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Journal articles on the topic 'Private contractors'
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1
Fomina, Tetyana. "PROBLEMS OF FORMATION OF INCOME AND EXPENSES OF PRIVATE CONTRACTORS AS SUBJECTS OF INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY." Economic discourse, no. 4 (December 2019): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2019-4-7.
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Introduction. The need to set up a private enforcement institute arose from the problem of enforcement of court decisions. The activities of state executors are clearly regulated, have experience and achievements. A private contractor is authorized by the state to carry out enforcement activities, but from an economic point of view, he is a self-employed person, which means that he is financially interested in the results of his work. The economic aspect of private contractor activity is not well understood to date. Methods. The study is based on the use of the historical and comparative method in determining the prerequisites for establishing an institute of private performers in Ukraine and in the world. A generalization method was used to determine general properties in the taxation of private contractors. The efficiency of the work and the feasibility of introducing a “private” element in the enforcement of court decisions was proved by the method of analysis. The method of grouping was used to determine the taxation base for the performance of private contractors. Results. The organizational and legal aspects of the activity of private contractors have been determined. The economic advantages and disadvantages of introducing the Institute of Private Performers are presented. The procedure for recognition of income and formation of costs of private contractors is outlined. It is proved inadmissible to identify the concepts of “costs of enforcement proceedings” and “costs of private executors”. The necessity of accounting and control of results of activity of private contractors is substantiated. Discussion. Prospects for further researches will be to develop recommendations for accounting for deposit accounts; accounts intended to be credited to enforcement proceedings; accounts intended to account for the principal and additional remuneration of private contractors; payroll calculations; payments with budget for taxes, fees, other required payments private artist revenue and expenses, etc. Keywords: enforcement proceedings, self-employed entities, private contractor, remuneration of private contractor, costs of enforcement proceedings, costs of private contractor, income of private contractor.
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Slabbert, Magda, and Hendrik Pienaar. "Using a Locum Tenens in a Private Practice." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 4 (May 17, 2017): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i4a2385.
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Many medical practitioners in private practice use a locum tenens when they themselves are not available to practice. The locums are often appointed without consideration of the legal consequences or requirements. Legislation distinguishes between an employee and an independent contractor. If the locum is appointed as an employee the doctrine of vicarious liability comes into play which is not the case with an independent contractor. Contracts currently available to appoint a locum give the contracting parties a choice between being appointed as an employee or an independent contractor; this should be changed in that all locums should be appointed as independent contractors especially if the working of the Consumer Protection Act is also taken into consideration. Furthermore, according to the rules of the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) the onus to ensure that the locum tenens is registered and fit to practice, rests with the principal
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Capizzi, Clayton Jerrett, Joseph Wilck, and Xueping Li. "Simulating a Contract Closeout Process." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 3, no. 4 (October 2012): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssmet.2012100103.
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Government defense contractors are burdened by contracts which have ended, but have not been finalized and closed. In order to keep good relations with organizations regulating government contracts, contractors have been forced to devise a strategy to address contract closeouts. Data was collected about a defense contractor’s contract closeout process, and a simulation model of the system was developed to aid in completing the contract closeout process. Using simulation software, the closeout process was successfully modeled under varying resource levels. The simulation model included true worker process times with integrated schedules, including holidays, over the expected period of performance. The simulation produced a realistic model which allows an organization to plan their resources to accomplish their contract closeout process under specified conditions and deadlines. The results are relevant to government (public sector) contracts as well as industrial (private sector) contracts where similar regulations are applicable.
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Rostiyanti, Susy, Ario Bintang Koesalamwardi, and Christian Winata. "Identification of design-build project risk factors: contractor’s perspective." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927602017.
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Design-build in construction industry becomes one of the project delivery method selected by owner. Light rail transit, mass rapid transit, and stadium renovation are examples of large infrastructure projects which are constructed under design-build approach to save time. In this approach, the design and construction phases are carried out simultaneously by contractor. One of the advantages for owners is that most risks are transferred to the contractors. This paper attempts to discuss contractors’ perspective related to risk factors in design-build project. The aim is to understand potential risk that can lead to an unsuccessful project. A questionnaire is developed that contains six factors with 20 sub-factors related to project risks. The questionnaire is distributed and responded by both state-owned and private enterprises contractors that involved in design-build project. Data are analysed using Significance Indexes method in order to obtain the relative significance of the risk sub-factors. The result shows five influenced sub-factors including project and program management issues that may cause risk to the contractor’s success under design-build project.
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Pereira, Edgar. "The Ordeals of Colonial Contracting: Reactions to and Repercussions of Two Failed State-Private Ventures in Habsburg Portugal (1622–1628)." Itinerario 43, no. 01 (April 2019): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115319000068.
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AbstractAmong the solutions devised by early modern Western European states to engage with the private sector in the governance of their overseas empires, the adjudication of revenue farms and colonial monopolies was often dismissed by historians on the grounds of being coercive, inefficient, and risk-exempt for the contractors. In reality, however, the threat of financial hardship and insolvency was very real, and not infrequently led to contractual removal, the seizure of collateralized assets, and even the imprisonment of the concessionaires.This article approaches the neglected topic of failure in big business in early seventeenth-century Portugal, an overlooked case of a contractor state that relied extensively on the adjudication of government contracts to finance and rule its overseas empire. By looking into the downward trajectories of two tax-farmers and the collapse of their contractual dealings, light will be shed on how the Crown and private entrepreneurs reacted to the repercussions of failure in these early modern public-private partnerships. It will also be shown how the road leading to termination was very much shaped by the political relationships between the Crown and its contractors and can only be understood in the context of wider relationships of brokerage, credit, and service between the two.
