerations." World Trade Review 11, no. 3 (July 2012): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000237.

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AbstractPrivate standards have increasingly become a contentious issue in the multilateral trading system. The ever increasing number of sector-specific standards developed by businesses, in particular in the food market, may have significant implications for developing countries in terms of market access. Some countries see private food standards as a particular form of non-tariff barriers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with non-tariff barriers in the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). This paper examines to what extent these agreements cover private standards, as they were originally intended to regulate standard-setting by public authorities. We find that there is an important difference between the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement in that the drafters of the latter realized the importance of the private sector in standard-setting. Finally, we discuss whether a ‘Code of Good Practice for the Preparation, Adoption and Application of Standards’, similar to that under the TBT Agreement, could be adopted under the SPS Agreement.

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Sumner, Jennifer. "Standards as a commons: Private agri-food standards as governance for the 99 percent." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 2, no. 1 (May 15, 2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v2i1.30.

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<p>Private agri-food standards have emerged in response to the constraints imposed on the role of the state under the influence of neoliberalism. These standards reflect the ongoing ‘value wars’ between the money code of value and the life code of value (McMurtry 2002). While some private agri-food standards operate within the money code of value (e.g., Red Tractor or CanadaGap), others can be more fruitfully situated within the life code of value because they ‘remove the veil’ (Hudson and Hudson 2003) from food commodities to reveal the exploitative social, economic and environmental relations inherent in today’s “feral capitalism” (Harvey 2011). This paper will use these codes of value to interpret three cases – organics, fair trade and Local Food Plus – with the aim of informing discussion regarding the emergence of standards as a form of governance. It will argue that conceptualizing standards as a commons will help us to better analyze the threats and opportunities posed by the rise of private agri-food standards and will open up the possibility that they can provide a form of life-protective governance that benefits what has come to be known as ‘the 99 percent.’</p>

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McCluskey, J. J., and J. A. Winfree. "Pre-empting public regulation with private food quality standards." European Review of Agricultural Economics 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbp040.

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Giraud-Héraud, Eric, Abdelhakim Hammoudi, Ruben Hoffmann, and Louis-Georges Soler. "Joint Private Safety Standards and Vertical Relationships in Food Retailing." Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 21, no. 1 (January 18, 2012): 179–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2011.00320.x.

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Rossignoli, Cristiano Maria, and Roberta Moruzzo. "Retail Power and Private Standards in the Agri-Food Chain." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 38, no. 9 (September 17, 2014): 1108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2014.925530.

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Naiki, Yoshiko. "THE DYNAMICS OF PRIVATE FOOD SAFETY STANDARDS: A CASE STUDY ON THE REGULATORY DIFFUSION OF GLOBALG.A.P." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 63, no. 1 (November 15, 2013): 137–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589313000389.

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AbstractThe emergence and importance of private standards in contemporary regulatory governance have been the subject of extensive debate. Recent studies have attempted to explore several dimensions of private regulation, such as its growth or effectiveness. By contrast, this article focuses on the regulatory diffusion of private standards. There has been a broad range of literature on diffusion and reception of norms—for instance, the scholarship of legal transplants or law's migration addressed how international treaties or foreign national laws were received in States. However, norm exportation and importation does not only occur between States; this article focuses on regulatory diffusion between private actors. To do so, it examines the case of GLOBALG.A.P., a private food safety scheme started in Europe that has influenced private standard initiatives beyond Europe. This article concludes by emphasizing that successful regulatory diffusion requires taking local contexts into account and preserving diversity.

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Herwig, Alexia. "The Application of the SPS Agreement to Transnational, Private Food Standards." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 3 (September 2016): 610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00006127.

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Thompson, Lyndal-Joy, and Stewart Lockie. "Private standards, grower networks, and power in a food supply system." Agriculture and Human Values 30, no. 3 (November 4, 2012): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-012-9404-8.

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Schlippenbach, Vanessa, and Isabel Teichmann. "The Strategic Use of Private Quality Standards in Food Supply Chains." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 94, no. 5 (July 25, 2012): 1189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas070.

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Maidana-Eletti, Mariela. "International Food Standards and WTO Law." Deakin Law Review 19, no. 2 (December 29, 2014): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2014vol19no2art435.

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Standards are used in all realms of human activity in order to specify the characteristics of a product, or its manufacture. In the process, they fulfil a range of functions, such as lowering risks, increasing trust and facilitating predictability in a given market. Standards reduce information costs for market players, which in turn allows for a more efficient functioning of the market. For international trade in foodstuffs, harmonisation of the wide variety of food standards is essential in order to facilitate the global food-sourcing trend. As traditional market access barriers are dismantled, non-tariff measures offer a tool for the potential protection of domestic products, thus calling for effective forms of food governance. This article explores the legal implications of international standards under the TBT Agreement in the light of the WTO Appellate Body’s case law. It further analyses the role played by international standard-setting organisations, such as the CAC and the ISO, in predicting the outcome of pending WTO disputes. Against this backdrop, this article also attempts to shed light on the current legal debate surrounding the use of private food standards within the SPS Committee.

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Oldfield, Michaela Tarr. "Enactment of the Food Safety Modernization Act." European Journal of Risk Regulation 6, no. 4 (December 2015): 488–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005055.

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The United States’ Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) revises the US Food and Drug Administration's regulatory authority. While expanding FDA's authority, the legislation replicates and relies on private systems of standards and third party audits, albeit with modifications. This article argues that public and private actors develop food safety regulations within multiple types of institutional venues, including private standards regimes, courts, congresses, and government regulatory agencies. It examines how interactions within each of these venues are shaped by stakeholders’ interests, and how the relevant subset of interactions within these venues ultimately shaped the FSMA. The article concludes by offering insights into what consequences these interactions and outcomes may have on the roles and capacities of affected stakeholders in food safety governance.

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Monteiro, Diogo Souza, and Sven Anders. "Third-party certification, food standards and quality assurance in supply chains." Journal on Chain and Network Science 9, no. 2 (January 1, 2009): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2009.x164.

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This paper develops a theoretical framework to address and discuss issues of certifier effort, firm size and cost differences in the provision of credible third-party certification services in vertical food supply chains. The emergence of private and voluntary food standards have opened a fast growing market for the provision of independent third-party certification services for a range of credence attributes from origin, through food quality and safety to social and environmental attributes. This study argues that the quality of certification may be affected by the number of heterogeneous standards a certifier is accredited to verify. Moreover, results suggest that the quality of more complex and costly testing protocols and standards resulting in overall higher certification cost may be better served by smaller certification bodies that on average exert higher effort levels. This finding seems of particular relevance to food chain management given the growing proliferation of highly specialized private standards and contractual arrangements in international food supply.

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Zurek, Karolina. "Disembedding food markets in Asia: private organizations, risk and the promotion of international food standards." Journal of Asian Public Policy 6, no. 2 (July 2013): 196–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2013.814310.

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Dharni, Khushdeep, and Sonika Sharma. "Food Safety Standards, Trade & WTO." Foreign Trade Review 43, no. 3 (October 2008): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515080301.

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With incidence of food-borne diseases, consumers have become more conscious of food safety. Share of high value food items in the export bounty from developing countries like India is on the rise. These high value food items such as fresh & processed fruits and vegetables, marine products, meat and its preparations are highly income elastic as well as sensitive from the viewpoint of food safety. Article 20 of GATT allows governments to act on trade in order to protect human, animal or plant life or health, provided they do not discriminate or use this as disguised protectionism. SPS Agreement sets out the basic rules concerning food safety and animal & plant health standards. It allows countries to set their own standards but also says that regulations must be based on science. With increased retail concentration ratio, large retailers in the developed countries are enforcing their own food safety standards and these standards are stringent as compared to standards of standard setting bodies of WTO. At times these standards are used for discrimination in international trade and are telling upon the exports from developing countries in terms of additional costs of compliance and lack of “harmonization” and difficulties in establishing “equivalence”. For the benefit of exporters from the developing countries and consumers of the developed countries, efforts must be made for encouraging harmonization in these private standards and reducing the resulting discrimination.