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Deeney, John, Alan Hore, and Barry McAuley. "Public/Private BIM." International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 3, no. 1 (January 2014): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2014010102.
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The current economic difficulties have affected most practitioners within the industry and, as a result, many firms and contractors are bidding for fewer projects, resulting in below-cost tenders. It is clear that, many firms and contractors are now operating on thin margins; which makes it increasingly difficult for them to commit to the introduction of new software applications and system upgrades. The transition to Building Information Modelling (BIM) from traditional 2D CAD by Irish firms and contractors has been a relatively slow process compared with the international colleagues. There are many reasons for this, including lack of resources, lack of awareness, ignorance, misunderstanding and adversity. The lack of BIM promotion and BIM training opportunities within the industry has meant that very few people possess the basic requirement to successfully embrace BIM at a level which would be considered efficient. BIM is the new way of operating and it is gaining momentum; the industry simply cannot turn a blind eye to the technology or it will be left behind. The industry must therefore adapt and change current working practices in order to compete with other established and recognized BIM nations. This paper will evaluate BIM in the international context and, investigate if these methodologies can be transferred to the Irish construction industry. This paper will also aim to identify obstacles and drivers for Irish firms, contractors and Government Departments with regard to BIM adoption, as well as the behavioral and cultural elements which are preventing BIM adoption in Ireland. It is hoped that the research findings will demonstrate a business case for the implementation of BIM, for both public and private sector organizations.
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Bendaña, Ricardo, Alfredo del Caño, and M. Pilar de la Cruz. "Contractor selection: fuzzy-control approach." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 5 (May 2008): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-127.
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This paper presents a fuzzy-logic-based system for selecting contractors. This tool, which was based on the fuzzy control technique, was created for the private sector client in traditional design–bid–build projects with one-step selection processes, but its philosophy can also serve other types of clients, industries, contracts, and selection processes. The system develops an assessment of different qualitative and quantitative issues that influence a contractor’s suitability for constructing a specific design in a specific environment (client’s needs and objectives, objectives prioritization, etc.), taking into account the risk of not achieving the client’s objectives. A computer application was developed and validated, including a Delphi analysis with professionals who are experts in contractor selection. The application covers the possibility of using different selection policies, when the essential project objective is cost, time or quality. As part of the validation process, a neural network was developed to prove that the fuzzy-control tool has a behavior that can be recognized by a neural network.
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Usher, David. "How Response Contractors are Remaining Vigilant and Viable Despite the Downward Trend in Oil Spills." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-809.
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ABSTRACT The number of oil spills occurring in U.S. waters from vessels and facilities has decreased steadily over the past several years, and professional oil spill response contractors have found themselves in the position of bolstering and/or securing other lines of work to ensure they remain vigilant, viable, and ready to respond when and where needed. Coupled with a down economy, spill contractors – like other businesses – are making tough decisions on how to do more with less, while maintaining the same level of readiness expected of them from their clients – which includes the oil and maritime industries, along with local, state and federal government. While the regulatory mechanisms are in place to exercise contractor resources between spill events, they are not enforced or utilized enough. Of equal importance is ensuring that the response contractor is compensated for deploying its resources during these drill scenarios. This paper will discuss the measures private sector response contractors are taking to ensure they remain ready to respond, other business lines they are pursuing, and how the regulatory authorities can assist in maintaining the national protection and readiness provided by the private sector response community. It will also discuss how the private sector response community can assist with the national Homeland Defense initiatives, most notably mitigation services for terrorist actions that ultimately impact the environment
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Shrestha, Kishor, Pramen P. Shrestha, and Mylinh Lidder. "Life-cycle cost comparison of chip seal and striping: in-house workers versus private contractors." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 6 (July 15, 2019): 927–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-07-2018-0314.
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Purpose To maintain road systems in the USA, state departments of transportation (DOTs) generally use in-house workers or private contractors. Limited studies have calculated the cost savings of hiring private contractors; however, most of them have not calculated cost savings based on life-cycle costs (LCCs). The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the LCC of chip seal and stripping maintenance activities performed by in-house workers are cheaper than those performed by private contractors. Design/methodology/approach The paper collected the hard cost data of chip seal and stripping maintenance activities performed by state DOT in-house workers, as well as private contractors, from 2003 to 2016 from the Nevada DOT Maintenance and Asset Management division. Statistical tests were conducted to test the research hypothesis that the LCC of chip seal and stripping activities performed by in-house workers are significantly less than those performed by private contractors. Findings The study results showed that the cost per unit and LCC of chip seal and striping work performed by in-house workers were significantly less than those performed by private contractors in Nevada. Research limitations/implications The study only collected data from Nevada DOT, so readers should use caution in generalizing the findings of this study. Additionally, factors affecting the cost of these maintenance activities for private contractors are significantly different compared to in-house contractors. Therefore, these differences may be some of the potential reasons for cost difference between these two methods. Practical implications The practical implications of this study are that state DOT engineers need to plan for outsourcing chip seal and stripping maintenance activities only to private contractors that are cost effective, based on life-cycle cost. Originality/value The LCC analysis framework developed in this study will help state DOT engineers to determine cost savings by using in-house workers for road maintenance works.
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Ellington, Sid. "The Rise of Battlefield Private Contractors." Public Integrity 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pin1099-9922130203.