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Burrell, Alison. "‘Good Agricultural Practices’ in the Agri-Food Supply Chain." Environmental Law Review 13, no. 4 (December 2011): 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/enlr.2011.13.4.251.

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Criteria defining ‘good agricultural practice’ (GAP) were originally developed for on-farm production methods and resource use. For a decade, GAP principles have been applied throughout the entire agri-food supply chain by organisations promoting voluntary private standard (PS) schemes. Although the stated aim of such schemes is to provide consumers with guarantees of food safety and quality, they are strongly driven by the desire to reduce transaction costs within the chain and to limit the legal liability of chain operators and retailers in the wake of food safety lapses. They raise issues concerning their compatibility with the polluter pays principle, the legitimacy of the standard-setting process, potential duplication of the safeguards enshrined in public legislation, and the extent to which they erect barriers to market entry and impede competition. The extension of voluntary PS schemes to global food chains raises further questions about their compatibility with sustainable development goals and with WTO rules regarding import restrictions based on production methods. Current challenges include the operational coexistence of mandatory public standards and voluntary private standards in the agri-food arena, and how they might be better harmonised within national and international legal frameworks.

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Soon, Jan, and Richard Baines. "Public and Private Food Safety Standards: Facilitating or Frustrating Fresh Produce Growers?" Laws 2, no. 1 (January 22, 2013): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws2010001.

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Baines, R. N., and J. M. Soon. "PRIVATE FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY STANDARDS: FACILITATING OR FRUSTRATING FRESH PRODUCE GROWERS?" Acta Horticulturae, no. 1006 (September 2013): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2013.1006.9.

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Ehrich, Malte, and Axel Mangelsdorf. "The Role of Private Standards for Manufactured Food Exports from Developing Countries." World Development 101 (January 2018): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.08.004.

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Reardon, T. "The rise of private food quality and safety standards: illustrations from Brazil." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 4, no. 4 (2001): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-7508(02)00067-8.

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Meemken, Eva-Marie, and Matin Qaim. "Can private food standards promote gender equality in the small farm sector?" Journal of Rural Studies 58 (February 2018): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.030.

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JACXSENS, LIESBETH, SIGRID VAN BOXSTAEL, JESSICA NANYUNJA, DANIE JORDAAN, PIETERNEL LUNING, and MIEKE UYTTENDAELE. "Opinions on Fresh Produce Food Safety and Quality Standards by Fresh Produce Supply Chain Experts from the Global South and North." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 1914–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-537.

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This study describes the results of an on-line survey of fresh produce supply chain experts who work with producers from the Global North (n =41, 20 countries) and the Global South (n =63, 29 countries). They expressed their opinion using 1 to 5 Likert scales on several items related to four types of food safety and quality standards and legislation: Codex Alimentarius standards, European Union legislation, national legislation, and private standards. The results reflect the different circumstances under which the Southern and Northern producers operate in relation to the local organization, regulation, and support of the sector; but they also indicate similar challenges, in particular, the challenge of private standards, which were perceived to demand a higher implementation effort than the other three types of standards. Private standards were also strongly perceived to exclude Southern and Northern small- and medium-scale producers from high-value markets, whereas European Union legislation was perceived to strongly exclude, in particular, small- and medium-scale Southern producers. The results further highlight concerns about costly control measures and third-party certification that are required by downstream buyers but that are mostly paid for by upstream suppliers. Food standards are seen in their dual role as a catalyst for implementation of structured food safety management systems on the one hand and as a nontariff barrier to trade on the other hand. The results of the survey also pointed up the advantages of enforcing food safety and food quality standards in terms of knowledge spillover to noncertified activities, increased revenues, and improved food safety of delivered produce. Survey results highlight the importance of technical assistance and support of producers by governments and producer cooperatives or trade associations in the implementation and certification of food standards, along with increased awareness of and training of individuals in food protection practices to ensure food safety.

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Humphrey, John. "Food Safety, Private Standards Schemes and Trade: The Implications of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act." IDS Working Papers 2012, no. 403 (September 2012): 1–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00403.x.

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Fulponi, Linda. "Private voluntary standards in the food system: The perspective of major food retailers in OECD countries." Food Policy 31, no. 1 (February 2006): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2005.06.006.

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Lim Tung, Odile Juliette. "Organic Food Certification in South Africa: A Private Sector Mechanism in Need of State Regulation?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 19 (October 24, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19i0a584.

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Organic production targets the development of a sustainable cultivation system and a variety of high-quality products with emphasis on environmental protection, biodiversity and high standards of animal protection. In South Africa, the organic sector pioneered private practices and systems in small informal groups to guide the public and private sectors on environmental and sustainability issues. A private certification system for organic products is applicable in the country consisting of network certification and third-party certification in collaboration with foreign and locally-based certification organisations. Local producers also use self-declaratory vendor claims associated with organic labels. A State auditor mechanism is nonetheless applicable with respect to the use of the term “free range” on labels for meat products. South African National Standards (SANS 1369) on Organic Agricultural Production and Processing (OAPP) have been drafted by the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) but the final version has not yet been made public. There is presently no specific legislation on organic products in the country but draft regulations (under the Agricultural Product Standards Act) on the control and sale of organic products which have not yet been promulgated. With mainly a private organic food certification system, to what extent do South African organic food products respect rules of organic production? This paper looks into the organic food regulation in South Africa and examines how far this private sector mechanism for organic food certification is in need of State regulation.

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Paggi, Mechel S., Fumiko Yamazaki, Luis Ribera, Marco Palma, and Ron Knutson. "Domestic and Trade Implications of Leafy Green Marketing Agreement Type Policies and the Food Safety Modernization Act for the Southern Produce Industry." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 45, no. 3 (August 2013): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800004971.

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Protecting the safety of the U.S. food supply is a shared responsibility. Accomplishing that task requires the efforts of multiple government agencies combined with private sector participation. Despite the best efforts of the public-private partnership, the presence of microbial contamination incidents continues to raise questions regarding the safety of the U.S. food supply. As a result, there have been increased efforts to take measures to enhance food safety by the government and industry groups. The passage of the Food Safety Modernization Act establishes an increasing role for government in establishing and enforcing food safety standards. This new initiative is designed to address food from domestic and foreign origins. These U.S. government initiatives combined with the labyrinth of food safety standards promoted by international organizations, foreign governments, private-sector retail food sales, food processors, and producers have a common foundation. All of these standards generally apply to four basic biohazards areas: soil, water, animals, and people. However, they all have an effect on the costs that producers and other members of the industry face as they attempt to implement and/or document the multitude of activities required for compliance. This article provides an overview of the evolution of food safety standards related to the fresh produce industry. An example of their potential consequences on the profitability of southern region vegetable producers is provided and the potential impact on import suppliers is discussed.

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P. Vlachos, Ilias. "The impact of private label foods on supply chain governance." British Food Journal 116, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 1106–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2012-0228.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the introduction of private label (PL) foods upon the governance of the food supply chains. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a multi-case study research examining the launch and development of PL cheeses in four large national-wide retail chains. The paper focused on the category of Products of Designated Origin (PDO) cheeses, including the popular feta cheese. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews and secondary sources of information. Data analysis involved single-case and within-case analyses. Findings – There is a strong motive to launch and develop PL cheeses due to increasing consumer demand. Retailers choose suppliers based on criteria such as: compliance to quality assurance standards, modernisation of processing facilities, implementation of legislation, credibility, experience, and reputation. Retailers use contracts and prefer small suppliers than medium-sized companies. Supply chain governance turns from market to hierarchy status, which performs better in terms of supply chain cost, food quality, and consumer satisfaction. The structure of food industry is also affected by pressure put on medium-sized food companies. Research limitations/implications – The paper is based on a multiple case study design that does not provide static generalisations, yet it offers a stepping stone to building new theory about supply chain governance, how it evolves and its effects on supply chain performance. Practical implications – The introduction of PL cheeses favours small and dynamic cheese processing units willing to adopt retailer standards and prices over larger units, which poses a real threat to the survival of regional-wide food companies. Originality/value – Few studies have examined how supply chain governance evolves and what triggers a change in governance structures.