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Brewis, Joanna, and Richard Godfrey. "‘Never call me a mercenary’: Identity work, stigma management and the private security contractor." Organization 25, no. 3 (November 27, 2017): 335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508417710830.
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Organisation studies has paid little attention to the contemporary private security industry, despite its enormous recent growth as a supplement to or replacement for state military services in theatres of conflict. To address this neglect, we investigate the workers at the heart of the industry: private security employees or contractors. Amidst widespread and extremely critical media coverage of their activities, we consider the individual contractor as a central agent of contemporary conflict, identifying three main objections to their deployment: a lack of just cause, virtue and professional legitimacy. Using scholarship on identity work and stigma management more specifically, we analyse contractors’ accounts of their employment to identify the communicative strategies they employ to challenge the stigma attributed to their occupation and/or to them as incumbents. Our data set is memoirs written by five British contractors, published between 2006 and 2011. We also suggest that data such as these are under-utilised in organisation studies’ treatment of identity work, because they represent a distinctive form of this work which we label identity writing.
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Gao, Guang-Xin. "Sustainable Winner Determination for Public-private Partnership Infrastructure Projects in Multi-Attribute Reverse Auctions." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 4129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114129.
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Selection of a sustainable private partner (contractor) is significant to ensure the success of public-private partnership (PPP) projects. In recent years, multi-attribute reverse auctions (MARAs) are widely used in public procurement to select the desirable contractor. However, the MARA mechanism is neglected in the existing studies. The purpose of this paper is to present a MARA framework for selecting a sustainable contractor in PPP infrastructure projects, in which the MARA rules and an integrated winner determination method are involved. In particular, the sustainability considerations are incorporated in the MARA rules, which can make the potential contractors have incentives to improve their sustainable performance. Within the MARA rules, based on the trapezoidal fuzzy linguistic representation model and the classical two-additive Choquet (TAC) integral operator, a winner determination method is developed to evaluate and rank potential contractors, in which both the bid evaluation and the interrelationships among bid evaluation attributes are considered. Finally, the potential of the proposed method is shown through an illustrative case of a PPP project of a subway construction in China. The MARA framework investigated helps governments make reliable decisions in sustainable procurement and thereby facilitates successful project delivery.
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Sparacino, Holden, Kristine F. Stepenuck, Rachelle K. Gould, and Stephanie E. Hurley. "Review of Reduced Salt, Snow, and Ice Management Practices for Commercial Businesses." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2676, no. 3 (October 21, 2021): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981211052538.
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Chlorides (frequently sodium chloride) are used to improve safety and access to roads and other surfaces in winter. However, chlorides also pose risks to aquatic life and raises human health concerns as they move to surface waterbodies and infiltrate groundwater. In response, many government bodies have adopted winter maintenance best management practices (BMPs) that reduce the amount of chlorides used while providing service and safety. Commercial businesses maintaining parking lots, driveways, and other surfaces have been shown to contribute as much as 50% of the chloride loads to local waterbodies in some areas, but less is known about the potential benefits of private contractors to implement similar BMPs. In addition, many existing resources on the topic are designed for municipal audiences, creating a knowledge gap about the feasibility of private companies to adopt these practices. The authors identified 14 BMPs common to municipal plans with the potential to be adopted by private contractors through a literature review. These practices aim to increase the efficiency of salt applications, and/or decrease environmental impacts while delivering a similar level of service and cost over time. The authors considered potential barriers and benefits to private contractors adopting and using these BMPs. Benefits included reduced liability (e.g., risk of lawsuits), costs, environmental impacts, and improved service. Barriers included additional staff time and training, increased materials, equipment, and maintenance costs. Additional research is needed to ground-truth these predicted motivations and barriers; a greater understanding of private contractor behaviors can enhance educational efforts that promote reduced salt practices.
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Richemond-Barak, Daphné. "Rethinking Private Warfare." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 160–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1938-2545.1056.
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Waging war for money has been frowned upon since the Peace of Westphalia and the rise of the modern nation-state. The stigma associated with private warfare translates, in legal terms, into a prohibition on mercenary activity and denying mercenaries the protection afforded to regular combatants (in particular, prisoner of war status). Noting the apparent similarities between mercenaries and private military contractors, some have sought to extend to the latter the restrictive regime applicable to the former. But the resemblance between these two types of actors should not imply that private warfare, in its modern form, is condemnable outright. This Article argues that an inclusive approach to military outsourcingdrawing upon historical, legal and moral perspectivesis necessary to contend with the challenges raised by the growth of the private military industry. I examine the connection between history (highlighting the shared roots of private military contractors and mercenaries), morality (through which the stigma against private warfare developed), and law (the formal vehicle of such stigma), to show that private warfare deserves a more nuanced and pragmatic treatment under international law.
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Batka, Caroline, Molly Dunigan, and Rachel Burns. "Private military contractors’ financial experiences and incentives." Defense & Security Analysis 36, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2020.1750180.
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Indrayana, Desiderius Viby, and Akhmad Suraji. "Stakeholders Awareness of Safety Leadership Through Construction Safety Management System in Indonesia." Applied Research on Civil Engineering and Environment (ARCEE) 3, no. 01 (August 31, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32722/arcee.v3i01.3945.