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MOHAMMED, REZGAR, and YUQING ZHENG. "INTERNATIONAL DIFFUSION OF FOOD SAFETY STANDARDS: THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC CERTIFIERS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 49, no. 2 (April 19, 2017): 296–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2017.2.

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AbstractWe examined the cross-national adoption of six major private food safety standards, focusing on the role of certifiers and international trade. Results show that the number of certification bodies existing in the domestic country, food exports, and the proportion of food exports to North America had positive effects on a country's adoption of food safety standards. Distance leads to product differentiation for the standards and therefore disadvantages developing countries in Africa and Asia for adopting the standards, which are all based in the United States or Europe. Providing these countries with better access to certifiers can alleviate this geographic disadvantage.

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Matela, Hema, Akhila Nair, Purva Sharma, Surabhi Singh Yadav, and Kavitha Menon. "Nutritional Quality of Canteen Foods and Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Food Handlers in Health Promoting and Non-Health Promoting Private Secondary Schools of Pune City." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac051.058.

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Abstract Objectives To assess the nutritional quality of foods served in school canteens and Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of food handlers in Health Promoting and Non-Health Promoting Private Secondary Schools of Pune City, India. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in school canteens of the private secondary schools, Pune City. Out of 316 private schools in the city, 32 private secondary schools with on-campus canteen facilities. All food handlers (n = 64) directly involved in food service were interviewed. Data collected included information on different types of foods served in the school canteens, food safety, sanitation and hygiene practices in the school canteens (a scorecard was prepared using FSSAI guidelines to assess school canteens' food safety, Sanitation and Hygiene of school canteens), and knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of food handlers on food quality, food safety and Food Safety and Standards Authority of India's (FSSAI) guidelines (a structured pre-tested questionnaire). The nutritional quality of foods served in school canteens was assessed using High Fat Sugar and Salt (HFSS) cut-offs of the FSSAI as healthy and unhealthy. Results Out of 32 schools, 25 were Non-Health Promoting (NHPS), and seven schools followed Health Promoting (HPS) concept. HPS had significantly higher provision for healthy food items than non-HPS (87.4% vs 46.2%; p < 0.001). The HPS effectively reduced high-fat foods from the menu (p = 0.03), however reduction in sugar and salt products was not sufficient. Food handlers from the HPS category had higher knowledge to identify healthy foods from the school menu (p < 0.001) and had a better attitude towards healthy foods for school children (p ≤ 0.04). There was no significant difference in food safety practices of food handlers; however, HPS followed safer methods for serving foods (p < 0.001). A few participants from both the school categories had attended any nutrition training program for food handlers (30% for HPS vs 25% Non-HPS; p = 0.68). Conclusions A few private secondary schools implemented the HPS initiative in Pune City, which positively influenced the school food environment by introducing healthy foods and improved attitudes among food handlers towards healthy foods in school canteens. Funding Sources The study was not funded.

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JACKOWSKA-TRACZ, AGNIESZKA, MICHAŁ TRACZ, and KRZYSZTOF ANUSZ. "Integrated Approach Across Prerequisite Programmes and Actions Based on the HACCP Principles A." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 6051–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6051.

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Food business operators are required to implement and maintain a system based on the HACCP principles. The HACCP is the only food safety management system, the implementation of which is obligatory. The standards laid down by the Codex Alimentarius Commission serve as benchmarks not only for the obligatory implementation of the HACCP system principles, but also for private standards such as ISO, IFS or BRC. A voluntary implementation of private standards may lead to a wrong assumption that food companies do not necessarily have to, but only may comply with the guidelines laid down by the implemented standard. The HACCP system guarantees no absolute food safety in and of itself. The underlying assumption of the HACCP system is that high-risk hazards should be controlled with the use of CCPs. It is impossible to identify critical control points in all enterprises. In certain food businesses, there are exclusively medium-risk or low-risk hazards that may be controlled with OPRPs or PRPs, respectively. The awareness on the role of critical control points and prerequisite programmes in the producer's efforts to prevent or eliminate hazards, or to reduce them to acceptable levels is a key for performing a comprehensive supervision. During the performance of an official control, instead of focusing exclusively on the HACCP procedures, it is reasonable to apply an integrated approach comprising both prerequisite programmes and the HACCP principles..

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JACKOWSKA-TRACZ, AGNIESZKA, MICHAŁ TRACZ, and KRZYSZTOF ANUSZ. "Integrated approach across prerequisite programmes and procedures based on HACCP principles." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 4 (2018): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6089.

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Food business operators are required to implement and maintain a system based on HACCP principles. The HACCP is the only food safety management system, the implementation of which is obligatory. The standards laid down by the Codex Alimentarius Commission serve as benchmarks not only for the obligatory implementation of the HACCP system principles, but also for private standards such as ISO, IFS or BRC. A voluntary implementation of private standards may lead to the wrong assumption that food companies do not necessarily have to but only may comply with the guidelines laid down by the implemented standard. The HACCP system guarantees no absolute food safety in and of itself. The underlying assumption of the HACCP system is that high-risk hazards should be controlled with the use of critical control points (CCPs). It is impossible to identify CCPs in all enterprises. In certain food businesses there are exclusively medium-risk or low-risk hazards that may be controlled with oPRPs or PRPs, respectively. The awareness on the role of critical control points and prerequisite programmes in the producer's efforts to prevent or eliminate hazards, or to reduce them to acceptable levels, is a key for performing a comprehensive supervision. During the performance of an official control, instead of focusing exclusively on the HACCP procedures, it is reasonable to apply an integrated approach comprising both prerequisite programmes and the HACCP principles..

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Groot-Kormelinck, Annemarie, Jacques Trienekens, and Jos Bijman. "Coordinating food quality: How do quality standards influence contract arrangements? A study on Uruguayan food supply chains." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 26, no. 4 (February 26, 2021): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-02-2020-0087.

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Purpose The aim of this paper is to study the influence of quality standards on contract arrangements in food supply chains. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative double case study was conducted on the dairy and citrus sectors in Uruguay. A transaction cost theoretical framework was used. All current public and private quality standards applied by processors were studied in relation to contract arrangements between processors and upstream producers as well as downstream buyers for each sector. Findings Quality standards complement contract arrangements for upstream transactions, leading to hierarchy-type contract arrangements. Quality standards substitute contract arrangements for downstream transactions, leading to market- or hybrid-type contract arrangements. Research limitations/implications Longitudinal studies that measure changes in contract arrangements over time are recommended. Practical implications Supply chain actors can reduce transaction costs by aligning quality standards with appropriate contract arrangements – further supported by public instruments. Originality/value Quality standards have differential influence on underlying transaction characteristics, and therefore on contract arrangements, depending on the location of the transaction in the supply chain.

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Lytton, Timothy D. "Exposing Private Third-Party Food Safety Auditors to Civil Liability for Negligence: Harnessing Private Law Norms to Regulate Private Governance." European Review of Private Law 27, Issue 2 (April 1, 2019): 353–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2019019.

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In many industries, companies rely on private third-party audits to monitor their suppliers’ adherence to various standards. These audits are frequently paid for by the entity being audited, which creates a conflict of interest that incentivizes auditors to reduce the burden of audits by cutting corners and inflating audit scores. This article presents a case study of food safety audits in the fresh produce sector. It explains why large commercial buyers of fresh produce rely on private third-party audits paid for by growers despite the conflict of interest, and it argues that exposing auditors to civil liability for negligence would improve the rigor and reliability of these audits. The article concludes with a more general analysis of how the private law norms of duty and reasonable care imposed by civil liability can improve private governance.

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Botterill, Linda Courtenay, and Carsten Daugbjerg. "Commensalistic institutions and value conflicts: the World Trade Organization and global private food standards." European Political Science Review 7, no. 1 (January 17, 2014): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773913000295.