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Construction workplace safety has become serious issues among global companies. Improvement on occupational safety and health has been carried out. However, construction still becomes a sector with the highest accident rate. Particularly in Indonesia, construction contributes to 32% of accident rate followed by transportation, forestry, and mining. Main driver to improve safety performance is safety leadership as the frontline part of Construction Safety Management System (CSMS). Since it is a non-technical aspect, stakeholders’ awareness is doubtful. Therefore, this study aims to describe Indonesia construction stakeholders’ awareness of safety leadership as part of CSMS. Questionnaire was distributed to 693 respondents comprises of government, planners, consultants, private contractors, and State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) contractors. The result was analyzed with descriptive statistic to reveal the stakeholders’ level of awareness. SOE contractor has the highest awareness of safety leadership. It is considered as obvious finding since SOE contractor becomes dominant in Indonesia’s construction industry. The majority of big-classified contractors are SOE. Meanwhile, contractors’ BOD is the lowest. The BOD commonly uses managerial leadership to run the company rather than safety leadership. However, the safety leadership should be owned by every stakeholder in construction industry whether they are in high or low management level.
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Alsugair, Abdullah M. "Impact of Mandatory Medical Insurance on Construction Contractors in Saudi Arabia." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 4529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.4529.
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The comprehensive development in Saudi Arabia forced the private sector to bring foreign employees to assist in accomplishing this development. The number of foreign employees reached to six million people according to the late statistics. This huge number of people exerted pressure on the public free medical facilities that forced the government to issue a decree that instructs private sector to use private medical facilities for their foreign employees. The private sector dealt with this decree in different ways according to the perception of the company from providing full medical coverage for their employees to providing nothing. This has created a problem to many foreigners in which they have to pay for their medical needs. The government, then, issued a new decree that is the mandatory medical insurance. This decree requires the private sector to provide full medical coverage for their foreign employees. This decree will have an impact on the construction companies (contractors) and the cost of the construction projects. This paper presents results of a study conducted to identify the impact of the mandatory medical insurance on the construction contractors in Saudi Arabia. The methodology used was to prepare a questionnaire that investigates the objectives of this study and distributes it to the contractors. The questionnaire includes many aspects among them the impact of this decree on the company performance and the competition between contractors; how this extra expense being dealt with; and the impact on the employee. The questionnaires were distributed to 150 construction contractors and 90 questionnaires were collected. Results of the study reveal the impact of the mandatory medical insurance on the construction contractors in general and according to their classifications. In addition, the study presents the current practice implemented by contractors to provide medical care for their foreign employees.
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Fatma Arisya Nik Yahya, Nik, Suhaida S.K, Nurul Aini Osman, and Nadeera Abdul Razak. "Cost Overrun Factors Involving Local Private Residential." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.36 (May 6, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.36.29069.
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Cost is the prime factor for driving to the successful of a project. A poor cost performance become a common problem in worldwide which bring a significant financial risk to both contractors and clients. Construction projects are relatively risky because the projects operate in a complexity and dynamic situation. This study aimed to explore the major contributors of cost overrun and propose strategies in minimizing the cost overrun factors involving local private residential projects in Malaysia. A quantitative method was applied to the respondents from contractors firm Grade G7 in Selangor area, and the data were analyzed using Likert scale to obtain mean score. There are 5 categories of cost overrun factors found from previous studies. Design error and poor contractors site supervision were ranked as the top two contributors to cost overrun in Private Residential Projects. Additionally, 79% of the respondents agreed that construction projects face cost overrun with an average amount of 1-5% of contract sum. 9 strategies are available to overcome the problems and the result shows that effective strategic planning is the most effective mitigation.
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Mynster Christensen, Maya. "Shadow Soldiering." Conflict and Society 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2017.030103.
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Contemporary warfare depends on private security contractors from countries in the Global South. In Sierra Leone, this dependency has produced emerging markets for private military and security companies (PMSCs) seeking to recruit cheap, military-experienced labor. This article explores how demobilized militia and soldiers in Sierra Leone negotiate categorical divides to make themselves employable for private security contracting in Iraq. Based on 19 months of fieldwork tracing militia soldiers as they move between shift ing security constellations, the article introduces the notion of “shadow soldiering” to explain the entanglements of public-private spheres and the blurring of boundaries between the visible and invisible that characterize these constellations. While scholarly work on PMSCs has increasingly highlighted the public-private interconnectedness, the article contributes an ethnographically informed perspective on how security contractors on the ground interpret such entanglements and how global security dynamics intersects with the local, everyday practices and processes that facilitate the supply of contractors.
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Buscemi, Martina. "Misconduct Committed by (Civilian) Private Contractors in Peacekeeping Operations." Journal of International Peacekeeping 23, no. 3-4 (December 18, 2020): 176–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-02303004.
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Abstract In peacekeeping operations, private companies are frequently and increasingly engaged by the United Nations to carry-out a wide-range of activities that can potentially impinge on human rights. This article deals with two recent cases of misconduct committed by contractors whose activities, albeit not on the face of it involving the threat or (lethal or not-lethal) use of force, nonetheless caused harm to individuals. The first case-study relates to the mismanagement of sanitary waste, while the second case addresses the (mis)use of unarmed surveillance drones. Against this backdrop, the article purports to assess whether, and under what conditions, wrongdoing committed by private contractors gives rise to the international responsibility of the United Nations. The study explores, firstly, the question of the ‘direct’ attribution of such conduct to the United Nations, based on the qualification of the contractors as agent of the Organization, as understood in the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations. It then analyzes the issue of the ‘indirect’ responsibility of the United Nations for failing to have sufficient oversight of the outsourced activities. In this respect, it highlights the crucial role played by internal accountability mechanisms, in particular the Office of Internal Oversight Services, in appraising the monitoring measures taken by the Organization with regard to the practice of contractors and in recommending remedial actions.