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An important outcome of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations was the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). This was set up to discipline the use of national food safety and animal and plant health regulations and to prevent their emergence as technical barriers to trade. The Agreement privileges free trade and scientific evidence, thus excluding many ethical considerations from the regulations that national governments can enact in relation to production methods in the agri-food chain. Autonomously from the SPS Agreement, a number of global private standard schemes have been developed that have incorporated values rejected by the SPS Agreement. This paper examines the relationship between the Agreement and the private standards and argues that this case highlights a gap in the institutional literature with respect to parallel institutions emergingautonomouslyfrom the primary institution to embody values excluded by the latter. We adopt the term commensalism for these previously undescribed relationships.

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Karavias, Markos. "Interactions between International Law and Private Fisheries Certification." Transnational Environmental Law 7, no. 1 (August 2, 2017): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102517000139.

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AbstractThe management of fisheries at the international level is no longer the exclusive preserve of states and international organizations. The proliferation of private certification initiatives – the reach of which defies territorial boundaries – has heralded an era of transnational fisheries governance. Whereas the interactions between private standards and national regulation have attracted scholarly attention, the function of international law in the context of transnational fisheries governance is largely unexplored. This article maps the interactions between international fisheries law and the most prominent among private certification standards, namely the Marine Stewardship Council Fisheries Standard and Guidance (MSC FSG). The article proposes a methodology to assess such interactions at the stage of norm development and argues that the interactions between the two regimes are multidirectional and complex. International law serves as a model for private standard setting and as a yardstick for private decision making. Conversely, the MSC FSG has acted as a model for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Ecolabelling Guidelines. Moreover, the MSC FSG may constitute a benchmark for resolutions adopted by regional fisheries management organizations. The MSC FSG, in incorporating international fisheries law, affirms the latter’s resilience as a global point of reference for the management of fisheries globally. Yet, at the same time, by prompting states to comply with their international obligations in order to secure market access for their fishing industry, the MSC FSG may be exposing the inability of international law to generate compliance autonomously.

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Farina, Elizabeth M. M. Q., Graciela E. Gutman, Pablo J. Lavarello, Rubens Nunes, and T. Reardon. "Private and public milk standards in Argentina and Brazil." Food Policy 30, no. 3 (June 2005): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2005.05.008.

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Squatrito, Salvatore, Elena Arena, Rosa Palmeri, and Biagio Fallico. "Public and Private Standards in Crop Production: Their Role in Ensuring Safety and Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020606.

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From the comparison of regulations and/or standards for the organic, conventional and/or integrated citrus production method and a voluntary certification, it emerges that farms certified with voluntary non-regulated certification systems, such as the IFA FV GLOBALG.A.P, are obliged to take into account the highest number of aspects, reported in a more complete register, than the organic ones. Moreover, this is also supported by a continuous-time planned process of revision and updating of the applicable versions of the standard. The environmental impact of the food production, the safety aspects of food products, as well as the health, ethics, and safety aspects of workers, are largely considered and inspected in the GLOBALG.A.P., while the organic system, despite the IFOAM suggestions and indications, is only considered partially. This means that, from a practical point of view, the organic product can be considered “clean and safe”, but not more environmentally friendly than the GLOBALG.A.P. products.

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Tallontire, Anne. "csrand regulation: towards a framework for understanding private standards initiatives in the agri-food chain." Third World Quarterly 28, no. 4 (June 2007): 775–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590701336648.

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George, Anita Anna. "An An Unwelcome Seat at the Table: The Role of Big Food in Public and Private Standard-Setting and its Implications for NCD Regulation." QUT Law Review 18, no. 1 (November 22, 2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v18i1.726.

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With the enshrinement of the private sector as a key actor in the Non-Communicable Disease (‘NCD’) and sustainable development agendas, there is a pressing need to control undue influence by Big Food in public health norm-setting and in the formulation and implementation of unhealthy diet regulation. In the absence of clearly established guidelines governing interactions between public health norm-setting bodies and private sector interests, such as those observed in tobacco control, the regulation of unhealthy diets threatens to be undermined by Big Food interference, ultimately impacting on public health. In addition, the weight attributed to international private standards that are heavily influenced by Big Food interests should be carefully considered in the application of international trade law to NCD regulatory measures under the dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization (‘WTO’).