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Piątek, Jarosław. "Privatisation of Security: Private Military Contractors Serving Governments." Polish Political Science Yearbook 46, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2017208.
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Francioni, F. "Private Military Contractors and International Law: An Introduction." European Journal of International Law 19, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn071.
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Swed, Ori, and Thomas Crosbie. "Private security and military contractors: A troubling oversight." Sociology Compass 11, no. 11 (September 19, 2017): e12512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12512.
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Mancini, Francesco. "The Company We Keep: Private Contractors in Jamaica." Civil Wars 8, no. 2 (June 2006): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698240600877387.
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Triplat, Matevž, and Nike Krajnc. "A System for Quality Assessment of Forestry Contractors." Croatian journal of forest engineering 42, no. 1 (September 28, 2020): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2021.834.
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Skilled contractors are needed to meet the increased demand for wood and to maintain a competitive edge in forestry. The structure of the forest industry has changed significantly. Today’s situation favours smaller contractors that are more flexible. Worldwide contractors are important for forest operations, but there is often limited knowledge about how well they fulfil demands about resource efficiency, social responsibility and environmental protection. The aim of this paper is to present the guidelines for the assessment of forestry contractors following sustainability principles and to present a recently developed system. In addition to the requirements for professional competences and legislative obligations, the system proposes a number of additional requirements such as corporate social responsibility, participation in the local community and greater environmental responsibility. The forestry contractor and the certification body sign a cooperation agreement to obtain the expert assessment. The expert assessment is performed by an evaluator authorised by a certification body. A web service has been introduced with the purpose of serving as a communication tool between professional evaluators and forestry contractors, as well as providing a new possibility for forest owners to get direct contact with forestry contractors. The system enables its users to exert influence on the assessment of forestry contractors by assessing the quality of their services. Private forests would greatly benefit from customer feedback information on the service quality. By now, 1584 forest contractors have registered in Slovenia, where 67% provide the service of cutting and skidding, 8% provide woodchipper service, 7% transport of round wood, 5% cable crane yarding and 4% fully mechanised harvesting. Until June 2020, 142 forest contractors have gone through the process of quality assessment.
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Alofi, Ahmed, Dean Kashiwagi, and Jacob Kashiwagi. "Additional Criteria to Maximize the Performance of the Procurement System Delivery Method in Saudi Arabia." Journal for the Advancement of Performance Information and Value 10, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37265/japiv.v10i1.20.
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The current Saudi Arabia (SA) procurement system leads to many losses in money and benefits in projects. The estimated percentage of delayed projects in SA during the past decades is more than 70% of the total projects. A questionnaire has been developed and carefully designed to improve the current SA procurement system. The questionnaire was sent out to 1,396 participants, the SA Council for professional engineers, who work in both private and public sectors. The participants are interested in the SA procurement and contracts system with experience ranging from one to more than twenty-five years in common construction sectors. Most of the participantsfrom both private and public sectors agreed with the survey statements regarding zone price proposals, contractors' evaluation, risks, planning, projects' scope, owners concern and weekly risks reports (WRR). Based on the survey, a model, called SVIE procurement system, has beendeveloped in which the most expert contractor is chosen through four phases: submittals & education, vendor selection, illustration, and execution. The resulting model is easy to implement by SA government and does not require special skills or a background.
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Griffiths, Rachel, Wayne Lord, and Jeremy Coggins. "Project bank accounts: the second wave of security of payment?" Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 22, no. 3 (November 6, 2017): 322–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-04-2017-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify building contractors’ views as to the need for, impact of and barriers to the use of project bank accounts (PBAs) in the UK construction industry. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional research study was carried out by the use of questionnaires to collect quantitative data. The population for the research was of construction professionals working as full-time employees for either main (Tier 1) or specialist contractors (Tiers 2-4). Findings Contractors consider PBAs as an effective initiative to encourage fair payment. There is uncertainty, however, as to whether PBAs will result in project cost savings. Head contractor resistance is perceived to be the biggest barrier to the use of PBAs. Adoption of PBAs in private-sector construction projects is likely to be slow. Research limitations/implications The relative infancy of PBA usage in the construction industry means that responses are largely based on awareness as opposed to experience. Nevertheless, survey data represent a snapshot of contractors’ perceptions with respect to PBAs, which may be used as a benchmark against which to compare future studies to monitor how contractors’ views and expectations have changed with time. Originality/value The survey results will be of particular interest to those international jurisdictions who are considering, or who have already embarked on, the path of trialling and/or using PBAs in the public sector.
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Alsugair, Abdullah M. "Effect of the Medical Insurance Decree on Construction Industry in Saudi Arabia." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 3861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.3861.
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Construction contractors in Saudi Arabia were exposed to additional expenses due to implementing a new government decree related to medical insurance for foreign employees. The number of foreign employees reached to eight million people out of 27 million people the total population of Saudi Arabia. This huge number of foreign people exerted pressure on the public free medical facilities that forced the government to issue a decree that instructs private sector to use private medical facilities for their foreign employees. This paper presents results of a study to identify the effect of the medical insurance decree on construction industry in Saudi Arabia. The methodology used was to prepare a questionnaire that investigates the objectives of this study and distributes it to the contractors. The questionnaires were distributed to 150 construction contractors and 90 questionnaires were collected. Results of the study reveal the effect of the compulsory medical insurance on the construction contractors in general and according to their classifications. In addition, the study presents the current practice implemented by contractors to provide medical care for their foreign employees.
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Trangkanont, Surangkana, and Chotchai Charoenngam. "Private partner's risk response in PPP low-cost housing projects." Property Management 32, no. 1 (February 11, 2014): 67–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-02-2013-0008.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the salient risks borne by private firms and to investigate their effective risk response strategies in public-private partnership (PPP) low-cost housing (LCH) projects in Thailand. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs grounded theory and case study methodologies to extensively analyze ten private firms’ risks and their strategic risk mitigation. As a result, the matrix of imperative risks’ root causes and the area of the project life cycle most exposed to their impacts were proposed. This included the framework of the risk response strategy application. Findings – The private firm's risk mitigation strategies depended on the salient risks’ impact and the private firms’ predictability and controllability of the risk outcome. This included the private firm's participating objectives and core business, decision maker's risk attitude, risk perception, experience of risk, and risk assessment skill, and the project life cycle phase of risk occurrence. Practical implications – Under the same characteristics of the immature PPP market in developing countries, the contractors’ effective risk management framework can be used as a guideline to complement the contractors’ decision making on risk response strategy selection and resource allocation in the PPP project life cycle. Originality/value – Despite working under the familiar environment of construction risk and generous payment method in PPP-LCH projects, only few contractors were successful. The examination of risks borne and effectively responded by the private sector increases the likelihood of the project success.
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MATTHEW, R. H. UTTLEY. "Private contractors on deployed operations: the United Kingdom experience." Defence Studies 4, no. 2 (January 2004): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1470243042000325878.
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Baele, Stephane. "Private military and security contractors: controlling the corporate warrior." Defence Studies 17, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2016.1262743.
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Rothe, Dawn L., and Jeffrey Ian Ross. "Private Military Contractors, Crime, and the Terrain of Unaccountability." Justice Quarterly 27, no. 4 (June 17, 2009): 593–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418820902965328.
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Ratcliffe, Mike. "Private sector contractors in a public service pension scheme." Pensions: An International Journal 5, no. 3 (May 2000): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pm.5940126.
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Mulgan, Richard. "Outsourcing and public service values: the Australian experience." International Review of Administrative Sciences 71, no. 1 (March 2005): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852305051683.
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With the increasing use of private organizations to provide public services and the corresponding blurring of boundaries between the public and private sectors, can public servants be held to a distinct code of ethics or should public sector ethical standards be applied to private providers? This question is explored in the context of the Australian Commonwealth which has recently codified a set of public service values in legislation and where agencies are being asked to report on the extent to which they require contractors to comply with public service values. Practice is evolving, with most emphasis on values relating to direct service to the public. Public service values dealing with internal organization and employment conditions, including the merit principle, are less likely to be extended to private contractors.
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Albasoos, Hani, and Musallam Al Maashani. "The private military and security contractors in armed conflicts under international humanitarian law." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 3 (April 30, 2020): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i3.653.
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The participation of private and military contractors in armed conflicts is the contemporary phenomenon that concerned policymakers and military strategists, particularly Russian contractors. This phenomenon attracts most politicians to set up initiatives and to draw international guidelines to all concerned parties. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the condition of Russian private military and security companies (PMSCs) in recent armed conflicts. The research is based on the realism approach, which will help explain Russian state behavior towards PMSCs, while the neoliberalism approach will help to explore this phenomenon from the Russian economic perspective. This research applies inductive, exploratory, and qualitative approaches, which solely based on secondary resources and media contents. The main finding of this research shows that those contractors have obligations under International Humanitarian Law (IHL), but the only limitation is the state’s obligation to endorse them. Besides, it seems that an international treaty between countries could be a practical step towards having a useful regulatory framework.
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Karska, Elżbieta, and Karol Karski. "Introduction: The Use of Private Military and Security Companies by the United Nations." International Community Law Review 16, no. 4 (October 24, 2014): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341286.
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The work of private military and security contractors is extremely controversial from the point of view of international law and of practice. Sometimes there are doubts as to whether some of their activities should be considered legal activities or illegal mercenarism. Like any other entities using force, they can violate human rights as well as international humanitarian law. They provide their services to, amongst others, states and intergovernmental organisations, including the un. This requires a precise definition of the rules under which such contractors operate, both with regard to the law of treaties and the domestic law of the entities using their services. A question also arises as to whether there is any legal limit to their services being used by intergovernmental organisations, i.e. entities deriving their competences from the will of their member states. The work of the un is an interesting example here. The organisation uses such contractors, but on the other hand, it undertakes various activities to eliminate any potential threats in this respect.
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Kohar, Sulistyadi, I. Nyoman Dana, Wardana Agung, and Anna Nurasyiah. "ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL INVENTORY CONTROL THE METROSTATER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN DEPOK." Sustainable Environmental and Optimizing Industry Journal 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36441/seoi.v4i2.1189.