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Tang, Honglei, Zeeshan Rasool, Ahmad Imran Khan, Anum Afzal Khan, Mohsin Ali Khan, and Ghulam Ahmad Azaz. "The Impact of Private Standards on Corporate Social Responsibility Compliance and Rural Workers’ Motivation in Developing Countries: A Study of Mango Farms in Pakistan." International Journal of Food Science 2021 (August 24, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9985784.

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This study examines the role of a private standard on corporate social responsibility (CSR) compliance in the Pakistani mango industry and how this compliance affects rural workers’ motivation. Pakistan is the fifth largest mango producer in the world and the fourth largest exporter in global mango trade; also, mango is the biggest fruit crop within the country. Mango trade is subject to trade terms, where buyers decide the conditions of trade agreements by means of codes of conduct. The key dimensions of the codes involved in agrofood trade are food safety, traceability, worker welfare, and environmental consideration, issues which are all connected with CSR. Private standards ensure compliance with these codes of conduct. This study draws on interviews and a questionnaire survey with certified mango producers and farm workers in Pakistan. The mango industry also involves other stakeholders such as government institutes and NGOs; interviews were also conducted with their representatives. Given that this study is an impact assessment research, the researcher designed a theoretical framework using a mixed method approach to investigate the rationale behind acquiring the standard by the mango growers in Pakistan and what impact (if any) this shift has generated with regard to the farm workers’ job satisfaction and motivation. This study is the first to empirically examine good agricultural practices in Pakistan and evaluate their impact. This study shows that private standards play a significant role in ensuring compliance, and CSR practices implemented through them were found to be positively related to the rural workers’ job satisfaction and motivation. Furthermore, this study has made separate contributions to theory, methodology, and practice. The production of the synergistic model for improving compliance is among the key highlights of the study. The findings of this study can extend to other agriculture and primary production industry workers in Pakistan and even beyond to other developing countries’ rural agriculture workers.

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Parker, Christine, and Hope Johnson. "From Food Chains to Food Webs: Regulating Capitalist Production and Consumption in the Food System." Annual Review of Law and Social Science 15, no. 1 (October 13, 2019): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042908.

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This review addresses food as a topic of sociolegal studies. We show that the divide between production and consumption in law and social science is increasingly untenable in the context of contemporary globalizing, industrializing food chains underpinned by a productivist ideology and supported by a consumptogenic cultural economy. Sociolegal studies of food are well-suited to grappling with the complexity of production–consumption dynamics through regulatory governance studies of hybridized (public and private) supply chain standards. Yet we argue for an expanded focus on the embeddedness of food chains in social, political, and, importantly, ecological food webs. We suggest that sociolegal studies into ecologically based regulation, countermovements, and an expansive version of the human right to food (that includes nature and animals) can particularly contribute to an understanding of the possibilities for regulating capitalism by seeking to constrain globalizing, industrialized food chains.

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Daria, James. "Fairwashing and Union Busting: The Privatization of Labor Standards in Mexico’s Agro-export Industry." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 38, no. 3 (2022): 379–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2022.38.3.379.

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While Mexico’s agricultural exports have rapidly expanded over the past two decades, a strike by farmworkers in San Quintín, Baja California, in 2015 drew attention to the labor problems and workers’ demands in the industry. In response, foreign agribusiness corporations implemented private labor standards through fair-trade labels to address these problems in their global produce supply chains. Based on ethnographic research, I argue that these private standards fail to improve farmworkers’ labor conditions and instead serve to “fairwash” fresh produce and to prevent union organizing even when rights under Mexican law are violated. While fair-trade programs provide little empowerment to agricultural workers, I document how farmworkers have developed alternative visions of food justice through independent labor organizing.

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Giraud-Héraud, Éric, Abdelhakim Hammoudi, and Lamia Rouached. "The Role of Public Regulations on the Emergence of Private Food Standards: an Industrial Organization Approach." Revue d'économie politique 129, no. 6 (2019): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/redp.296.0909.

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Latouche, Karine, and Emmanuelle Chevassus-Lozza. "Retailer Supply Chain and Market Access: Evidence From French Agri-food Firms Certified with Private Standards." World Economy 38, no. 8 (May 16, 2014): 1312–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12191.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Private food standards'

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