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In the last 10 years the construction sector boom has increased rapidly. The Government's Long-Term Plan and the leniency of government policies on investors wishing to invest in Indonesia have stimulated the growth of the construction sector in Indonesia. Increasingly adequate infrastructure encourages entrepreneurs or contractors to invest in public and private projects. One of the private construction projects being handled is the Depok Metrostater Project. This project is located in the city of Depok which has a Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concept. Currently the project is still in the construction stage of the foundation and in its implementation it requires concrete iron as raw material. To ensure material availability, the contractor will perform a scheduled recapitulation of materials according to usage needs. This material scheduling implements material stock inventory control that must be available in the warehouse, so as not to overstock. For this reason, an optimal inventory control analysis is needed through the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method, Lot For Lot, Fixed Period Requirement (FPR), and the Wagner and Within algorithms. The comparative results of the inventory method analysis based on the Wagner and Within Algorithm methods provide the most economical results with the minimum total cost of Rp. 583,466,945, - among the other three methods. and Contractors can make efficiency by 35%
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Kinsey, Christopher, and Mark Erbel. "Contracting out Support Services in Future Expeditionary Operations: Learning from the Afghan Experience." Journal of Contemporary European Research 7, no. 4 (December 4, 2011): 539–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v7i4.348.
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As with the US led Coalition war in Iraq, the war in Afghanistan has seen an unprecedented number of private contractors being utilised in support of military operations in the country. In the case of the United States government for example, over half of its personnel in Afghanistan and Iraq are contract employees, while the same figure in the UK stands at 30 per cent and is set to increase in the coming years. This level of contractor involvement in the ‘War on Terror’ is not inconsequential. Indeed, their contribution to military operations is so large they are now able to influence NATO’s counter-insurgency operations and thus its overall strategy for fighting the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. Importantly, such involvement can be both beneficial and/or detrimental. This article first sets out to explore how NATO came to rely on so many contractors in Afghanistan and the risks this involves for the ‘War on Terror’.
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GARB, MAJA. "PROBLEMS OF MILITARY SECURITY CONTRACTORSHIP IN IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2014/ISSUE 16/4 (October 30, 2014): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.16.4.rr.
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The issue of military privatization, where we refer both to the privatization of military supply and the privatization of military activities in general, has been very topical, especially in the period of Iraq War, which started in 2003, and later. Various private military companies had, of course, been active even before that (e.g. currently inactive companies Executive Outcomes and Sandline International) and external contractors have been increasingly providing for military supply ever since the introduction of the professional soldier recruitment. Nevertheless, Private Military Security Contractors (PMSCs) spread substantially during the topical conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The work by Thomas R. Mockaitis Soldiers of Misfortune? (Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press, May 2014. ISBN 1-58487- 613-1) presents the functioning of PMSCs in the above-mentioned conflicts, while focusing on the issue of armed contractors. The author finds that, generally, logistics activities (troop housing and facilities, food service operations, laundry operations etc.) do not represent a problem when carried out by contractors. Armed members of PMSCs participating in U.S. operations are, however, something different. Based on the official reports, the author gives account of some of the most exposed incidents and problems (too early and unnecessary firing during armed escorting, inclusion of local contractors, paying warlords for smooth passage, the culture of impunity etc.), thus brutally revealing the problems of military privatization. Mockaitis mentions two main levels where decision-makers should pay attention to what a government contract with a PMSC means: i.e. control level and legislation level. Control is difficult, since contracts with private companies are not concluded only by the Department of Defense, but also by other government agencies. It is thus impossible to ensure control from one single point, and difficult to coordinate all U.S. stakeholders involved in operations. As far as international and national (U.S. and the country where the operation is taking place) legislations are concerned, the author establishes that PMSC members virtually enjoy immunity from prosecution. It becomes perfectly clear, both, from the Mockaitis’ monograph as well as from other sources that the military as well should be familiar with the problem of PMSC members’ participation in operations. The cooperation of national armed forces (an interesting fact is that Mockaitis capitalizes the word Soldier when referring to members of national armed forces) and contractors necessarily requires certain common bases. In this respect, military competence represents the least of a problem, since PMSC members are usually well-trained and have military experience. It can be established on the basis of a number of incidents that contractors in themselves represent a risk, since they do not abide by the principle of the minimum use of force and very quickly become involved in an armed conflict. The cooperation of national military with such entities does not only pose a direct threat to soldiers, but also worsens the attitude of the local population towards the armed forces in the area. Instead of contributing to the success of the operation, the contractors threaten its success. Mockaitis, however, underlines that all contractors cannot be equated. A number of them do a good and professional job. Nevertheless, the incidents provoked by the minority (Blackwater has proved to be an especially notorious company) reflect unfavorably on all PMSCs. In the conclusion of his monograph, which is short, though, (64 pages) considering the topicality and appeal of the discussed problem, Mockaitis recaps the experiences drawn from the functioning of military security companies in Iraq and Afghanistan and provides a few recommendations which would be good to take into consideration when hiring these companies to do military work.
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Di Giò, Alessandro. "Contract and Restitution Law and the Private Enforcement of EC Competition Law." World Competition 32, Issue 2 (June 1, 2009): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2009020.
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In the context of private enforcement of competition law, most attention and efforts have been traditionally drawn to the area of tort law. Claims for tortious damages have recently been regarded as a crucial instrument for strengthening private enforcement also in EC antitrust law. This article aims to highlight that a significant role may also be played by contractual and restitutionary remedies. The article analyzes the following areas where such remedies might become relevant to the private enforcement of EC competition law: (1) disputes between co-contractors to an agreement prohibited by Article 81 in respect of the sanction of voidness and the related restitutionary claims; (2) anticompetitive agreements and the validity of subsequent contracts; (3) abuse of dominant position, abuse of economic dependence, and their relationship with contractual remedies against ‘unfair’ contracts. Arguably, the effectiveness of the Commission’s action, and most probably, the legal consistency and certainty of a future legal framework of European antitrust private litigation would be improved if contractual and restitutionary claims were dealt with in addition to tortious claims. Furthermore, a reflection on the above-referred issues may provide mutual sources of inspiration for the development of private enforcement of antitrust and for the debate on European harmonized contract law.
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Singh Gautam, Vijaya, and Vijay Mishra. "Revisiting the Legal Framework for Private Military and Security Contractors: Maritime Perspective." Groningen Journal of International Law 8, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.8.1.166-182.
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The paper aims to analyse legal lacunas and suggest possible solutions for the acts and wrongdoings of Private Military and Security Companies within the lens of maritime activities. The paper has been divided into three parts. Part I deals with the necessity and role of Private Military and Security Companies in the present times. Part II discusses the legal status of Private Military and Security Companies and ways of ensuring responsibility for their acts. Part III examines the legal framework for the acts of Private Maritime Security Companies. An assessment of the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL), state responsibility, applicability of the Montreux document and efforts such as GUARDCON have been discussed to highlight the inadequacy of the laws on Private Maritime Security Companies. There has been an upsurge in the employment of Private Maritime Security Companies since 2008 to cope with a myriad of problems at sea including piracy and robbery. However, an umbrella of rules including employment procedures, agreements, training techniques, responsibility in peacetime as well as in times of conflict and the guidelines of IHL must be restructured or enhanced in order to be made applicable to Private Maritime Security Companies.
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Consoli, Giustina. "The Architect's Dilemma: A Self Reflection in Understanding Prison Design and Construction in Private Prison Projects." Construction Economics and Building 6, no. 2 (November 22, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v6i2.2979.
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Australia embarked upon a number of private prison projects during the 1990's. These projects involved the competitive bidding for prison projects by consortia, which generally consisted of a correctional operator, contractor and architect. The architect's role in such projects was to satisfy the needs and desires of the operator, contractor and government assessors.As a result, the architect became acritical element in the successful delivery of the prison projects.Intensive interviews with such architects have shown that a number of issues were experienced as a result of their inclusion in the projects.These architects reported: (a) uncertainty in undertaking large specialist projects,(b) grappling with their own expectations and those of other participating parties as to the role of the prison architect, (c) a desire to acquire a working knowledge of the philosophies of incarceration and prison design and construction, and (d) difficulties in working within an environment where suspicions were raised in regards to conflicting and underlying objectives of the operators and contractors.
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Swed, Ori, Jae Kwon, Bryan Feldscher, and Thomas Crosbie. "The Corporate War Dead: New Perspectives on the Demographics of American and British Contractors." Armed Forces & Society 46, no. 1 (December 5, 2018): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x18811375.
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From an obscure sector synonymous with mercenaryism, the private military and security industry has grown to become a significant complementing instrument in military operations. This rise has brought with it a considerable attention. Researchers have examined the role of private military and security companies in international relations as well as the history of these companies, and, above all, the legal implications of their use in the place of military organizations. As research progresses, a significant gap has become clear. Only a handful of studies have addressed the complex of issues associated with contractors’ demographics and lived experience. This article sheds some light over this lacuna, examining contractors’ demographics using descriptive statistics from an original data set of American and British contractors who died in Iraq between the years 2003 and 2016. The article augments our understanding of an important population of post-Fordist-contracted workforce, those peripheral workers supplementing military activity in high-risk occupations with uncertain long-term outcomes.
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Voelz, Glenn J. "Contractors and Intelligence: The Private Sector in the Intelligence Community." International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 22, no. 4 (September 4, 2009): 586–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08850600903143106.
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Martinez, Gloria. "Private security contractors and new wars: risk, law and ethics." Global Change, Peace & Security 22, no. 3 (September 22, 2010): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2010.510277.
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Chisholm, Amanda. "Clients, contractors, and the everyday masculinities in global private security." Critical Military Studies 3, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 120–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2016.1273297.
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Amobi, Dennis S. C., and Raphael Emeka Agu. "Private Waste Contractors and Solid Waste Management in Anambra State." NG-Journal of Social Development 6, no. 1 (2017): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0040240.
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Frulli, M. "Exploring the Applicability of Command Responsibility to Private Military Contractors." Journal of Conflict and Security Law 15, no. 3 (September 21, 2010): 435–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krq016.
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Taylor, Isaac. "Privatising war: assessing the decision to hire private military contractors." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 21, no. 2 (October 2, 2015): 148–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2015.1083257.
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AL-SHIBLI, Farouq Saber. "Does Granting the Jordanian Government Exceptional Authorities in its Contracts Achieve the Economic Growth and Public Interest?" Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.2(48).02.
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Inadequate public funding and budgetary constraints are among the major problems that limit many governments’ abilities to finance infrastructure projects and offer services to the public. Recently many countries are seeking the involvement of their private sector through an agreement known as (administrative contract) to provide the public projects fund.
The concept of administrative contracts is based on granting the government exceptional authorities that makes it the more powerful party in the contract and therefore capable of forcing contractors to carry out the public projects efficiently. Nevertheless, the private sector companies are not always willing to engage in a contract with the government, as there is a belief that the administration may misuse its exceptional privileges.
The main objective of this paper is to examine methods available to guarantee the implementation of administrative contracts in a manner that achieves the best delivery of public services to the people from one hand, and to help the private sector to establish contracts with the government and provide them some guarantees for their investments from another hand. Accordingly, this article is based on the analytical legal research methodology to make a critical evaluation of the main obstacles facing administrative contracts in Jordan, and provide recommendations that may help avoiding the current prevailing issues.